REPORT OF EXPERIMENT

EXPERIMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT

(Analog & Digital Sensors)

Presented by :

Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi (44419017)

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF UJUNG PANDANG

2021
 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

OPTICAL AND ANALOG ULTRASONIC

A. Purposes of Experiment
 To study the spesification of the sensors determined.

 Examine the response of the sensors to the given materials.

 Understanding the working principle of the sensors.

 To study the hysteresis of the sensors.

B. Basic Theory
A. Understanding Sensor

Sensors are devices used to detect changes in physical quantities such as pressure,

force, electrical quantities, light, motion, humidity, temperature, speed and other

environmental phenomena. After observing the change, the detected input will be

converted into output that can be understood by humans either through the sensor

device itself or transmitted electronically through the network to be displayed or

processed into useful information for its users.

Sensors can basically be classified as Input Transducers because they can convert

physical energy such as light, pressure, motion, temperature or other physical

energy into an electrical signal or resistance (which is then converted back to a

voltage or electrical signal).

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

B. Optical Sensor

Figure 1. Optical Sensor

An optical sensor converts light rays into electronic signals. It measures the

physical quantity of light and then translates it into a form that is readable by an

instrument. An optical sensor is generally part of a larger system that integrates a

source of light, a measuring device and the optical sensor.

C. Analog Ultrasonic Sensor

Figure 2. Analog ultrasonic sensor

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

An ultrasonic sensor generates an analog signal internally. However, the

output(s) of an ultrasonic sensor chip could be in multiple formats, including
digital and analog.

D. Hysteresis

Figure 3. Hysteresis Graph

Hysteresis is an error of a sensor, which is defined as the maximum difference in

output at any measurement value within the sensor’s specified range when

approaching the point first with increasing and then with decreasing the input

parameter. Figure 3 shows the hysteresis error might have occurred during

measurement of temperature using a thermocouple. The hysteresis error value is

normally specified as a positive or negative percentage of the specified input range

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

C. Tools and Material

Tools:

1. Laptop / Computer

Figure 4. Computer
2. Cable USB & Jumper Cable

Cable USB used to connect UniTrain devices with computer, while jumpers cable are used to

make sensor circuits.

Figure 5. Cable USB & Jumbper Cable

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

3. Labsoft Software (Automation Technology)

Figure 6. Labsoft Software (Automation Technology)

4. SO4203-9D UniTrain-I Sensor board

Figure 7. SO4203-9D UniTrain-I Sensor board

5. UniTrain-I Extended power supply

6. UniTrain-I measurement accessories (shunt circuit board, measurement leads,

jumpers)

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

Targeted Materials:

1. Acrylic

2. PCB

3. Aluminium

4. Stainless Steel

D. Picture of Experiments

A. Optical Sensor

Figure 8. Optical Sensor Cabling

The UniTrain Interface is the central unit of the UniTrain system. It incorporates all

inputs and outputs, switches, power and signal sources and measurement circuitry

needed to perform experiments. The Interface is controlled via the connected PC.

B. Analog Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors (sometimes

called ultrasonic transducers), measure the distance to or the presence of a target

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

object by sending a sound pulse, above the range of human hearing (ultrasonic),

toward the target and then measuring the time it takes the sound echo to return.

Procedure of Experiment
Pre-Experiment Procedure

1. There are two parts of Labsoft encoder hardware. Make sure you connect it each

other. Put on the power supply to it, connect it to computer using USB, and put the

jumper on to the determined sensor. After that you can turn on the Labsoft encoder

hardware through the switch behind it.

2. Put on the material to the gripper and set it on, so it will be linear to the sensor that

will be examined.

3. On the computer/laptop, you have to install Labsoft software.

4. Activate the slider control unit by accessing it through ‘Instruments > positioning’.

Click the button beside the determined sensor.

5. Click Run until the targeted material reach the 0 position.

In-Experiment Procedure
1. Using the positioning (Slider Control Unit) instrument from the Instruments menu,

the sensors can be connected individually and independently of each other. With the

aid of the "Step" and "Run" buttons the material samples can be moved up and

down the carriage rails step by step or continuously.

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

2. Activate the sensor to be used in the experiment by clicking the respective button on

the positioning (Slider Control Unit) instrument. If the sensor is active, this will be

indicated by the green LED of the button next to the corresponding sensor. To avoid

mutual interference, only one sensor should be active at any one time.

3. There are two ways of moving the material samples on the carriage rails:

 Step-by-step method (using the Step button): for each press of the button the

carriage is moved left or right by an increment of 0.1 mm

 Continuous operation (using the Run button): once one direction is

predetermined, left or right, the carriage is moved in that direction until the

"Stop" button is activated or until the limit switch switches the actuator motor

off.

4. Place the material sample in the carriage in the centre with respect to the sensor and

secure it using the screw nut so that the material can not change position.

5. Now (using software control) move the carriage with the material sample toward the

sensor until the limit switch is tripped. Reset the position indicator of the carriage

(by pushing the Reset button). This now sets this point as the new starting point of

the experiment. If required, you can readjust the material sample, so that it is again

located precisely in the centre with respect to the sensor head.

6. The sensing distance measured in the course of the experiments can be read off the

display in the instrument.

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

OBSERVATION DATA

A. OPTIC SENSOR DATA TABLE

In trials conducted on several test materials, the following results were obtained:
Data Detection
Material 1st Detection 2nd Detection Hysteresis
No. Status

I Acrylic Detected 203,5 mm 148,6 mm 54,9 mm

II PCB Detected 249,0 mm 148,6 mm 100,4 mm

III Aluminium Detected 249,0 mm 148,6 mm 100,4 mm

Stainless
IV Detected 249,0 mm 148,6 mm 100,4 mm
Steel

CHARTS:

Acrylic
1
Status

Detected
Redetected

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Distance

Figure 9. Charts of Acrilyc

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

We can conclude from the chart that the sensor started to detect the material from

distance 0 mm until 208,1 mm. The material kept moving away a little bit from the

sensor, then got back and kept approaching the sensor until it reached 0 mm. The

sensor redetected the material at distance 148,2 mm until 0.

We got the hysteresis by subtract the first detection to the second detection like

this:

Hysterisis : 203.5 – 148.6 = 54.9 mm

Aluminium
1
Status

Detected

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance (mm)

Figure 10. Charts of Aluminium

above shows that the test material is detected at a maximum distance, where the maximum test
board length is 250 mm, thus enabling the sensor detection range for aluminum materials >250 mm.

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

Stainles Steel
1
Status

Detected

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance

Figure 11. Charts of Stainles Steel

above shows that the test material is detected at a maximum distance, where the
maximum test board length is 250 mm, thus enabling the sensor detection range for
Stainles Steel materials >250 mm.

PCB BOARD
1
Status

Detected

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance

Figure 12. Charts of PCB Board

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

above shows that the test material is detected at a maximum distance, where the maximum test
board length is 250 mm, thus enabling the sensor detection range for PCB Board materials >250 mm.

B. Analog Ultrasonic Sensors

In trials conducted on several test materials, the following results were obtained:
Material Detected or Not Detected
Acrylic Detected
PCB Detected
Aluminum Detected
Iron Detected
Stainless Steel Detected

Experimental Result

Voltage(V)
Distance(mm)
Stainless
Acrylic PCB Aluminum Iron
steel
25 2 2 2 2 2
50 2 2 2 2 2
75 3 3 3 3 3
100 4 4 4 4 4
125 4 4 4 4 4
150 5 5 5 5 5
175 6 6 6 6 6
200 7 7 7 7 7
225 8 8 8 7 8
250 8 8 8 8 8

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

Chart for Acrylic:

Acrylic
9
8
7
6
Voltage (V)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance (mm)

Figure 13. Charts of Acrylic

On acrylic material, from the experimental results obtained a chart as above. In the chart, it can be
seen that the voltage will get higher every time the distance increases. The maximum distance on
the sensor board, the voltage <9 Volt.

Chart for PCB:

PCB
10

8
Voltage (V)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance (mm)

Figure 14. Charts of PCB Board

On experiment of PCB, as well as acrylic. there is an increase with every increase in distance.

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

Chart for Aluminum:

Aluminium
9
8
7
6
Voltage (v)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance (mm)

Figure 15. Charts of Aluminium

On experiment with aluminum, seen from the chart the output voltage increases. If the distance
between the object and the sensor increases, the output voltage also increases

Chart for Iron :

Iron
9
8
7
Voltage (V)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distane (mm)

Figure 16. Charts of Iron

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

On experiment with Iron, the highest voltage is at a distance of 250, equal to 8 V.

Chart for Stainless Steel:

Stainless Steel
9
8
7
6
Voltage (V)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance (mm)

Figure 17. Charts of Stainless Steel

On stainless steel. If the distance between the object and the sensor increases, the output voltage
also increases. The maximum distance on the sensor board, the voltage <9 Volt.

G. Discussion

1. Optical Sensor

In the test results of several test objects using the optical sensor, the data generated is that all test
objects are detected at various distances, for example, acrylic test objects can be detected at a
distance of 0 – 220.4 mm. And on test objects such as aluminum, PCB board, iron and stainless steel
the detection results are 0 - > 249 mm.

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 Instrumentation and Measurement Report – Mechatronics Engineering – PNUP –
2020/2021
Name: Nurul Utami Sri Putri Yandi Student Reg. No. : 44419017 Class: 2A Mechatronics

2. Analog Ultrasonic Sensor

In the test results of several test objects using ultrasonic sensors, the data obtained is in the form of
voltage output. From several targeted materials, all of them are detected and the voltage is not
much different.

H. Conclusion
1. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that some sensors can only detect the type of
material in a certain range, the optical sensor detects the type of material at a maximum distance.

2. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic sensor, depends on the reflection of the wave. The output is also in the
form of voltage. The maximum voltage is 8 Volt with the maximum distance.

3. The farther the distance between the sensor and the material, the higher the voltage.

***2021****

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