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Technology and Livelihood Education
Drafting Electricity
Carpentry Electronics
Masonry Cosmetology
Plumbing Foods
Entrepreneurship
Drafting
Drafting
The process of drawing to communicate ideas and
instructions to others.
Most manufactured products and all major buildings
were first created on drawing boards
Drafting Equipment
T square –instrument used in drawing horizontal
lines. It is also used in guiding triangles when drawing
vertical lines.
Drafting Equipment
Triangle – a three sided ruler which has typically two
equal sides meeting at 900.
30 x 60 and
45 x 45 degrees.
Drafting Equipment
Divider - is used to create equal distances, transfer
measurements and spacing points or lines
Drafting Equipment
Masking tape - material used for fastening the
drawing paper on the drawing table.
Drafting Equipment
Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the rest of
the drawing when clearing up smudges, unnecessary
pencil lines and other erasures.
Drafting Equipment
Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite, commonly called lead
which is used in drawing lines. (9H, 8H, 7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B,
3B, 4B, 5B, and 6B)
Drafting
Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of pencil,
paper and eraser only.
Drafting
Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes of
objects completely and exactly with the aid of drawing
instruments and by the use of orthographic projection.
Drafting
Technical Drawing – used to show the material,
dimension (Width, Height, Depth) and shape of a
product.
Drafting
Orthographic Drawing– representing the exact shape
of an object into 2 or more views on planes, generally at
right angle or 90 degrees.
Drafting
Isometric drawing – the object is represented by three
sides seen at one time. It is made with a 30 x 60 degrees
triangle.
Drafting
Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would appear
in a photograph. It shows more than one side of the
object.
Lettering (Free Hand)
Lettering is usually done freehand
Either one of these two styles may be made;
vertically or inclined.
Italics is 67.5 degrees
Lettering (Free Hand)
A good height of lettering for dimension and notes on
a working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.
Lettering (Free Hand)
For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an inch is
recommended.
All titles should be lettered with capital letters.
When only capital letters are used, the beginning letter
of each sentence is often made higher than the
remaining letters.
When lower case letters are used, capitals are used in
the beginning letter at the start of a sentence, and for
proper names,
Lettering (Guidelines)
[1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase letters
and for ascender.
[2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base lines, used
to determine the height of the lower case letters.
[3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or stand.
[4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes that
extend downward known as descender.
Day
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Drafting (Kinds of Letters)
Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform width
elements
ABCDEF abcdef
Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made up
of thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef
Text – elements are made with style C or D speedball
pens. Old English, church text.
ABCDEF abcdef
Drafting (Lines)
[1]Dimension line - used to indicate the measurement of objects
which are represented by dark solid lines.
[2]Extension line – fine line used to show clearly the dimension
limits.
[3]Center line – light broken lines used in circles, sometimes as
extension line
[4]Leader line – line leading from a dimension value, or explanatory
note to the feature on the drawing. An arrowhead is used in pointing
end but not in note end.
[5]Long break – a limiting line used to limit the length of elongated
object.
[6]Invisible line - a series of light dash line that represents parts of a
drawing that are not seen.
Border line - is considered as the darkest lines that surround a
drawing usually in rectangular shape
Drafting (Lines) [1]Dimension line
[2]Extension line
[3]Center line
[5] [4]Leader line
[5]Long break
[6]Invisible line
[2] [1]
3’’ [3]
[4]
[6]
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
It presents the object in 3 views, FV (Front View), TV (Top View) and
RSV (Right Side View).
Three axes are needed to perform isometric drawing, the vertical axis,
left 300 axis and right 300 axis (a=1200 , b=1200 , c=1200 )
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
The drawing that has equal measure.
The BOX method is the starting point of isometric drawings.
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)
Axonometric Drawing – the object turned so
that three faces are viewed simultaneously
Oblique Drawing
a pictorial drawing having one side parallel to the
picture plane. It maybe drawn at any convenient angle.
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)
Types of Oblique drawing
Cavalier –the width, depth and height is the true length
or size (Actual representation)
Cabinet –the depth is reduced to one half. The front is
actual size, while the depth of top and right side are
drawn one half to the actual
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)
Perspective Drawing – the most realistic, the object is
drawn as it seen by the naked eye.
One point drawing (Vanishing Point)
Two points drawing
VP
Drafting (Perspective)
Sample Question 1
b c
A.) Perspective a
B.) Isometric
C.) Orthographic
D.) Technical
Sample Question 2
This is a kind of letter in lettering where letters have
strokes (accented), or made up of thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef
A.) Gothic
B.) Roman
C.) Text
D.) Old English
Sample Question 3
This is a series of light dash line that represents parts
of a drawing that are not seen.
(T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
How many board feet are there in 7 pieces of 2” x
4” x 12’ lumber?
56 bd. ft.
Carpentry (Wood Preparation)
Seasoning – the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in open air
Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the used of oven to dry wood
Treated – Use of Chemical compound before seasoning
The approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture is
20 % for softwood, 6-12 % for hardwood
Carpentry (Finishing)
Scraper is tool made of steel. It is used to produce
a very smooth surface.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Wood Fillers - this are
used to eliminate deep
cuts and holes in your
finished project, so that
surface can be made even
and smooth.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from
different color of woods such as walnut, mahogany
and natural color.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Shellac - a finishing material came from gums
substance of insects.
Carpentry (Finishing)
Varnish - a finishing
material when applied
produces high glossy
finish to a project. It
came in different
forms, from gum,
linseed oil, resin,
turpentine and or
chemical drier.
Carpentry (Joints)
Joinery is the process of putting the work together.
Carpentry (Joints)
Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to the surface or edge of
other piece.
Carpentry (Joints)
Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45 degrees and joined
forming right angle.
Carpentry (Joints)
Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs. (“Kaltas”)
Carpentry (Joints)
Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint used for quality
chairs, tables and benches. (Force Fitting)
Carpentry (Joints)
Dado - is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge of
the second board. (“TnG”)
Carpentry (Joints)
Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to hold
glass in constructing drawers and other cabinetwork.
Carpentry (Tools)
Carpentry (Common Tools)
•Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled in a fixed casing and
retracts automatically by spring.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Knife is used when you know that the marks will disappear.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Try Square - is use for testing the squareness of two surfaces.
A.) (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
B.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
C.) (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
D.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Sample Question 2
How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he purchase 14 pieces
of 2x2x10 of lumber and the prices per board foot is Php
12.50?
Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33
A.) Split
B.) Shake
C.) Pitch Pocket
D.) Stain
Sample Question 5
This is a finishing material came from gums substance of
insects.
For Handmixing
½ kg of water + 1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3 kg of gravel
Masonry (Estimating materials)
FULLER'S FORMULA (Determining Cement needed)
C = number of bags of cement per cubic meter of concrete work (bag/m3)
C = 55 / (c+s+g) - Mixing Proportion
Example:
Determine the number of bags of cement of a proposed concrete pavement whose
width and length are 2m x 2m. The thickness is 20cm using Class A mixing
proportion.
Given:
Width = 2 m
Length = 2 m
Thickness = 0.2 m (Converted cm to m)
Ear
Web
Cell
End Shell
or Frog Face Shell
Masonry (CHB Quantity)
A Standard “Nominal” size of a CHB is 8 in. x 16 in.
find the area of the wall
Masonry (CHB Quantity Estimate)
1 sq,m. area is always equivalent to 12.5 pcs of CHB
(Concrete Hollow Block)
A Standard size of a CHB is 8 in. x 16 in.
First step is to find the area of the wall that will be laib by
CHB
ex. A 2m height (L) and 3m span (W) wall is needed
A= L x W
A= 2 x 3
A= 6 sq. m.
A.) RA7077
B.) RA6442
C.) RA 1387
D.) RA 1378
Sample Question 2
If the ideal size of a septic tank for a 6 Family members is
1.3 cu. m, what size will it take to have a family member of
9?
cu.m/fm = (1.3 cu.m/ 6)
Cu.m/fm=0.216
A.) Tee
B.) Union
C.) Reducer
D.) Elbow
Electricity (Sources)
Biomass – all solid materials from plants and animals
which energy may be extracted.
Advantages of Biomass Energy
Renewable energy source
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Can produce energy on-demand
Energy is easily stored
Disadvantages of Biomass Energy
Low energy return on investment
High air pollution emissions
Very high water and land requirements
High occupational hazards
RT=R1+R2+R3
RT=10+10+20
RT=40Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
12 6 10 9
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
12 6 10 9
7.2 3.3
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Parallel Circuit
Loads are connected side by side across the path of the current.
Current in each branch is independent from each other, when branch or load
opens, the other load will still function.
Current is equal to the sum of the individual currents.
(Itotal = Il+I2+I3….)
Voltage drop across each load is the same. (Vtotal = Vl=V2=V3….)
Resistance is found by this formula:
1
-----------------------
1 1 1
--- + --- + ---
R1 R2 R3
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Parallel Circuit
Resistance is found by this formula: (Product over sum)
RT= (R1)(R2)
R1 + R2
RT= (10) (20)
10 + 20
RT= 200
30
RT= 66.66Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
10
3.3
7.2
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
5
6.3
7.9
4.1
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Series and Parallel Circuit
Combination of series and parallel connection in one circuit.
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
12 8 3.3
7.2 6 10
Electricity (Ohms Law)
OHM’S LAW
George Simoun Ohm – discovered the
relationships of voltage, current and resistance in a
circuit.
Current is directly proportional to voltage
Increase in voltage will result to increase in current
Current is inversely proportional to resistance
Increase in resistance will result to a decrease in
current
Electricity (Basic Computation)
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL FORMULA
How to determine the Ampere required for a voltage of 12V and a resistance of
1o ohms.
I=V/R
I= 12 /10
I=1.2
The Ampere required is 1.2A
Electricity (Voltage “V”)
Ampere is represented as “I”
Voltage is represented as “V”
Resistance is Represented as “R”
V=I x R
V= 2 x 14
V=28
The Voltage required is 28V
Electricity (Resistance “R”)
Ampere is represented as “I”
Voltage is represented as “V”
Resistance is Represented as “R”
How to determine the Resistance of the circuit for a current of 2A and a Voltage
of 24V.
R=V/I
R= 24 x 2
R=12
The Resistance is 12Ohms
Electricity (Power “P”)
Ampere is represented as “I”
Voltage is represented as “V”
Power is Represented as “P”
How to determine the Power (Watts) for a current of 30A and a Voltage of 220V.
P=V x I
P= 220 x 30
P=6600
The Power or watts is 6600W
Electricity (Trick of the trade)
V P
I R I V
Electricity (Electricity Consumption)
Calculating the energy cost of an appliance or electronic device is fairly
easy. Most devices have a label that lists how many watts it uses, either on
the device or in the owner's manual. You will need to find this number to
figure out how much the appliance is costing you. You will also need to
estimate how many hours a day you use a particular appliance
Electricity (Compute the Watts/day)
To calculate energy consumption costs, simply multiply the unit's wattage by
the number of hours you use it to find the number of watt-hours consumed
each day.
For example, let's say you use a 125 watt television for three hours per day.
By multiplying the wattage by the number of hours used per day, we find that
you are using 375 watt-hours per day.
EC=P X T
Where:
EC is the Energy Consumption
Determine the load and compute for the expected power and current
consumption.
Identify the service point where electricity will come from
Determine the number of outlets per branch and their specifications
Determine the sizes of the receptacles, tubes and panels
Determine the sizes and ampacity of wires, cables and circuit protectors.
3 watts per square foot – for general purpose circuit (lighting and receptacles)
or 24watts per 1 sq. m for lighting, 100 watts per outlet
A nominal value of 1500 watts for each 20- ampere small appliances and
laundry circuit.
Plus major appliances, (5000 watts for aircon) then get the total load.
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Before beginning any electrical repair, shut off the power.
(Remove the fuse or trip the breaker for the circuit you will be working on in
your service panel)
Prepare and study the wiring diagram. This will help you understand the
basic principles of good wiring.
Electrical wires are color coded to prevent wiring errors.
Black is HOT wire
White is Neutral wire
Green is Ground wire
Red is second HOT wire
Yellow is Traveller wire
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Always use appropriate size of wires
Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Measured in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge)
# 14 AWG (2.0mm2) – for lighting fixtures
# 12 AWG (3.5mm2) – for convenience outlets
# 10 or 8 AWG (5.5 to 8.5mm2)– for service entrance
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Electricity (Test Instruments )
Ohm meter – test for resistance
Ammeter – test for current
Voltmeter – test for voltage
Multimeter/ VOM
Electricity (Word Problem)
35 ohm and 11 ohm resistor is
connected in series and will be called
“X”. Another is a 33 ohms and 45 ohms
is connected in parallel which will be
called “Y”. What will be the total
current of the whole circuit if “X” and
“Y” is connected in parallel and the
voltage is 220V?
Electricity (Word Problem)
A 4 Ohm resistor is
connected in parallel to a 3
series connected resistors of
4, 3 and 5 Ohms, what will be
the voltage of the circuit if
the Current is 8.3A?
Electricity (Word Problem)
A 3 resistors is connected in
parallel namely 3.7, 9.4 and 12.7
Ohms is connected in a series to
a 2 parallel connected resistors
of 11.6 and and 7.3 Ohms, what
will be the voltage of the circuit
if the Current is 12.3A?
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 3 ohm
and 15 ohm are connected
in parallel to a 30 volts
circuit. The current
flowing through the 3
ohm resistor is?
Electricity (Word Problem)
In a series circuit with 4
ohm, 16 ohm, and 8 ohm
resistors connected in 7V
source, what is the
current flowing in the 4
ohm resistor?
Electricity (Word Problem)
What amount of
current does a 40-watt
fluorescent lamp draw
from a 220 volts power
source?
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 7 ohm
and 25 ohm are connected
in parallel to a 30 volts
circuit. The current
flowing through the 25
ohm resistor is
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 7 ohm
and 12.6 ohm are
connected in a series to a
220 volt source. What is
the power consumed by
the 7 ohm resistor?
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 6 ohm and 9 ohm are connected in
a series to a 120 volt source. What is the power
consumed by the 6 ohm resistor?
384 watts c. 2400 watts
576 watts d. 1200 watts
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics – refers to the flow of charge (moving electrons) through
nonmetal conductors (mainly semiconductors).
The flow of charge through various materials and devices such as,
semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, and vacuum tubes.
Electronics
Electronic components -It refers to any physical entity in an electronic
system whose intention is to affect the electrons in a desired manner consistent
with the intended function of the electronic system
Electronic circuit – composed of different components that are classified as
active and passive components.
Passive – components that do not generate voltage but controls the current in a
circuit.
Ex. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
Active – components that can generate, amplify and even control voltage and
current in a circuit.
Ex. Diode, transistor, integrated circuits (IC), etc.
Electronics
Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor good
insulators
Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric
current.
Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the
voltage. It is non-polarized.
Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy in an electric field.
Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the complete
flow of current.
Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move freely
Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.
Electronics
Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor good
insulators
Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric
current.
Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the
voltage. It is polarized.
Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy in an electric field.
Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the complete
flow of current.
Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move freely
Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.
Electronics (Tools)
Soldering Iron - a 20 Watt to 30 Watt soldering iron with tips of 1/8 inch to 1/2
inch can be used for soldering of through hole components.
Electronics (Tools)
Disordering Pump - A pump aids in the removal of the liquid solder.
Electronics (Tools)
Long nose Pliers – a 4-inch long nose pliers used to hold components that
have short leads that need to be soldered onto the PCB.
Electronics (Tools)
Side-Cutting Pliers - 4-inch side cutting pliers used to trim off excess
component leads on the printed circuit board and to cut wires before being
used.
Electronics (Tools)
Small tweezers - is used to hold small components.
Electronics (Tools)
Screwdrivers
The earliest documented screwdrivers were used in Europe in the late Middle
Ages. They were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in Germany
or France.
The tool's original names in German and French
were Schraubendreher (screwturner) and tournevis (turnscrew),
respectively.
Electronics (Tools)
Two types of Screwdrivers
(Slot)Flathead Screw Driver The slot screw drive has a single slot in
the fastener head and is driven by a "common blade" or flat-bladed
screwdriver. It was the first type of screw drive to be developed, and for
centuries it was the simplest and cheapest to make.
(Cruciform)
Philips & Screw Driver The Phillips screw drive was created by Henry F.
Phillips. (June 4, 1889 – April 13, 1958) was a U.S. businessman from Portland,
Oregon. The Phillips-head ("crosshead") screw and screwdriver are named after
him.
Frearson Screw Driver It was developed by an English inventor named
Frearson in the 19th century and produced from the late 1930s to the mid-1970s.
Electronics (Tools)
Maintenance
Tinning – the process of cleaning and applying a thin coat of solder on the tip
of the pre-heat soldering iron.
Electronics (Tools)
Flux – chemical cleaning agent, The purpose of flux is to clean oxides from
metal surfaces to ensure a clean bond in soldering.
Electronics (Components)
Electronic Components
It is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete form, intended to
be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create
an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio
receiver, or oscillator).
Electronics (Capacitors)
Capacitor
is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric.
It stores and discharge electrical energy.
The voltage rating found in a capacitor is called working voltage.
The rating is expressed in capacitance; the unit of measurement in capacitance
is farad.
– invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)
Electronics (Capacitors)
Types of Capacitor
Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacitor)
Tantalum Capacitor
Ceramic Capacitor
Polystyrene Film Capacitor
Mica Capacitor
Metalized Polyester Capacitor
Variable Capacitor
Trimmer Capacitor
Electronics (Diodes)
It converts AC to DC.
It is a device that conducts current to flow in only one direction.
They are called rectifiers
It is polarized, the terminals are anode (positive) and cathode (negative)
Electronics (Diodes)
Types of Diode
Forward biased – when current is applied to the cathode (negative), it permits
the flow of current. (ON switch)
Reverse biased – when current is applied to the anode (positive), it will not
permit the flow of current. (OFF switch)
Zener diode – used as voltage reference, connected across a circuit where
regulated voltage is required; acts as a regulator
Light emitting diode (LED) – it acts like rectifier diode except that is usually
intended to indicate flow of current.
Photo diode – a diode which is sensitive to light; a light sensitive diode.
Electronics (Transistors)
Is an active semiconductor device having 3 electrodes. It could perform a
variety of applications such as switch, amplifier, and rectifier.
The terminals of a transistor are base, collector and emitter.
BASE - which is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.
COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.
EMITTER - which is the negative lead.
Kinds of Transistor
NPN – arrow pointing outward;
Typically, a resistor will have 4 color bands on them which represent the
resistance values of the resistor. Each color of the “Resistor Color Code”
represents a numeric value:
2 4 x 10 = 240Ohms +-5%
Let’s Try
Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well
Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well
Let’s Try