CALAMBA MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT CENTER

TECHNICAL DRAFTING NC II

Manual Drafting
Technical Drafting NC II

Module 1

Manual Drafting
 COMPETENCIES

• Plan and prepare for work

• Prepare tools and materials and
set-up equipment for drawings
• Lay-out and produce computer-
aided drawings and details
• Submit complete drawing
 Course Code: Drawing
Course Title: Technical Drafting NC II
Pre-requisite: None
Time Duration: 2 weeks

A. Course Description:
Fundamental practice of drafting, technical sketching
system of measurements in lettering, orthographic drawing,
and pictorial drawing.

B. Objectives: General
1. Demonstrate the proper manipulation of drawing
instruments.
2. Make different styles of letters both vertical and horizontal
strokes.
3. Apply the basic procedures in presenting objects,
orthographic drawing and pictorial drawing.
Specific:
1. Sketch horizontal, vertical and inclined lines.
2. Execute the other directions of strokes in making singles
stroke gothic letters and numerals.
3. Identify the different drafting tools and materials in
making instruments drawing.
4. Draw orthographic drawing based on pictorial drawing.
5. Draw pictorial drawing either isometric drawing.
C. Methodology/ Teaching Strategies/ Requirements
6. Class Discussion/ Lecture
7. Demonstrations
8. Exercises
D. Suggested Activities
9. Sketching straight lines, arc and circles
10.Lettering
11.Instrumental Drawing
12.Orthographic Drawing
13.Pictorial Drawing
E. Audio visual to be used
1. Chalkboard illustration
2. Drawing tools/ Materials
3. Visualization of orthographic drawing and pictorial
drawing
 
F. Evaluation Technique
4. Actual hands On 70 %
5. Attendance 10 %
6. Attitude 10 %
7. Written Examination 10 %

100 %
 G. Course Content
1. Introduction of Technical Drafting
1.1 Definition of terms
1.2 Types of drawing
1.3 Process of drawing
1.4 Specialized area of drafting
1.5 Objectives of drawing
1.6 Objectives of drafting
2. Purpose of Sketching
2.1 Drafting tools and materials
2.2 Techniques of line sketching
3. Lettering
3. 1 Evolution of letters
3.2 Importance of letters
3.3 Styles of letters
3.4 Division of letters
3.5 General proportion of letters
3.6 Proportion of normal letters
3.7 Guidelines for lettering
 3.8 Quality of good guidelines
4. Drawing Tools and Materials
4.1 Selection of uses and care of tools and materials
4.2 Manipulation of drawing tools
5. Alphabet of Lines
6. Orthographic Drawing
6.1 Two methods of obtaining views
6.2 Steps/Procedure in constructing orthographic
drawing
6.3 Six principal views of the object
6.4 Three necessary views
6.5 Three principal views
7. Isometric Drawing
7.1 Steps in drawing isometric drawing
8. Scaling
8.1 Methods of scaling
H. REFERENCES:

Brown, Walter C., Drafting for Technology. The Goodheart-

Willcox Company, Inc., 1990
 
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing,
Macmillan Company, 1999.
 
Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and
Design, fifth edition, 1986.
 
Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and
Design, fifth edition, 1988.
 
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing, 10th edition,
MacGraw, Hill Book Company, 1988.
 
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2, Phoenix Publishing,
1983.
 HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LERNING
MATERIAL
 
Welcome to the module in Interpret Working Plans and
Sketches. This module contains training materials and
activities for you to complete.

This unit of competency in Interpreting Working Plans

and Sketches contains knowledge, skills and attitudes
required for Manual Drafting.

You are required to go through a series of learning

activities in order to complete each learning outcome of the
module. In each learning outcome are Information Sheets,
Self-Check, Task Sheets and Job Sheets. Follow these
activities on your own. If you have questions, don’t hesitate
to ask your facilitator for assistance.
The goal of this course is the development of practical skills
in supervising work-based training. Tools in planning,
monitoring and evaluation of work-based training shall be
prepared during the work shop to support in the
implementation of the training program.

This module is prepared to help you to acquired

competency in Interpret Working Plans and Sketches.

This will be the source of information for you to acquire

knowledge and skills in this particular competency
independently and at your own pace, with minimum
supervision or help from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 
• Work through all the information and complete the
activities in each section.

• Read information sheets and complete the self-check.

Answer keys are included in this package to allow
immediate feedback. Answering self-checks will help you
to acquire the knowledge content of this competency.

• Perform the task sheets and job sheets until you are
confident that you conform to the performance criteria
checklist that follows the sheets.

• Submit output of the Task Sheets and Job Sheets to your

facilitator for the evaluation and recording in the
Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall serve as your
portfolio during the Institutional Competency Evaluation.
 TECHNICAL DRAFTING NC II
 
LIST OF COMPETENCIES

NO. UNIT OF MODULE TITLE CODE NO.

COMPETENCY
       
1. Interpret Working Interpreting  
Plans and Sketches. Working Plans N/A
  and Sketches.
 
 MODULE CONTENT
 
QUALIFICATION : TECHNICAL DRAFTING NC II
 
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Interpret Working Plans and
Sketches
 
MODULE TITLE : Interpreting Working Plans and Sketches
 
MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers
knowledge, skills and attitudes required to fundamental
practice of drafting, technical sketching system of
measurements in lettering, orthographic drawing, and
pictorial drawing.

NOMINAL DURATION : 2 weeks

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 
Upon completion of the module the trainees/ students
should be able to:
 
1. Introduction of Technical Drafting
2. Purpose of Sketching
3. Lettering
4. Drawing Tools and Materials
5. Alphabet of Lines
6. Orthographic Drawing
7. Isometric Drawing
8. Scaling
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Sketch horizontal, vertical and inclined lines.

2. Execute the other directions of strokes in making singles

stroke gothic letters and numerals.

3. Identify the different drafting tools and materials in

making instruments drawing.

4. Draw orthographic drawing based on pictorial drawing.

5. Draw pictorial drawing either isometric drawing.

 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-1 
INTRODUCTION OF TECHNICAL DRAFTING
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Discuss about the definition terms of technical drafting
2. Identify all about the importance of objectives of drawing
3. Participate actively in class discussion
TECHNICAL DRAFTING
- an advanced drafting course usually offered in the junior college or high
school.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DRAFTING- a way of conveying ideas by means of drawing representing the
descriptions of a certain objects.
DRAWING- a graphic representation of real thing idea or proposed design for
constants or manufacture.
DRAFTSMAN- a person which is engaged in preparing a set of working
drawing.
TYPES OF DRAWING
1. ARTISTIC- a drawing which express aesthetic philosophic or
other abstract ideas.
2. TECHNICAL- a drawing which represent the design of objects
to be built or constructed.
PROCESS OF DRAWING
FREEHAND DRAWING
- is the act of conveying thought and ideas without the
mechanical instruments or devices.
An example of freehand drawing is sketching.
MECHANICAL DRAWING
- is the act of conveying thoughts and ideas with the use of
mechanical instruments or devices.
SKETCHING
- is a freehand drawing which emphasis the speed, form, hand
control and appreciation of proportion.
Objectives of Sketching
The objective of sketching is to have rapid representation of
neat and readable which will be suited for particular purposes.
This can obtaining by knowing the techniques of lines and shape
whether its is straight line, curve line, or combination of both.
SPECIALIZED AREA OF DRAFTING
1. FURNITURE DRAFTING- includes not only the making of
working drawing of the various types of furniture but also the
designing of them.
2. ARCHITECTURAL DRAFTING- includes the making of
working drawing plans of building for residential,
manufacturing, business, industrial, commercial, recreational,
and storage purposes.
3. MACHINE DRAFTING- is the preparation of detail and
assembly working drawings of machines and their parts.
4. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DRAFTING- produces
schematic wiring a diagram for either house wiring connections
and radio, television receives and transmitters or the installation
of electrically-operated machines.
5. TOPOGRAPHICAL DRAFTING- is the making of plots or maps
for various purposes.
6. AIRPLANE DRAFTING- is the preparation of working drawing
of aircraft, including helicopters, planes, rockets and spaceships.
7. SHIP DRAFTING- is the making of working plans for all types
of ship and for either commercial or naval purposes.
8. SHEET METAL DRAFTING- is the development of surface of
various objects made of galvanized iron, steel aluminum, or
copper sheets.
 OBJECTIVES OF DRAWING
1. ACCURACY
- no drawing is of maximum usefulness if it is not
accurate. The student cannot achieve success in college
career or later is professional employment if the habit of
accuracy is not acquired.
2. SPEED
- time is money in industry, and there is no demand for
slow draftsman, technician or engineer, however speed
is not attained by hurrying; it is an unsought by product
of intelligent and continuous work; it comes from study
and practice.
3. LEGIBILITY
- the drafter technician is means of communication to
others and that it must be clear and legible in order to
serve its purpose well care should be given to details
specially to lettering.
4. NEATNESS
- if a drawing is to accurate and legible it must be clear,
therefore the student should constantly strive to acquire
the habit of neatness.
Objectives of Drafting
1. to acquire essential skills in freehand drawing and lettering, in
creating simple structure and decorative design, in sketching
pictorial drawings, and in making orthographic working
sketches.
2. to get acquainted with the technical and related general
knowledge concerning the general drafting trade.
3. to be able to read and interpret working sketches and working
drawings.
4. to develop ones power observation and visualization.
5. to form good habit of work such as cleanliness, accuracy,
neatness, orderliness, speed, and industry.
6. to appreciate a good draftsmanship.
DRAFTING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
1. DRAWING PENCIL
- either wood pencil of a mechanical
pencil holder is must ideally suited for
architectural sketching.
Importance Factors in Selecting a Pencil
The must important factors in selecting a pencil are the
softest lead. Preferably for sketching, an HB, or H lead is used. In
pinch, a number 2 common lead pencil may used in place of an
HB or H.
NOTE: avoid any lead softer than HB because it tendency to
smudge. Harder leads such as 2H or 3H are usually not used for
architectural sketching.
A hard lead difficult to use since it does not lend itself to feeling of
freedom.
Advantage of Mechanical Pencil
Mechanical pencil is with standard or thin lead does not
required pointing or sharpening.
 
 
 
2. ERASER
- is used to clean unwanted lines the drawing. It is either soft or
hard.
SOFT ERASER
- used to erase the construction lines and other
light lines.
HARD ERASER
- is used to clean stubborn heavy lines.
3. DRAWING PAPER
- high quality paper used in drawing to
prevent smudging when, erasing
unnecessary lines. Opaque drawing papers
are available in cream, light, green, blue,
and tint and white. Drawing papers are either cross section or
plain papers.
Most Preferable Paper used in Sketching
The most preferable paper that has a slight “tooth” that
readily takes pencil.
NOTE: hard, slickly, shiny, surface papers are not intended
for sketching.
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-2 
PURPOSE OF SKETCHING TECHNIQUES
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Discuss about the purpose of sketching techniques
2. Draw all about the sketching lines, connection to lines, arc
and circles
3. Participate actively in class discussion
SKETCHING TECHNIQUES
1. HORIZONTAL LINES- are generally drawn from left to right.
2. VERTICAL LINES- are generally drawn from top to bottom.
3. INCLINED LINES- are generally drawn from upward or
downward direction.
4. SHORT LINES- are drawn with finger movement, as drawing a
crosshatching area of cut surface.
5. LONG LINES- are drawn with arm movement, as in drawing
border lines.
6. VERY LONG STRAIGHT LINES- should be drawn in segments
with very small gaps about 1mm.
7. REGULAR CURVE LINES- are drawn with one or two stroke
similar to the strokes in capital “O”.
8. ELLIPSES AND IRREGULAR CURVES- are drawn with one
several strokes preferably with very small gaps between strokes.
9. LIGHT AND HEAVY LINES- are drawn with light and heavy
strikes respectively.
10. ACCENTED LINE- is drawn with varied pressure of the
pencil.
11. STIPPLING- is done by pressing and limiting alternately the
point using the same or varied pressure.
12. CONTINOUS TONES – are produced by rubbing the pencil
point horizontally on the paper and varying the pressure and
movement of the pencil.
TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN SKETCHING IN CONNECTION
OF LINES
1. POINT- indicates the position only; it has no length, breath or
thickness. It may be represented on paper by a dot.
2. LINE- has one dimension only, namely length. It may be
straight, curve or irregular line.
3. STRAIGHT LINE- is the shortest distance between two points.
4. CURVE LINE- is one having on part of straight.
5. OBLIQUE OR INCLINED LINES- lines those are either vertical
or horizontal.
6. PARALLEL LINES- lines that are equal distance apart through
entire length.
7. PERPENDICULAR LINES- lines which makes a 90 degrees
angle with each other.
TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN CONNECTION TO ARCS AND
CIRCLES
1. CIRCLE- it is a figure of closed curve, all points of which are
equidistant from the center.
2. CIRCUMFERENCE- it is the distance around the circle.
3. DIAMETER- a straight line drawn through the center of a
circle meeting the circumference at both ends.
4. RADIUS- is one half of the diameter.
5. ARC- is any part of the circumference.
6. QUADRANT- one fourth of a circle.
7. SEMI- CIRCLE- a circle divided into halves each halves is
called the semi-circle.
8. TANGENT- is a straight line that touches the circumference at
point only.
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-3
LETTERING
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Discuss all about the lettering
2. Distinguish the origin and development of letters and styles
of letters
3. Participate actively in class discussion
 
LETTERING – considered the written and language of industry,
is so important in a drawing that is cannot be dispensed with in
the study of drafting. The style of lettering emphasized in each
area of drafting depends on the nature of the work. The
topographical draftsman uses not only Gothic letters but Roman
letters as well. A commercial artist uses all types of lettering,
some of them illustrated. Furniture, machine, structural,
electrical, and architectural draftsmen generally use the single
stroke gothic alphabet and numbers. Lettering skill is acquired
through constant correct practice.
Origin and Development of Letters
 
The present letters, or alphabet of the Eighteen
and Philippine language originated in ancient Egypt.
The Ancient Egyptian “letters” were in the form of
picture writing called hieroglyphics. This writing was
further modified by the Ancient Phoenicians whose
wedge-shaped, or cuneiform writing took the form of
symbols. The Ancient Greeks changed this form of
writing into what they called bousterophedon writing.
Finally, the Ancient Romans modified this into a more
readable type of writing which became the basis for
present-day letters of the Roman alphabet except for J
and U which were not in the Old Romans Alphabet.
Old Roman and Modern Roman letters are alike
except in the thickness of the stems of the letters and
in the shape of their serifs.
A. CLASSES OR PERSONS WHO ARE INTERESTED IN THE STUDY
OF LETTERING
1. Those that have to use letters and words to convey information or
drawing (engineers, architect, draftsman)
a. concerned mainly with legibility
b. speed
2. Those who are lettering in applied design
a. concerned mainly with beauty of form
b. Composition
B. LEARNING TO LETTER REQUIREMENTS
a. knowledge of shapes and properties of the individual character
b. knowledge of the order and direction of strokes used in the making
them
c. knowledge of the rules for combining word and word sentences
d. constant practice
C. STYLES OF LETTERS
1. SINGLE STROKE GOTHIC LETTERS
- all letters having elementary strokes or stanza of even widths
or thickness. Single stroke mean that each stem of a letter is
made with one stroke of the pencil.

Classification of the single stroke letters

 
1. single stroke vertical capital letters
2. single stroke vertical small or lower-case letters
3. single stroke inclined capital letters
4. single stroke inclined lower-case letters
 
2. ROMAN LETTERS – all letters having strokes accented or
consisting of heavy lines and light lines.

ABCDEFGHI
3. ITALIC LETTERS
- all slanting letters are classified. This may be further designated
as Roman Italic or Gothic Italic.

ABCDEFGHI
4. TEXT LETTERS
- is includes all styles of Old English, German Text, Bradley Text
or others various trade names.

ABCDEFGHI
D. DIVISION OF LETTERS
1. Drawn or built up letters- letters having heavy stems and
they are called BOLDFACE.
2. Written or single stroke letters- letters having thin stem
and they are called LIGHTFACE.

E. GENERAL PROPORTION OF LETTERS

1. NORMAL LETTERS- used when the space for lettering is
ample; it is neither too narrow nor to wide.
2. COMPRESSED LETTERS- letters are narrow in then
proportion and width to height and are used when space is
admitted.
3. EXTENDED LETTERS- these are wider than the normal
letters and are used when the space is very wide.
F. Proportion of normal letters
 
a. I – is the narrowest and foundation stroke of all straight-line
letters.

b. W – is the widest letters 8:6

c. O – foundation stroke of all curved line letters 6:6

d. TOMQVAXY – the second widest letters 6:6

e. BCDEFGHJKLNPRSUZ – the third widest letters 5:6

 
G. Guidelines for lettering
Guidelines for lettering are absolutely essential for good
lettering and should be regarded as a welcome aid. Guidelines
should be drawn with the aid of the T-square.
 
H. QUALITY OF GOOD GUIDELINES
a. light
b. clear
c. Fine
 
I. Lower case letters
1. Horizontal guidelines
cap line
waist line
base line
drop line
 
2. Classes of small letters
ellipse letters – c,e,o,s
hook letters – h,u,r,m,n,y,f,j
straight line – l,t, w, i
loop letters – a,b,d,p,q
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-4
TECHNICAL DRAFTING, TOOLS AND MATERIALS AND
THEIR USES
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Prepare technical drafting, tools and materials and their uses
2. Participate actively in class discussion

Drawing tools and Materials

Drawing instruments are used to prepare neat and
accurately drawing. To a great extent, the accuracy of the
drawing depends on the quality of instruments used to prepare
them. The following is the list of Drawing Instruments and other
materials required.
Pictures/Illustrations Materials, Description and Function

Drawing paper – various types of drawing

papers are available for use but hard and
soft surface drawing papers are highly
recommended. This type does not groove
easily when pressure is applied to the
pencil. Oslo paper is commonly used but
bond paper is also recommended.

 
Masking tape – this is used for fastening
the drawing paper on the drawing table or
drawing board because it does not
damage the board and it will not damage
the paper if it is removed by pulling it off.
 
 
 
Pencil sharpener – pencil should be
sharpened whenever they show sign or
dullness. Various type and design are
available in the store for use.
 
 
 
Eraser – this is used to clean the dirt off the
drawing. A soft eraser is advantageous in
removing smudges and pencil marks,
whereas a harder eraser is useful for
marking changes and corresponding errors
in the drawing
 
 
Drawing pencil – this is one of the most
important tools in drawing. It comes in
various grades. The grade pencil to be used
depends on the quality of paper to be used.
You have to take into consideration also the
type of line to work required.
 
• Hard pencil – are used where extreme
accuracy is required especially working
on graphs, diagrams and others.

• Medium pencil – are used for general

purpose work in drawing.

• Soft pencil – are too soft to be used in

mechanical drafting. They are very useful
for art work of various kinds.
 
Triangular scale – this is a tool generally
used when reproducing a drawing in an
enlarged or reduce from to some regular
proportion. The architects scale is the most
commonly used for general drawing. Its
main function is to reproduce the
measurements of an object in full size,
reduced size, and enlarged size.

Erasing shield – this is tool is made of metal

with irregular holes. It is a useful tool to
protect the rest of the drawing when
clearing up smudges, unnecessary pencil
lines and other erasures.
Technical pens – used for lettering and
drawing lines
 
Can very differently size of points from 0.1
mm to 2.00 mm
 
Common brands
 Steadler
 Rotring
 Fiber castle
 
Rule in using technical pens
 Handle with care to avoid blots and
broken technical pen points
 
Drawing Instruments
Drawing instruments are used for drawing and designing
purposes. Their quality is very essential if you want to have good
result. Cheaper drawing tools and instruments do not only
provide poor quality results but also do not last long. You have
to observe proper handling and care of drawing instruments if
you want them to function accurately.
Pictures/Illustrations Materials, Description and Function
T-square – it is a drawing instruments used
when making horizontal lines. It is also used
for guiding triangles when drawing vertical
lines. It is made of wood, plastic or the
combination of both. There are three types of
T-square namely:
 
1. Fixed head – the head is fastened to the
blade. It is used for ordinary work.
2. Movable head or Adjustable head – it has
one fixed and one adjustable head and used
only for occasional drawing.
3. Detachable head or Removable head – it is
designed for comfort when carrying the T-
square.
Triangle – it is a three-sided ruler, which
typically has two equal sides meeting at a
90-degree angle and to a third side at 45,
30, including 60-degree angles. It is
usually made of plastic and comes in
different sizes. If in the use, the base of the
triangle must rest on the blade of the
square. Drawing a line always starts from
the point near the base going upward.
Commonly used triangles are:
 
a. 30 degrees X 60 degrees
b. 45 degrees X 45 degrees
Compass – this drawing instruments is
used when drawing arcs and circles. It is
used in a similar way to a divider. It is
composed of one with the pen leg and the
needle point leg being held together with a
handle. This drawing instruments can be
used for both penciling and inking.
Divider – this drawing instruments is used
when transferring measurements, dividing
lines and arcs into the desired number of
equal parts. It can easily transfer accurate
measurements by adjusting the divider
points. Constant correct practice is
necessary before doing an actual work of a
quick and easy control when use.

Protractor – it is a semi-circular instrument

divided into 180 equal parts, each of which
is called a degree. It is used to determine
gradations of the degree when measuring
arcs, angles and circles. High quality
protractor is usually made of plastic.
Drafting Templates – are stencils to draw
common shapes, symbols & figures. Drafting
templates are used when standard symbols are
to be drawn repeatedly. A drafting symbol is a
flat piece of plastic with standard cut in it. The
drafting templates shapes are used as guides for
drawing symbols on plans.

French curve – is a drafting tool used as guide in

mechanically drawing irregular curved lines,
either pencil or ink.

French curve are of varied sizes and shapes.

At least three sizes and shapes will do for

ordinary work

Celluloid one is preferred by many draftsman

Like triangles, they should be well taking care of
because they are easily scratched or broken.
 PROCEDURE FOR SETTING-UP DRAWING EQUIPMENT

Proper Manipulation of the T-square

Instruments
• T-square

Equipment
• Drawing Table (Drafting Table or Drawing Board)

Procedure:
1. Place the head of the T-square against the edge of the drafting
table. (Left side of the table it you are right handed and at the
right side of the table if you are left handed).

2. Slide the working head of the T-square against the working

edge of the drawing table. The two edges should be in constant
until the desired position.
Note: Do not use the T-square on an uneven or rough surface
and never cut paper along its working edge.

Proper Use of T-square

 Setting-up Drawing Paper on the Drawing Table

Materials
• Drawing Paper
• Masking tape

Instruments
• T-square

Equipment
• Drawing Table

Procedure:
1. Press firmly the T-square against the working edge of the
drawing table.

2. Place the drawing table paper close to the working edge of the
drawing table and working head of the T-square depending on
you if you are right or left-handed, while the paper is placed on
the top edge of the T-square.
3. Fasten the upper left portion of the drawing paper followed by
the lower right portion and finally the remaining corners.

Note: Always fasten larger backing sheet of the thicker drawing

on the board first.

Placing drawing paper to the drawing board

 Drawing a Horizontal Line
Materials
• Drawing Paper
• Masking tape

Instruments
• T-square
• Triangles (30 x 60 degrees and 45 x 45 degrees)

Equipment
• Drawing Table

Procedure:
1. Press the head of the T-square against the working edge of
the drawing table and lean the pencil to the desired direction
of the line inclined at more or less 60 degrees with the
drawing table.

2. Maintain the position of the pencil while you glide lightly on

the blade of the T-square.
3. Draw the left to right rotating occasionally to produce uniform
line weights.

(Reverse this step if you are left-handed.)

Using the T-square to draw horizontal lines

 Drawing a Vertical Line

Materials
• Drawing Paper
• Masking tape

Instruments
• T-square
• Triangles (30 x 60 degrees and 45 x 45 degrees)

Equipment
• Drawing Table

Procedure:
1. Use 45 degrees triangles or 30 x 60 degrees to draw vertical
lines.

2. Place the triangle on top of the blade of the T-square with the
vertical edge on the left.
3. With the left hand pressing the T-square and the triangle
against the drawing board, draw the line upward, rotating the
pencil slowly between the thumb and forefinger.

See figure below.

Drawing Vertical Lines using triangles and T-square

 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-5
ALPHABET OF LINES
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Distinguish the kinds of lines in the alphabet of lines
2. Draw the alphabet of lines
3. Participate actively in class discussion

1. BORDER LINE- it used to indicate the frame of the mechanical

drawing.
2. VISIBLE LINE- it used to represent the visible edges of an
object.
3. HIDDEN LINE- it is used to indicate the unseen edge of the
object.
4. SECTION LINE- a thin line used to indicate the material has
been cut through was some section.
5. CENTER LINE- used to represent the center of an object.
6. DIMENSION LINE- is used to indicate the lines showing the
size of the object terminated in arrowheads.
7. EXTENSION LINE- is used to project one view of another and
to determine the limit of the dimension.
8. CUTTING PLANE LINE- is used to represent or to show the
path of the cutting plane in the object.
9. REFERENCE LINE- it is commonly used in furniture and
architectural drawings.
10. LEADER LINE- is used to lead the eyes to the part being labeled
and measured.
11. SHORT BREAK LINE- a visible broken line drawn freehand. It is
used to show than the apart of the object has been removed. This is
applicable if the object is not large.
12. LONG BREAK LINE- is a thin line which has breaks. It is
used that the object has break. This is used especially to reduce
the size of the view. This is applicable when the object is big and
it will not accommodate to the drawing.
13. DITTO or REPEAT LINE- is a medium weight line which
consists of two dashes drawn repeatedly. It used to indicate the
repeated part of the object drawn. The line 3 mm long the gap
between 2 lines is 1 mm distance between 2 short dashes is 15
mm.
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-6
OTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Define orthographic drawing
2. Draw the six-principal view of orthographic drawing
3. Perform the procedure in constructing orthographic drawing
4. Participate actively in class discussion

ORTHOGRAPHIC- a word derived from the Greek word orthos,

“to write”, and graphos “to draw”.

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING- the representation of an object in

two or more views by projecting the outline of the object to the
planes of projection perpendicular to each other.
TWO METHODS OF OBTAINING VIEWS
1. NATURAL METHOD
- the view is obtained by looking directly at the perpendicular
side of the object where the view is represented.
2. GLASS BOX METHOD
- if the plane of the projection is placed parallel to the principal
forces of the object they form a “glass-box”.
STEPS/PROCEDURE IN CONSTRUCTING ORTHOGRAPHIC
DRAWING.
1. Drawn axis of projection (horizontal axis and vertical axis.
2. Set off the actual measurements of the object.
3. Drawn the required lines.
4. Darken the necessary lines.
5. Check and label the drawing.
SIX PRINCIPLES VIEWS OF THE OBJECT
1. FRONT VIEW- which is seen from the front. It is placed at
the middle of all views.
2. TOP VIEW- which is seen from above. It is placed directly
above the front view.
3. RIGHT SIDE VIEW- which is seen from the right sides. It is
placed directly to the right of the front.
4. LEFT SIDE VIEW- which is seen from the left side. It is
placed to the left of the front view.
5. REAR VIEW- which is seen from the back. It is placed to the
left of left side view.
6. BOTTOM VIEW- which is seen from the bottom. It is placed
directly below the front view.
THREE NECESSARY VIEWS
1. Front View
2. Top View
3. Right side View

AN OBJECT HAS THREE PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS

4. Height
5. Width
6. Length/Depth
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-7
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Define isometric drawing
2. Perform the procedure in isometric drawing
3. Participate actively in class discussion

ISOMETRIC- from the word ISO means “equal” and METRIC

means “measure”.

ISOMETRIC DRAWING- a pictorial drawing showing three

surfaces of the object, which appears titled at 30 degrees to the
front of the observer, an isometric view.
STEPS IN DRAWING ISOMETRIC DRAWING
 
1. Draw the three axes at a point. One extends vertically
downward and the other two inclining upward to the left
and right at an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal.

2. Set off the actual measurements of the object.

3. Draw the isometric “box”.

4. Block out the various shape in detail or construction the

irregular feature.

5. Heavy in the lines or dim the lines representing the object.

6. Check the drawing carefully

 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-8
SCALING
 
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
After reading this Information sheet you should be able to:
1. Define all about scaling
2. Participate actively in class discussion

SCALING
 
PROPORTION – size or distance in comparison to another.
 
PROPORTION SCALE – a scale for measuring distances or
drawings. Marks on a proportion scale indicate the reduced size
in proportion to the full or actual size.
 
SCALE – a graduated measurements to allow production of a
drawing to any size desired.
The scale
To draw accurate drawings, you must measure accurately
and develop the ability to measure distance. The measuring
tool, called the scale (commonly known as the metric scale), has
several edges. Each edge is called the proportion scale. It helps
the drafter to reduce or enlarge the drawing of an object in
proportion to its actual size.

Function of a scale
 
To measure or layout line distance accurately either full size
and larger or smaller than the full size.
To produce drawing to a certain size (making drawing into
scale).
 
The Scale Ratio (Object/Drawing)
 
Scale Ratio: 1: 1 – means that 1 mm. on the drawing represent
1 mm. on the actual product or work piece.
Each mark as you pass represents one millimeter from zero.
Proportion Scales
Most drafting scales are equipped with proportion scales.
Each of these scales aids the drafter in reducing an object on a
drawing in a different proportion.
 
Commonly Used Scale
 
1. Full-Size Scale – has a ratio of 1:1. This means that 1mm
on the drawing represents 1 mm of the actual object. The views
on the drawing paper are the same size as those of the actual
object.
2. Reduced Scale (Scale-down) – has a ratio of 12. This means
that 1 mm on the drawing represents 2 mm on the actual
object. The actual object is twice the size of the drawing.
Sometimes, you want to show the shapes of the objects clearly
and be able to show the dimension are conveniently. You have
to prepare drawings that are larger than the actual object.
Listed below are sample of enlarged scale.
 
Enlarged Scale (Scaled-up)
Scale 2:1 – this means that every 2 mm on the drawing
represent 1 mm on the actual object. The views on the drawing
paper are twice the size of those of the actual object.
 
Scale 5:1 – this means that every 5mm on the drawing
represents 1 mm on the actual object. The views on the drawing
paper are five times larger than those of the actual object.
 
 
Things to Remember in Scaling a Drawing
1. Whenever possible, the work piece must be drawn in full-
size.

2. When dimensioning, always enter the actual dimension of

the work piece.

3. Angular dimensions remain the same regardless of the scale

to which an object is drawn.

4. The first figure of a scale designation refers to the

dimensions used to construct the views. The second figure
of a scale designation refers to the actual dimension of the
object being drawn.
 ARCHITECTURAL USE OF METRIC SCALE

METRIC (mm: mm
APPLICATIONS
or m:m)
1:1 1:2 1:3 1:5 Machine drawings
Machine drawings and
1:10
Architectural details
Architectural construction
1:20 1:25
detail
Architectural plans and
1:50
elevations
1:100 1:200 Architectural plots plans
1:500 1:250
Architectural site maps
1:2500