Grade

10

TVL-ICT
TECHNICAL DRAFTING
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 7

SECTIONAL DRAWINGS
(Prepare Plan Using CAD)

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

SALVADOR C. LAVARIAS RODOLFO L. AQUINO

Master Teacher II Master Teacher I
San Jacinto National High School LMSAT

Validated by:

GINA Q. AQUINO PhD.

Head Teacher III
San Jacinto National High School
 Prepare Plan Using CAD
This lesson aims to familiarize the students in sectional drawings

A) INTRODUCTION:
A section drawing, also known as a ‘section' or ‘sectional drawing,' depicts a view of a
structure as though it had been split in half or along another imaginary plane.
This can be useful for buildings because it provides a view through the spaces and
surrounding structures (typically through a vertical plane) that can show connections between
the various sections of the building that may not be visible on plan drawings. On plan drawings,
the path of the plane from which the segment is cut is always shown by a line of long and short
dashes with arrows showing the part of the structure to be shown in the section, referred to as
a section plane or cutting plane line. On plan drawings, the path of the plane from which the
segment is cut is always shown by a line of long and short dashes with arrows showing the
part of the structure to be shown in the section, referred to as a section plane or cutting plane
line.

B) READINGS / LECTURES:

SECTIONAL DRAWINGS

A SECTION is a drawing of a structure or a part of a structure that is drawn as if it were

cut vertically to reveal the interior. It is used to display the detail of a component or assembly
on a specific plane known as the cutting plane.
`The scale of a section drawing is determined by the size of the building being drawn
and the degree of detail required. Sections may depict the entire structure or a specific section,
junction, or assembly.

What is the purpose of sectional drawing?

An architectural "section" drawing is a particularly useful form of drawing. It is a drawing
of a vertical cut through a building or a section of a building. A section's function is to
graphically represent the main volumes of the building as well as the main building material
components.

What is section AA in drawing?

A cutting plane line represents the cutting plane. The section view is known as view A-
A, and the cutting plane line is defined as A-A.

What scale should be used in sectional drawing?

Both plans and sketches must be drawn correctly and to a suitable standard, using a
traditional metric scale such as 1:100 or 1:50, and the scale used must be specified on the
drawing. All designs and drawings, except for location plans, should include a scale bar and/or
measured dimensions.

Sectioning principle
An object is imaged as if it were to be sliced into a cutting plane. The section of the cut
closest to the observer is removed. This reveals the interior detail, which can then be shown
as clear outlines rather than hidden lines. The resulting view is referred to as a sectional view
or section.

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 TYPES OF SECTIONAL DRAWINGS

1. FULL SECTION - a cross-section of the whole structure or portion

a. CROSS SECTION – a section displaying a crosswise cut into the structure.
b. LONGITUDINAL SECTION – a section displaying a transverse or lengthwise cut
into a structure.
2. OFFSET SECTION - a segment with a cutting plane line that is offset to allow it to cut
through necessary features.
3. HALF SECTION - a cut that only removes one-quarter of a symmetrical section. As a result,
the exterior and interior can be seen in a single view.
4. BROKEN OUT SECTION - is part of an existing drawing view, that is used to remove
material to a specified depth to expose inner details of a model.
5. REVOLVING SECTION - turning around on or as if on an axis in a revolving platform.
6. REMOVED SECTION - is a section or partial section not directly projected from the view
containing the cutting plane and not revolved or turned from its normal orientation.

HOW TO DRAW CROSS SECTIONS IN A HOUSE

Cross section sketches depict views of the house as though you had cut down through
the roof with a saw and looked in through the resulting window. This view will assist the
contractor in better understanding the interior and exterior design details.

How Many Cross Sections Are Necessary?

The number of cross sections required is entirely dependent on the complexity of the
design, the specifications of your planning department, and who is building the house. You
will not have to detail things that require common construction specifics for your area if you
have a highly skilled construction team who expect to be on the job site often to answer
questions. If, on the other hand, you are designing a home that does not adhere to local
building codes, such as framing the exterior walls in a specific way to accommodate a certain
form of insulation or exterior finishing, extensive cross sections would be required.

In general, cross sections should be created for the following:

• Layers of exterior walls
• Walls, pillars, or beams for structural support
• Info on the stair framing
• Variations in floor and ceiling heights
• Trim work and molding (only one is required for the house interior if all doors, windows
and baseboards are to be trimmed in the same way)
• Cabinetry or handcrafted furniture (even if the construction crew is not responsible for
this work it is good to include these so that they understand where cabinetry or furniture
will need to be attached to the framing)
• Any other information that will assist the builder in understanding the home design

When your floor plans and elevations are complete, the cross sections are formed. You
must have finished the structural design for the building, which means you must have
calculated the appropriate size and position of all structural walls, posts, and beams.

How to Draw a Cross Section?

1. Determine a Cross Section Line

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To make a cross section, first draw a line on your floor plan that cuts through the section of
the house that needs cross section detail.

On the floor plan drawing above, two "A"s

are flanked by circular icons with an
arrow at the upper and lower left. These
icons show that a thorough cross section
of this section of the house will be
included in the construction drawings.
The arrow shows the direction in which
the cross section "looks." Cross sections
are also shown for sections B-B, C-C,
and D-D. Figure 1: Floor Plan Ready for sectioning

The A-A cross section's intention is to display the

basic shell of the building, the structural posts
supporting the roof beam, the rough opening height of
the windows, and ceiling heights, including a lowered
ceiling in the entrance. Other sketches will display these
structural posts, pillars, and windows, but from a top-
down perspective. These perspectives work together to
make the house more understandable and to provide
additional design information.
2. Build a House Envelope
Begin by drawing the width of your house's outer
envelope through a defined cross section line. To build
precise and to scale lines, use the measurements from
the floor plan plans, house elevations, and other design Figure 2: House Envelop
notes. Include the following:
• The foundation of a house
• Walls of the foundation
• Exterior walls that are above ground.
• Exterior roof lines and any windows that the
segment cuts through
3. Make a floor and a ceiling plan.
Then, for each floor and ceiling, draw upper and
lower lines. You must be aware of the thickness of the
flooring or ceiling joists, as well as any attached flooring
(usually plywood, oriented strand board or chip board).
Height measurements from each floor to the ceiling or
floor joists above must be drawn to scale. Use only the
framing materials in this drawing; do not include the
finished ceiling and floor materials.
Figure 3: Floor and Ceiling upper and Lower Lines

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4. Windows, doors, and framing on the side walls
In the first step, draft in any exterior window or
door headers, sills, or wall plates, as well as the inside
dimension of all the above elements, for the two side
walls on either side of the drawing.

5. Structural Elements and Interior Walls

Next, sketch interior walls, including plates and
any structural posts or beams visible in this portion. See
the illustration of a cross section in the right.

6. Windows and Doors on the Facing Wall

Then, sketch out the rough openings for all the
facing doors and windows. The above cross section also
displays window glazing but not the trim. Figure 4: Windows, Doors and Framing of the Side Walls

7. Variations in ceiling or floor heights

Include any lowered or elevated floors or ceilings.
See the drawing in the following step.

8. Labeling
Finally, all rough openings for doors and windows
should be labeled. Mark the window heights, either from
the floor or from the ceiling. Detail ceiling heights, area
names, and any other elements that will help the drawing
stand out. See the diagram above.
All elements must be correctly drawn to scale
because builders on the job site will often use an
architect's scale to decide where to place rough openings
for windows or doors, ceiling heights, and so on. Labeling Figure 5: Depicting Structural Elements
these numbers is insufficient. They must be drawn precisely.

.9. Add a Title Block

Add a title block in the lower right-hand corner
which indicates the:
▪ Name of the house or project
▪ Date
▪ Designer's name
▪ View name
▪ Drawing scale

10. Save a copy of your drawing.

Figure 6: Labeling of the Drawing

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 THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN DRAWING SECTIONS
1. A building material is sectioned only when the cutting plane line runs through it.

2. Like floor plans, whatever is cut through when taking a section (floor, walls, roof
framework, etc.) is profiled with a heavy line.

3. Show the key areas such as the stairs, bathroom, dining area, and bedroom. Never cut
through columns while cutting parts through major elements in a building.

4. The physical sense of the building should always be shown by indicating the earth upon
which it is built, and it is often cut through.

5. Construction details and foundations are not required to be specified in design parts.

Figure 7: Shows a floor plan with cutting plane lines.

SECTIONAL DRAWING IN SIMPLE STEPS

1. Make a duplicate of the floor plan and place it above the proposed portion, following the
path of the cutting plane line arrows shown in Figures 2 and 3.
2. Trim and delete the parts of the floor plan behind the cutting plane line, leaving only the
parts and other elements seen in the section (Figures 2 and 3).
Note: The cutting plane line serves as the boundary edge.
3. Project all the plan's main trimmed sections downward (walls, roof, doors, windows).
4. Identify the Natural Grade Line by drawing a horizontal line.
5. Offset or copy this line in the elevation with the same height used in the horizontal
projection (fin. floor line, ceiling line, top of fascia, and roof height).
Another option is to place the elevation with the same view as the proposed section to
serve as a reference (Figure 2 and 3).
6. Project all the floor plan's built-in elements downward (counter, cabinet, fixtures, etc.).
7. Trace the main sectioned parts of the building (walls, roof) with thick lines and the
secondary structures (windows, doors, fixtures, furniture) with medium thick lines.
8. Draw an offset line below the Natural Grade line to display the earth's section.

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9. Create hatches for the plan's walls, roof, earth, and other sectioned areas.
10. Draw hatch finishes for walls, windows, doors, and so on (tiles, bricks, wall cladding,
glass, and so on).
11. Include vertical measurements and mark each level, as well as part and finish
specifications (Figures 4 and 5).
12. Save a copy of your drawing.

Figure 8: A section with the cutting plane line and projection lines seen.

Figure 9: A section displaying the cutting plane line and the projection lines .

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 Figure 10: Cross Section

Figure 11: Longitudinal Section

SECTION DIMENSIONING RULES

1. Vertical dimensions can be read from the drawing's right hand.

2. Dimensional levels should be labelled with a note, word, or abbreviation.
3. Dimensioning from the floor line to the ceiling line is used to display room heights.
4. Windows and doors can be indexed to a door and window schedule, or their styles can
be shown on the sectional drawing.
5. Only vertical distances are shown in sectional dimensions. The floor plan depicts
horizontal distances.
6. Dimensions for small, complicated, or obscure areas should be assigned to a separate
detail.
7. The overall height measurements are set outside of the sub-dimensions.

There are two methods for constructing sections. The first is to project all the sections of
the drawing that are reached by the cutting plane line (as seen above), and the second is
to use the “SECTIONPLANE” command on a 3D drawing.

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C) ACTIVITY PROPER:

SEARCH ME NOT!
Directions: Look closely at the given pool of words in the box. Find and
encircle them in the Word Search.

LONGITUDINAL REMOVED EXTERIOR BROKEN FULL

FOUNDATION INTERIOR REVOLVING OFFSET SCALE
LABELING ENVELOP SECTIONAL CROSS HALF

ENUMERATE ME! (10 pts.)

Directions: Enumerate what have been asked and write the correct
answer. Use separate paper if necessary.

1-10 The steps in drawing cross section.

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

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 ANSWER KEY (Learning Activities)

SEARCH ME NOT!

ENUMERATE ME! (10 pts.)

1. Determine a cross section

2. Build a house envelop
3. Make a floor and ceiling plan
4. Windows, doors and framing on the side walls
5. Structural elements and interior walls
6. Windows and doors on the facing walls
7. Variations in ceiling or floor height
8. Labeling
9. Add a title block
10. Save a copy of your drawing

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 REFERENCES

Arriola C.T, Bermas, D.B., Milambiling O.M. & Guevarra, Jr., V.O. (2013). Technology and
Livelihood Education 10. Pasig City, Philippines: Department of Education

Hornilla, C.M., Francisco, H.G., & Lazo, Jr., T.P. (n.d.). Theory of Technical Drafting,
Metric Edition Part

Lavarias, S. (2017). A Module: Preparing Computer-Aided Drawings.

Geddes & Grosset (2002). Webster’s Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus. Scotland:
David Dale House

Ma”Din Polytechnic College. (n.d.) Computer Aided Drafting Lab. Retrieved from
https://www.madinpoly.com/lm/401-20%
COMPUTER%20AIDED%DRAFTING%20LAB.pdf

Ronsairo, E.E. & Bagayana, J.M. (2020). TECHNICAL DRAFTING 10 Quarter 2 Module
7: AutoCAD Design Center (1st ed.). Department of Education.

(“To Create Annotation Scales and Assign Them to Display Configurations | AutoCAD
Architecture 2019 | Autodesk Knowledge Network,” 2018)
https://www.facebook.com/jorge.fontan.9. “10 Things to Consider When Building a House
· Fontan Architecture.” Fontan Architecture, 20 Apr. 2017, fontanarchitecture.com/things-
to-consider-when-building-a-house/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2021.

How to Draw House Cross Sections. (2018). Retrieved April 14, 2021, from The-house-
plans-guide.com website: http://www.the-house-plans-guide.com/how-to-draw-
cross-sections.html

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D) SUMMATIVE EVALUATION:

TELL ME THE TRUTH!

Directions: Write T if the statement is True and F if it is False. Write
the letter of your answer in the space provided before each number.

_____ 1. Vertical dimensions can be read from the drawing's right hand.

_____ 2. Dimensioning from the floor line to the ceiling line is used to display room width.

_____ 3. Dimensional levels should be labelled with a note, word, or abbreviation.

_____ 4. Project all the floor plan's built-in elements downward.

_____ 5. Include horizontal measurements and mark each level, as well as part and finish
specifications.

_____ 6. Make a duplicate of the floor plan and place it above the proposed portion,

following the path of the cutting plane line arrows.

_____ 7. The scale of a section drawing is determined by the size of the building being
Drawn.

_____ 8. Both plans and sketches must be drawn correctly and to a suitable standard.

_____ 9. The number of cross sections required is entirely dependent on the complexity
of the design.

_____ 10. When your floor plans and elevations are complete, the cross sections are
formed.

TELL ME!
Directions: Enumerate at least 5 types of sectional drawings.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

EASY OR ESSAY!
Performance Task (10pts.)
Directions: Discuss the following questions (Tagalog and vernacular is
allowed)

1. What is the purpose of sectional drawing? (5pts.)

2. What scale should be used in sectional drawing? (5pts.)

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