OMARIO MCDONALD SBA

PIECE 1

TECHNICAL DRAWING SBA

 FUNDAMENTALS Of TECHNICAL DRAWING

Drawing is the technique of representing an object or outlining.

A figure, plan, or sketch by means of lines. Drawing is a form of visual art in

which a person uses various drawing instruments or software to produce 2-D or

3-D objects.

There are two classes of drawing: Artistic Drawings, Assembly Drawings

Artistic Drawing is used to express philosophic or aesthetic ideas or emotions.

Assembly Drawing is presentation of the product or structure put together,

showing all parts In their operational position.

LINE TYPES

 A type – Continuous Thick

 B type – Continuous THIN
 C type – Continuous THIN Freehand
 D type – Continuous THIN Zigzag
 E type – Dashes THICK
 F type – Dashes THIN
 G type – Chain Thin
 H type – Chain THIN and THICK
 J type – Chain THICK
 K type – Chain THIN Double Dash
Their Uses
Type A

Outline of Parts

Outline of Parts type lines represent the visible edges of the objects, hence should be outstanding

in appearance and therefore, are drawn as bold i.e., thick continuous lines.
Type B

Dimension, Projection, Leader, Hatching Lines

Dimension, Projection, Leader, Hatching type lines must be drawn thin and continuous. The

extension lines for dimensioning should run from the outlines without leaving a gap and extend

beyond the dimension lines. This type is also used to draw outlines of adjacent and revolved

sections.

Type C

Limits or Boundaries of Partial or Interrupted Views

Limits or Boundaries of Partial or Interrupted Views type lines are drawn as continuous, thin,

wavy, freehand lines to represent limits or boundaries of partial or interrupted views.

Type D

Break Lines

Break Lines type lines are ruled, short, zig-zag thin lines drawn to represent the breaks.

Type E

Hidden Lined (Thick)

Hidden Lined (Thick) type lines consist of thick short dashes, closely and evenly spaced. These

lines are drawn to represent hidden or invisible edges of the objects.

Type F

Hidden Lines (Thin)

Hidden Lines (Thin) type lines consist of thin short dashes, closely and evenly spaced. These

lines are drawn to represent hidden or invisible edges of the objects. Although THICK lines of

Type-E are recommended for representing the hidden edges, THIN lines of Type-F are preferred.

Type G

Centre lines, Lines of Symmetry, Trajectories, and Pitch Circles

Centre lines, Lines of Symmetry, Trajectories, and Pitch Circles type of lines are long, thin,

chain lines with alternately long and short dashes of proportion ranging from 6:1 to 4:1 and

evenly spaced. The proportion once selected should be maintained throughout the drawing. The

center lines are extended by a short distance beyond the outline. These lines are also drawn to

represent the lines of symmetry, trajectories, pitch circles.

Type H

Cutting Plane Lines

Cutting Plane Lines are long lines, thickened ar ends and thin elsewhere, with alternately long

and short dashes of proportion ranging from 4:1 to 6:1 and evenly spaced. The corners where the

section plane charges the direction are made thick for a short length.
Type J

Lines to indicate Surfaces which require Additional Treatment

These are long thick lines with alternatively long and short dashes of proportion ranging from

6:1 to 4:1 and evenly spaced. These lines are drawn to indicate surfaces, to receive additional

treatment like anodizing, plating, etc.

Type K

Lines to indicate Outlines of Adjacent parts, Extreme positions of Movable Parts, Centroidal

lines, Parts situated in front of the Cutting Planes, Initial outlines prior to forming.

These are thin lines with a long and two short dashes alternately and evenly placed in the

proportion ranging from 6:1 to 4:1. These lines are used to represent the outlines of adjacent

parts, extreme positions of movable parts in the assembly drawings, parts situated in front of the

cutting planes, initial outlines prior to forming, centroidal lines etc.

 PIECE 2
FIRE SAFETY
Fire safety refers to planning and infrastructure design aimed at reducing the risk of fire

or impeding the spread of a fire when one does break out.

1. Define Fire

Fire is a chemical reaction that converts a fuel and oxygen into carbon dioxide and

water. It is an exothermic reaction, in other words, one that produces heat.

2. Conditions needed for a fire

A combustible material 

A specific temperature 

Some fuel ( mostly oxygen) to aid the burning.

The presence of the above three elements together is called the “Fire triangle”. Each of these

three elements must be present to start a fire, and for the fire to continue.

3. Types/Classes of fire

Fires can be classified in five different ways depending on the agent that fuels

them: Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D.

 Class A

Class A fires are the most common type of fire and the kind that most of us are

familiar with. They involve solid combustible materials such as wood, paper,

cloth, trash, or plastic.

 Class B

Class B fires involve ignitable liquids or gases like petroleum grease, alcohol,

paint, propane, or gasoline.

 Class C

Class C fires, referred to as Class E in Australia, involve electrical equipment.

This type of fire might be started by old wiring in walls, frayed electrical cords,

worn-out breaker boxes, or faulty appliances.

 Class D

Class D fires are oftentimes caused by alkali metals such as potassium,

magnesium, aluminum, and sodium, as these can ignite when exposed to air or

water.