COLLEGE OF REF No.

: DO-CEA-
VIS TECH 1
ENGINEERING AND Status : Initial
ARCHTECTURE Date : June 2020
Issued
MODULE CONTENT GUIDE
Prepared by: JAMES P. MACARAYON Noted by: ENGR. JOEL C. LOBRINO - DEAN
WEEK 1 Term: Full Semester: 2 ND Academic Year: 2020-
2021
Subject Code: DRAW 1 Course Title: ENGINEERING DRAWING AND PLAN
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This is an introductory course of tactile (by hand) of drawing techniques
applicable to the design and construction of the built environment. Drawing techniques include
engineering drawing, lines, curves, and geometric construction.

I. COURSE INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (CILO)

At the end of the course, the students are expected to:
1. Properly utilize drawing instruments and drafting paraphernalia.
2. Understand and apply the concepts of engineering drawing and plan.
3. Able to draw different figures used in geometric construction.
4. Able to draw elevation and section of any figure.
5. Able to draw in different projection technique.
II. COURSE GUIDE (course rules/instructions, Coverage inclusion Dates/schedule, grading
criteria)
The entire course covers weekly modules with specific content topics. Students are expected to fully
learn the lessons and achieve the intended learning outcomes. Two big examinations; midterm and
finals for term classes and 4 big examinations for full term classes; Prelim, midterm, semi-final and final
examinations. Quizzes, class activities, oral participation, speeches, and assignments are given to
supplement students’ learning. Schedule of examinations are posted in the bulletin boards.
FULL SEMESTER
Inclusive Dates Weeks Details
January 18 – 22, 2021 Week 1
January 25 - 29, 2021 Week 2
February 1 - 5, 2021 Week 3
February 8 - 11, 2021 Week 4 Prelim Exams
February 15-19, 2021 Week 5
February 22-26, 2021 Week 6
March 1-5, 2021 Week 7
 March 8 - 12, 2021 Week 8 Midterm Exams
March 15 - 19, 2021 Week 9
March 22-26 ,2021 Week 10
March 29 - 31,2021 Week 11
April 5 - 8,2021 Week 12
April 12 - 16,2021 Week 13 Semi-final Exams
April 19 - 23,2021 Week 14
April 26 - 30,2021 Week 15
May 3 - 7,2021 Week 16
May 10 - 14,2021 Week 17 Final Exams
May 17 - 21, 2021 Term Break

Grading
The criteria for the assessment of student competence or performance apply to all programs for all
subjects.
1. Grading Criteria
Quizzes/Assignments 25%
Class Activities/Laboratory Output 35%
Periodic Examination 40%
Total 100%

2. Regular Semester Overall Final Grade

Prelim Grade 20%
Midterm Grade 20%
Semi-Final Grade 20%
Final Grade 40%
Total 100%

III. MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES

After studying this module, the students should be able to:
1. List the required instruments in engineering drawing.
2. List the standard information and references commonly gives in drawing.
3. State the several standard sizes of drawing sheets used in drafting.
IV. CONTENT TOPIC DISCUSSION (attach detailed content theories/applications and specific
learning objectives)
1. Engineering Drafting Tools
 1.1. Drawing Boards, T-Squares, Triangles, Scales, Drawing Sets, Drafting Pencils, Technical
Pens, Drawing Pencils, Erasers, Drafting Paper and etc..
V. TEACHING LEARNING ACTIVITES (with TLA guides, must be doable thru online)
Lessons in form of photos, word documents, presentations and etc. will be given to the students, as
well as to present drawing samples to further understand the lesson. Drawing exercises will also be
conducted from time to time in order to monitor students’ drafting skills.
VI. ASSESSMENT TASK / EVALUATION / RUBRICS (with assessment guides)
PLATES: To draw certain figures that corresponds to the lesson in order to evaluate if the students
understood the lesson.
VII. ASSIGNMENT (include here the target module for the preceding MODULE guides )
Search for terms and concepts that revolves around the course and its lessons.
VIII. REFERENCES
TEXTBOOK:
Technical Drawing, by: Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill, Dydon and Novak ; Twelfth Edition
REFERENCES: Engineering Drawing by: Giesecke
Websites / Internet

WEEK 1

TOPIC 1: DRAFTING TOOLS

What are drafting tools?

Drafting tools are instruments that can be used for measurement and
layout of drawings or to improve consistency and the speed for creating standard
drawing elements.

1. Drawing Board – The drawing board is a large, flat board on which you
attach a drawing sheet to make a drawing. A drawing board can be the surface of
a drafting table or a separate board that is placed on top of a desk or table. They
are made so that they will not warp and so that the guiding edge, or true edge,
will stay straight. The most basic boards usually measure 18x24” (460x600 mm).
Professional boards are typically larger, however, and may be any size needed.
2. T – Square – A T-square is a drafting instrument made up of a head that
lines up with the true edge of a drafting board and a blade, or straightedge that
provides a true edge. Most T-squares have plastic-edged wooden blades or clear
plastic blades with heads made of wood or plastic. The most accurate ones use
steel or aluminum blades with metal heads.

3. Triangles – Drafters use two types of triangles in combination with a T-

square or parallel ruling straightedge to draw lines at various angles. The 45°
triangle has one 90° angle and two 45° angles. The 30°-60° triangle has 30°, 60°,
and 90° angles.

4. Scales – Tool used to represent actual dimensions in a reduced, enlarge or

full size dimension of a drawing. A drawing of an object may be the same size as
the object (full size), or it may be larger or smaller than the object. The ratio of
reduction or enlargement depends on the relative sizes of the object and of the
sheet of paper on which the drawing is to be made. For example, a machine part
may be half size; a building may be drawn 1/48 size; a map may be drawn 1/1200
size; or a printed circuit board, may be drawn four times its size.

5. Drafting Pencils – Both regular wooden pencils and mechanical (stick lead)
pencils are used for technical drawing. However, mechanical drafting pencils are
favored because they maintain line consistency better than wooden pencils. Many
types of lead are available, but graphite lead is most commonly used.

6. Technical Pens – Technical pens contain points of various size to draw a

specific line width. Some technical pens have a refillable cartridge for storing ink.
Others have a cartridge that is used once and then replaced. The disposable
technical pen has a stainless steel point and requires little maintenance. Points for
refillable pens are made of finer materials specific to the type of media to be
used. The three main types of points are: hard-chrome stainless steel, for use on
paper or vellum, tungsten-carbide, for long wear on film, vellum, and paper (most
commonly used in pen plotters), jewel, for long, continuous use on film

7. Erasers – Eraser is used to remove the lines or spots which drawn by

mistake or with wrong measurements. The eraser used should be of good quality
and soft. It should not damage the paper while erasing.

8. Drafting Papers – Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is

drawn which is available in various sizes. The sheet used for engineering should
be of good quality. It should be white in color with uniform thickness with must
resist the easy torn of paper. The surface of sheet must be smooth.

ALPHABET OF LINES
Each line on a technical drawing has a definite meaning and is drawn in a certain
way. The line conventions endorsed by the American National Standards Institute
ANSI 14.2M-1992, are presented in Fig. 3.9, together with illustrations of various
applications. In making a drawing it must be readable, stable, neat and clean.
Objectives drawing

Students who practice and learn the correct manipulation of their drawing
instruments will eventually be able to draw correctly by habit and will be able to
give their full attention to the problems at hand.

The following are the important objectives students should strive to attain:

1. Accuracy. No drawing is of maximum usefulness if it is not accurate. The

engineer or designer cannot achieve success in professional employment if the
habit of accuracy is not acquired.

2. Speed. Time is money in industry, and their is no demand for a slow drafter,
technician, or engineer. However, speed is not attained by hurrying; it is unsought
byproduct of intelligent and continuous work. It comes with study and practice.
3. Legibility. Drafters, technicians, and engineers must remember that a drawing
is a means of communication to others, and that is must be clear and legible to
serve its purpose well. Care should be given to details, especially to lettering.

4. Neatness. If a drawing is to be accurate and legible, it must also be clean.

Untidy drawings are the result of sloppy and careless methods and will be
unacceptable to an instructor or employer.

Lettering Technique

Lettering is more similar to freehand drawing than it is to writing, so the six

fundamental drawing strokes and their directions are basic lettering. Horizontal
strokes are drawn left to right. Vertical, inclined, and curved strokes are drawn
downward. If you are left-handed, you can use a system of strokes similar to the
sketching strokes that work for you.

Lettering ability has little relationship to writing ability. You can learn to letter
neatly even if you have terrible handwriting. There are three necessary aspects of
learning to letter.

1. Proportions and forms of the letters (to make good letters, you need to have a
clear mental image of their correct shape)

2. Composition the spacing of letters and words

3. Practice
WEEK 2

TOPIC : TECHNIQUE OF PENCIL DRAWING

Most commercial drafting is executed in pencil. Most prints or photocopies

are made from pencil tracings, and all ink tracings must be preceded by pencil
drawings. It should therefore be evident that skill in drafting chiefly implies skill in
pencil drawing.

Technique is a style or quality of drawing imparted by the individual drafter

to the work. It is characterized by crisp black line work and lettering.

DRAWING HORIZONTAL LINE

To draw horizontal line, press the head of the T-square firmly against the
working edge of the board with your left hand; then slide your hand to the
position shown in Fig 3.11a so that the blade is pressed tightly against the paper.
Lean the pencil in the direction of the line at an angle of approximately 60° with
the paper, and draw line from the left to right (Fig 3.11b) keep the pencil vertical
plane; otherwise the line may not be straight (Fig 3.11c). While drawing the line,
let the little finger of the hand holding the pencil glide-lightly on the blade of the
T-square, and rotate the pencil slowly, except for the thin-lead pencils, between
your thumb and forefinger to distribute the wear uniformly on the lead and
maintain a symmetrical point. Thin-lead pencils should be held nearly vertical to
the paper and not rotated. Also, pushing the thin-lead pencil from left to right,
rather than pulling it, tends to minimize lead breakage.
When great accuracy is required, the pencil may be “toed in” to produce a
perfectly straight line (Fig 3.11d). (Left handlers: In general, reverse the procedure
just outlined. Place the T-square head against the right edge of the board, and
with the pencil in the left hand, draw the line from right to left.)
PLATE 1

Using layout A-3 or ¼ Bristol. Divide working space into six equal and draw lines as
shown. Draw construction lines at the centers of each box to required line, along
each construction line set of 100 millimeter distance of each line.

USING COMPASSES
The following instructions apply generally both to old style and giant bow
compasses.

Most compass needle points have a plain end for use when the compass is
converted into dividers and a shoulder end for use as a compass. Adjust the
needle point with the shoulder end out and so that the small point extends
slightly farther than the pencil lead or pen nib (Fig 3.32d).

To draw a penciled circle:

1. set off the required radius on one of the center lines

2. place the needle point at the exact intersection of the center lines
3. Adjust the compass to the required radius (25mm or more)

4. lean the compass forward and draw the circle clockwise while rotating the
handle between the thumb and forefinger. To obtain sufficient weight of line,
it may be necessary to repeat the movement several times.

Using the bow compass

Compass Lead Point

WEEK 3

TOPIC : GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION

What is Geometric Construction?

Not everyone who loves mathematics loves numbers. Geometric construction

allows you to construct lines, angles, and polygons with the simplest of tools. You
will need paper, a sharpened pencil, a straightedge to control your lines (to make
a straight edge), and a drawing compass to swing arcs and scribe circles.

Make sure your drawing compass has a sharp needle on one arm and a sharpened
pencil on the other arm. Practice swinging the drawing compass, so you are
familiar with setting the needle on a given point, adjusting the arms, and swinging
arcs.

Drawing a Line, Line Segments, and Rays

The straightedge and pencil are your tools for drawing straight lines, line
segments, rays and sides of polygons. Adding the drawing compass allows you to
copy any of those constructions accurately and faithfully.

1. To draw a straight line, hold the straightedge in your non-dominant hand with
your fingers splayed on the top to push downward, holding the straightedge
in place. This keeps your fingers out of the path of the pencil.

Using layout A-3 or ¼ size Bristol board, divide working space into six equal and
draw lines as shown.
 PLATE 2

WEEK 4

TOPIC: LETTERING

Lettered text is often necessary to completely describe an object or to provide

detailed specifications. Lettering should be legible, be easy to create, and use
styles acceptable for traditional drawing.
Lettering Standard The modern styles of letters were derived from the design of
Roman capital letters, whose origins date all the way back to Egyptian
hieroglyphics. The term Roman refers to any letter that has wide downward
strokes, thin connecting strokes, and ends terminating in spurs called serifs. In the
late 19th century, the development of technical drawing created a need for a
simplified, legible alphabet that could be drawn quickly with an ordinary pen.
Single stroke Gothic sans-serif (meaning without serifs or spurs) letters are used
today because they are very legible.

Lettering Guideline
Use extremely light horizontal guidelines to keep lettering height uniform.
Capital letters are commonly made 1/8” (3.2mm) high, with the space between
lines of lettering being from three-fifths to full height of the letters. Lettering size
may vary depending on the size of the sheet. Do not use vertical guidelines to
space the letters this should be done by eye while lettering. Use a vertical
guideline at the beginning of a row of text to help you line up the left edges of the
following rows, or use randomly spaced vertical guidelines to help you maintain
the correct slant.

Example of pencil lettering

 PLATE 3

WEEK 5

TOPIC: CIRCLES AND ARC

A circle is a closed curve, all points of which are the same distance from a point
called the center. Circumference refers to the circle or to the distance around the
circle. This distance equals the diameter multiplied by radius or 3.1416.
 PLATE 4

WEEK 6

TOPIC: GEOMETRIC FIGURE

Drawing a regular pentagon

Given the circumscribed circle, do the following:

PREFERRED METHOD
Divide the circumference of the circle into five equal parts with the dividers, and
join the points with straight lines.

GEOMETRICAL METHOD
I. Bisect radius OB at C
II. With C as center and DE as radius, strike arc AE.
 With D as center and DE as radius, strike arc EB.
III. Draw line DF; then set off distance DF around the circumference of the circle,
and draw the sides through these points.

DRAWING A HEXAGON

The circumscribed circle as given. Each side of a hexagon is equal to the radius of
the circumscribed circle. Therefore, using the compass or dividers and the radius
of the circle, set off the six sides of the hexagon around the circle, and connect
the points with straight lines. As a check on the accuracy of the construction,
make sure that opposite sides of the hexagon are parallel.

DRAWING AN OCTAGON

Given an inscribed circle, or distance “across flats”, use T-square or straightedge

and a 45° triangle to draw the eight sides tangent to the circle, as shown.

Given a circumscribed square, or distance “across flats”, draw diagonals of

square; then with the corners of the given square as centers and with half the
diagonal as radius, draw arcs cutting the sides as shown in I. Using T-square and
45° triangle, draw the eight sides.

GEOMETRIC PLANE FIGURE

WEEK 7

TOPIC: POLYGONS

A Polygon is any plane figure bounded by straight lines. If the polygon has equal
angles and equal sides, it can be inscribed in or circumscribed around a circle and
is called a regular polygon.

PLATE 5
WEEK8

TOPIC: MULTIVIEW DRAWING

A multiview drawing is one that shows two or more two-dimensional views of a

three- dimensional object. multiview drawings provide the shape. description of
an object. When combined. with dimensions, multiview drawings serve as the
main form of communication between designers and manufacturers.

Multiview Drawings

In engineering, various methods are used to represent objects. Among these,

the engineering drawing or multiview drawing is a major means of
communicating the design concept. In this method, orthogonal projection is used
to draw and define an object.

Orthographic Projection

Pictorial drawings provide a three dimensional view of an object as it would

appear to the observer. Generally, multiview and pictorial drawings are used
together to provide a complete picture of the object being represented.
 Pictorial Drawing

Projecting Views

Orthographic projection is the system of representing objects by

using more than one view to define the object. There are actually 4 methods of
orthographic representation. In this course you will be studying and using
the Third-Angle Projection method of representation. Third-Angle Projection is
the most widely used method today.

The Third-Angle projection method is an orthographic representation in

which the object to be represented and seen by the viewer appears behind the
coordinate viewing planes on which the object is orthographically projected.
An easier way to think of this method of projection is to imagine viewing the
object and its various views through a glass box. In fact, third-angle projection is
sometimes referred to as the glass-box method.
 Each face of the box represents one of the six different planes of projection

Third Angle (glass-box) Viewing Planes

Using this method, each view is projected onto its respective viewing plane. Each
viewing plane is referred to as a plane of projection. The six principal planes of
projection are: front, top, bottom, left side, right side, and back. In determining
how the particular view will look (on the plane of projection), imagine yourself
looking at the object through each side of the glass box.

Object with Viewing Directions Indicated

 View in Direction View From
A Front
B Top
C Left
D Right
E Bottom
F Back
Generally not all of these projections are used in drawings. In determining the
number of projections to use, the rule of thumb is include only as many views
that are needed to represent the object accurately.
When laying out your various views on your drawing, start with the Principal
View. The principal view is the view that shows the most about the product. It is
usually the longest view and shows the major shape or profile. Sometimes it may
be difficult to determine which view should be used as the principal view. In
situations such as this, use your own discretion. This principal view is then
designated as the Front View.
After your front view is selected, imagine folding out each flap of the
box towards the front view.

All 6 Orthographic Views Positioned Correctly on Drawing Surface

Hidden Surfaces & Edges

Many objects drawn in engineering contain many features (lines, holes, etc.) that cannot be
seen when the object is viewed from a particular angle. These hidden details are normally
required on the drawing to show the true shape of the object. Hidden lines are used to
illustrate hidden detail.
Hidden lines consist of short, evenly spaced dashes. In CAD, hidden lines are given a different
color and are generally assigned to a separate layer.

Sample Projections

Examples of orthographic projection

Examples of objects having hidden features

Examples of objects having sloping surfaces

Examples of objects having circular features

View Spacing &Alignment

For clarity and good appearance, the views should be well balanced on
the drawing surface. In determining the alignment and spacing between views,
the drafter must consider the size of the object to be drawn, the number of views,
the scale of the printed drawing, and the space between views.
When determining the space between drawings, the drafter also needs to allow
for the placement of dimensions (to be covered in a later unit).
When laying out your views, view alignment is a must. Actually, view alignment is
a natural by-product of proper drafting technique (to be demonstrated in the first
guided activity in this unit).

Notice that each view is perfectly aligned with the principal view (Front View).
Spacing, though important, need not be precise but should look balanced.
Indicated below is one technique you may find helpful in spacing your views.

 First, determine the distance between borders.

 Next, determine the total vertical and horizontal distances of the aligned
views
 Subtract the horizontal total from the horizontal distance between borders
and subtract the vertical total from the vertical distance between borders.
  Then divide these totals by the number of spaces required.

e.g. Consider the following drawing.

Horizontal distance between borders = 10 inches

 Vertical distance between borders = 7.5 inches

 Total of horizontal distances of views = 3.5 + 2.0 = 5.5 inches
 Total of vertical distances of views = 1.5 + 2.0 = 3.5 inches
 Horizontal empty space = 10 - 5.5 = 4.5 inches
 Vertical empty space = 7.5 - 3.5 = 4.0 inches
 Horizontal distance between views = 4.5 / 3 (# of spaces) = 1.5 inches
 Vertical distance between views = 4.0 / 3 (# of spaces) = 1.33 inches
  
Title Block Placement
When creating engineering drawings, the drafter needs to consider title block placement as well.
Title blocks are acceptable in any corner of the drawing. When considering their placement, take into
account corners of the drawing that are not heavily utilized (to avoid over crowding).
 PLATE 5

WEEK 9
TOPIC: Sectional Views
INTRODUCTION
In engineering drawing, various objects have invisible or hidden interior features,
which are represented by dotted lines in their projection views. But, when the
features, are too many, the orthographic projections obtained get complicated
and difficult to understand. In order to understand the interior view details, the
object is cut an imaginary cutting plane called Sectional Plane. The part of the
object between the cutting plane and the observer is assumed to be removed and
view is then shown in section. The view thus obtained is called Sectional View.
 Sectional View
The view obtained by cutting an object with an imaginary cutting plane is
called Sectional View.
The surface produced by cutting the object by the section plane is called Section.
It is indicated by thin section lines uniformity spaced, generally at an angle of 45'.
As already imagined, a sectional view is a view seen when a portion of the object
nearest to the observer is imagined to be removed by means of a cutting plane or
planes, thus revealing the interior construction.  The other views are not affected
in any way always represent the entire object.
 Types Of  Sectional Views
The sectional views are of mainly two types. These are dependent upon the
number of cutting planes cutting the object.
1. Full Sectional View.
2. Half Sectional View.
 Full Sectional View
The view obtained after removing the front half portion of an object is called
a Full Sectional Views or Front Sectional Views or Simply Sectional Elevation.
When the cutting plane cuts the object lengthwise, full sectional front view is
obtained. It is also called longitudinal section. It may be noted that the top view
or the slide remain unaffected, that means top view is drawn full not half.
PLATE6
WEEK 10

TOPIC: FLOOR PLAN OF THE BUILDING

In architecture and building engineering, a floor plan is a drawing to scale,

showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms, spaces, traffic
patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure.

Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall
lengths. Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters,
furnaces, etc. Floor plans may include notes for construction to specify finishes,
construction methods, or symbols for electrical items.

It is also called a plan which is a measured plane typically projected at the floor

height of 4 ft (1.2 m), as opposed to an elevation which is a measured plane
projected from the side of a building, along its height, or a section or cross
section where a building is cut along an axis to reveal the interior structure.

Floor plan topics

Building blocks

Floor plans use standard symbols to indicate features such as doors. This symbol
shows the location of the door in a wall and which way the door opens.

A floor plan is not a top view or birds eye view. It is a measured drawing to scale
of the layout of a floor in a building. A top view or bird's eye view does not show
an orthogonal projected plane cut at the typical four foot height above the floor
level. A floor plan could show:[3]

 interior walls and hallways

 restrooms

 windows and doors

 appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, water heater etc.

 interior features such as fireplaces, saunas and whirlpools

 the use of all rooms

Plan view

A plan view is an orthographic projection of a three-dimensional object from the

position of a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is
a section viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object above the
plane (section) is omitted to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan,
the roof and upper portion of the walls may typically be omitted. Whenever an
interior design project is being approached, a floor plan is the typical starting
point for any further design considerations and decisions.

Roof plans are orthographic projections, but they are not sections as their viewing
plane is outside of the object.

A plan is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement of a three-

dimensional object in two dimensions. It is often used in technical drawing and is
traditionally crosshatched. The style of crosshatching indicates the type of
material the section passes through.

3D floor plans

A 3D floor plan can be defined as a virtual model of a building floor plan. It is

often used to better convey architectural plans to individuals not familiar with
floor plans. Despite the purpose of floor plans originally being to depict 3D layouts
in a 2D manner, technological expansion has made rendering 3D models much
more cost effective. 3D plans show a better depth of image and are often
complemented by 3D furniture in the room. This allows a greater appreciation of
scale than with traditional 2D floor plans.

PLATE 7

WEEK 11

TOPIC: FOUNDATION PLAN

A foundation plan is a plane view of a structure. That is, it looks as if it were

projected onto a horizontal plane and passed through the structure. In the case of
the foundation plan, the plane is slightly below the level of the top of the
foundation wall. The plan in figure 2-10 shows that the main foundation consists
of 12-inch and 8-inch concrete masonry unit (CMU) walls measuring 28 feet
lengthwise and 22 feet crosswise. The lower portion of each lengthwise section of
wall is to be 12 inches thick to provide a concrete ledge 4 inches wide.
 A girder running through the center of the building will be supported at the
ends by two 4-by- 12-inch concrete pilasters butting against the end foundation
walls. Intermediate support for the girder will be provided by two 12-by-12-inch
concrete piers, each supported on 18-by- 18-inch spread footings, which are 10
inches deep. The dotted lines around the foundation walls indicate that these
walls will also rest on spread footings.

PLATE 8
WEEK - 12

TOPIC: FOOTING

Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are

typically made of concrete with re-bar reinforcement that has been poured into
an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and
strengthen the part of building.

A footing is a part of the foundation construction for a building, creating an

attachment point between the foundation and the soil. Footings consist of
concrete material placed into a trench. The role of a footing is to support
a building and help prevent settling.
PLATE 9: WALL FOOTING AND FOOTING DETAILS
WEEK 13
TOPIC: ELECTRICAL PLAN
The electrical plan is sometimes called as electrical drawing or wiring
diagram. It is a type of technical drawing that delivers visual representation and
describes circuits and electrical systems. It consists of symbols and lines that
showcase the engineer's electrical design to its clients. In short, an electrical plan
describes the position of all the electrical apparatus.

An electrical drawing may include all of these essential details described below:

 Interconnection of electrical wires and other parts of the system

 Connection of different components and fixtures to the system
 Power lines with details such as size, voltage, rating, and capacity
 Power transformers and also their winding connections
 The main switches, tiebreaker, and fused switches
 Other essential equipment such as solar panels, batteries, generators, air
conditioning, and so on.
Purposes and Benefits of Electrical Plan

Purposes of Electrical Plan

Why is there a need to have an electrical plan or drawing? You must be thinking why to
splurge on a precise electrical plan. The purposes of an electrical plan are as follows:

 These drawings are vital for documenting, communicating information, and

troubleshooting your power systems on-site.
 Accurate and updated drawings keep your building in compliance with all the
code regulations.
 A plan encompasses all aspects. It focuses on areas such as lighting, electronics,
appliances, etc.
 It also considers the structure of the building. For example, if a building has
railings, stairs, or any other components, modifications will be made accordingly.
 It is a thorough planning tool because it gives an in-depth view of your building's
electrical and wiring system.
 It helps to distribute power to various appliances and equipment through
accurate operation and installation of elements.

Benefits of Electrical Plan

 A plan highlights all the potential risks to make amendments quickly before the
occurrence of any substantial damage.
  It helps to ensure that your system runs safely, efficiently, and smoothly.
 An electrical plan saves time by avoiding delays and problems. A draft pinpoints
everything to prevent hazardous situations; thereby, it helps professionals to
complete their work on time.
 It also saves money because nobody feels like spending more money than they
already have. A draft includes all the details like wire's length, type of cables, and
other parts you will need to complete your project. Thus, you do not have to
spend a considerable amount of money on unnecessary things.
 An electrical plan prevents injury because it pinpoints all the building's
anticipated areas that may harm a technician.

PLATE 10

WEEK 14

TOPIC: PLUMBING DRAWING

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of
applications. Plumbing uses ... pipe in the UK by the Standard Dimension Ratio
(SDR), defined as the ratio of the ... Plumbing fixtures are seen by
and designed for the end-users.

Plumbing Design & Installation for Homes with Basements

The soil pipe should enter the house at least 1 foot below the finish grade of the
basement floor and it should have a pitch of about 1/4" per foot towards the
outside of the house. Under no circumstances should this pitch or grade be less
than 1/8" per foot. Plumbing drains with less than 1/8" of fall per foot of
horizontal run will clog repeatedly, risking a costly sewage backup and spill in the
building.

The bottom of the trench dug for the soil pipe should be packed solid and
recesses should be made for the hub of the pipes. The connected pipes
should rest on solid ground for their entire length and never on the hubs alone.

At a point directly under the point where the vent stack goes up, a 4" x 4" sanitary
tee-branch should be installed. This should rest on a solid concrete slab, since it
will support the entire weight of the soil pipe extending up through the roof of
the house.

When a house is to have a poured-concrete-slab floor, all waste lines running

through the floor must be installed before the concrete is poured.

The horizontal soil pipe can continue on now until it has reached a point for the
basement floor drain. This should not be installed, however, unless it is absolutely
essential. It is best to have a floor drain flow out to a dry well rather than into the
sewer line. If the drain must discharge into the sewer line, the drain should be
fitted with a deep-seal trap.

The first vertical piece of soil pipe coining off the sanitary tee-branch is a Y branch.
One side of this is fitted with a brass clean-out plug so that, in the event the sewer
line should become clogged, there will be an opening into it at a convenient
location. If you are not going to have a basement floor drain, the end of the
sanitary tee-branch can be plugged to serve as a clean-out.

PLATE 11

WEEK 15

TOPIC: SURVEY PLAN

A cad-astral survey plan or a registered plan provides the details of the
boundaries of a property, as well as its area. This is done so that the property can
be easily identified by the land owners and the adjoining owners. A plan is a
technical and legal document prepared by a registered cad-astral surveyor.

A plan is considered current until a new survey has been conducted and
registered for the subject lot, and a new title issued. The certificate for each lot in
Queensland refers to the current survey plan. A plan may be the current plan for
some of the lots shown on the plan, but other lots may have been canceled by a
newer plan. This may mean that a current plan of a lot could be from the 1900s,
whereas the current plan for a nearby lot may be either newer or older.

A survey plan does not include building location unless the property is a building
unit. For more information on buildings, contact the relevant local government.

cad-astral survey plans do not contain land contours. A registered surveyor can

create these plans for you.

A current plan of a lot may not show easements, leases or covenants as such
interests may have been created by a different survey plan. Refer to a title
search for this information.

A survey plan will include bearings, distances and area for all parcels covered by
the survey plan. Sometimes the measurements for an individual parcel are not
included. This occurs where the dimensions of one parcel are the same as the
adjacent lots (e.g. if lots 1 to 20 are all the same size, the dimensions may only be
shown on lot 1).

A survey plan does not include the measurements from the kerb to the property
boundary.

Depending on when the survey was conducted, the information recorded on the
plan may vary.

For example:
 Some older plans may include roman numerals, notes and annotations, or the
word 'road' when the road had not been named at the time of survey.

 A survey plan may also include old street names.

 Historical survey plans may include county prefixes and prefix abbreviations.

 Depending on the age of a plan, dimensions may be recorded in a number of

formats and you may need to convert from imperial to metric.

PLATE 12
WEEK 16
TOPIC: PLOT PLAN
Plot plan are used to show the location and size of all buildings on the lot. Overall
building dimensions and lot dimensions are shown on plot plans. The position and
size of walks, drives, patios, and courts are also shown. Compass orientation of
the lot is given, and contour lines sometimes shown. Figure 43-1 shows the key
figures and the symbols commonly used on plot plans. Plot plans may also include
details showing site construction features. These include details and typical
sections for walks, driveways, patios, culverts, decking, and pool construction.
When a separate survey and landscape plan are prepared for a project, contour
lines utility lines and planting details may be omitted from the plot plan. But often
only the most dominant of these features are included on a plot plan.

GUIDES FOR DRAWING PLOT PLANS

When plot plans are prepared, the numbered features shown in fig. 43-2 and fig.
43-3A should be drawn according to these matching guides for drawing plot
plans:
1. Draw only the outline of the main structure on the lot. Cross-hatching is
optional.
2. Draw the outlines of other buildings on the lot.
3. Show overall building dimensions.
4. Locate each building by dimension perpendicularly from the property line to
the closest point on a building. On curved property lines, dimension to points of
tangent as shown in Fig. 43-3B. The property line shows the legal limits of the lot.
5. Show the position and size of driveways.
6. Show the location and size of walks.
7. Indicate grade elevation of key surfaces such as patios, driveways, and courts.
8. Outline and show the symbol for surface material used on patios and terraces.
9. Label streets adjacent to the outline.
10. Place overall lot dimensions either on extension lines outside the property
line or directly by the property line.
11. Show the size and location of courts.
12. Show the size and location of pools, ponds, or other bodies of water.
13. Indicates the compass orientation of the lot by the use of a north arrow.
14. Use a decimal scale such as 1” = 10’, or 1” = 20’, for preparing the plot plan.
15. Show the position of utility lines on a plot plan or a survey plan (Fig. 43-4A).
16. The perimeter dimensions include the compass direction for each property
line (Fig. 43-4B).
17. Show trunk base location and coverage of all major trees.
18. Label and dimension all landscape construction features.
19. Draw and dimension the location and minimum distance allowed from septic
system components to nearest building as shown in Fig. 45-10.

Example
PLATE 13