Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E
Technology and Livelihood Education
Drafting Electricity
Entrepreneurship
Drafting
Drafting
The process of drawing to communicate ideas
and instructions to others.
Most manufactured products and all major
buildings were first created on drawing boards
Drafting Equipment
T square –instrument used in drawing horizontal
lines. It is also used in guiding triangles when
drawing vertical lines.
Drafting Equipment
Triangle – a three sided ruler which has typically
two equal sides meeting at 900.
30 x 60 and
45 x 45 degrees.
Drafting Equipment
Divider - is used to create equal distances,
transfer measurements and spacing points or
lines
Drafting Equipment
Masking tape - material used for fastening
the drawing paper on the drawing table.
Drafting Equipment
Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the rest
of the drawing when clearing up smudges,
unnecessary pencil lines and other erasures.
Drafting Equipment
Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite, commonly called lead
which is used in drawing lines. (9H, 8H, 7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, and 6B)
Drafting
Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of
pencil, paper and eraser only.
Drafting
Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes of
objects completely and exactly with the aid of drawing
instruments and by the use of orthographic
projection.
Drafting
Technical Drawing – used to show the material,
dimension (Width, Height, Depth) and shape of
a product.
Drafting
Orthographic Drawing– representing the exact shape
of an object into 2 or more views on planes, generally
at right angle or 90 degrees.
Drafting
Isometric drawing – the object is represented by
three sides seen at one time. It is made with a 30 x 60
degrees triangle.
Drafting
Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would
appear in a photograph. It shows more than one side
of the object.
Lettering (Free Hand)
Lettering is usually done freehand
Either one of these two styles may be
made;
vertically or inclined.
Italics is 67.5 degrees
Lettering (Free Hand)
A good height of lettering for dimension and notes
on a working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.
Lettering (Free Hand)
For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an inch
is recommended.
All titles should be lettered with capital
letters.
When only capital letters are used, the beginning letter
of each sentence is often made higher than the
remaining letters.
When lower case letters are used, capitals are used in
the beginning letter at the start of a sentence, and for
proper names,
Lettering (Guidelines)
[1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase
letters and for ascender.
[2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base lines,
used to determine the height of the lower case
letters.
[3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or stand.
[4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes
that extend downward known as descender.
Day
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Drafting (Kinds of Letters)
Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform
width elements
ABCDEF abcdef
Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made
up of thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef
Text – elements are made with style C or D
speedball pens. Old English, church text.
ABCDEF abcdef
Drafting (Lines)
[1]Dimension line - used to indicate the measurement of
objects which are represented by dark solid lines.
[2]Extension line – fine line used to show clearly the
dimension limits.
[3]Center line – light broken lines used in circles, sometimes
as extension line
[4]Leader line – line leading from a dimension value, or
explanatory note to the feature on the drawing. An arrowhead is
used in pointing end but not in note end.
[5]Long break – a limiting line used to limit the length of
elongated object.
[6]Invisible line - a series of light dash line that represents parts of
a drawing that are not seen.
Border line - is considered as the darkest lines that surround
a drawing usually in rectangular shape
Drafting (Lines) [1]Dimension line
[2]Extension line
[3]Center line
[5] [4]Leader line
[5]Long break
[6]Invisible line
[2] [1]
3’’ [3]
[4]
[6]
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
It presents the object in 3 views, FV (Front View), TV (Top View)
and RSV (Right Side View).
Three axes are needed to perform isometric drawing, the vertical
axis, left 300 axis and right 300 axis (a=1200 , b=1200 , c=1200 )
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
The drawing that has equal measure.
The BOX method is the starting point of isometric
drawings.
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)
Axonometric Drawing – the object turned
so that three faces are viewed simultaneously
Oblique Drawing
a pictorial drawing having one side parallel to the
picture plane. It maybe drawn at any convenient
angle.
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)
Types of Oblique drawing
Cavalier –the width, depth and height is the true
length or size (Actual representation)
Cabinet –the depth is reduced to one half. The front
is actual size, while the depth of top and right side are
drawn one half to the actual
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)
Perspective Drawing – the most realistic, the object
is drawn as it seen by the naked eye.
One point drawing (Vanishing Point)
Two points drawing
VP
Drafting (Perspective)
Sample Question 1
b c
A.) Perspective a
B.) Isometric
C.)
Orthographic
D.) Technical
Sample Question 2
This is a kind of letter in lettering where letters have
strokes (accented), or made up of thick and thin
elements
ABCDEF abcdef
A.) Gothic
B.) Roman
C.) Text
D.) Old
English
Sample Question 3
This is a series of light dash line that represents
parts of a drawing that are not seen.
A.) Dimension
Line
B.) Leader Line
C.) Invisible Line
D.) Center Line
Carpentry
Carpentry
Carpentry is term commonly referring to
the technology science of cutting, fitting, and
and
assembling related materials in the construction of
boats, bridges and piers, or any other structure made
from construction materials.
Carpentry (Woods)
Woods Are by-product of trees which are used
for carpentry projects.
Carpentry (Types of Woods)
Lumber - woods that came from trees, either softwood
or hardwood.
Yard Lumber – prepared lumber for variety of uses.
Select and common
Softwood – it comes from the evergreen or needle
bearing trees. These are called conifers because many of
them bear cones.
Hardwood – it comes from broad leafed (deciduous) trees
that shed their leaves at the end of the season.
Select grade – is lumber of good appearance that can
take different finishes such as stain, paint, and enamel.
Common grade – it is suitable for rough carpentry. It
is not of finishing quality. (eg. Coco Lumber)
Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)
Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close to
the bark
Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is made
up of accumulated dead cells.
Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the
inner part of the wood and the bark.
Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)
[a] Sapwood
[b] Heartwood
[c] Cambium
layer
Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)
Layer
s
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)
Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the
wood along the grain like small crack or split
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)
Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has
been exposed when the log is cut.
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)
Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains
resinous materials. (usually attracts ants)
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)
Stain – discoloration of the wood
surface
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)
Shake – separation between the annual growth
rings.
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)
Defect
s
Carpentry (Quality of wood)
S2S – planed or smooth on two
sides
S4S – planed or smooth on four
sides
Carpentry (Unit of Measurement of wood)
The unit of measure for lumber is “board foot”.
(T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
How many board feet are there in 7 pieces of 2”
x 4” x 12’ lumber?
56 bd. ft.
Carpentry (Wood Preparation)
Seasoning – the process of drying the wood
in preparation for use.
Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in
open air
Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the used of oven to
dry wood
Treated – Use of Chemical compound before
seasoning
The approximate moisture content of
drying hardwood for home furniture is
20 % for softwood, 6-12 % for
hardwood
Carpentry (Finishing)
Scraper is tool made of steel. It is used to
produce a very smooth surface.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Wood Fillers - this are
used to eliminate deep
cuts and holes in your
finished project, so that
surface can be made
even and smooth.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from
different color of woods such as walnut, mahogany
and natural color.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Shellac - a finishing material came from
gums substance of insects.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Varnish - a finishing
material when applied
produces high glossy
finish to a project. It
came in different
forms, from gum,
linseed oil, resin,
turpentine and or
chemical drier.
Carpentry (Joints)
Joinery is the process of putting the work together.
Carpentry (Joints)
Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to the surface or edge
of other piece.
Carpentry (Joints)
Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45 degrees and
joined forming right angle.
Carpentry (Joints)
Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs.
(“Kaltas”)
Carpentry (Joints)
Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint used for
quality chairs, tables and benches. (Force Fitting)
Carpentry (Joints)
Dado - is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge
of the second board. (“TnG”)
Carpentry (Joints)
Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to
hold glass in constructing drawers and other cabinetwork.
Carpentry (Tools)
Carpentry (Common Tools)
•Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled in a fixed casing and
retracts automatically by spring.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Knife is used when you know that the marks will
disappear.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Try Square - is use for testing the squareness of two surfaces.
A.) (T” + W” + L’ )*
10
B.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
C.) (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
D.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Sample Question 2
How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he purchase 14 pieces
of 2x2x10 of lumber and the prices per board foot is Php
12.50?
Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33
A.) Split
B.) Shake
C.) Pitch
Pocket
D.) Stain
Sample Question 5
This is a finishing material came from gums substance
of insects.
A.) Wood
Stain
B.) Shellac
C.) Varnish
D.) Paint
Masonry
Masonry
Masonry is the art of building with stone,
bricks, concrete blocks or similar materials.
It is the building of structures from individual
units laid in and bound together by mortar.
Masonry (Basics)
Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of
mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water used
for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for plastering.
Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings
and hardened to produce smooth surface.
Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water
to form a hard stone-like substance.
Masonry (Basics)
Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water
to form a hard stone-like substance.
For Handmixing
½ kg of water + 1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3 kg of
gravel
Masonry (Estimating materials)
FULLER'S FORMULA (Determining Cement needed)
C = number of bags of cement per cubic meter of concrete work (bag/m3)
C = 55 / (c+s+g) - Mixing Proportion
Example:
Determine the number of bags of cement of a proposed concrete pavement
whose width and length are 2m x 2m. The thickness is 20cm using Class A mixing
proportion.
Given:
Width = 2 m
Length = 2 m
Thickness = 0.2 m (Converted cm to m)
Ear
We
b
End Shell Cell
or Frog Face
Shell
Masonry (CHB Quantity)
A Standard “Nominal” size of a CHB is 8 in. x 16
in. find the area of the wall
Masonry (CHB Quantity Estimate)
1 sq,m. area is always equivalent to 12.5 pcs of
CHB (Concrete Hollow Block)
A Standard size of a CHB is 8 in. x 16 in.
First step is to find the area of the wall that will be laib
by CHB
ex. A 2m height (L) and 3m span (W) wall is needed
A= L x W
A= 2 x 3
A= 6 sq. m.
Flexible type
Polyethylene(PE)
Polybuthylene (PB)
A.)
RA7077
B.)
RA6442
C.) RA
Sample Question 2
If the ideal size of a septic tank for a 6 Family members
is
1.3 cu. m, what size will it take to have a family member
of 9?
cu.m/fm = (1.3 cu.m/ 6)
Cu.m/fm=0.216
A.) Tee
B.) Union
C.)
Reducer
D.) Elbow
Electricity (Sources)
Biomass – all solid materials from plants and
animals which energy may be extracted.
Advantages of Biomass Energy
Renewable energy source
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Can produce energy on-demand
Energy is easily stored
Disadvantages of Biomass Energy
Low energy return on investment
High air pollution emissions
Very high water and land requirements
High occupational hazards
Geothermal Energy – heat energy of the earth.
Electricity (Sources)
Hydropower – force of moving water from rivers and water reservoirs.
Advantages of Hydropower
Very high return on energy investment
Very low greenhouse gas & air pollution emissions
Inexpensive once dam is built
Disadvantages of Hydropower
Very high land requirements
Extremely high impacts to land and water habitat
Best sites are already developed or off-limits
Disastrous impacts in case of dam failure
Ocean Power – energy from the currents and waves.
Marine Currents
Two-way currents – caused by ocean tides.
One-way currents – ocean water flowing like rivers.
Electricity (Sources)
Solar Energy – heat energy provided by the
sun
Advantages of Solar Energy
Renewable energy source
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Very low air pollution emissions
Very low water requirements
Modular, low-profile, low-maintenance
Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Intermittent energy source
High land requirements
Expensive
Manufacture involves some toxics
Electricity (Sources)
Wind Power – energy from the force of the
wind.
Advantages of Wind Power
Renewable energy source
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Very low air pollution emissions
Very low water requirements
Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantage of Wind Power
Intermittent energy source
Limited to windy areas
Potentially high hazard to birds
Moderate land requirements
Electricity (Sources)
Coal Energy – energy derived from burning coals, a rock mostly
made of carbon element.
Advantages of Coal Energy
Inexpensive
Abundant
Low land requirements
Can produce energy on-demand
Disadvantages of Coal Energy
Non-renewable energy source
Very high greenhouse gas emissions
Very high air pollution emissions
High land/water impacts from acid rain, mine drainage
Highly hazardous occupation
Electricity (Sources)
Nuclear Energy – energy trapped inside the atom, the same with
the principle of producing energy by heat.
Advantages of Nuclear Energy
Low greenhouse gas emissions
Low air pollution emissions
Low land requirements for power plants (though not for waste
storage)
Can produce energy on-demand
Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
Non-renewable energy source
High water requirements
Relatively expensive
Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
Serious accident would be disastrous
Electricity (Sources)
Natural Gas – energy from methane, a combination
of hydrogen and carbon, formed when organic matters
are trapped beneath the sedimentary layers of the
earth.
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the
existence of charged particles (such as electrons &
protons). Either statically on an accumulation of
charge of dynamically a current
Current Directional flow of electric charge
Insulator vs. Conductor
Electricity (Types of Current)
Alternating Current (AC) - the flow of electrons changes
alternately. It goes positive, and then it goes negative,
and so on as a cycle.
It reverses direction 120 times per second, or 60 cycles
per second – called 60 hertz power.
Direct Current (DC) - the flow of electron in a
conductor is only in one direction.
It flows from negative pole, through a device, and on
the positive pole.
Sources:
Chemical battery , Electronic power supply, and Mechanical
Generator
Electricity (Types of Electricity)
Static Electricity – electricity at rest, the buildup
of electric charge on the surface of objects.
Electricity produced by friction
Dynamic Electricity – the flow of electric charge,
also known as electric current. It also known as
electricity in motion.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Circuit is the complete flow of current through a
conductor or path from the source to the load and
back to the source. It is the continuous flow of
current.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Source – it provides electrical power to the circuit.
Ex. Cell or battery, generators.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Load – electrical device (appliances) connected to
the circuit that consumes electricity or power.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Control/Switch – a device that turns the current
ON and OFF.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Path – a conductor composed of 2 or more lines that
provide passage for the current from the source to
the load.
Electricity (Electric Symbols)
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL PROPONENT
FORMULA
Electron Current Ampere I or A Andre Ampere I=E/R
Applied Voltage Volt V or E Allesandro Volta V= IxR
Circuit Resistance Ohm R George Ohm R=E/I
Power Watt P James Watt P=IxE
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Series Circuit
Loads are connected end to end along the path of current in a single closed loop.
Current is the same throughout the circuit (Itotal = Il=I2=I3….)
Voltage is equal to the sum of individual voltage drops in a circuit.
(Vtotal = Vl+V2+V3….)
Resistance in series is equal to the sum of individual resistances
(Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Series
Circuit
(Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)
RT=R1+R2+R3
RT=10+10+20
RT=40Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
12 6 10 9
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
12 6 10 9
7.2 3.3
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Parallel Circuit
Loads are connected side by side across the path of the
current.
Current in each branch is independent from each other, when branch or
load opens, the other load will still function.
Current is equal to the sum of the individual currents.
(Itotal = Il+I2+I3….)
Voltage drop across each load is the same. (Vtotal = Vl=V2=V3….)
Resistance is found by1 this formula:
-
1 1 1
--- + --- + ---
R1 R2 R3
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Parallel Circuit
Resistance is found by this formula: (Product over sum)
RT= (R1)(R2)
R1 + R2
RT= (10) (20)
10 + 20
RT= 200
30
RT= 66.66Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
10
3.3
7.2
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
5
6.3
7.9
4.1
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Series and Parallel Circuit
Combination of series and parallel connection in one
circuit.
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
12 8 3.3
7.2 6 10
Electricity (Ohms Law)
OHM’S LAW
George Simoun Ohm – discovered the
relationships of voltage, current and resistance in a
circuit.
Current is directly proportional to voltage
Increase in voltage will result to increase in current
Current is inversely proportional to resistance
Increase in resistance will result to a decrease in
current
Electricity (Basic Computation)
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
FORMULA
Electron Current Ampere I or A I=V/R
Applied Voltage Volt V or E V= IxR
Circuit Resistance Ohm R R=V/I
Power Watt P P=IxV
Electricity (Ohms Law)
Electricity (Ampere “I”)
Ampere is represented as “I”
Voltage is represented as “V”
Resistance is Represented as “R”
How to determine the Ampere required for a voltage of 12V and a resistance
of 1o ohms.
I=V/R
I= 12 /10
I=1.2
The Ampere required is 1.2A
Electricity (Voltage “V”)
Ampere is represented as “I”
Voltage is represented as “V”
Resistance is Represented as “R”
V=I x R
V= 2 x 14
V=28
The Voltage required is 28V
Electricity (Resistance “R”)
Ampere is represented as “I”
Voltage is represented as “V”
Resistance is Represented as “R”
R=V/I
R= 24 x 2
R=12
The Resistance is 12Ohms
Electricity (Power “P”)
Ampere is represented as “I”
Voltage is represented as “V”
Power is Represented as “P”
How to determine the Power (Watts) for a current of 30A and a Voltage of 220V.
P=V x I
P= 220 x 30
P=6600
The Power or watts is 6600W
Electricity (Trick of the trade)
V P
I R I V
Electricity (Electricity Consumption)
Calculating the energy cost of an appliance or electronic device is fairly
easy. Most devices have a label that lists how many watts it uses, either on
the device or in the owner's manual. You will need to find this number to
figure out how much the appliance is costing you. You will also need to
estimate how many hours a day you use a particular appliance
Electricity (Compute the Watts/day)
To calculate energy consumption costs, simply multiply the unit's wattage by
the number of hours you use it to find the number of watt-hours consumed
each day.
For example, let's say you use a 125 watt television for three hours per day.
By multiplying the wattage by the number of hours used per day, we find that
you are using 375 watt-hours per day.
EC=P X T
Where:
EC is the Energy Consumption
P is the Wattage of the Device
(PAMEE)
Determine the load and compute for the expected power and
current consumption.
Identify the service point where electricity will come from
Determine the number of outlets per branch and their specifications
Determine the sizes of the receptacles, tubes and panels
Determine the sizes and ampacity of wires, cables and circuit
protectors.
3 watts per square foot – for general purpose circuit (lighting and
receptacles)
or 24watts per 1 sq. m for lighting, 100 watts per outlet
A nominal value of 1500 watts for each 20- ampere small appliances and
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Before beginning any electrical repair, shut off the power.
(Remove the fuse or trip the breaker for the circuit you will be working on in
your service panel)
Prepare and study the wiring diagram. This will help you understand
the basic principles of good wiring.
Electrical wires are color coded to prevent wiring errors.
Black is HOT wire
White is Neutral wire
Green is Ground wire
Red is second HOT wire
Yellow is Traveller wire
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Always use appropriate size of wires
Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Measured in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge)
# 14 AWG (2.0mm2) – for lighting fixtures
# 12 AWG (3.5mm2) – for convenience outlets
# 10 or 8 AWG (5.5 to 8.5mm2)– for service entrance
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Electricity (Test Instruments )
Ohm meter – test for resistance
Ammeter – test for current
Voltmeter – test for voltage
Multimeter/ VOM
Electricity (Word Problem)
35 ohm and 11 ohm resistor is
connected in series and will be called
“X”. Another is a 33 ohms and 45 ohms
is connected in parallel which will be
called “Y”. What will be the total
current of the whole circuit if “X” and
“Y” is connected in parallel and the
voltage is 220V?
Electricity (Word Problem)
A 4 Ohm resistor is
connected in parallel to a 3
series connected resistors of
4, 3 and 5 Ohms, what will be
the voltage of the circuit if
the Current is 8.3A?
Electricity (Word Problem)
A 3 resistors is connected in
parallel namely 3.7, 9.4 and 12.7
Ohms is connected in a series to
a 2 parallel connected resistors
of 11.6 and and 7.3 Ohms, what
will be the voltage of the circuit
if the Current is 12.3A?
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 3 ohm
and 15 ohm are
connected in parallel to a
30 volts circuit. The
current
flowing through the 3
Electricity (Word Problem)
In a series circuit with 4
ohm, 16 ohm, and 8
ohm resistors connected
in 7V source, what is the
current flowing in the 4
ohm resistor?
Electricity (Word Problem)
What amount of
current does a 40-
watt fluorescent
lamp draw from a 220
volts power source?
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 7 ohm
and 25 ohm are
connected in parallel to a
30 volts circuit. The
current
flowing through the 25
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 7 ohm
and 12.6 ohm are
connected in a series to
a 220 volt source. What
is the power consumed
by the 7 ohm resistor?
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 6 ohm and 9 ohm are connected
in a series to a 120 volt source. What is the power
consumed by the 6 ohm resistor?
384 c. 2400 watts
watts d. 1200 watts
576
watts
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics – refers to the flow of charge (moving electrons)
through nonmetal conductors (mainly semiconductors).
The flow of charge through various materials and devices such
as, semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, and vacuum tubes.
Electronics
Electronic components -It refers to any physical entity in an electronic
system whose intention is to affect the electrons in a desired manner
consistent with the intended function of the electronic system
Electronic circuit – composed of different components that are classified
as active and passive components.
Passive – components that do not generate voltage but controls the current in a
circuit.
Ex. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
Active – components that can generate, amplify and even control voltage and
current in a circuit.
Ex. Diode, transistor, integrated circuits (IC), etc.
Electronics
Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor
good insulators
Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in
electric current.
Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers
the voltage. It is non-polarized.
Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy in an electric field.
Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the
complete flow of current.
Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move
freely
Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.
Electronics
Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor
good insulators
Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in
electric current.
Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers
the voltage. It is polarized.
Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy in an electric field.
Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the
complete flow of current.
Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move
freely
Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.
Electronics (Tools)
Soldering Iron - a 20 Watt to 30 Watt soldering iron with tips of 1/8 inch to
1/2 inch can be used for soldering of through hole components.
Electronics (Tools)
Disordering Pump - A pump aids in the removal of the liquid solder.
Electronics (Tools)
Long nose Pliers – a 4-inch long nose pliers used to hold components
that have short leads that need to be soldered onto the PCB.
Electronics (Tools)
Side-Cutting Pliers - 4-inch side cutting pliers used to trim off excess
component leads on the printed circuit board and to cut wires before being
used.
Electronics (Tools)
Small tweezers - is used to hold small components.
Electronics (Tools)
Screwdrivers
The earliest documented screwdrivers were used in Europe in the late Middle
Ages. They were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in Germany
or France.
The tool's original names in German and French
were Schraubendreher (screwturner) and tournevis (turnscrew),
respectively.
Electronics (Tools)
Two types of Screwdrivers
(Slot)Flathead Screw Driver The slot screw drive has a single slot in
the fastener head and is driven by a "common blade" or flat-bladed
screwdriver. It was the first type of screw drive to be developed, and for
centuries it was the simplest and cheapest to make.
(Cruciform)
Philips & Screw Driver The Phillips screw drive was created by Henry F.
Phillips. (June 4, 1889 – April 13, 1958) was a U.S. businessman from Portland,
Oregon. The Phillips-head ("crosshead") screw and screwdriver are named after
him.
Frearson Screw Driver It was developed by an English inventor named
Frearson in the 19th century and produced from the late 1930s to the mid-1970s.
Electronics (Tools)
Maintenance
Tinning – the process of cleaning and applying a thin coat of solder on the
tip of the pre-heat soldering iron.
Electronics (Tools)
Flux – chemical cleaning agent, The purpose of flux is to clean oxides
from metal surfaces to ensure a clean bond in soldering.
Electronics (Components)
Electronic Components
It is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete form, intended
to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to
create an electronic circuit with a particular function ( for example an
amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator).
Electronics (Capacitors)
Capacitor
is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric.
It stores and discharge electrical energy.
The voltage rating found in a capacitor is called working voltage.
The rating is expressed in capacitance; the unit of measurement in capacitance
is farad.
– invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)
Electronics (Capacitors)
Types of Capacitor
Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacitor)
Tantalum Capacitor
Ceramic Capacitor
Polystyrene Film Capacitor
Mica Capacitor
Metalized Polyester Capacitor
Variable Capacitor
Trimmer Capacitor
Electronics (Diodes)
It converts AC to DC.
It is a device that conducts current to flow in only one direction.
They are called rectifiers
It is polarized, the terminals are anode (positive) and cathode
(negative)
Electronics (Diodes)
Types of Diode
Forward biased – when current is applied to the cathode (negative), it permits
the flow of current. (ON switch)
Reverse biased – when current is applied to the anode (positive), it will not
permit the flow of current. (OFF switch)
Zener diode – used as voltage reference, connected across a circuit
where regulated voltage is required; acts as a regulator
Light emitting diode (LED) – it acts like rectifier diode except that is
usually intended to indicate flow of current.
Photo diode – a diode which is sensitive to light; a light sensitive diode.
Electronics (Transistors)
Is an active semiconductor device having 3 electrodes. It could perform a
variety of applications such as switch, amplifier, and rectifier.
The terminals of a transistor are base, collector and emitter.
BASE - which is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.
COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.
EMITTER - which is the negative lead.
Kinds of Transistor
NPN – arrow pointing outward;
2 4 x 10 = +-5%
240Ohms
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Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes
Well
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