Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Philosophy
AY 2020-2021
MODULE IN
THE
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD (TCW 101)
COURSE SYLLABUS
COLLEGE : CSSP
DEPARTMENT : Social Sciences
COURSE CODE : TCW 101
COURSE TITLE : The Contemporary World
FACULTY :
CONSULTATION HOURS:
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of
globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political,
technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of
the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to
the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical
responsibility.
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OTHER REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS:
1. Regular Attendance
2. Quizzes, Assignments, Seatwork
3. Active participation in class discussion
4. Case Studies
5. Brainstorming and Group Reporting
6. Debate
7. Film Viewing
GRADING SYSTEM
Attendance 10%
Recitation 10%
Assignments/Projects/Seat works 20%
Quizzes 30%
Midterms/Finals 30%
Total 100%
LEARNING PLAN
□ The Structures of
LO2, 3, 4, 5, □ Globalization Class
6, 7, 8, & 10 □ The Global Economy 3-5 Discussion,Concept
Market Integration Mapping, Quizzes
The Global Interstate & Term Paper
System
Contemporary Global
□ Governance
A World of Regions Class Discussion,
LO1, 2, 3, 4, □ Global Divides: The 6-8 Concept Mapping,
8, & 10 North and the South Quizzes & Case
□ Characteristics of Studies
Global North and
Global South
□ Theoretical
Understanding of
Global North and
South
□ Asian Regionalism
Midterm 9
Examination
A World of Ideas Class
LO2, 5, 6, 7, □ Global Media 10 - Discussion,Concept
8, 10 Cultures 11 Mapping, Debate &
□ Culturalism, Quizzes
Multiculturalism and
Globalization
□ Digital Divide
□ The Globalization of
Religion
Global Population Class
LO2, 4, & 7 and Mobility The 12 - Discussion,Concept
□ Global City 14 Mapping, Case
□ Global Demography Studies & Quizzes
□ Demographic
Transition
□ Global Migration
Towards a
LO2, 4, Sustainable World 15 - Class Discussion&
5,6,7,8,9 & □ Sustainable 18 Conduct of Seminar
10 Development
□ Global Food Security
□ Global Citizenship
□ Conclusion
Final Examination 18
REFERENCES:
Banks, J.A. (2003). Educating global citizens in a diverse world. Retrieved February 24,
2006. from www.newhorizons.org
Baylis& Smith.(2001) Globalization of world politics 2nd edition.Oxford: Oxford
University Press
Choy,C.P.(2006).Educationandglobalization.Retrievedfrom
Clayton, T. (2004).Competing conceptions of globalization revisited: Relocating the tension between world-systems analysis
Comparative Education Review 48(3): 274-294.
Krugman, P. et. al. (2012).International economics: Theory and policy 9th edition.
Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Lawson, S. (2001). The new agenda for international relations. New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
http://www.infed.org/biblio/globalization_and_education.htm
Sanders, T. and V. Stewart (2004).International education: From community
innovation to national policy. Phi Delta Kappan 86(3): 200-205.
Steger, M. (2013).Globalization: A very short introduction (Very Short Introductions).
Smith, Oxford:
M. K. (2006). Globalization
Oxford University and the incorporation of education. Retrieved
Press
on March 1, 2006,
Vivarelli, M. (2006).The social impact of globalization in the developing countries.
Bonn: The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
CLASS POLICIES
Introduction:
Globalization is one of the key concepts of our time. It has been the topic of
debates and perhaps one of the descriptions being given about this topic is the idea
that the world is becoming more similar in terms of beliefs, practices, and culture.
The concept is being tied up with modernity, with continuous technological
advancements and increasing economic, cultural, political and historical
relationships among nations.
This lesson will focus on the various definitions of globalization. It also aims
to understand globalization using different interpretations and approaches.
Objectives/Competencies:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
General: Understand the meaning of globalization.
1. Define globalization using different concepts.
2. Be knowledgeable on the different interpretations and approaches of
globalization.
3. Tell their globalization experience.
Pre-test.
Name:
CYS:
Part I. Write down 5 words which you think are related to globalization. Provide two
sentences to explain each word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Part II.TRUE or FALSE: Tell whether the following statement is TRUE of FALSE.
Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
1. Globalization is real to everyone.
2. Globalization can be defined within a specific set of time. A process with a clear
beginning and ending.
3. Martin Khor defined globalization as colonization.
4. Globalization is a process by which more people in large distant areas become
connected in more and different ways.
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5. Because of globalization, the world is becoming a global shopping mall in which
ideas and products are available everywhere.
6. In effect, the process of world shrinkage means that travelling from one place to
another takes more time and effort because of the dramatic improvement in
technology.
7. According to David Harvey, globalization is the compression of time
and space.
8. Globalization encompasses several disciplines such as history, politics,
economics, socio-cultural, and many more.
9. Every person has the same globalization experience.
10. Globalization creates increasing connections among the different countries in the
world.
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
Several definitions
of globalization have been
written in various materials over
the years. It was defined as a
process, a concept and an
ideology to mention a few. So
how do we fully understand the
term? In this lesson, we will try
to discuss the concept of
globalization using different
perspectives.
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Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization (2001),
said that globalization make the world shrink with distances getting shorter and
things moving closer. It refers to the increasing ease with which somebody on one
side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of
the world. Almost similar to the definition given by David Harvey in his book The
Condition of Post-Modernity (1989) where he stated that globalization is the
compression of time and space. In today's time, we don't need to spend too much
time to reach a particular destination, connect with someone from afar or talk to a
family member from the other side of the world real time. Globalization gives us this
convenience in the form of technological innovations. On the other hand, Kenichi
Ohmae in his book The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Global
Marketplace (1992) said that globalization is the onset of a borderless world.
With globalization, there is an increasing interconnectedness among the
countries around the world. There is diffusion of values, beliefs, practices and
technology. There is continuous exchange of goods and services.
To check if you were able to understand the lesson, answer the following
activity.
Activity #1.
Create your own diagram to show how you understand the meaning of globalization.
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Name: Date: CYS:
The evidence of globalization has been revolving around us. The extent of
how globalized we are may vary from one country to another or an individual to
another. In the same way that our globalization experience may differ from a simple
dining experience in McDonalds to a purchase of the latest model of Huawei phone.
Activity #2.
To assess your understanding of the lesson, please answer the activity below.
Name: CYS:
Direction: In a short paragraph, answer the following statement.
Part 2: In your own understanding, give three (3) advantages and three (3)
disadvantages of globalization.
Advantages:
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1. .
2. .
3. .
Disadvantages:
1. . 2 . . 3. .
UNIT TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
TITLE OF THE LESSON: Theories of Globalization
DURATION: 1.5 hours
Introduction
The academic debates as to how globalization should be defined can be
overwhelming. In the previous discussions, we realized that depending on the
author, we either see globalization as a shadow from the past or a big part of the
current world in which we live.
This lesson will discuss the different theories of globalization as an attempt to
further understand the term using different lenses. A brief discussion is provided to
see globalization as an economic, political and cultural process using different
theories.
Objectives/Competencies:
THOERIES OF GLOBALIZATION
At this point, we cannot deny the realities of globalization especially in the
period of massive evidences. What makes it more crucial is to understand the
concept in the middle of several scholarly debates. Is it really happening? Is it
beneficial to everyone? Does it bring convergence or divergence among countries?
The following theories will help us understand globalization from different point of
views.
A. World System Theory
This theory is greatly associated with Immanuel Wallerstein who in 1974
published what is regarded as a seminal paper, The Rise and Future Demise of the
World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis. In 1976, Wallerstein
published ―The Modern World System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the
European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century‖. This is Wallerstein‗s landmark
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contribution to sociological and historical thought and it triggered numerous
reactions, and inspired many others to build on his ideas. World-system theory is a
macro sociological perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the "capitalist
world economy" as a "total social system" (Martinez-Vela, 2001).
For Wallerstein, a world-system is a multicultural territorial division of labor in
which the production and exchange of goods and materials is important for surviving
everyday life. This division of labor is explained as the forces of production of the
world economy and the reason for the existence of the two interdependent regions
called core and periphery. Both of the regions are culturally and geographically
different. One is focused on labor-intensive production, while the other one is
focused on capital-intensive production (Goldfrank, 2000).
In simple terms, world system theory is a perspective that globalization is
essentially the expansion of the capitalist system around the globe. Capitalist system
is a political and economic system where trade, industries, and economy in general
are dominated by private ownership instead of being state owned.
Adding one to what Goldfrank stated as interdependent regions, World
system theory is characterized by three interdependent regions: core, semi-
periphery and periphery.
1. Core: refers to advanced or highly developed countries/ incorporate higher
levels of education, higher salaries and more technology/ generate more
wealth in the world economy. Examples: Western Europe, USA, Japan.
2. Semi-periphery: acts as defense zone between core and periphery, and has
a mix of the kinds of activities and institutions that exist on them/ may be
exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery. Examples: China,
Ireland, Mexico.
3. Periphery: refers to less developed (Third World) countries, incorporate lower
levels of education, lower salaries and less technology/ generate less wealth
in the world economy. Examples: Philippines, Vietnam, Africa
Semi-
Core periphery Periphery
The figure above shows the basic idea of the world system theory. It implies
the hierarchy of power among the countries in the world. The core countries
dominate the economy, exploit the poor peripheral countries, and depend on them in
terms of cheap labor and raw materials. The core countries are considered capital
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intensive while peripheral countries are labor intensive. Semi-peripheral region on
the other hand acts as a buffer zone between the two regions.
Y our observation:
.
Prior to the discussion of the next theory, answer the activity below.
Activity # 1.
Think of or search for a global issue that has happened within the last three
years involving two or more nations. Identify whether the countries involved are core,
semi-periphery or periphery. Explain how these countries worked interdependently in
the issue.
Global Issue:
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subsistence
Industrial modern/ high
farming/ traditional economy
technology societies
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culture, discussed above, entails continual change, where cultural conflict is the
common mechanism.
Movements of de/reglobalization. Globalization triggers resistance or reaction.
For example, the Islamic fundamentalism. While against in the form of globalization
that builds equal cultures in the world, fundamentalism replace its own global vision.
The fundamentalists define global fundamentals and operate in terms of globally dim
ideas.
Multiple sources. While world culture theory emphasizes the role of reflexivity
and worldviews in globalization, in principle change can originate anywhere. World
culture theory is causally agnostic.
D. Neoliberalism
Basically, neoliberalism is a theory of political economic practices that proposes
that human well-being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial
freedoms and skills characterized by strong private property rights, free markets,
and free trade. The concept also suggests its meaning, ―revival of liberalism‖.
From the word ―neo‖ which means new or revived.
According to Saad-Filho and Johnston (2005), ―we live in the age of
neoliberalism‖. Along with other scholars, they share the quite common, but not
necessarily accurate, view that power and wealth are, to an increasing degree,
concentrated within transnational corporations and elite groups, as a result of the
practical implementation of an economic and political ideology they identify as
―neoliberalism‖. On the other hand, Munck (2005), stated that the possibility
of a ―self-regulating market‖ is a core assumption in classical liberalism, and an
important presumption among neoliberals as well. Efficient allocation of resources is
the most important purpose of an economic system, and the most efficient way to
allocate resources goes through market mechanisms. This is what Munck
describes as
―neoliberal economic theories‖.
For David Harvey (2005), in the existence of neoliberalism, the role of the state is
to create and preserve an institutional framework appropriate to such practices. The
state has to guarantee the quality and integrity of money. It must set up military
defense, police, and legal structures. Furthermore, if markets do not exist, then they
must be created. Nevertheless the state should not venture. The state interventions
in markets must be kept minimum because, according to the theory, the state cannot
possibly possess enough information to second-guess market signals (prices) and
because powerful interest groups will inevitably distort and bias state interventions
(particularly in democracies) for their own benefit.
It was given emphasis in the definitions that the basic characteristics of
neoliberalism are free markets and free trade. Figure 3 shows some of the ideas of
the free market. Whenever free market exists, price is determined by competition
and there is little or no
government control. Hence, you
are free to choose your work, with little or no
free to set prices, be an government control
investor, as well as buy, own
and sell properties. This is
believed to set free the creative
price is
free to be an Freedetermined by comPpaegtieti|o
investor or entrepreneur
Market
buy and sell
properties
In free trade, two or more nations agreed to reduce import and export
barriers among them. If policies were created, goods and services can
be
bought and sold across international borders with little or no
government control with regards to tariffs, quotas and subsidies. Perhaps one of
the major criticisms about free trade
is highlighted in a protectionist‗s Figure 3. Characteristics of a free market points of view.
Free trade creates strong competition in the international market thereby affecting
local or domestic industries. Protectionism refers to actions or policies that allow
the government of a country to promote domestic or local producers, and thereby
boost its own production of goods and services by imposing tariffs or otherwise
limiting foreign goods and services in the marketplace.
Aside from the characteristics mentioned in the previous discussion, other
characteristics of neoliberalism include open market, tax reforms and privatization
(the transfer of state owned properties or businesses to the private
sector).Privatization has pros and cons. One reason for privatization is financial
constraint on the part of the government. It is expected that after an enterprise has
been privatized, it will offer better and quality services among its consumers. On the
other side, this may also mean higher price of the product or service being offered.
Most privatized businesses in the country offer basic social services.
Examples are Philippine Airlines which was privatized in 1992 and PLDT which was
privatized in 1995. PAL remains to be the dominant air carrier in the country and is
now under PAL holdings owned primarily by business tycoon Lucio Tan.
Activity #2.
Name:
C.Y.S.:
Direction. Identify the theory being described in the following statements. Write WS
for World System, WP for World Polity, WC for World Culture and N for
Neoliberalism.
1. It is greatly associated with Immanuel Wallerstein.
2. This theory emphasizes culture and not economy.
3. It is characterized by the three interdependent theories namely core, semi-
periphery and periphery.
4. For this theory, globalization is the expansion of capitalist system in
the world.
5. In this theory, free market and free trade are given emphasis.
6. One of the characteristics of this theory is privatization.
7. This is in response to the modernization theory.
8. For this theory, globalization is a process of relativization.
9. This theory proposes that human well-being can best be advanced by liberating
individual‗s entrepreneurial freedoms and skills.
10.It focuses on how culture affects us by providing norms.
11.The revival of liberalism.
12.World society thus consists of a complex set of relationships among multiple
units in the global field.
13. Whenever free market exists, there is little or no government control.
14. Countries are marching through the same stages of development.
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15. Policies and actions are created by the government to promote domestic
products and protect local industries.
Activity # 3.
In a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions:
1. Does neoliberalism exists in the Philippines? Justify your answer and cite
specific examples.
2. Would you rather go for free trade or protectionism? Explain your answer.
UNIT TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
TITLE OF THE LESSON: History of Globalization
DURATION: 1.5 hours
Introduction
Globalization is one of the most debated topics in the field of Social Sciences.
Scholars still argue on the issue as to when and where it started. In the previous
lesson, we mentioned that globalization is a process which cannot be defined clearly
with beginning and an ending.
This lesson will discuss different factors related to globalization and put them
into a historical perspective. The different periods that contributed to the emergence
of globalization will also be included in the lesson.
Objectives/Competencies:
2.
3.
What have you noticed? What made you decide to shift to another brand or model of
mobile phone?
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Lesson Proper/Course Methodology:
Silk roads
Silk roads are ancient network of trade routes that connect the east and the
west. (as shown in figure 1)These routes have been useful to carry out goods and
services. Silk is one of the most common products for trading at that time. Silk is a
fiber obtained from silkworms which can be woven into textiles.
People have been trading goods from the very start. Yet in the 1st century BC,
an incredible phenomenon occurred. Luxury products from China started to appear
in Rome. They got there after being hauled for thousands of miles along the Silk
Road. Trade had stopped being a local or regional affair and started to become
global (Vanham, 2019).
This is not to conclude that globalization started intense. Silk was considered
a luxury good, together with the spices that were added to the intercontinental trade
between Asia and Europe. The value of these exports was tiny, in relation with the
total income of the economy, yet many middlemen were involved to get the goods to
their destination. But because of this, global trade links were established. Silk road
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served as the key to people‗s movements and open the doors for trans-border
relations among countries.
According to Kuzmina (2008) this was the road that for many centuries saw
the movement of people, object and ideas. Ethnic migrations, trade that was first
conducted in stages and later by caravan, the spread of advanced technologies and
ideological conceptions- all were part of the process by which the achievements of
the different people of Eurasia blended into a universal stream.
16th century
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However, the Industrial revolution also had a downside for it brought poverty along
with progress. Some of the disadvantages are;
• Technical change threw people out of work.
• The cities were polluted.
• The provision of education was limited.
• Worker‗s housing condition was poor.
Allen (2017) added that the Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin
engine of global trade. On another note, trains and steamships could transport
goods, both within countries and across countries. Moreover, its industrialization
authorized Britain to produce products that were in demand all over the world, like
manufactured goods, textiles, and iron. With its advanced industrial technologies,
Britain was also able to bombard a huge enlarging international market. The result of
globalization could be seen through numbers. Trade grew on average 3% per year,
for about a century. That growth rate drove exports from a share of 6% in the early
19th century, to 14% in the eve of WW I. As stated by the Economist, John Maynard
Keynes, London could order through telephone the goods and services it wants
while sipping tea and lying on bed.
While Britain was the country who benefited most from globalization, as it had
the most technology and capital, other countries did benefitted too, by exporting
goods. For instance, the invention of the refrigerated cargo ship or ―reefer ship‖ in
the 1870s, allowed countries like Uruguay and Argentina, to enter the golden age of
globalization. They started to mass export meat, from cattle grown on their vast
lands. Other countries, too, started to specialize their production in those fields in
which they were most competitive.
For More (2000), Industrial Revolution implies industrialization- that is both the
absolute growth of industry and its expansion relative to the other sectors of the
economy, those being agriculture and services. Industry in this context covers
manufacturing, mining and building.
Yetthe first wave of industrialization and globalization also coincided with
darker events, too. Many workers in the industrialized nations did not benefit from
globalization, for their work is commoditized by industrial machinery, or their output
undercut by foreign imports.
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Figure 2 shows the illustration of how industrial revolution brought rapid
changes in our world today. As they say, it took centuries for us to reach this golden
age. Several waves of industrialization bring us to today, when a new era of
globalization is once again upon us.
According to Schwab (2016), the first industrial revolution traversed around
1760 to 1840. It is triggered by the invention of steam engine and construction of
railroads. The second industrial revolution which started in the late 19th century
and into the early 20th century, made mass production possible, fostered by the
advent of electricity and the assembly line. The third industrial revolution began in
the 1960‗s. It is usually called the computer or the digital revolution because it was
catalyzed be the development of semi-conductors, main frame computing and the
internet. Nowadays, we are at the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution or the
globalization 4.0. It is characterized by a much more present mobile internet, by
smaller and more powerful sensors that have become cheaper, and by artificial
intelligence and machine learning.
Globalization 4.0 (20th Century)
Globalization in the 20th century is considered as the golden age of
globalization. Movement of people, goods and services across national borders was
at least as free and significant as it is today.
In a world dominated by two powerful countries, China, and the US, the new
partition of globalization is the cyber world. Digital economy, in its early years during
the 3rd wave of globalization, is now becoming a strength to reckon with through 3D
printing, digital services, and e-commerce. It is further empowered with artificial
intelligence, but is threatened by cross-border hacking and cyber-attacks (Vanham,
2019).
Moreover, a negative globalization is enlarging too, through climate change.
Pollution often leads to extreme weather events in another. This has a further
devastating effect not just on the world‗s biodiversity, but also in its capacity to cope
with hazardous greenhouse gas emissions. As they say, for every production, there
is destruction, and for every consumption, there is waste.
Read the statements below. This is taken from the article ―How
Millennials Can Make Globalization 4.0 Work For All‖ by Luscombe (2018).
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Share your insights about the article.
Activity # 1.
To check your insights and understanding of the lesson, accomplish the
activity below. Use a separate sheet of paper.
Conduct a short interview with a family member (preferably parents or
grandparents). Ask them the following questions.
1. What major changes in the country have you noticed in the last 30 years?
2. Give three advantages and three disadvantages of technological advancements
based on your personal observation/experience.
Reflection/ Learning insights:
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UNIT TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
TITLE OF THE LESSON: Market Globalism
DURATION: 2 hours
Introduction
In the previous lesson, we were able to see the significant periods that may
have started globalization The role of Western countries in the process was
highlighted. As a result, globalization is often seen as Westernization. But to see
globalization as a mere dominance of Western culture, beliefs and ideas could
create a problem. Globalization is a collection of world ideas, culture and civilization
as a whole.
In this lesson, we will try to differentiate globalization with globalism. The six
core claims of market globalism will be given emphasis. Contemporary global events
will be used to understand the lesson better.
Objectives/Competencies:
G L O B A L I S M M K T A R T
T R F T H U B H I P D E R T M
V E A A L L I S M R B I T E A
S P C S D K H V B K F R A C N
A S D H X G T J R E W E R T F
V Q W I N F R E E T R A D E R
K L D E M O C R A C Y O I U E
X D I P S E L A V U L N E R D
C A P T E R R O R I S M I S S
T W A P R T Y B G M K L G F T
R A R A N T B I G Y D O I T E
U L I N E V I T A B L E L F G
M S K T H A N S I B K M H R E
S I I R R E V E R S I B L E R
G L O B A L I Z A T I O N E D
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What is Market Globalism?
The study of the observation of the influential globalists in the 1990s reveals
their reliance on an economistic narrative of historical inevitability. While disagreeing
with Marxists on the final goal of historical development, globalists nevertheless
share with their ideological opponents a attachment for such terms as ‗irreversible‗,
‗irresistable‗, and ‗inevitable‗ to explain the predicted path of globalization. For
instance, in a speech on the US foreign policy, President Clinton (as cited by Steger
(2005) told his audience: ―Today we must embrace the inexorable logic
of globalization .Globalization is irreversible. Protectionism will only make things
worse‖ .FrederickW. Smith, CEO of FedEx Corporation, suggests that ‗globalization
is inevitable and it will happen whatever the situation is (Smith, 1999). The global
south neo liberalist faithfully echoed the globalist language of inevitability. For
instance, the Philippines Speaker of the House of Representatives, Manuel Villar,
insisted that the process of globalization is the reality of the modern world (Villar,
1998).
Around the 1990s, the neoliberal depiction of globalization as a natural force,
like the gravity or weather, made it simple for globalists to persuade people that they
would have to transform to the market discipline if they want to prosper and survive.
Therefore, the globalist claim of inevitability neutralized the challenges of anti-
globalist opponents by depoliticizing the public discourse about globalization:
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neoliberal policies were above politics, because they simply carried out what was
ordained by nature. This view implied that, instead of acting according to a set of
choices, people merely fulfill world-market laws that demanded the elimination of
government controls.
The irreversible characteristics of globalization can be attributed to
technological innovations. The progressive characteristics of technology seem to
make globalization unstoppable.
This claim rest at the very center of market globalism because it provides an
affirmative answer to the crucial normative question of whether globalization
represents a ‗good‗ or a ‗bad‗ phenomenon. Market globalists in the 1990s
frequently connected their arguments in favor of the integration of global markets to
the alleged benefits resulting from the liberalization and expansion of world trade. At
the 1996 G- 7 Summit in France, for instance, the heads of states of the 7 major
industrialized countries issued a joint communique´ that contains the following
passage: today‗s economic progress and growth bounced because of globalization.
The process of globalization supplies great window of opportunities for all countries
in the future. Its positive aspects including opening of international trade and
expansion of investments, give populous regions with more opportunities, specifically
in improving their standard of living, technological innovation, increase in skills that
are needed in work, and rapid dissemination of information. These attributes of
globalization led in the expansion of prosperity and wealth in the world. Hereby, we
are assured that globalization is the hope of the future (Economic Communique´,
1996).
In addition, globalists often seek to cementum their de-contestation of
globalization as benefits for everyone by coopting the powerful language of science
which claims to separate fact from fiction in a neutral fashion, that is, solely on the
basis of hard evidence.
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Claim No. 5: Globalization Furthers the Spread of Democracy in the World
This claim is anchored in the neoliberal assertion that freedom, free markets,
free trade and democracy are synonymous terms. Affirmed as common sense
throughout the 1990s, the compatibility of these concepts often went unchallenged in
the public discourse. Francis Fukuyama, for example, asserted that there existed a
clear connection between a country's successful democracy and economic
development. While capital development and globalization did not automatically
produce democracies, ‗the level of economic development resulting from
globalization is contributory to the creation of complex civil societies with powerful
middle class, where they facilitate democracy (Fukuyama, n.d.).
This idea of securing freedom through an American-led drive for political and
economic ‗democratization‗ around the globe, thus connecting the military
objectives of the War on Terror to the neoliberal agenda of liberalizing markets has
emerged as the centerpiece of imperial globalism.
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(Note: this group activity is for synchronous mode of learning only)
Divide the class into six groups. One core claim will then be assigned to each
group. After this, the groups will be directed to their respective breakout rooms for a
20 minute sharing/brainstorming about the questions below. A summary of each
group‗s answers will be presented after.
1. What is the basic idea of the core claim assigned to your group?
2. Cite examples of contemporary news events both here and abroad and
relate them to your group‗s core claim.
(for asynchronous and RPL modes: This will be an individual activity. Choose one core claim and answer the
questions above.)
In one of the six core claims, (Globalization requires a war on terror) we were
reminded about the dark side of globalization. For too much openness of a country
does not only bring progress and growth, it also entails threats to national security,
terrorism, illegal drugs and diseases (i.e. COVID-19 pandemic).
Late last year to early 2020, our country and the whole world faced this
extremely challenging situation, the COVID-19 pandemic. Reflect on this very timely
crisis and answer the following questions:
Name:
C.Y.S.
Date:
Post- test:
Name:
C.Y.S.
Date:
Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each
number.
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2. This theory states that globalization is essentially the expansion of the
capitalist system in the world.
a. World Culture Theory c. World System Theory
b. World Polity Theory d. World Economic Theory
3. This period is considered as the golden age of globalization.
a. 15th century c. late 19th century
b. 16th century d. 20th century
4. Under this region are countries with lower levels of education, salaries and
technology. Examples are the third world countries.
a. Core c. Semi-periphery
b. Periphery d. none of the above
5. The concept of ―World Shrinkage‖ is in effect TRUE because of;
a. The faster travelling time between one place to another.
b. The increasing transportation and communication technology.
c. Certain places seem to be much closer to each other than they
once were.
d. all of the above
6. He introduced the World System Theory.
a. Immanuel Wallerstein c. Adam Smith
b. Manfred Steger d. Karl Marx
7. According to him, globalization is the process of colonization.
a. Immanuel Wallerstein c. Thomas Larsson
b. David Harvey d. Martin Khor
8. Which is NOT one of the core claims of market globalism?
a. Globalization is about the global integration of markets.
b. Globalization benefits everyone.
c. Globalization does not require a war on terror.
d. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
9. The irreversible concept of globalization is driven by;
a. technological innovations
b. neoliberalism
c. the powers of the peripheral countries
d. regulated market
10.Which of the following is TRUE about free market.
a. You are free to compete
b. You are free to buy, own and sell private properties.
c. You are free to become an investor
d. all of the above
11. A theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well- being can
best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills
characterized by free trade and free market.
a. market globalism c. socialism
b. neoliberalism d. conservatism
12. It is the transfer of ownership from the government to the private sector.
a. Industrialization c. Privatization
b. Capitalism d. Globalism
13. Industrial Revolution and the rise of factory system started in;
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a. Japan c. Great Britain
b. US d. China
14. For this theory, globalization is the process of relativization.
a. World Culture Theory c. World System
Theory
b. World Polity Theory d. World Economic Theory
15. Which statement is TRUE about market globalism?
a. It is about the triumph of government over markets.
b. The benefit of globalization is unpacked in material terms such as
economic growth and prosperity.
c. Globalization is brought by the political elites and capitalists from
Western Europe.
d. Globalists tend to treat freedom, free markets, free trade and
democracy as different from each other.
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UNIT TITLE: THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
TITLE OF THE LESSON: The Global Economy
DURATION: 2 hours
Introduction
This lesson will primarily discuss the concept of economic globalization, how
does it form, the elements that facilitate its formation and examine who benefits from
it and who is left out.
Objectives / Competencies
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. To define economic globalization.
2. To explain the attributes of economic globalization.
3. To articulate a stance on global economic integration.
Pre-test.
NAME:
DATE: CYS:
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14. Internationalization is a means towards globalization.
15. Sovereignty is essential for Nation but not for State.
16. There can be two or more nations within a single State.
17. All states are considered to be sovereign, and some states are more
powerful than others.
18. Interstate system is also known as international system.
19. Globalization gives way in the creation of many new states.
20. Internationalization is broader than globalization.
21. There is a global government.
22. Global governance is the formal and informal arrangements that
produce a degree of order and collective action above the state in the absence
of a global government.
23. The UN Charter serves as the Constitution of the United Nations.
24. The Secretariat is the highest deliberative organ of the UN.
25. Trusteeship Council is the UN organ responsible for
economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.
26. The International Court of Justice is the chief judicial body of the UN.
27. United Nations is the primary organization for international
cooperation, peace and security.
28. The Security Council is termed as the ―Power House‖ of the UN
and serves as its executive body.
29. The General Assembly is the administrative organ of the UN.
30. NGO is an organization composed primarily of states and established
by treaty or other government.
31. World Food Program (WFP) is the largest humanitarian agency
fighting hunger.
32. UNESCO is an organization who works for children‘s rights,
their survival, development, and protection.
33. UNICEF‘s role is to promote international cooperation in education,
science, culture, and communication and information.
34. WHO is the authority on matters of global health and works to ensure all
people are free from preventable diseases.
35. The Secretariat General is the head of UN Secretariat.
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PART 2: Form 4 #hash-tags about economic globalization. Explain each
briefly. Put your answer on the box.
Economic Globalization
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human innovation. It is distinguished by the increasing integration of economies
around the world through the movement of goods, services, and capital across
borders. These changes are all products of people, organizations, institutions, and
technologies. But this definition of IMF according to Benczes (2014) is not
substantive as it only reflects quantitative change than qualitative transformation.
Economic globalization is not only about extending and increasing economic
activities (e.g production, trade etc.) but more of creating a functional integration
among the said activities across borders.
Stiglitz (2008) believes that ''the great hope of economic globalization is that
it will help to raise the living standards all over the world by the opportunity to give
the poor countries access to foreign markets in order to sell their products; by
inviting foreign investments, in order to facilitate the emergence of new products at
lower prices; open borders that allow easy movement of people all over the world, in
order to train, to work, to build new businesses'', the author also believes that ''the
economy has led to globalization, especially by reducing communications and
transport costs, but the policy was the one that defined this process''
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Figure 2: Protectionism vs. Free Trade
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decision reportedly facilitates Apple's desire to open a physical store in the Indian
market. Thus far, the firm's iPhones have only been available through third-party
physical and online retailers.
3. Capital market flows: To define international financial integration, you have to look
at the amount of cross-border capital flows (Stiglitz, 2003). The term 'capital flows'
refers to the movement of capital (money for investment) from one country to
another as a consequence of investment flows. In this case, the money being
referred to is not the money that flows between countries to purchase each other‗s
goods and services, but rather referring to the money flowing into and out across the
the world such as stock and bond, as well as factors such as real estate and
crossborder mergers and acquisitions.
Cross-border capital flows according to Rajan (2019) are neither an
unmitigated blessing nor an undoubted curse. Meaning, if it is used wisely, they can
be beneficial to recipient countries by making up deficiencies in the availability of
long-term risk capital and reducing gaps in local corporate governance. They can
also be beneficial to sending countries, offering investment opportunities for savings
generated by aging
populations.
4. Migration (movement of labor): Migration is the movement of people from one
country to another. In economics, it is in consonant to the movement of labor.
Whether it is physicians or nurse who emigrate from Philippines to Great
Britain or seasonal farm workers emigrating from Mexico to the United States, labor
is increasingly mobile. For sending countries, the short-term economic advantage of
emigration (moving abroad) is located in remittances. Remittances are funds that
emigrants earn abroad and send back to their home countries, mainly in order to
support families left behind. According to the World Bank, remittances totaled $689
billion worldwide in 2018, with $529 billion of that money flowing into developing
nations (World Bank, 2019). Magnifying it locally, Philippines is also on the map of
those countries with higher remittances. According to World Bank‗s Report, in 2018,
Philippines ranked fourth among the top remittance-receiving countries in the world
with a total of $33.8 billion.
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Figure 3: The World‗s Top Remittance Recipients
Migration, apart from the remittance contribution, can also benefit developing
economies when migrants who acquired education and knowledge abroad return
home to establish new enterprises. Unfortunately, migration can also hurt the
economy in the process in which a country loses its most educated and talented
workers to other countries. The flight of this human capital is essential for countries‗
economic growth.
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Figure 4: The Accelerating Speed of World Trade
CYS:
DATE:
Activity: Using the graphic organizer below, consider the positive and negative
impact of economic globalization from each of the points of view below:
Developed Countries
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Positive Negative
Developing Countries
Positive Negative
Introduction
This lesson will explore the role of the different economic and financial
institutions, including global corporations, and the formation of an integrated world
economy.
Objectives / Competencies:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. To identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization.
2. To explain the role of economic and financial institutions in the creation of an
integrated global economy.
3. To identify the attributes of global corporations.
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4. To narrate a short history of global market integration in the
twentieth century.
ACTIVITY:
NAME:
DATE: CYS:
Title
What is your favourite Netflix series? Have you felt ―kilig‖ also while
watching Crash Landing on You? What made you watched it? Most of the time, apart
from the story, the actors are the reason why you got hooked in watching a series.
Just like your favourite series, economic globalization is also narrating stories with
several actors performing. These actors are making a new script for the world
economy. Generally, they are termed as international economic institutions and the
transnational corporations. Netflix, as a transnational corporation, has also a role in
economic globalization.
1. To end extreme poverty. Considering the more than 1 billion people that still
living today in deep poverty, the Bank's first goal is to end extreme poverty by
decreasing the percentage of people living with less than $1.90 a day to no
more than 3 percent by 2030.
2. Promote shared prosperity. World Bank see that rising inequality and social
exclusion seems to accompany rising prosperity in many countries. Thus, the
Bank‗s second goal is to promote shared prosperity by improving the income
of the bottom 40 percent of the population in each country (World Bank,
2013).
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The World Bank is not common bank in the standard sense of the word. Instead,
it consists of organizations that help in achieving its goals . The World Bank Group
consists of five organizations:
Original
Principal
RANK COUNTRY Amount
(in million $)
1
Peru 2,850
2
India 2,820
3
China 1,982
4
Indonesia 1,700
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5
Ukraine 1,560
6
Egypt 1,550
7 Iraq
1,550
8
Poland 1,504
9
Colombia 1,400
10 Kazakhstan 1,080
Based on data from World Bank, 2020
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was the other institution established
as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. It is an organization of 189
countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic
growth, and reduce poverty around the world (IMF, 2020). It is also regarded as the
―guardians of good conduct‖ in the area of balance of payments.
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stability and recommends appropriate policy adjustments needed to sustain
economic growth and promote financial and economic stability.
IMF's Source of fund: The IMF's primary source of fund is from the quotas paid by
its member states. The size of each quota is determined by how much each
government can pay according to the size of its economy. Hence, the quota of states
reflects their relative position in the global economy and determines the voting power
of states in IMF decisions. Multilateral and bilateral borrowing are the secondary and
tertiary line of defense in case quotas would not be sufficient.
3. World Trade Organization (WTO)
1944: At the Bretton Woods Conference, which created the World Bank and International Mon
1947: As support for another international organization wanes in the U.S. Congress, the Gene
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creates a set of rules to govern trade among 23 member countries rather than a
formal institution.
1950: Formal U.S. withdrawal from the ITO concept as the U.S. administration
abandons efforts to seek congressional ratification of the ITO.
1951–86: Periodic negotiating rounds occur, with occasional discussions of reforms
of GATT. In the 1980‗s, serious problems with dispute resolutions arise.
1986–94: The Uruguay Round, a new round of trade negotiations, is launched.
This culminates in a 1994 treaty that establishes the World Trade Organization
(WTO). 1995: The WTO is created at the end of the Uruguay Round, replacing
GATT.
"The WTO was born out of negotiations; everything the WTO does is the result of
negotiations"
Functions of WTO:
• To implement trade agreements
• To provide forum for trade negotiations
• To handle trade disputes
• To monitor national trade policies
• To provide technical assistance and training for developing countries • To
cooperate with other international organizations
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However, trade without discrimination has an exception. Specifically, the WTO
agreements allow countries to have a regional trading bloc (e .g. ASEAN Free Trade
Area (AFTA), European Union, and NAFTA) to provide special privileges for trade
among member countries within the bloc.
• free — trimming down of trade barriers to promote trades among countries through
negotiation. The barriers concerned include the tariff (or custom duties) and non-
tariff barriers such as import bans or quotas that restrict the quantities of imports
selectively.
• more beneficial for less developed countries — The WTO system is said to be
more beneficial for less developed countries by giving them more time to adjust,
greater flexibility, and special privileges.
The Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
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research and development outside the country of origin which leads to being
dependent financially on operations in two or more countries; 2) and its management
decisions are made based on regional or global alternatives.
Did you know that some of the TNCs are so rich and have so many
employees that already resemble small countries? For example, the sales of
both Microsoft and Nike are larger than the GDP of all but a few nations in the world
including part of African nations.
. Gereffi (2005) believes that contemporary globalization is equated primarily
with TNCs, the main driving forces of economic globalization of the last 100 years
and accounting for an estimate of two-thirds of world export.
The TNCs play a very vital role in the globalization process because: (a) they
are key to organizational and technological innovations and therefore to the
development of the productive forces; (b) they contribute to most flows of
international transactions as listed in section 3 above; (c) they are, so far, the only
actor that can truly plan, organize and control activities across borders; (d) they are
in a position to take full advantage of the ICTs and indeed contribute to their diffusion
and development; (e) they participate in the globalization process as active rather
than passive participants, unlike many other actors (Gillies, 2011).
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6 Berkshire Hathaway U.S.Financial 496
7
8 Tencent China Technology436
9 Alibaba Visa
China Consumer Services
431
10
U.S. Financial 389
U.S. Financial
JPMorgan Chase 366
*As of August 1, 2019.
Source: Global Finance Magazine (2019) https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/largest-companies
Table 2: Top 10 Largest Multinational Companies
Outsourcing
Park (2017) provides some benefits of outsourcing as shown in the figure below:
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Image Source: Park (2017) jeffbullas.com
Figure 3: Reasons for Outsourcing
Global Supply Chain
What is global supply chain? Supply chains are networks—consisting of
individual producers, companies, transportation, information, and more—that extract
raw materials, transform them into finished products, and deliver those products to
consumers. In other words, supply chains are the steps it takes to turn an item (like
aluminum) into a finished product (like that new iPhone in your pocket). To further
understand the process of global supply chain, let‗s read the article below entitled:
―It Takes a Village to Make Your Medicine‖ by World 101 (2019).
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Source: https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/globalization/it-takes-village-make-your-
medicine
Kitchen 2.
3.
1.
Living
room 2.
3.
1.
Bedroom 2.
3.
1.
Bathroom 2.
3.
Realization: After doing this activity, I have realized that: (integrate the lessons that
had been discussed)
1. .
2. .
3. .
UNIT TITLE: THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
LESSON TITLE: The Global Interstate System
DURATION: 2 hours
Introduction
This lesson will primarily identify the major attributes of a global interstate
system, how did the system emerge and what are the institutions that facilitate its
development. Furthermore, the lesson will also examine internationalization as a
window in viewing the globalization of politics.
Objectives / Competencies
Page |
1. Define the state and the nation.
2. Identify significant events in the development of the interstate system.
3. Explain the relationship between globalization and the nation-states.
4. Differentiate internationalization from globalization.
ACTIVITY:
NAME:
DATE: CYS:
PART 1. Activity: Word Search Game. Search for 5 words related to State. Give 1
sentence description for each found word.
According to Claudio et.al (2018), world politics today has four key attributes.
First, there are states or countries that govern themselves and are independent.
Second, these states or countries connect with each other via diplomacy. Third,
international organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), facilitate these
interactions. Fourth, beyond simply facilitating meetings between states,
international organizations also take on lives of their own. The UN, for example,
aside from being a meeting ground for presidents and other heads of states, also
has task-specific
1.
2.
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agencies like the World Health Organizations (WHO) and the International Labour
Organization (ILO).
3.
4.
5.
Lesson Proper
To trace the origin of this system, it is important to look initially, the concept of
―nation-state”. This concept is not as simple as it seems. It is the term
used to identify the modern states. It is a system of organization in which people
with a common identity live inside a country with firm borders and a single
government.
The nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms - the nation
and the state. For example, when we say ‗African Nations‗, ‗Asian Nations‗
or ‗Western nations‗, we do not mean nations but States. Similarly, the ‗United
Nations‗ is in reality an organization of nation-states. Each modern state is a Nation
State; nevertheless there exist some important distinctions between the two.
According to Paul (1996) "State" govern a territory with boundaries. It has its own
government that enforce laws, impose taxes, officials, own currencies, postal
services, police and (usually) armies etc. They claim "sovereignty" within their
territory. They wage war, negotiate treaties, put people in prison and regulate life in
thousands of ways. This is exactly how Max Weber define state, according to him
state is a ―human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the
legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
"Nations" on the contrary are groups of people claiming common bonds like
language, culture and historical identity. Benedict Anderson, termed nation as an
"imagined community." It means that the nation allows one to feel a connection with
a community of people even if he/she will never meet all of them. Example, when
you cheer for the Filipino athletes during the 2019 SEA games, it is not because you
personally know them. Rather, because you imagine your connection as both
members of Filipino community.
There can be sharp differences about the legitimacy of states and nations,
both within and outside of their territory. Nations may be "imagined communities,"
but they are not imagined in the same way by everybody.
As a whole, nation-states can count on much greater loyalty from their citizens
than states that contain many nations, and this provides them greater strength in
their international dealings.
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the international system. All states are sovereign, and some states have greater
power than the others.
Most commonly, the view of a nation-state was and is associated with the rise
of the modern system of states, often called the ―Westphalian system‖ in reference
to the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). It is a system of international relations claiming
the principle that each state has exclusive sovereign power over its territory. The
Westphalian system did not create the nation-state, but the nation-state meets the
criteria for its component states.
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France were powerful, but some such the Otooman Empire and Spain shrank in
power over the time.
A global system where the power is centered with two great countries is Bipolar. In
the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Union fell. With this, only one super country
remains, this was then labeled as Unipolar. Furthermore, others point to the
increasing economic power of some Asian and European states is labeled as
Multipolar.
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or run the risk of being left behind. Thomas Friedman, well-known advocate of
neoliberalism, came up with up with a phrase ―Golden Straitjacket‖ to describe
how states are now forced into policies that suit the preferences of investment
houses and corporate executives who swiftly move money and resources into
countries favoured as adaptable to the demands of international business and
withdraw even more rapidly from countries who are deemed uncompetitive.
Internationalization and Globalization are the two terms that most people get
confuse at due to their similar nature. Nevertheless, they are two distinctive, yet
connected concepts. According to Daly (1999), internationalization refers to the
increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties,
alliances, etc. The word ―internationalization‖ comes from Latin and
means ―between‖ or ―among‖ nations. In this process people do not relate
directly to each other as individuals but usually interact with each other as citizens of
different nations and in formal settings by means of national representatives. Nation
remains the basic unit. While globalization refers to global economic integration of
many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade
and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled migration.
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According to Glossop (2017), the difference between these two outlooks is
one of viewing the world as made up of a collection of nation-states as contrasted
with viewing it as a single planet where national boundaries are relatively
insignificant. The appropriate image for internationalism is a map of the world or a
traditional globe where the different countries appear in different colors, each one
bordered by a solid black line. The appropriate image for globalism is the photo of
Earth from space where there are no national boundaries and the unity and
solitariness of the planet in space are most evident.
Focus
Result
NAME: CYS:
DATE:
To assess your understanding of the lesson, please answer the activities below.
PART 1.Learning Activity. Differentiate Nation from State. State 3 differences.
Nation State
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Differentiate Internationalization from Globalization. State 3 differences.
Internationalization Globalization
Introduction
This lesson will examine how global governance is articulated by
intergovernmental organizations, particularly the United Nations as the most
prominent intergovernmental organization in the contemporary period.
Objectives / Competencies
ACTIVITY:
NAME:
Page |
DATE: CYS:
Draw 3 illustrations that will describe your view about United Nations.
UNITED NATIONS
Lesson Proper
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Governmental Organizations (INGOs) are generally private, voluntary organizations
whose members are individuals or a group of people. Usually, NGOs are created to
solve specific issue. Examples are: Greenpeace (environmental group), World Wild
Fund (wild animal protection group, Amnesty International (human rights group).
The goal of global governance, through the following organizations, is to
provide global public goods, particularly peace and security, justice and mediation
systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and
industry.
Among the various international organizations, the United Nations is said to
be the primary venue and formal arrangement for global governance involving states
and non-state actors. Thus, to explore global governance in the contemporary world,
we will put the spotlight on the U.N as it is today‗s most prominent international
organization.
United Nations is a most popular organization for most of us. Even during
your Kindergarten days, you already encountered this organization as part of school
activities where you dressed up with costumes representing different countries of the
world. But apart from being a school activity and wearing costumes with sash, what
did you know about United Nations? Let‗s explore further!
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945, in the
wake of the Second World War, as a way to prevent future conflicts on that
scale. The destruction caused by the Second World War compelled the people to
establish an international organization for keeping the world away from war and in
favor of friendship and cooperation among all the nations. It is currently made up of
193 Member States. It serves as the primary organization for international
cooperation, peace and security.
The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and
principles contained in its founding Charter. The UN Charter:
The Charter is the Constitution of the United Nations. It was made in October
1944 by the Dumbarton Oaks (Washington DC) Conference. It lays down the rules
which govern the organization and functions of the UN and all its organs. The
Charter has a Preamble, 19 Chapters and 111 Articles which explain the purposes,
principles, organs, and operating methods of the UN.
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Principles of the UN
The principles are the means to achieve the objectives of the UN. These are
contained in Article 2 of the UN Charter:
1. All the member states are equal.
2. The member states shall fulfill their obligations to the UN honestly.
3. The member states shall settle their international disputes by peaceful
means.
4. The member states shall refrain in their international relations from the
threat or use of force against any other state.
5. The member states shall give to the UN every assistance in any action
it takes in accordance with the UN Charter.
6. The states which are not members of the UN, should also act in
accordance with these principles for the maintenance of international peace and
security.
7. No member state shall interfere in the internal affairs of any other state.
The General Assembly is the highest deliberative organ of the UN. It is also
called the World Parliament of Nations. Each member state sends five
representatives to it but each state has only one vote. The opening day of the
session stands designated as the International Day of Peace. The UN General
Assembly holds deliberations on all issues which are related to the Charter of the
United Nations. It also approves the annual budget of the UN.
According to the UN Charter: ―Decisions on important questions, such
as those on peace and security, admission of new members, and budgetary matters,
require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly”. Decisions on other questions
are done by simple majority. Annually, the General Assembly elects a GA President
to serve a one-year term of office‖ (United Nations, 2017). The Philippines played a
prominent role in the GA‗s early years when Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was
elected GA president from 1949-1950.
The Security Council is the executive body and the most potent organ of the
UN. It is called ―the Power House‖ of the UN, it has the power to make
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legally binding resolutions. It is made up of 15 members out of whom 5 are
permanent members, each with a veto power. These are the USA, Russia, China,
France and United Kingdom. Remaining 10 are non-permanent members who are
elected by the General Assembly by a 2/3 majority for a term of two years.
The decisions of the Security Council are taken by a majority and vote but
each of its five permanent members has the right to veto its decisions. Under the
―uniting for peace resolution‖ adopted in November 1950, the UN General
Assembly can direct the Security Council to act for meeting any threat to
international peace by taking collective security action against aggression. The
Security Council is a powerful organ of the UN. It‗s headquarter is located at New
York in USA. India now wants to become a permanent member of the UN Security
Council.
Article 24 of the UN Charter states that the SC is mandated to act on behalf of
the entire UN body to fulfill its primary responsibility for maintaining international
peace and security. Functions may include investigating any situation that has the
potential of creating international tension; call for military action towards an
aggressor or threat; impose economic sanctions and other measures; determine the
existence of a breach of peace and actions to be pursued.
The Economic and Social Council has 54 members, they are elected by the
UN General Assembly for a term of three years. Its primary objective is to advance
the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. It
serves as a gateway of the UN‗s partnership with the rest of the world for the
coordination, policy review, dialogue, recommendations, and implementation of
international development goals. Thus, this Council helps the UN in solving the
economic and social problems of the world.
ECOSOC, also has the authority, along with the General Assembly, to call
international conferences and to consult with nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs). The global conferences on human rights, the environment, population, and
women‗s rights, to just name a few, have been some of the most important
contributions made by ECOSOC. These global conferences provide an important
forum for including the voices of civil society in the workings of the UN as
represented by NGOs affiliated with ECOSOC and DPI that participate sometimes
directly in the conferences or in parallel NGO forums in a way not possible in other
UN bodies. There are now some 1,500 NGOs that have consultative status with
ECOSOC and that may send observers to meetings of ECOSOC and its subsidiary
bodies. NGOs are increasingly viewed as important partners not only in representing
civil society in the formulation of policies but also in implementing policies and norm
promotion in countries around the world (Krasno, 2004).
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5, plus a number of members not administering a territory that were elected by the
General Assembly for three-year terms, the total number of which was to equal the
number of states on the Council that were administering a territory. In 1994, the last
of the territories, Palau, a Pacific island territory, gained independence and became
a member of the UN. The role of the Council was to supervise the governance of the
territories by the administering state and to receive petitions and grievances by the
inhabitants seeking redress. The Council would make an annual report to the
General Assembly on its work, thereby delegating accountability to the administering
state. In this way it was to the advantage of the administering state to rid itself of this
responsibility, and the Council put itself out of business by its success. Formally, the
Trusteeship Council still exists, but with only the P-5 as members.
It is the chief judicial body of the UN. It is also called ―the World Court.‖ It
consists of 15 judges who are elected by the General Assembly on the
recommendations of the UN Security Council; each judge of ICJ holds a tenure of 9
years. It‗s one third judges retire after three years and in their place new judges are
elected.
The International Court of Justice gives its verdict on such disputes/cases
which are brought to it by the concerned states by their mutual consent. It gives
advisory opinion on legal matters to the organs and special agencies of the UN when
solicited. It‗s headquarter is located at The Hague (Netherlands).
6. The Secretariat:
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UNICEF (UN Children‗s Fund) works for children‗s rights, their survival,
development and protection. UNICEF works to ensure all children, everywhere in the
world, enjoy the same human rights. UNICEF focuses on ensuring children have
access to education and healthcare, and making sure they are free from problems
such as child labour, abuse and neglect.
WHO is the UN‗s World Health Organization. WHO is the authority on matters of
global health and works to ensure all people are free from preventable diseases like
malaria and HIV/AIDS. WHO works to strengthen healthcare systems in every
country so that all citizens can stay healthy and live longer, happier lives.
UNESCO is the UN‗s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Its role is to
promote international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication
and information. UNESCO is working to make sure all children in the world have the
opportunity go to school. UNESCO also helps protect special cultural and natural
places around the world by giving them World Heritage status.
WFP is the UN World Food Programme – the largest humanitarian agency fighting
hunger. It feeds over 90 million people a year, saving the lives of those affected by
conflict and natural disasters.
1. The limits placed upon its various organs and programs by the need to
respect state sovereignty. The UN is not the world government, and it
functions primarily because of voluntary cooperation from states. If states
refuse to cooperate, the influence of the UN can be severely restricted.
4. The veto power of the five permanent members of the Security Council has
virtually left this powerful UN organ at the mercy of ―Big-Five‖ i.e. USA, UK,
Russia France and China. Hence, the need is to reform the UN system from
within and outside.
5. The urgent need to democratize the UN. Democracy and transparency must
characterize the Working of all the organs of the UN. The Security Council
needs to be expanded and restructured. Almost all countries now advocate
the need for an increase in the permanent and non-permanent members of
the UN Security Council.
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In order to strengthen the role of the United Nations, efforts should be made
to uphold the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. The
authority of the Security Council in maintaining international peace and security must
be preserved and role of the United Nations in development area should be
strengthened. To strengthen the role of the United Nations, it is essential to ensure
to all Member States of the United Nations the right to equal participation in
international affairs and the rights and interests of the developing countries should
be safeguarded.
To assess your understanding of the lesson, please answer the activities below.
NAME:
DATE: CYS:
.
However, after the discussion, I now think/realize that
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Post-test:
NAME:
DATE: CYS:
.
Part 1: Look at the image below and answer the succeeding questions.
.
3. If this is a perceived issue or problem, what do you think should be done to
address or solve them?
PART 2. Search for 3 criticisms over the World Bank, IMF and WTO. Then form
your own critique. Kindly cite your sources.
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Institution Criticism Source
1.
2.
World Bank
3.
My own critique:
1.
2.
International
Monetary Fund 3.
(IMF)
My own critique:
1.
2.
World Trade
Organization
(WTO) 3.
My own critique:
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Introduction:
Objectives/Competencies:
At the End of the lesson, the students are expected to:
General: Understand the concept of ―global divides‖
1. Understand the factors that cause the ―gap‖ among nations
2. Be able to give their own explanation for the presence of ―global divide‖
Pre-Test
Name:
Date: CYS:
Part 1.Based on your own understanding, differentiate between RICH and POOR
nations by giving five characteristics for each.
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9. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) issues Human
Development Reports annually to determine the development of every
country.
10. Poor countries have low life expectancy.
11. ―Global South‖ is more of a concept rather than an exact
place.
12. Having an unstable political condition
is a characteristic of countries
belonging to ―Global South‖.
13. The term ―Global South‗ refers
solely and exclusively to the
continent of Africa.
14. Third World‖ countries are nations
with low level of economic development and low standard of living.
15. ASEAN stands for Association of South East Asian Nations.
The most striking attribute of the global economy is its utmost contrast. There
are obvious manifestations that there are existing social and economic gaps
between the world‗s richest, and the world‗s poorest nations. According to the
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2014), the richest 5% of the world‗s
people receive more than 100 times the income of the poorest 5% and that the
richest 1% receives the income of the poorest half of the entire world‗s population.
Moreover, it is believed that the combined income of the 25 richest Americans
equates the income of the poorest 2 billion in the entire world.
Why is this so? How do we determine which countries are rich and which
countries are poor?
The most widely used measure in the comparative status of the socio-
economic development is presented by the UNDP by their annual series of Human
Development Reports known as the Human Development Index (HDI) which was
initiated in 1990.
The Human Development Index (HDI) aimed to rank all countries and
determine the lowest human development and the highest level of development
based on the basic indicators namely: real income, health and education (Todaro
and Smith, 2012).
Basic Indicators of Development
1. Gross National Income per capita (GNI). This refers to the total of all
goods and services produced and provided within a country‗s borders,
divided by its population. The United nation adjusted this figure to account
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for the cost of living in a country in order to create the ―purchasing power
parity‖.
BRANDT REPORT
Prior to the HDI there have been moves that created a literal and visual
division among the different countries in the world. One is the Brandt Report in the
1980‗s which was written by the Independent Commission headed by Willy Brandt
to review international development issues in the 1980‗s. The result formed the so
called Brandt Line.
BRANDT LINE
The Brandt line is a clear
graphic presentation of a North
and South division of
their economies of the
different countries which were
based on their GDP
(Gross Domestic
Product) per capita. It is a line
crossing at latitude of 30° North
passing between North
and
Central America, north of Africa
and India, but is lowered in the
southern part to include Australia
and New Zealand to appear above Source: Wikipedia 2020
the line.
The implication of the
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Brandt Line is that the countries in the Northern part of the world are extremely
wealthy while those countries appearing and lying on the southern part of the line
are considered poor. The introduction of the Brandt line initiated the use of the term
―Global North‖ and ―Global referring respectively to rich and poor
South‖
countries (Royal Geographical Society, 2020).
Reflections/Learning Insights
To check if you were able to understand the lesson, answer the following activity.
Activity
Name:
Date: CYS:
Introduction:
Reality shows that there is a great divide that exists globally. This ―global
divide‖ goes beyond the presence of rich and poor nations. There is a need to draw
the line and factors that will clearly define the division.
This lesson deals with the concept of Global North and Global South. It aims to give
the characteristics of those countries belonging to the global North and Global
South.
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Objectives/Competencies:
The report initiated by Willy Brandt resulted in the visual representation of the
north and south through the so called Brandt Line. This also gave rise to the
geographical split of the world that led to the notion that those countries lying on the
northern hemisphere adhere to industrial development while those countries on the
southern part are poverty stricken nations.
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The use of the phrase Global South symbolizes a move from a central focus
on development or cultural difference toward an emphasis on geopolitical relations
of power. North-South terminology emerged from a symbolic application of
categories to name patterns of riches, privilege, and development beyond large
regions.
The term Global South is not just to give another ―name‖ for
underdevelopment, but rather it mirrors or reflects a massive history of colonialism,
neo-imperialism, and differential economic and social change through which large
inequalities in living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are
maintained.
The term ―Third Word‖ was used during the cold war –era referring to non-
alignment or their rejection of colonialism from both the USSR and USA. The known
―Third World‖ comprises of the alliance of those countries in Africa and in Asia that
became newly independent after World War 2. In 1955, their leaders gathered in
Bandung, Indonesia and formed a movement that agreed not to meddle in the cold
war between the First world (the capitalist, industrialized and democratic countries in
the West) and the Second World (communist countries). The alliance of the
―Third World‖ countries was later on joined by countries from Latin America.
(Litonjua, 2010).
As time passes, after the fall of the Soviet Union and the
the term Third World has decreased in use. It is being replaced with terms such
as developing countries, least developed countries or the Global South. The concept
itself has become out-dated as it no longer represents the current political or
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economic state of the world.
Therefore, it is safe to conclude that ―Global South‖ and ―Third Word‖ are
simply the same; just used in different times.
Other Ways of Classifying Nations
Middle Income Countries (MICs) Between $976 and $11, 906 in 2008.
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education and literacy, crime, personal distress, careers/jobs and political
participation were all accounted for.
The G8 and G20 are coalitions of nations that address significant international
issues. It started as G7, a group of seven nations that joined together in 1975 to
resist the 1973 oil embargo by the Arabs as a protest against the intervention of the
United States and the United Kingdom during the Yom Kippur War. The Arab nations
waged war against Israel, but were unsuccessful because the United States and
United Kingdom provided Israel with weaponry and military might.
The U.S.S.R., on the other hand while they were approaching breaking up,
was responsible in providing the Arab nations with weapons, and therefore was not
invited to join the G7. The G7 was formally known as the Group of Seven
Industrialized Nations. Its members were Britain, United States, France, Canada,
Japan, Italy, and Germany. The G7 was renamed to the G8 in 1997, when Russia
was added to the original seven-country line-up. Ever since its inception, the G7 and
G8 asserted several political and economic policies that affected other countries.
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The G7 and G8 became known on the international scene as the major policy-
makers capable of promoting or disrupting political and economic stability. The latest
instalment of the G8 is called the G20, a greater coalition formed in 1999, which
includes the nations of Brazil, China, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, France,
Australia, China, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Argentina, Turkey, India, Russia,
South Africa, Mexico, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and the European
Union.
Reflections/Learning Insights
To check if you were able to understand the lesson, answer the following activity.
Activity
Name:
Date: CYS:
Example: Geographical
Theorists launchedLocation
great debates regarding the existence of global north and
Natural resources
global south. There have been attempts to discover the roots on how such inequality
and gap among nations transpired over the years.
This lesson deals with the theoretical understanding of Global North and
Global South. It aims to give the theories that served as the basis for the existence
of the global North and Global South.
Objectives/Competencies:
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Understanding the “North and South Divide” using different Theories and
Lenses.
1. Dependency Theory.
Dependency theory looks back on the patterns of colonial relations which existed
between the North and South and emphasizes how colonized territories eventually
became poor caused by those relations (Litonjua, 2012). Theorists who advocate
this idea believe that the economies of ex-colonial states remain oriented towards
serving external rather than internal demand. They are inclined in pleasing the
foreign nation even up to the extent of sacrificing their own country‗s welfare.
Dependency theory is closely related with Latin American Structuralism. It is the only
school of development economics emerging from the Global South to be affiliated
with a national research institute and to receive support from national banks and
finance ministries.
• The Structuralists defined dependency as the inability of a nation's
economy to complete the cycle of capital accumulation without reliance
on an outside economy. Specifically, peripheral nations were perceived
as primary resource exporters reliant on core economies for
manufactured goods. This led the Structuralists to advocate for import-
substitution industrialization policies which aimed to
replace manufactured imports with domestically made products.
• This is related to the advocacy of ―Buy Pinoy Products‖ which
encourages the Filipinos to support and acquire original Filipino goods
and to avoid imported products.
• Another program with the same purpose is the ―One Town, One
product‖, it is a promotional type of program by the government of
the Philippines that is centered on the furthering of the goods and
products of Filipino towns, cities, and regions. The Filipino government
also provides funding for small businesses.
2. Walt W. Rostow’s Modernization Theory.
Rostow's modernization theory, which outlined historical progress in terms of a
society's capacity to produce and consume material goods, became a key foreign
policy precept of the Kennedy administration. This pushes the idea that other nations
should emulate and follow the United States of America, with its special 'way of life',
in promoting the modernization of other countries as a way for them to catch up with
Western powers. For the countries that could not keep up with the modernization
trend remained to be poor and underdeveloped.
3. Realism
• The most criticized perspective yet most dominant and influential
Can be traced from Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes.
• Realist vision is pessimistic. It advocates that the international system
is uneven, highly conflicting and marked by power struggle. It is based
on how the human nature is characterized as being selfish and greedy.
• States prioritizes self-interest and that a nation is being judged by the
ethics of responsibility rather than the morals of its principles.
4. Liberalism
• Liberals are opposite of realists because of a more optimistic view in
international system.
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• The offer that the principle of balance and harmony is found in all
forms of social interactions.
• Reflected in Immanuel Kant‗s belief, universal and perpetual peace is
possible because states are capable of cooperation and value mutual
respect.
• Liberals assume that through trade economic interdependence,
division and war are less likely to happen.
5. Marxism
• Highlights the structures of economic power rather than patterns of
conflict and cooperation.
• Suggests inequalities in global system.
• As a state in ―Global South‖ engage in trading with the parts of
―Global North‖, this would only result to equal benefits between the
players because generally, the capitalist or industrialized countries in
Global North tend to dominate and exploit the global south.
Reflections/Learning Insights
To check if you were able to understand the lesson, answer the following activity.
Activity
Name:
Date: CYS:
After reading and understanding the roots that pushed the concept of Global
North and Global South through the lenses of the theories presented; which do you
think is the most acceptable based on your perception? Please justify your answer.
UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF REGIONS
TITLE OF LESSON: Asian Regionalism
DURATION: 2 Hours
Introduction:
Objectives/Competencies:
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4. Analyse how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization
and regionalization
1997 The ASEAN plus Three (Japan, Korea, and China) was created.
Japan, Korea and China were the major economic powers during the
time.
In the 2000s, the tide of globalization swept through East and
Southeast Asia as well as the rest of the world. The Three registered
more than 50% of their total trade as intraregional and started to
support all the countries within the region.
In order to adapt to the challenges of globalization, the proposal of
ASEAN plus Six (Japan, Korea, China, India, Australia and New
Zealand) was formed thus creating the EAST ASIAN SUMMIT.
2010 The East Asian Summit added two more members, the United States
of America and Russia which initiated a new phase in the Asian
Regionalism.
The year 2010 also marked great advances made by two economic
giants in the region namely USA and China
China started assertive maritime claims in East and South China as
well as the Bengal seas; coupled with resource exploitations in
Vietnam, Myanmar Indonesia and India.
USA initiated dialogues and military exchanges with Vietnam,
Indonesia and India which included scientific, technological and
scientific components.
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Three propositions that would help understand the ideas of Asian regionalism.
2. In terms of scope
Globalization is borderless.
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3. Globalization refers to regional concentration of economic flows as
O P P O S E D to Regionalism refers to a political process by economic policy of
cooperation and coordination among countries.
Reflections/Learning Insights
To check if you were able to understand the lesson, answer the following activity.
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Activity
Name:
Date: CYS:
Group Activity
The students will be grouped into 5 and each will be assigned with an Asian Region (North, S
Post-test:
Part 1: True or False
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Part 2.
Choose a country belonging to (1) Global North and (1) Global South and report on
the contemporary foreign and economic policies of the respective countries.
Give possible suggestions that you can help to improve the lives of those
people from the poor country.
What do you think could be the significant help that the Global North country (of
your choice) can do or offer to uplift the condition of the Global South (of your
choice)?
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UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF IDEAS
TITLE OF LESSON: Global Media Culture
DURATION: 2 Hours
Introduction:
This particular unit will open the minds of the college learners into the world
filled with changes and shifting shadows in terms of how the world evolves before
our eyes. Globalization is a powerful phenomenon that affects everyone in the globe
from the simplest to the most complicated part of the human existence
It is quite challenging to define globalization. People will not readily
understand because the term is too broad to easily comprehend what particular
meaning it wishes to convey. The term may include a lot of familiar topics such as
the global economy, international trade, international travel and communication,
immigration, and more foreign films and foods. At the same time, increase in
problems that concerns the global community, such as climate change and terrorism.
Scholars believe that globalization may be paired with other concepts, but
among all the concepts that they have thought of pairing with globalization, the
pairing of globalization and media offers a special insight.
This chapter suggests that globalization could not occur without media. The
two have partnered throughout the whole of human history.
Objectives/Competencies:
After studying this chapter, the learners are expected to do the following:
1. Analyze how media in its various forms drive different forms of global
integration.
2. Be able to explain the dynamics of local and global cultural production.
3. Articulate personal positions on various global issues.
4. Identify the ethical implications of global citizenship.
Pre-test
Name:
Date:
Part 1: Mark the statements True (T) or False (F) in the space provided.
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7. The use of the Internet will lead to conflict in democracies especially
in participation in elections.
8. Lack of computer education works to the advantage of children with lower socio-
economic status.
9. Empowerment is the easiest to solve. It is concerned with how we utilize
technology to enrich and empower ourselves.
10. The economic divide is the idea that all the people can afford to have computer
and internet access.
11. Terrorism have played an important role in bringing about and characterizing
globalization.
12. Religious nationalism is the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious
belief, dogma, or affiliation.
13. Politics becomes the sole basis of the believers‗ life.
14. Terrorism is the use of intentional violence for political or
religious purposes.
15. Liberation theology means a synthesis of Christian theology and socio- economic
analyses that emphasizes political concern for the poor and political liberation for
oppressed peoples.
Part 2: Essay
1. Using your own words, explain why globalization could not occur without
media.
2. Explain the premise: ―Extremists believe that to fulfill God‗s will it is their
duty to achieve this through violence‖
The pairing of Globalization and Media is a powerful tool that aids the
advancement of all the revolutionary changes that happened in the world for a
considerable period of time. The two seem to help each other in order to reach the
end goal of bringing the world to an advance state.
I. Evolution of Media and Cultural Globalization
The historical study of media will be more logically organized by time periods
or stages. Each stage is characterized by its dominant medium.
There are five time periods that usefully capture the study of Globalization and
media. These stages will be thoroughly discussed and will be looked at to point out
how the media of each time period contributed to the Globalization of our world.
The Five Stages of Media and Globalization:
1. Oral Communication
Although speech has been said to be often
the most overlooked medium in histories of
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Globalization yet oral communication or human speech is believed to be the
oldest and the most enduring of all media.
The medium of language has aided Globalization in general simply because
language allowed humans to cooperate. Language has kept and transmitted
vital agricultural data across time as one generation after the other carried on its
knowledge to the next, leading to the creation of villages and towns.
Oral communication became instrumental in markets, business trade, and
cross-continental transactions. The spread of religious teachings is also made
possible through oral communication.
2. Script
In other histories of media technology, the script
has not been given so much role as a tool of
transition between oral cultures and cultures of the
printing press, but the era of the script is crucial for
globalization and media.
Distance became a strain for oral communication,
but script-the very first writing- allowed humans to communicate and
share knowledge and ideas over a larger space and much longer times.
During ancient times, the writing was done at first as carvings into the wood,
clay, bronze, bones, stone, and even tortoise shells. Ancient Egypt, the very first to
discover revolutionary invention, they created the river-papyrus (from which the
English word paper eventually derived). With script on sheets of papyrus, humans
found a medium that launched Globalization. It eventually allowed the written and
permanent codification of international economic, cultural, religious, and political
practice.
3. Printing press
The printing has said to be responsible for
starting the ―information revolution‖ and
has turned the whole world upside down.
Even long before the printing press was
invented, the copying and production of written
documents were slow and cumbersome, not to
mention that it is expensive in terms of time and
money.
Revolutionary changes happened because of the invention of the printing
press, which is as follows:
• Because of the printing press, there was a continuous production,
reproduction, and circulation of reading materials.
• A written document was mass-produced that anyone can access
the information that they want to know.
• Printing has transformed markets, businesses, churches,
governments, and armies.
• Reading history books of the world allowed the exchange of culture
and traditions.
Because of the printing press, people have increasingly learned of lands and
cultures far from where they could travel. They learned about the world because
truly, the printing press helped foster globalization.
4. Electronic media
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This refers to the media that require electricity to use.
The 19th century has started a revolutionary change in the
processes of Globalization.
It all started with electronic gadgets that the new
generation knows nothing about, such as the telegraph,
conventional telephone, radio, film, and television. Although
these inventions are not so much for the generations of
today, it was a tremendous breakthrough back then and has brought them closer to
each other. The vast reach of these media continues to open up new vistas in
the economic, political, and cultural processes of Globalization.
Of all the inventions of electronic media, television was the most powerful tool
in reaching the people. People viewed pictures and stories from across the globe in
the comfort of their homes. Its far-reaching capacity to bring the world together
became so prominent that some scholars believed that television became the
defining moment in Globalization. As Marshall McLuhan proclaimed, the world has
become a ‗global village‗ largely because of television.
5. Digital Media
They are most often electronic media that rely on
digital codes – the long, arcane combinations of 0s and 1s
that represent information.
Digital media has revolutionized the daily life of people around the globe. It
became useful in different aspects of society.
In politics, the election campaign has a wider reach because the citizens
were allowed access to information from around the globe, even with information
that the government would like to keep away from other people to know.
In economics, it allows promotions of products and online shopping. That
means instantaneous, global trading 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Computers
have also changed the work in every industry and trade forever. The tasks were
streamlined, and more opportunities were opened to anyone because jobs are no
longer limited with time and place.
Media is the CARRIER of cultures. Computers have transformed cultural
life. The access to information around the globe allows people to adopt and adapt
new practices in different areas of culture such as music, sports, education, fashion,
religion, cuisine, and the like.
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of human weakness saw emerging the dark contours of the global village. He saw
media technology used not to better the world but to exploit the world in the pursuit
of property, profit, and power."
The discussion in this chapter may have been proof of everyone's worst fears.
Globalization has given us great inventions, and the quality of life in terms of
industrialization has upgraded the lives of humanity. Yet it is undeniable that as we
continue to progress in political and economic breakthroughs as one global
community, we are also building a village with large tracts of economic injustice,
political repression, and cultural conflict. Humanity itself is not free from deadly
discord between and among nations. The worst of all is the continuous degradation
of our natural resources and the destruction of the only planet where we all share as
our global village.
In his essay entitled "Understanding the Implications of a Global
Village," Dixon states an important fact that everyone must remember;
"With these changes comes responsibility, as humans, to consider the
significance of our shifting realities. If we are becoming a global village, will we
reach a consensus about how these problems should be addressed in order to
benefit everyone in our village equally? If we cannot determine appropriate cultural
boundaries in the simplest way with regards to language, economy, and basic
means of survival, it is hard to assume that we can identify as a global village at all.
Dixon, V. K. (2009)
The Global Village as shown in this
illustration has its advantages as we
progress together. Hand in hand we
will be able to reach each other quite
easily, which is the greatest
advantage of globalization.
We become one
big community
regardless of race,
nationality and
status. However,
just as we are too
close to each other
does not mean that
we are all free from
complications. It is the global responsibility that must be carried willingly by every
human being.
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1. Form a dyad, share with your partner what you think is your basic but a very
UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF IDEAS
TITLE OF LESSON: Culturalism, Multiculturalism, and Globalization
DURATION: 2 Hours
Introduction:
Objectives/Competencies:
LESSON PROPER:
Growth in the global economy also means that traveling is hardly a dream
anymore because it is easily within grasp. With so many choices and opportunities to
move around from one country to another, the transference of culture is inevitable. It
is easy to move around as English language is the usual language in the world and
the traveler will not worry about translation services.
Looking at multiculturalism in Australia, although most people from different
countries have always been from the cultures of Anglo-Saxon like Britain, Ireland,
and New Zealand, the influx of other nation included in here has made ours a truly
diversified and multicultural society. Specifically, multiculturalism is very evident in
the food industry.
Grocery stores, Super markets, delicatessens, cafes, restaurants, and
takeaway stores offer variety of foods from around the globe. The concept of 'fusion
food' has also become a product of multiculturalism.
Multicultural food has made itself into the common Australian staple diet and
has been an integral part of Australia's booming social daily life. Australians of all
cultural backgrounds tried the use of chopsticks and the al-fresco fine dining and it
was introduced by Italian immigrants. McDonald's, KFC, and Starbucks, the multi-
national corporations have brought about a fast-food culture, which means it would
hardly make a difference in which outlet in the world you go to.
Activity:
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The concept of culture has two definitions. Culture is an integrated set of
values, standard, and behaviors acquired by human beings as members of society.
As such, culture is composed of an element of identification within a given group of
people. From a sociological stance, it refers to artistic and symbolic invention,
heritage, and cultural creations. In relation to globalization, these two parts have
important implications with respect to how people express their cultural identities, in
terms of the foreseen future of cultural traditions and with cultural industries.
1. Heterogenization Scenario
2. Homogenization Scenario
In the homogenization point of view, barriers that prevent flows that would add
to making cultures look alike are invalid and global flows are strong (Ritzer, 2010). In
its extreme shape, homogenization, which is also known as coming together,
advances the possibility that local cultures can be influenced by a global culture or
other more powerful cultures (Ritzer, 2010). This perspective is reflected in several
perceptions and models, such as Global Culture, Americanization, and, more
importantly, the McDonaldization theory.
Across different states and countries around the globe, more and more people
seem to witness the same entertainment and practical programs, listen to the same
old music, consume and patronize common global brand merchandise and services,
and wear the same or similar clothing (Prasad and Prasad, 2006). These
comparable developments in cultural observance are suggestive of the emergence
of "global culture" (Robertson, 1992) or the "world culture" (Meyer, Boli, Thomas and
Ramirez, 1997) according to the supposition of the demise of the nation-state as a
main player on the global stage (Ritzer, 2010). In other terms, globalization
contributes to creating a new and identifiable class of individuals who belong to an
emergent global culture.
3. Hybridization Scenario
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The growing awareness of cultural diversity and globalization are
interdependent as awareness becomes a tool of globalization (Pieterse, 1996). With
the advent of global workforce mobility, cross-cultural communications, migration,
global trade, tourism, and global investments, awareness of cultural diversity is
inevitable and is a necessity in the present global context. In this regard,
Featherstone (1990) insists that globalization defines the space in which the world's
cultures come together while generating innovative and valuable heterogeneous
significance as well as culturally compelled global insights.
Culture
Globalization Impact
Activity:
Form a group with at least five members and answer the following:
1. In your respective group, choose one Asian country.
2. Analyze and explain the specific effects globalization had in the country‗s
culture in terms of social, political, economic, music, food, and fashion, among
others.
3. Identify the type of impact globalization had on the country‗s culture.
Reflection/analysis
Answer the questions below in a separate sheet of paper.
How has globalization affected you, your community, and your country? Is the
effect of globalization positive or negative in each? Kindly explain and share your
own experiences.
UNIT TITLE: THE WORLD OF IDEAS
TITLE OF LESSON: Digital Divide
DURATION: 2 Hours
Introduction:
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Internet has turned the world upside down. Today it is just as simple to
connect with someone on the other side of the globe as it is to converse with
someone next door. But keep in mind that many businesses tried to outsource
different needs in technology, only to find out that near-sourcing (outsourcing to
countries to which your country is physically connected) had better advantage.
This lesson will discuss the implications of globalization and digital divide.
Objectives/Competencies:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to demonstrate the following:
1. Explain the concept and meaning of globalization;
2. Describe the function of information technology in globalization;
3. Identify the problems experienced by firms in a global economy; and
4. Give the meaning of the digital divide and explain Nielsen's three stages of
the digital divide.
Digital Divide
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In Thomas Friedman's 2005 "The World Is Flat", there are three eras of
globalization that are defined :
• "Globalization 1.0″
• It occurred from 1492 until about 1800. In this era globalization was
centered on countries. It was all about how a country has how much
horsepower, wind power, and steam power and how it was deployed
creatively. The world became smaller, it shrank from "large" to medium."
• "Globalization 2.0″ has occurred in the year 1800 until 2000, it was
interrupted only by the World Wars I and II. In this era, the multinational
companies became the dynamic force driving change. The world
became even smaller, from size "medium" to size "small."
• "Globalization 3.0″ is the era where we live now. It began in the year
2000. The confluence of the different improvements in personal
computer, the emergence of the software and fiber- optic Internet
connections, has made a "flat-world platform". It is called as such for it
allows individual and small groups to go global. The world has become
even smaller from "small" to
"tiny."
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The new age of globalization permitted virtually almost all businesses to
become global. Through the accessibility to this new technological platform, the
vision of Castells in working as one unit on an international scale in real time can
become a reality. Some of the great advantages are the following:
• Ability to find expertise and labor around the globe. Instead of getting
employees from their local area, any organizations can now employ
people from the pool of global labor. This also allows any organizations
to give a lower labor cost for the similar work based on the common
wage in different nations.
• Ability to operate all 24 hours within the day. With employees in
different time frames all around the world, an particular organization can
literally operate for 24 hours straight, handing off work on projects and
work from one part of the world to the other part of the world as the
normal and usual business day ends in one place and begins in another
region. Some years ago there are three people who decided to open a
web hosting organization. They relocated strategically to three different
places in the world which were have eight hours difference, giving their
business a coverage of 24 hours while allowing each one to work during
the regular business day. As a result, their operating expenses were
minimized and the business provided 24/7 support to customers
worldwide.
• Larger and bigger market for their products. Once a product is sold
online, it is already available for purchase from a global consumer base.
Even if the products do not appeal over and beyond its own country's
borders, to be available online has made the product more visible and
saleable to consumers within that particular country.
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costs are all factors that must be thought if we want to deliver products
internationally.
As the Internet continues to make intrusion across the world, it is also creating
a great separation between those who have access and connection to this
international network and those who do not and cannot. This separation is termed as
the "digital divide" and is of significant concern.
The digital divide may occur between and among countries, regions, or even
neighborhoods in small communities. In many US cities, there are places with little or
no Internet access, but just a few miles away high-speed broadband is very
common.
The solutions to the digital divide have had mixed accomplishments over the
years. For many times providing Internet access and/or any device for computing is
not sufficient to bring genuine Internet access to a nation, region, or community.
• Economic divide. This is what others call the digital divide. The economic
divide is the notion that some individuals can afford to purchase a computer
and Internet access while other people cannot. Because of Moore's Law
(see Chapter 2), the cost of hardware has continued to become lower and,
at this point, we can now gain access to digital technologies, such as
smartphones and the like. Nielsen insists that for all intentions and
purposes, the economic divide is a point and we should not focus all of our
resources in trying to solve it.
• Usability divide. Usability is all about the fact that "technology is still so
complicated that many people cannot or did not know how to use a
computer even if they have one for free." And even for those who knows
and can use a computer, getting all the benefits of having a computer is
beyond their understanding. Included in this group of people are those who
are illiterate and senior citizens. According to him, we know how to help
these people, but we are not doing it for the reason that there is little or no
profit in doing so.
• Empowerment divide. Empowerment is the most complicated to solve. It is
concerned with how we use advance technology in order to empower
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ourselves. Few users truly comprehend the potential and power that digital
technologies can possibly give them. Nielsen explains in his article that his
and others' research has proven that very few users provide content to the
Internet, or even use advanced search, or can distinguish paid search ads
from organic search results. Many people will just limit what they can do
online through accepting the default settings or the basic of their computer
and not work to understand how they can truly be empowered.
The host of Internet World Stats, Miniwatts Marketing Group, has tried to discover
in 2018 to further clarify the definition of digital divide by acknowledging that the
division is more than just who does or does not know how to use it or those who
does or does not have access to the Internet. In addition to Nielsen's three digital
divides , this group sees the following concerns.
Introduction:
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This lesson will focus on how religion in general affects the expansion and
advancement of globalization. It is evident that religion plays a huge part in global
issues and has become a great influence in the changes that happen around the
world at any time in the history of mankind.
Objectives/Competencies:
After studying the lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate the following:
1. Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs;
2. Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and conversely,
global peace, and;
The world's religions are now intercontinental and global in nature. The
dynamism of global travel and migration, and the quick widespread of access to
modes of personal connection across massive distances has led to close interaction
and intermingling between and among peoples who once were divided definitively by
time and space, knowledge, wisdom and culture. It is so hard to find a religiously-
inspired institution that stays entirely local in nature. Most religious organizations or
institutions are now linked via internet and personally to affiliates in other domain.
Even community-based service groups have the tendency to have partners or
headquarters far removed from the point of physical contact with their clients.
While globalized religious organizations for progressive social developments
clearly have, direct influence for politics and public policy, they aim much higher and
deeper by working hard to change culture for the better.
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A. Religion goes beyond administration of sacraments among
Catholics. An example of this is the Catholic Liberation Theology.
Liberation theology (Spanish: Teología de la liberación, Portuguese: Teologia
da libertação) is a synthesis of Christian theology and socio-economic analyses, that
emphasizes "social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed
peoples." In the beginning of the 1960s after the Second Vatican Council, liberation
theology has become the political praxis of Latin American theologians such as
Gustavo Gutiérrez, Leonardo Boff, and Jesuits Juan Luis Segundo, and Jon Sobrino,
who popularized the phrase "preferential option for the poor." This expression was
used first by Jesuit Fr. General Pedro Arrupe in 1968 and soon after this the World
Synod of Catholic Bishops in 1971 chose as its theme "Justice in the World".
Theologies of liberation have emerged in other parts of the world such as
black theology in the US and South Africa, Palestinian liberation theology, Dalit
theology in India, and Minjung theology in South Korea.
B. Religion becomes the sole basis of the believers’ life. An example is the Islam
Fundamentalism which is explained further as a disputed term, overly used in the US and to
but to a lesser extent in Britain to signify any movement to allow strict observance of the
ordinance of the Qur'an and the Shari'a (Islamic Law). On the continent, as well as in Britain
and amongst many scholars of Islam and the Middle East, there is a favor on the terms such
as 'Islamism', 'Islamicism', 'Islamists', or 'Islamicists' in referring to the present activist political
trend. Islamism came out of the reform (islah) project of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
that was introduced by Jamal al Din al Afghani (1837–97), Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905),
and Rashid Rida (1865–1935). The reform envisaged was broadly explained to incorporate a
revitalization of culture, society, and religion using European science and techniques together
with the requirement of drawing on the cultural and moral tradition of early Islam, of the
forefathers (al salaf, ad 610–855). Thereafter, the resurgence of Islam and Islamic society, and
hence its defense, came to overcome this trend as the future of the Islamic world was
increasingly seen as being in the grip of European power to do with as it would.
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3. The increasing personalized individual religiosity
Individualized Religion or individualized or postmodern religion, that prioritizes
subjective situations and places ultimate authority with the person, has increased in
prevalence over the present decades. Secularization theory views individualized
religion as a secularizing phenomenon, because of its supposed inherent structural
instability. It is claimed that religious frameworks that places authority within the
individual cannot inspire dedication, create consensus or cohesion, or encourage
evangelization, and are thus rendered unable to transfer their ideas, values and
principles over time or to have significant impact on wider culture or society. Such a
view assumes that effectively functioning religion requires a top-down, hierarchical
organizational structure in which members are passive and obedient recipients of
knowledge rather than being its active and dynamic co-creators. Wanless, C. (2017).
The long overdue emphasis to religion by policy analysts and public servants
is to be encouraged. Attention, of course, is never enough; the new openness to
engaging religions and religious organization must be marked by a great leap in
understanding. The place to start is by debunking lingering stereotypes on religion
held by casual individual observers and non-specialists. That is the relatively easy
part. More pressing and complicated is the need to dismantle the traditional wisdom
about religion held by even its excellent observers but now rapidly becoming
outmoded by the current success of globalization, which is transforming the face and
heart of religion and religions, virtually all of which are now transnational in nature.
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1. Believers tend to be not so educated, superstitious, and innocent or
illiterate about modern science. The Marxist claim that "religion is the opium of
the masses"— quelling social instability with a promise of heaven for those
who postpone their hunger for justice—never was a legal guide to religious
character; today it is empirically groundless. Indeed, religious groups are
becoming ever more involved in politics: religious leaders play a vital role in
building peace and resolving conflicts; some religious organizations provide
valuable social services; and some politicians use religion to help chart the
destiny of their nations, for better or worse.
And while religious observance is growing fastest in the non-western world,
interestingly ―it is exactly the sort of upwardly mobile, educated middle classes that
Marx and Weber presumed would shed such superstitions who are driving the
explosion of faith.‖ In India, Turkey, Israel, and even China, ―modernization has
helped to create the up-and-coming bourgeoisie that [secular leaders] prayed for; but
these people are the most fervent supporters of the religious parties.‖
2. Religion is the source of most of the world's worst violence. This
stereotype holds that individuals inspired by faith are driven by what they call
"sacred rage" to demonize and kill all their enemies. Fighting a violent war in
God's name, the holy warriors are not merely entrenched; they are not rational
and inhumane. In the face of this ubiquitous danger, only the legitimate
violence of the liberal secular state can bring order and secure the common
good for all the people.
In a new book by William Cavanaugh, he offers a counter-narrative to this
traditional "myth of religious violence." He claims that the myth, gives authority a sort
of secular amnesia, making us to overlook the egregious and evil acts of violence
and war committed routinely by the modern day nation-state. The state may be
"liberal" (i.e., killing in the name of freedom and democracy) or "illiberal" (killing in the
service of sheer power), but the magnitude and scope of its violence dwarfs religious
terror—and is the source of much religious revolutionary violence. Focusing the
spotlight on religiously inspired atrocities nonetheless provided a rationale for the
state's colonial expansion and claim to a monopoly over internal violence.
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illustration, discuss among your group mates if Religion is for or against
Globalization.
Post-Test:
Name: Date:
Part 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle ONLY the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer.
1. Which of the following is a positive influence of globalization on culture?
a. It destroys some cultures but not all through the capitalism process
of "creative destruction"
b. It opens people's minds to new ideas and experiences.
c. It dramatically shifts world food consumer tastes to American fast food.
d. It encourages youths to shun traditional music in favor of Western pop
music.
2. It is a phenomenon that has also been labeled differentiation, and relates
fundamentally to hindrances that prevent flows that would help in making
cultures look alike.
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b. speaks foreign languages
c. is afraid of flying
d. travels internationally
7. It is an impact of globalization where external and internal flows interact to
create a unique cultural hybrid that encompasses the components of the two
cultures.
a. Hybridization c. heterogenenization
b. homogenization d. globalism
8. Which of the following LEAST contributes to the spread of American
popular culture?
a. American tourists
b. American restaurant chains
c. American movies, music, and TV shows
d. American consumer products
9. It is an impact of globalization where a country‗s culture interacts and is
dominated by a stronger culture.
Part 2: Identify the stages of media and globalization indicated in each image
and briefly explain the meaning of each according to how you understand
each concept.
1.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
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Part 3: Explain the following sentences according to how you understand
them. Write your answer on the blank provided after each number. (5 points
each)
3. Religious nationalists have the tendency to view their religious beliefs and
traditions as so very much tied to their country or their land that any threat to
one of these is a threat to one's existence.
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UNIT TITLE: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
TITLE OF LESSON: Global City
DURATION: 1.5 Hours
Introduction
This lesson deals with the modern-day phenomenon of global cities. Today,
more than half of the people living in the planet are city dwellers and there is no
slowing down in the growth of cities. The cities are productive engines of growth and
development. People flock to the cities for job opportunities, educational
advancement, leisure, social and cultural exposures and a host of other reasons.
There is a need to understand the roles that global cities play in the lives of
the people in the planet. Being not the ordinary urban centers, global cities serve as
hubs of global integration, be it economic, trade, financial, cultural or political.
Decisions made, deals struck and agreements forged in these global cosmopolis
have wide-ranging effects in the lives of people and in the welfare of societies.
Objectives/Competencies:
Pre-test:
Lesson Proper
1. Motivation
Now that you are in college, your mind set has shifted from learning for life
and knowledge to learning to prepare for your career and profession. Chances are
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you might be entertaining the idea of living and working abroad. You are not alone, it
is estimated that there are more than 12 million Filipinos are currently working and
living in foreign lands. Please take a moment and figure out what will be your
answer to the following questions:
Your answers reveal your aspirations in work and play; whether you will be
spending your career years domestically or overseas. Perhaps you have seen them
in movies or in satellite tv: dazzling cities of Asia, Europe and the USA. You might
have visited them already or you have heard your relatives describing them with
excitement. There are world cities with theme parks and sky scrapers, you have
megacities with bustling metropolis and wonderful sights. Then you have global
cities that stand above the rest and influence world affairs like no other cities can. In
this age of borderless economies and global work frontiers, global cities provide the
most economic opportunities for job migrants. Let‗s learn about these global cities
and find out if we can benefit from the opportunities they provide whether for work,
leisure or residence.
Lesson Proper
Page 02
Distinctions are made between world cities and global cities. World cities
were primarily formed because of history and geography, some of them were
established in Asia and European colonial centers. They started as entrepot for
essential goods attracting people and commerce, trade passed through them and
spread to wider territories.
Global cities, on the other hand, emerged from world cities in modern times
and were formed because of innovations, technology and strengthened networks of
global financial relations. Whereas both cities are players in the global environment,
global cities have become urban conglomerates and influential economic and
information hubs.
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segment of its population who find it difficult
Rich-poor divide in Johannesburg,
South to locate themselves much
Africa Photo Credit: Johnny less access the labor market
Miller/mediadrumimages.com, BBC characterized by tall
technical
requirements. This results to economic marginalization. Sociologists observed
that by the very nature of the structures of global cities, wealth and income is
channeled into the hands of the so-called global elite who run the industries. Instead
of acting as engines of economic development that promote the welfare of the
people by elevating income and enlarging the middle-class, global cities have
become instruments of disparity in income and of economic inequality. This
widening economic divide is seen in the existence of a small elite, living high-security
enclaves of gated communities, shopping and leisure centers some just a seeing
distance from urban slum dwellers.
New York, London, and Hong Kong/Shanghai, for example, have a huge
concentration of financial and business networks that create wealth and income.
They operate in an environment where they have a community of support specialist
workers that provide specialized services in such fields as finance, corporate law,
accounting, management, economics, and other key skill areas needed to run a
corporate organization operating in more than one country. This condition results in
a widening inequality between elite professionals and specialists and the larger mass
of the population that offer their labor in the conventional industrial and service
sectors.
The economic and cultural allure of living in a global city is such that people
dream and take pride in living in them. It seems that global cities are ―where the
action is‖ and as one popular song about New York says, ―if I can make it there,
I‗ll
make it everywhere‖. But, it seems the coronavirus pandemic has painted a different,
not-so-nice picture of such places as London, New York and Los Angeles. As of the
middle of August 2020, New York logged more than 236,000 cases and more than
23,600 fatalities, London recorded 35,700 cases and 6,800 deaths, Los Angeles
reported 224,000 cases with 5,300 fatalities, Tokyo has 18,200 cases and 347
deaths.
Owning to their highly globalized nature in almost every aspect of their
economy and where international travel for business or pleasure is common daily
reality, global cities are specially vulnerable to the spread of infectious diseases. Jay
Butler, Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases of the USA Center for Disease
Control said about New York comparing it to dry kindling a wildfire,
“New York City is a global destination and had the opportunity for multiple introductions of a
virus, because of the amount of travel to New York, particularly related to the increase of disease
in Europe, there were multiple sparks landing at once.”
Activity:
4. Identify the natural and human resources of the Philippines which it can
take advantage of in its bid to become more productive and respectable member of
the community of nations.
Reflection/Insights:
The phenomenon of the global city represents the accomplishments of
humanity seeking higher challenges and productivity. They showcase material
prosperity, creativity and the benefits of convergence. In the light of recent global
developments such as the COVID-19 pandemic, global cities are expected to
showcase too man‗s ingenuity and compassion for his fellow and a sensible
approach to development. This is on top of the pressing issues of inequality and
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global warming. The pandemic forced man to rethink about the very purpose and
fragility of his existence and the need to come together as a community of caring
individuals.
Introduction
This lesson deals with the study of demography on a global scale. This field
of scientific disciple which focuses mostly on population dynamics is of immense
importance to society and the nation as a whole. Through demography, our
economic planners and government policy-makers know how far the growth rate of
the economy is keeping pace with the growth rate of population. Development
planning whether on level of local government units such as towns and cities or in
the national scale should estimate the pace by which the population grows. If the
pace of development of the economy cannot keep up with the increasing rate of the
population, the government can undertake apt measures to control the growth of
population and to speed up the development of the economy.
Studies of population growth are of immense importance to society. When
population is increasing rapidly, society is faced with innumerable problems such
housing shortages and lack of basic services like water, electricity, transport,
communication, public healthcare and education. The rapidly globalizing world
marked by increasing urbanization and migration change the patterns of population
growth. In some countries with developed economies, increases in in-bound
immigration are associated with law and order problems.
Objectives/Competencies:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define demography and explain its importance;
2. Explain the Demographic Transition Model;
3. Characterize each stage of the Demographic Transition Model;
4. Explain how globalization may have contributed to the spread of
COVID- 19 particularly in urban centers.
Pre-test:
Write True if the statement is a factual reality or condition and False if it is not.
Motivation
Are you aware which generational cluster do you belong? There is a big
chance that you do, these generation labels are very popular in our daily lives from
school to social media. Currently, six generations compose our global society.
Each of these have distinct characteristics borne of the realities of their growing up
years and formative stage. Here are the birth years for each generation:
GENERATION BREAKDOWN
Traditionalists or Silent
and before Generation: Born
Lesson Proper
Global Demography
Demographic Transition
Stage 1
The condition of the world before the Industrial Revolution
where birth and death rates are high making population size
stable, disruptions such as wars and pandemics cause
occasional declines.
Stage 2
The condition in most of the least developed countries today,
this stage is marked by low death rates particularly among
children while birth rates stay high resulting in accelerated
population growth. Examples are Guatemala, Yemen and
Afghanistan.
Stage 3
True to most developing countries, this is the condition where
the birth rates are decreasing because of any or a
combination of the following factors: access to contraception,
increased participation of women in the workforce and
improving economic conditions. The population is still
increasing in a slower pace.
Stage 4
This is characterized by low birth and death rates. The
economy has attained growth and development, people are
educated and enjoy good health and jobs are available for
both men and women. This is the condition obtaining in
developed countries.
Stage 5
Demographic theorists include a possible stage 5 where
countries have an elderly population that outnumber the
youthful population. This is due to low fertility that has fallen
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below what is needed to replace the population from
generation to generation.
Fertility rate refers to the estimate of the average number of children that
would be born to a woman in a country during the course of her lifetime, assuming
she lives a full and healthy life. For a country‗s population to stay steady (minus
immigration), the fertility rate should be at 2.1, this is the rate which replaces the
parents and accounts for mortality due to unexpected causes.
Japan, which is experiencing decreasing birth rate (average lifespan is 84
years) is in the fifth state of the Demographic Transition Model. It has a negative
population increase rate. Japan‗s population growth rate is - 0.20%. The Philippines
is in Stage 2 going to Stage 3 of the DTM. Its fertility rate is decreasing, it now
stands at 2.6 live births per woman. The country‗s population grows at the rate of
1.4%, meaning an average of 1.4 million people are added to the population every
year. DTM amplified the notion that a country‗s fertility rate and economic
development are somehow intertwined. Industrialized countries such as Japan,
Switzerland, the United States and Italy have fertility rates below 2.1 forcing them to
face the stark reality that they needed to ensure that their population continues to
grow in order for them to have enough future labor force. Developing countries on
the other hand such as Tanzania, Zambia and India have high fertility rates
impacting basic health services and the delivery of other essentials needed to
maintain a decent quality of life. Their huge population is vulnerable to life-
threatening diseases. Efforts therefore to eliminate poverty are crucial to reduce the
spread of diseases and reduce mortality. It is no accident that foremost in the
Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations is the eradication of extreme
poverty by the year 2030.
Demographic Projections
In a rapidly changing global environment, understanding current and future
trends is critical for the development of effective state policy. Demographic
projections are critical information in planning government investments in such areas
as healthcare, housing, education and even retirement benefits. Changes in the
population make-up of a country are the results of the dynamics of births (projected
using fertility rates), deaths (projected using mortality rates), and migration. Figures
about migration are calculated by subtracting emigration (people moving out of the
country) from immigration (people moving into the country).
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The United Nations warned that should the global population reach 9.6 billion
in 2050, the equivalent of almost three planets could be required to provide the
natural resources needed to sustain current lifestyles.
Lastly, demographic changes and forecasts can be made but the future is still
fraught with uncertainties. The COVID – 19 pandemic proved this point succinctly.
Outbreaks and pandemics may kill millions and decimate economies inasmuch as
breakthroughs may cure diseases, and save and improve the lives of millions.
Global warming, trade wars, the growing threat of World War 3 because of
escalating tensions between the USA and China are keeping humanity on his toes in
these present times. Will humanity face a brighter future, will he learn from his
mistakes. Only time will tell.
Activity1:
Name:
Course, Major, &Year: Date:
Demographic Profiling
a. Obtain through, internet search, the demographic data about your town or
city. List the data under the following categories.
1. Population
2. Male Population
3. Female Population
4. Age Brackets
5. Livelihood
6. No. of Members of Households
7. Other relevant categories
b. Create a Profile Table of your town or city based on collected or available
data.
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c. Explain or create a demographic story of your locality using the data you
have
gathered.
Activity 2:
Name:
Course, Major,& Year: Date:
Reflection/Insights:
Name:
Course, Major, & Year: Date:
Draw an artistic or an educational poster on how to stop the spread of COVID -19 in
your locality. Write in Filipino.
UNIT TITLE: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
TITLE OF LESSON: Demographic Transition
DURATION: 2 Hours
Introduction
Separate from the lesson Demographic Transition Model which is one of the
theories that try to explain demographic transition, this module casts a wider and
deeper look on the factors surrounding the rise and falls of birth and death rates. It
presents various perspectives and scenarios of human population growth and it
impacts the economy and society as a whole.
Objectives/Competencies:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
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1. Explain the meaning of demographic transition;
2. Explain the significance and importance of demographic transition;
3. Describe possible global population scenarios generations in the future;
4. Identify and describe three theories about demographic transition.
5. Discuss possible fertility trajectories in the post-COVID – 19 pandemic
scenario.
Activity:
Write True if the statement is a factual reality or condition and False if it is not.
1. High-income countries experience high fertility rates.
2. Low fertility rates result in a high level of aging population.
3. Low-income countries experience low fertility rates.
4. The global trend is that as a country‗s economy improves, its women
generally bear more children.
5. Only the economies of less-developed countries suffered
heavy economic losses due to the COVID – 19 pandemic.
Motivation
Lesson Proper
Demographic Transition
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Towards the end of the 19th century, the world saw its population and mortality
rates changing. This was particularly observed in Europe and the United States.
Note the gap between the mortality or the death rate and the fertility rate.
Children surviving childhood well into adolescence means improved child-rearing
environments. Soon, the number of offspring the mothers bear declined. This is
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mostly attributed to improvements in the conditions of women brought about by
employment, education and rising economic well-being.
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Developing countries such as Bangladesh experienced rapid demographic
transition. In a span of a decade it recorded declining birth and death rates, Total
Fertility Rate dropped from the area of 6 to 2. These changes however happened
without the simultaneous socio-economic improvement experienced in developed
countries. Thus, emerged a condition of large population amid economic stagnation.
Several theories were formulated throughout the time to explain the dynamics
that caused
demographic
transition. 1. The
Rise in Average
Income
Researchers believe
that the onset of
industrialization
enabled people
Rush hour in New York, USA to secure better-
Photo Creator: Mario Tama
Credit: Getty Images, Time magazine paying jobs
and
consequently
experienced improved economic conditions. It was argued that the declining
fertility was an offshoot of the rise in income. The newfound economic prosperity
was such that it made parents decide against having children rather than pass up
the opportunity to earn money. It also suggested that the decline in fertility was partly
caused by families deciding that instead of investing in a large family, it
was wise to invest in the quality of education
of each of the existing children.
During this
phase, demand for
human capital steadily
rose. Human capital
11
refers to the quality of
11
Revolution
Credit: Getty Images
the skills, education, capacity and attributes of human labor which influence one‗s
productive capacity. The increasing value of the quality of manpower in the
production process encouraged parents to invest more in the education and training
of their children resulting in the decline fertility as the focus is toward quality and
quantity. The needs of
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the times demanded that parents raise quality offspring in terms of productive
capacity rather than quantity.
The improvements in healthcare and the rise in life expectancy of people of
people may have contributed to the role of the increasing demand for human capital
on the decrease in the interest of families for more number of offspring. Considering
the growing demands of industries for productive workers, it made more sense for
parents to invest in the education of their children.
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• Changing social, religious, political and ideological values.
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years with Asian and Latin Americans following almost identical trends. Africa tops
the globe with an average of four births per woman in 2020. Europe has the lowest,
hitting below one birth per woman as early as the late 1970s.
Government interference and culture play a significant rule in the birth rate
drop. China‗s one-child policy and traditional preference for boys, and India‗s
regard of boys as economic asset and girls as liability as families are pressured to
pay dowries when daughters marry resulted in wide-scale abortion of females as
soon the gender of the fetus was revealed in prenatal diagnosis. This resulted in a
major numerical deficiency of young women in the population. Twenty-six percent of
Japan‗s population is 65 years old while that of the European Union countries is
20.3%. This means a smaller workforce maintaining a higher elderly population
dependent on social security benefits.
Four billion have been added to the global population since 1950. All
indicators point to a highly divergent world in the next 50 years, with stagnation or
potential decline in parts of the developed world and continued rapid growth in the
least developed regions. Meanwhile other demographic processes are also
undergoing unprecedented change: women's fertility has dropped rapidly and life
expectancy has risen to new highs. Fertility and mortality trends have led to very
young populations in high fertility countries in the developing world and to
increasingly older populations in the developed world. Present-day societies are now
at varying stages of their demographic transitions.
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Some theorists contend that events like this in history were populations dipped
in masse were followed by upward spikes or ―baby boom‖. There is a temporary
decline in fertility and recovery in subsequent years. There is also a big chance that
families affected by the pandemic would put off having children for economic
reasons. Business closures and massive unemployment were the order of the day in
both developed and developing countries. In July 2020, more that 10 million
Americans were out of work. How the COVID-19 pandemic will affect fertility will
depend on the ways in which societies have developed and at what stage they are in
the demographic transition, from regimes characterized by high birth rates and lack
of contraception, to the ones with controlled and low fertility, the near and distant
future in the area of population aging will change the directions of their economic
growth.
As the diagram above shows, high-income countries follow different
trajectories from the middle- and low-income countries. High-income countries will
experience adverse disruptions in their lifestyles and economics including access to
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) such as in vitro fertilization to address
infertility. This will result in low fertility and the consequent drop in population size
and increase in the number of aging members of society.
The low- and middle-income families have a different post COVID -19
scenario. With economic hardships and limited or no access to contraception, fertility
will be rising for the rural low-income countries and either high or low in developing
and urban economies. These developments will either result in increases in
population size and the same condition in the ranks of the aging members of society.
Reflection/Insights:
1. When the time comes for you to have your own family, how many
children would you like to raise. Why? Explain your answer in not
less than 300 words. You can write in Filipino.
2. Why are families smaller today than in the past? Explain your
answer in not less than 250 words. You can write in Filipino.
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Aunt #2 Aunt #2
UNIT TITLE: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
TITLE OF LESSON: Global Migration
DURATION: 2 Hours
Introduction
This lesson deals with the phenomenon of global migration. It analyses the
various factors driving people to leave their homeland to live, work or seek refuge in
foreign lands. It also presents current facts and figures surrounding human migration
on a global scale. It tackles important aspects of migration such as remittances and
the trends of its flow through the years from the sending countries (usually
developed or high-income economies such as USA and the petroleum- producing
Arab states) to the receiving countries (oftentimes developing countries). Substantial
discussion was also allotted to the effects of the COVID – 19 pandemic on global
migration. It focuses on the challenges experienced today in the middle of the
pandemic and prospects of migration and globalization in a post-COVID world.
Objectives/Competencies:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Explain the meaning of global migration;
2. Discuss in his/her own words the categories of international migrants;
3. Discuss intelligently why people move;
4. Expound the downside of exporting skilled professionals;
5. Clarify the phenomenon of ―brain drain‖;
6. Elucidate the effects of the COVID – 19 pandemic on global migration.
Activity:
Write True if the statement is a factual reality or condition and False if it is not.
1. Only people from lower middle-income countries migrate externally.
2. The Philippines keeps sending its healthcare professionals
abroad because its hospitals, both public and private, have enough of them and
have no more job vacancy.
3. Some countries used the COVID – 19 pandemic to advance their anti-
immigration policies.
4. Only high-income economies need migrant labor.
5. Climate change has produced global migrants.
Lesson Proper
Page 22
A refugee family crosses the Moei River into Thailand. They carry
/introduction-human-migration/
country, some 272 million people in 2019 lived in a country where they were not
born. They comprised 3.5% of the global population and the trend is on the
upswing mode.
People move for a variety of reasons.
Most migrants would offer expansion of
employment options and income opportunities as their primary motivation in moving
to a foreign country. For others, it is to join family, to study or simply a change of
living environment. The other equally important reasons, what demographers label
as the ―push factors‖ are conflicts, persecution, terrorism, human rights violation
and lately, adverse environmental conditions such as drought, natural disasters and
effects of climate change.
For most Filipinos, migrating to other countries, whether temporarily as
overseas Filipino worker (OFW) or permanently, is a ticket to the good life. It is
estimated that that 12 million Filipinos live abroad, at any given time, there are 2.3
million OFWs scattered all over
the globe. Data from the
Philippine Overseas Employment
Administration reveal that more
that, in pre-pandemic times, about
5,000 Filipinos leave every day to
migrate overseas.
Are you one of the millions
of Filipino who fancy yourself
leaving the good life someday in a
foreign land?
Global Migration
First are the immigrants who moved permanently to another country. The
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second are the workers who stay for a fixed period of time. The third group are the
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illegal immigrants. Those who were petitioned by their families to move to the
receiving country are the fourth group while the fifth group are refugees or asylum
seekers who are at risk for persecution in their home country by reason of religion,
race, nationality or ideological affiliation
Most people say that their going and living in a foreign land is in search of the
so-called ―greener pastures‖ or simply to earn money more quickly than they can
in their home country and to upgrade their standard of living.
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There is however, a deeper interplay of factors that come into play to an
individual‗s decision to leave home and try their luck in a new country. Enni Kallio
citing the works of Neumann, K., et al and Black, R., et al, presented five drivers that
influence the volume, direction and frequency of human migration: political,
demographic, economic, social, and environmental drivers. Martin in his book, The
Global Challenge of Managing Migration, wrote that the economic and demographic
factors are the primary reasons why people move globally. The economic factor
means higher opportunity for well-paying jobs in the receiving country while
demographic factors include the size and density of population in the areas of out-
migration, and prevalence of diseases.
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International Remittances
The Filipino migrant workers have sent billions of dollars to the Philippine
economy. These remittances become household income. Whether they are the
primary means to secure the needs of the family or are used to augment existing
income, these financial resources translate to increased purchasing power that helps
keep domestic economy vibrant and the government benefiting through increased
taxes.
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Figure 3. Top Remittanc-eSending Countries to the Philippines in billion US dollar
Source: http:s//www.compareremit.com/mon-teryansfer-guide/contributio-nof-the-ofw-to-the-philippine-seconomy/
They also keep the country‗s foreign reserves or the total amount of foreign
currencies at hand at healthy levels, as of June 2020 the Philippines‗ Gross
International Reserves stood at $93.32 billion.
The inflow of foreign remittances also help keep the Philippine peso strong
against the US dollar translating to increased purchasing power for imported goods
and more comfortable position in the payment of dollar-denominated foreign debt
and obligations. The most visible benefit of foreign remittances by the OFWs,
however, is the rise in the standard of living of recipient families as they can now
secure their varied needs and wants ranging from education to housing and
healthcare. Figure 3 shows that, of all countries in the world, the United States of
America is the primary source of the Philippines‗ dollar remittances. It accounted for
$11.10 billion of the total $32.8 billion receipts in 2017. This was followed by China
at $5.36 billion, the United Arab Emirates with $4.10 billion, Saudi Arabia $3.86
billion and Germany with $2.90 billion.
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doctors, healthcare professionals, scientists, engineers, or financial professionals.
When these people leave, their places of origin are harmed in two main ways.
Expertise is lost in the profession and second, consumer spending was reduced as
professionals are often large salary earners.
What drives professionals to leave their country and start anew in a foreign
land? The social environment plays a key role. Among the reasons for the exodus
are lack of opportunities in the home country, political instability, corruption in
government agencies, economic stagnation, health risks, low wages and natural
calamities. These are the push factors. The receiving countries, on the other hand,
offers the pull factors: a better living environment, higher wages, a developed
economy, political stability, government efficiency, and social security, plus the
chance to become a permanent resident or a citizenship status. On the personal
level, the decision to migrate can also be influenced by career ambitions, influence of
people and family and personal tastes and preferences.
The Philippines has been producing nursing graduates by the thousands and
sending them overseas, now it is feeling the effect of brain drain as it reels from the
devastation of the COVID – 19 pandemic. The Private Hospitals Association of the
Philippines Inc. claimed that there is an estimated shortage of 23,000 nurses
nationwide. Meanwhile, about 150,000 Filipino nurses currently work in the U.S.
alonei. In the period between 2012 and 2016, about 26,000 licensed nurses were
produced by various nursing schools nationwide. Government data revealed that
about 18,500 nurses migrated abroad each year during the same period.
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Global Migration and the COVID – 19 Pandemic
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month bars entry to most types of foreign workers for the rest of the year, banning
most types of temporary work visas, including the coveted H-1B visa for skilled
workers.
The US closed its borders to all migrants, particularly to the ones from Latin
America – those who seasonally come to pick their fruits and vegetables, milk their
cows or tend their corn – citing the coronavirus as the reason. This is also the case
with Western Europe which banned the entry of Eastern European workers.
Thailand closed its border with Cambodia sealing off Cambodian farm laborers, so
did Costa Rica (from Nicaragua).
Global migration will most likely be constrained due to fear of COVID – 19
transmission, border restrictions and lack of transportation. How will a highly global
economy heavily reliant on the mobility of labor face highly reduced labor market?
Governments must use the crisis to ensure international cooperation on
migration. The crisis has brought heightened global attention on the sorry state of
integration of migrants including refugees in their host countries. Good integration
ensures that migrants have access to healthcare, housing and social security
services. This holds true not in only host countries with high-income developed
economies but also in developing countries. Migration between developing countries
is high particularly in Africa and Latin American countries. In Africa, intra-regional
labor migration is at 88% and mainly involves low-skilled workers. Integration
policies that protect the vulnerable migrants are definitely steps in the right direction.
Conclusion
At the beginning of the 21st century 150 million people, or 2.5 percent of the
world‗s population, lived outside their country of birth. Today that number has
ballooned to 272 million. As economies integrate into regional trade blocks and
nations continually depend on a complex network of trade and production flow, the
role of migrant labor grows. The growing scourge of poverty, political repression,
human rights abuses, ethnic conflict and civil unrest push more and more people out
of their home countries as migrants and refugees while economic opportunities,
political freedom, physical safety, improved general quality of life pull both highly
skilled and unskilled workers into developed and high-income countries. All these
ensure that human global migration will continue through time even if it is currently
interrupted by the COVID – 19 pandemic.
As global migration accelerates, there is a need for countries to craft policies
that not only protect their self-interests but also treat immigrants in the most humane
way possible for most often they add significant value to the economy of their host
countries. Bilateral agreements between countries with common interests and
border are also in order as in the case of the United States and Mexico
Countries must reach a consensus at harmonizing policies that will make
migration more orderly, safe, and manageable. International cooperation is needed
to curb human trafficking, unauthorized migration and regulate migration while
upholding the rule of law and protecting human rights. Developing countries will
continue to press for access to the labor markets of rich nations while receiving
countries will continue to balance domestic employment concerns and the need to
import expertise and services to fill in manpower gaps. In this heavily interconnected
world, global problems are best addressed when countries cooperate to advance
mutual interests and benefits.
Post-test:
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Please answer all the questions.
1. In at least 350 words answer the question: Why do people move? What
do you think are the reasons that drive people to migrate to other
countries?
2. List three people that you know who went abroad as an Overseas
Filipino Worker(OFW), create a profile for each using the format below.
In cases where data is not available, write estimates.
Name: (You can use nicknames to protect privacy but you should describe a
real person.) Age:
Address:
Civil Status when he/she was OFW:
Number of Children during OFW
years Ages of children during OFW
years Country of Work:
Duration of Stay:
Nature of Work Abroad:
Estimated Monthly Salary:
Accomplishments at Home Due to Overseas Employment: (You can make a
list)
If OFW have returned home, current occupation now.
Do you think he/she achieved his/her goals? Explain your answer
3. Write about two persons you know that have permanently migrated to other
countries. Be guided by the format below.
4. Read the following Suggested Reading, explain one of the five ways COVID –
19 is changing global migration. Write in Filipino.
UNIT TITLE: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
TITLE OF THE LESSON: Sustainable Development
DURATION: 2 hours
Introduction
Objectives/Competencies
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Explain the origin of the global economic, social, political, and cultural
systems.
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2. Understand the issues confronting the nation-state.
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3. Analyze contemporary news events in relation with the context of
globalization.
4. Describe global issues affecting Filipinos and the Philippines.
Pre-test
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d. Capitalism
8. Using Complexity Approach to Markets, markets are the most substantial,
constructional element of economies.
a. True
b. False
9. Modern capitalism based itself on the assumption of growth and
expansion wherein the more products we are able to deliver, the better
for everybody. a. True
b. False
10. What term refers to development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs?
a. Capitalism
b. Stability
c. Adaptability
d. Sustainability
11. Climate change does not affect food availability, food accessibility, food
utilization and food systems stability.
a. True
b. False
12. The food security acknowledges the problem physical and social access
to food, focusing on economic access.
a. True
b. False
13. What refers to the concept that all people, at all times, have physical,
social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that
meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy
life?
a. food security
b. food sustainability
c. food insecurity
d. food production
14. By mid-century, the world's total population is over nine billion.
a. True
b. False
15. What is considered as the main cause of food insecurity, which is in turn
linked more broadly to political security?
a. inflation
b. immigration
c. biofuel production
d. poverty
16. What refers to a type of energy derived from renewable plant and animal
materials?
a. fossil fuel
b. gasoline
c. biofuel
d. LPG
17. Which of the following factors affect global food security? Select 4 items
that apply (4 points).
a. population growth and urbanization
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b. inflation
c. immigration
d. global citizenship
e. rising incomes and changing diets
f. Industrialization
g. climate change
h. biofuel production
18. Global civil society is defined as the assemblage of groups operating
within borders.
a. True
b. False
19. The following are examples of Non-Government Organizations except
one:
a. Amnesty International
b. Greenpeace
c. Bureau of Fire Protection
d. International Labour Organization
20. Among the following options, which does not fit?
a. Red Cross: War
b. International Labour Organization: workers
c. Amnesty International: human rights
d. International Women‗s Organization: Feminism
21. Green activism is also known as ?
a. humanitarianism
b. environmental politics
c. climate change
d. feminism
22. Among the following options, which is not a subject of global concern?
a. climate change
b. human rights
c. labor issues
d. conspiracy theory
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Lesson proper/Discussion
Introduction
The first decade of the 21st century experienced extreme uncertainty and risk
because of the 2007-2008 financial crisis. The effects are felt on collapsing financial
markets, rising unemployment, deeper inequalities, a shrinking middle class,
extreme indebtedness, inability of various governments to enforce reforms,
challenges of climate change and unavailability of resources. This was predicted
many years ago Beck (1986).
Beck (1986) asserts the two main reasons for the current societal
problems are the inability of modern societies to produce enough stability and
sustainability.
Stability
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followed Keynesian formula and economists refined it developing sophisticated
models of fiscal policy and monetary policy.
Neoliberalism expanded with the free market reforms of the American
President Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom. With two
decades of successful application of the policy, the self-confidence of economists
and politicians was resolved.
Another problem came from new technologies that made the economic
process faster and less predictable. Many dangers appeared at the internet bubble
climaxing in 2000. Many reacted which led governments to adopt a lax stabilization
policy. This lax policy is driven by optimistic trust in the rationale of markets. After
years of bubbling, the markets crashed and then crisis came. Since then many
countries are trying to restore stabilization by employing expensive programmes and
implying generous monetary policy (Sebastian, 2014).
Sustainability
Sustainability considers the long term capacities of a system to exist, not its
short-term resistance to change. A well know definition of sustainability comes from
the Bruntland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
prepared for the United Nations in 1987. Sustainability is the responsible use of
resources, where the present needs are meet, without sacrificing the needs and
resources of the future generation.
According to Sebastian (2014) it is hard to discern the issue of possible
depletion of resources in economic theories, because price mechanisms in market
economies would translate scarcity into higher costs and reduced consumption of
the good. This explains why more attention was to the problem of what combination
of resources could induce growth.
Another factor contributed to the easy approach to sustainability in the past.
The capitalist system faced open-waste spaces of the globe. Capitalists were free to
expand and exploit resources. This setting created the imperialism of the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries. For a length of time the world seemed to be able to deliver
unlimited number of goods, and with it comes slavery, unlimited pollution and
violence. This illusion is over but the bias is still apparent. Even today if a rich
country wants a cleaner environment, it will shift its dirty production outside, usually
to poor countries, and enjoy unchanged patterns of consumption.
Malthus (1978) prophesied on the grim consequences of a rising population
which consumes all surplus food production and thus prevents a rise in living
standards. The solution was increased agriculture. This culminated for more than
two centuries in the Green Revolution in countries such as India and Bangladesh. In
the 19th century the issue of sustainability considered mainly social conditions in
early industrial capitalism. The German social state, the Victorian welfare state, and
Marxist movements brought their own interpretations and solutions to the Malthus
question.
Modern debate on sustainability which focused on environmental questions
came later. Hardin (1968) analyzed how public goods got exhausted by actors in a
free market economy. He argues non-regulated access to fishery will quickly lead to
empty seas and eventually lead to the collapse of the fishery industry in many
countries. While in 1972, the Club of Rome published a ground breaking study which
agrees with Hardin.
In many countries, the green parties established themselves as powerful
factors in achieving domestic policy. The rising challenges of the sustainability
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problem in terms of the environmental and resources issues were also translated
into international cooperation. Fortunately, there is the existence of conferences on
climate change and framework agreements like the Kyoto Protocol, that is focused
on the reduction of green-house gases. Yet, their effectiveness is not very promising.
For many countries see these global actions against climate change as a hindrance
in achieving their economic interest, specially developing countries like India and
China.
For many years overpopulation also occupied a problem. Nonetheless the
ageing societies in Europe, Japan and China brought slightly different arguments in
terms of sustainability of pension and health-care systems, wherein the current
programs and structures incurs huge public debt in favour of the current needs of the
older generation but at the expense of the shrinking, younger sector of society.
According to Sebastian (2014) there are three areas of economic models that
should be re-thought and redesigned. Firstly, the issue of what is an efficient market
needs a new explanation. Secondly, the fact that we must accept that there are
many different institutional ways to achieve and implement an efficient economic
systems, but it does not necessarily mean that a country‗s economic system will
have the same result to other countries. Thirdly, redesign on the programs that are
designed to achieve economic growth and economic development.
2. End of Growth
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According to Cowen (2011), the search can be speeded up by the economic
crisis and cassandric voices that our global economic system is now at the end of its
known shape. Cowen (2011) also prophesied that the world economy is moving
towards a time of a great stagnation. For example, the close-to-recession situation of
Japan in 1990 should be perceived as the new normal. There are no low hanging
fruits anymore.
Reflection/Insights:
1. Do you agree that sustainability is and will be a big challenge in the near future?
3. If you will be given a chance, how can you convince the Philippine government, it
is a good move to invest in financial and ecological sustainability? But there is
catch, it will slow down temporarily the country's GDP growth rates.
UNIT TITLE: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
TITLE OF THE LESSON: Global Food Security
DURATION: 2 hours
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Introduction
In the early twenty-first century, the world produced enough food to feed the
global population of over seven billion. Between the years 2010-2012, 870 million
people worldwide still suffer from hunger. Many devastating famines recently were
caused by lack of food access and not availability.
Objectives/Competencies
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● In certain socio-political contexts, food price spikes may also help fuel civil
unrest in the form of protests and riots, often violet in nature (Arezki and
Bruckner, 2011)
Climate Change
● Climate change affects all four dimensions of food security: food availability,
food accessibility, food utilization and food systems stability.
● Climate change impacts human health, livelihood assets, food production and
distribution, purchasing power and market flows (FAO, 2008).
● In the next four decades or so, average global temperatures will rise by 2–3°C
(Stern, 2006).
Conclusion
1. Global food security is one of the most significant issues of the 21st
century.
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2. Food security acknowledges the problem of social and physical access to
food, focusing on economic access.
3. The following transformed food into a commodity:
○ food crops as biofuel production;
○ growing land consolidation by agribusinesses;
○ financial speculation in agricultural commodities futures markets
Reflection/Insights:
1. What are the links between globalization on the one hand and the power
relations shaping global food security dynamics on the other?
3. In what ways do alternative approaches to food security differ from the official
approach, and what are their implications for policymaking?
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UNIT TITLE: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
TITLE OF THE LESSON: Global Citizenship
DURATION: 2 hours
Introduction
Objectives/Competencies
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to;
1. Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social, and
cultural systems.
2. Understand the issues confronting the nation-state.
3. Analyze contemporary news and events in the context of globalization.
4. Analyze global issues in relation to Filipinos and the Philippines.
Instruction: Look closely at the photo. Then, start describing the picture in the
greatest detail that you can. Think about the story behind this picture. Write at least
three ideas that come to mind.
SOURCE:https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-
washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/SYFTOFDKOA7LHJ6TZH3KO7BRII.jpg&w=691
Global Civil Society: Acting as Global Citizens
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● It typically refers to NGOs like the International Labour Organization
(ILO), Greenpeace, Amnesty International and other activist groups.
● According to Marx and Hegel, the market economy defines the civil
society.
● The nature of the state defines the role and nature of civil society.
● Civil society is a product of political activity.
● Big corporations and investors structure the global environment in which
states operate.
● Global civil society is also identified with social protest movements and
with organizations providing aid.
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● Consumers can put pressure or support campaigns on issues like social
justice, human rights and climate change.
● Economic boycotts are a long time practice.
● In the 1970s becoming a shareholder in major corporations was one
tactic, protesting against the corporation's policies during the annual
meeting.
● In 1999, many consumers' fears on genetically modified crops forced
establishments to change their policy as regards stocking GM foods. This
move puts Monsanto into the defensive side.
Reflection/Insights Activity
#2:
1. What is the function of Global Civil Society and how does it affect/help our
country?
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UNIT TITLE: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
TITLE OF THE LESSON: Conclusion
DURATION: 1 hour
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The Philippines has a high degree of trade integration and an important role in
international migration. It will be greatly affected by external forces. A decrease in
the remittance, outsourcing competition, and trade routes.
Policy responses to the challenges
Post-Test
Multiple choice: Circle the letter of your answer.
1. Using Complexity Approach to Markets, markets are the most substantial,
constructional element of economies.
a. True
b. False
2. What term refers to development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs? a.
Capitalism
b. Stability
c. Sustainability
d. Adaptability
3. Amended Growth sees the GDP index as an important measure of human
achievements like quality of life and sustainability.
a. True
b. False
4. His Growth Model Theory claims that food production will not be able to keep
up with growth in the human population, resulting in disease, famine, war,
and calamity.
a. John Maynard Keynes
b. Thomas Maltus
c. Adam Smith
d. Karl Marx
5. What treaty operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change by committing industrialized countries to limit and reduce
greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual
targets?
a. China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement
b. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)
c. Environmental Protol
d. Kyoto Protocol
6. Modern capitalism based itself on the assumption of growth and expansion
wherein the more products we are able to deliver, the better for everybody. a.
True
b. False
7. Who advocated for increased government expenditures and lower taxes in
order to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of the Great
Depression?
a. Thomas Maltus
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b. Adam Smith
c. John Maynard Keynes
d. Karl Marx
8. More commodities, more diversified preferences and needs of economic
actors, more suppliers and more buyers, faster communication between
them, more sophisticated, global relations between markets leads to a quick
rising levels of complexity in modern economies.
a. True
b. False
9. What term refers to firmness in position, resistance to change
and permanence?
a. Sustainability
b. Stability
c. Adaptability
d. Capitalism
10. What does the acronym IMF stand for?
a. Insider Movement Flock
b. International Money Fund
c. International Movement Flock
d. International Monetary Fund
11. What refers to the concept that all people, at all times, have physical,
social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that
meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy
life?
a. food security
b. food sustainability
c. food insecurity
d. food production
12. What is considered as the main cause of food insecurity, which is in turn
linked more broadly to political security?
a. inflation
b. immigration
c. poverty
d. biofuel production
13. By mid-century, the world's total population is set to reach over nine
billion. a. True
b. False
14. What refers to a type of energy derived from renewable plant and animal
materials?
a. fossil fuel
b. biofuel
c. gasoline
d. LPG
15. Climate change does not affect food availability, food accessibility, food
utilization and food systems stability.
a. True
b. False
16. Food security acknowledges the problem of social and physical access
to food, focusing on economic access.
a. True
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b. False
17. Which of the following are considered as factors that affect global food
security? Select 4 items that apply (4 points).
a. inflation
b. Industrialization
c. Immigration
d. global citizenship
e. population growth and urbanization
f. rising incomes and changing diets
g. climate change
h. biofuel production
18. Among the following options, which does not fit?
a. Red Cross: War
b. International Labour Organization: workers
c. Amnesty International: human rights
d. International Women‗s Organization: Feminism
19. Green activism is also known as ?
a. humanitarianism
b. climate change
c. environmental politics
d. feminism
20. Global civil society refers to the vast assemblage of groups operating
within borders.
a. True
b. False
21. Among the following options, which is not a subject of global concern? a.
climate change
b. conspiracy theory
c. labor issues
d. human rights
22. The following are examples of Non-Government Organizations except
one:
a. Amnesty International
b. Greenpeace
c. International Labour Organization
d. Bureau of Fire Protection
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FINAL REQUIREMENT:
Title: “GLO-VLOG-LIZATION”
Objectives:
1. To create a short video blog or ―vlog‖ featuring the effects of
globalization in students.
2. To identify traces of globalization base from the students‘ daily
activities and exposures.
3. To apply the lessons of globalization in examining students‘
experiences.
Instructions:
Content: Make a short video blog about how globalization affects/ influences
your everyday life (positively and negatively). You can feature your
daily activities and look for traces of globalization in them. For the
identified negative effects/influences, include ways on how you are
addressing them or give recommendations on how others can
address them as well. Give your vlog a title or name.
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Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy. Quezon City: Ateneo
de Manila University Press, pp. 1-31.
Dixon, T. (June 2020) What impacts are emerging from Covid-19 for urban futures?
The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine develops, promotes and
disseminates better evidence for healthcare. Retrieved from:
https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-impacts-are-emerging-from-covid-19-for-
urban-futures/
Lisandro Claudio STARBUCKS AND THE SHANTY ,Locating the Global South
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473906020
―The United Nations Meets the Twenty-first Century: Confronting the Challenges of
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Global Governance‖ by Thomas G. Weiss and Ramesh Thakur Hobsbawm,
Eric J. 1996.
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Yayboke, E. (March 2020), Five Ways COVID-19 Is Changing
Global Migration, United Nations International Office of
Migration, Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/five-
ways-covid-19- changing-global-migration
Glossary
Capital Market Flows - refers to the movement of capital (money for investment)
from one country to another as a consequence of investment flows.
Child Mortality Rate-The probability of a child dying before the age of five measure
for every 1,000 live births.
Crude Birth Rate – it refers to the number of resident live births for a specified
geographic area (nation, state, county, etc.) during a specified period (usually a
calendar year) divided by the total population (usually mid-year) for that area and
multiplied by 1,000.
Cultural globalization- refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values
around the world in a way that extends and intensifies social relations
Death Rate- Also referred to as mortality rate, is a measure of the number of deaths
in a specific population in a particular period of time.
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Demographic Transition Model- a scientific population trend model that offers a
rational description of how population changes in the course of time particularly in
industrialized countries of Europe and the USA with death and fertility rates as
among the foci of attention.
Digital divide- a separation between those who have access to global network and
those who have not.
Digital Media -they are most often electronic media that rely on digital codes – the
long arcane combinations of 0s and 1s that represents information
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – an organ that helps the UN in solving
the economic and social problems of the world.
Economic divide. This is what many call the digital divide. The economic divide is
the idea that some people can afford to have a computer and Internet access while
others cannot.
Electronic media- this refers to the media that requires electricity to use. The 19 th
century has started a revolutionary change in the processes of globalization.
Empowerment divide- is the most difficult to solve. It is concerned with how we use
technology to empower ourselves.
Fertility Rate- The average number of offspring of a woman in her reproductive
years in life (15 to 49 years old) measured as the number of live births per 1,000
women.
Food security- means that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and
economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food
preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life
General Assembly – it is the highest deliberative organ of the UN and also called
the World Parliament of Nations.
Globalization- the process by which more people in large distant areas become
connected in more and different ways.
Global citizen- is someone who consciously adopts this role and is committed to
social justice, diversity, sustainable economic development respecting the
environment, and to a peaceful world.
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Global City- a highly urbanized city that hosts the headquarters of corporations and
global institutions that dictate or substantially influence the global economic system.
Global Civil Society- It refers to the vast assemblage of groups operating across
borders and beyond the reach of governments
Global Demography- the statistical study of human population on a global scale. It
uses scientific methods and also employs the analytical tools of other social
sciences.
Human Capital Flight- also known as ―brain drain‖, the term refers to the mass
departure of educated and skilled people from their home country to another country,
thus depriving their country of their services and the host country acquiring their
labor.
Hybridization- external and internal flows interact to create a unique cultural hybrid
that encompasses components of the two.
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Intergovernmental Organization (IGO) - it is an organization composed primarily of
states and established by treaty or other agreement.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) – it is an
organization of the World Bank Group which lends to governments of middle-income
and creditworthy low-income countries.
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) - - it is an
organization of the World Bank Group provides international facilities for conciliation
and arbitration of investment disputes.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) - it is the chief judicial body of the UN.
International Development Association (IDA) - it is an organization of the
World Bank Group provides interest-free loans and grants to governments of the
poorest countries.
International Finance Corporation (IFC) - it is an organization of the World Bank
Group that is focus on helping the private sector.
International Monetary Fund - It is an international financial institution working to
foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international
trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce
poverty around the world.
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Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) - it is an organization of the
World Bank Group offering political risk insurance (guarantees) to investors and
lenders.
Outsourcing - is the practice of obtaining goods and services from foreign suppliers.
Periphery -less developed (Third World) countries/ incorporates lower levels of
education, lower salaries and less technology/ generates less wealth in the world
economy.
Population Density- the number of individuals living in a unit of area such as a
square kilometer.
Pull Factors of Migration- the positive reasons that attract people to move to
another country, examples are high standard of living, high wages, job opportunities
and stable government.
Push Factors of Migration- the negative reasons that drive people to leave their
home country and move to another, examples of which are conflicts, persecution,
human rights abuses and natural calamities.
Silk road- is an ancient network of trade routes that connect the east and the west.
Specialization - it is when a nation concentrates the use of its resources on
producing a limited variety of goods to gain a greater degree of efficiency.
Stability - It is defined as firmness in position, permanence, and resistance to
change, especially in a disruptive way. In other words, avoiding large swings in
economic activity, high inflation, and excessive volatility in exchange rates and
financial markets.
Usability divide. Usability is concerned with the fact that ―technology remains so
complicated that many people couldn‗t use a computer even if they got one for
free.‖
Westphalian System - it is a system of international relations claiming the principle
that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory
World Bank - is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to
the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World City-An urban center that has achieve prominence as a center of trade and
commerce and has the needed infrastructure to participate in regional and global
affairs such as transport hubs and industrial estates.
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World Polity Theory- in this perspective, state remains an important component of
world society. Societies were rapidly becoming more similar in terms of government
and policies.
World System Theory- a theory that sees globalization as the expansion of
capitalist system in the world.
World Trade Organization (WTO) – it is an international organization responsible in
managing the rules of international trade and ensures the fair and equitable
treatment of all members through negotiations and trade dispute settlements.
Answer Key
Post-test: ........................................................................................................................
1 ..........................................................................................................................................C
2 ..........................................................................................................................................C
3 ..........................................................................................................................................D
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. D
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. C
14. A
15. B
Other Activities: may vary depending on students‗ responses.
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5. FALSE
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. TRUE
10. FALSE
11. FALSE
12. TRUE
13. FALSE
14. TRUE
15. FALSE
16. TRUE
17. TRUE
18. TRUE
19. TRUE
20. FALSE
21. FALSE
22. TRUE
23. TRUE
24. FALSE
25. FALSE
1. True 9. True 26. TRUE
2. False 10.True 27. TRUE
3. True 11. True 28. TRUE
4. True 12. True 29. FALSE
5. True 13. False 30. FALSE
6. True 14. True 31. TRUE
7. True 32. FALSE
15. True
8. True 33. FALSE
34. TRUE
Post Test 35. TRUE
1. True 9. False
2. False 10.True Post-test and other
3. True 11. True Activities: Answers may vary
4. True 12. True
5. True 13. False
6. True 14. True UNIT 3: The
World of
7. False 15. True Regions
8. True
Pre-Test Part 2
PRE-TEST
Page |
Part 1:Mark the statements True (T) or False (F) in the space provided.
1. F
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. F
10. F
11. F
12. T
13. F
14. T
15. F
Part 2:Essay
1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
POST-TEST
Part 1:MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle ONLY the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer. 1. b
2. b
3. d
4. b
5. c
6. c
7. a
8. a
9. c
10. d
Part 2: Identify the stages of media and globalization indicated in each image and
briefly explain the meaning of each according to how you understand each concept.
1. Printing Press
2. Script
3. Oral Communication
4. Electronic Media
5. Digital Media
Note: Explanation after each item may vary.
Part 3: Explain the following sentences according to how you understand them. Write
your answer on the blank provided after each number. (5 points each)
1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
3. Answers may vary
Page |
Pre-test Lesson 1
Global City
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. False
Lesson 2 Global Demography
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
Lesson 3 – Demographic Transition
Activity
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
Lesson 4 Global Migration
Activity
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
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8. True
9. True
10. Sustainability
11. False
12. True
13. food security
14. True
15. poverty
16. biofuel
17. population growth and urbanization rising incomes and changing
diets climate change biofuel production (4 points)
18. True
19. Bureau of Fire Protection
20. Red Cross: War
21. environmental politics
22. conspiracy theory
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Other Activities: may vary depending on students‗ responses.
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