MODULE 1 Introduction To Process Safety Engineering

MODULE 1
DOLE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH STANDARDS
At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• Understand fundamental concepts in safety management and engineering.
• Exhibit proficiency on occupational safety and health standards.
Introduction
Safety engineering is the process of designing workplaces to prevent accidents. Safety
engineering is the key component for eliminating hazards that would otherwise be controlled
by either administrative controls or use of personal protective equipment as a barrier
between a hazard and a worker. These engineered safeguards include machine guards,
selection of less hazardous equipment, development of maintenance schedules to ensure
equipment safety, audit and inspection procedures, selection of safer tools, safety review of
new equipment, employee maintenance training, safe design of the flow of material and
people through a facility and risk analysis for both possible man-made and natural incidents.
Unit 1 History of Safety Standards
UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Discuss the importance of safety, safety management and safety engineering.
• Discuss the history of safety standards.
ENGAGE
Accidents can and do happen. Workplaces and factories which may use machinery,
chemicals, and other potentially hazardous elements, are always possible sites for accidents
which may cause injury, or even death if a comprehensive engineering safety approach is
not taken. To learn more about how a safety negligence results into, let us watch the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISNGimMXL7M .
EXPLORE
What is Safety?
Classical definition: Freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury,
occupational illness (acquired from workplaces), damage to or loss of equipment or
property, or damage to the environment.
Alternative definition: Managing complexity without going crazy and ensuring completeness
and consistency.
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How is Safety and Security Related?
"Safety" and "Security" are too often used interchangeably; as if they mean the same thing.
Safety as defined above is protection of environment from the system whereas security is
protection of the system from the environment. What system are we talking about here?
Systems that can cause death, injury, etc. In the chemical engineering purview, most systems
we encounter are process systems.
To fully understand the illustration above, imagine that security is a protection against threats
while safety is the feeling of being secured. Furthermore, security is focused on the physical
aspect while safety is on emotional aspect. For example, during a typhoon you are
protected against external threats (in this case torrential rain and strong winds) by a strong
roof, a strong tall wall or simply a concrete house---this is SECURITY. SAFETY on the other hand,
is the feeling of being secured because you are protected by your concrete house against
external threats.
Another example is a mother’s hug may make a child feel safe, but that love alone is not
enough to protect the child from the world which surrounds him.
ACCIDENTS, INJURIES, AND LOSSES
Accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, or unintended event that causes injury, loss, or

damage. The term accident often suggests that the event occurred by chance---it just
happened.
Two fundamental types of accident causes:
• unsafe acts and
• unsafe conditions.
Accidents involve either of these two causes or both. Recognizing that accidents are caused
and are not just functions of chance allows one to pursue accident prevention.
To avoid connotation of chance, a number of organizations no longer use the term accident.
Instead, they use the term incident.
A frequent error is assuming that relationships about accident events and consequences are
related. We often assume that an accident includes adverse consequences.
For example, if we hear that close friends had an accident, we immediately

ask, “Are they alright?” We assume there is an injury when we hear the word
accident. It is incorrect to assume a relationship between accident events
and consequences. Most accidents do not include injury or significant loss.
Types of Losses
Losses from incidents can take many forms:

• Injury
• Illness
• Disease
• Death
• Damage to property, Equipment, materials, and the environment
• Cost of repair or replacement
• Loss of time, production and sales.
Direct Cost vs Indirect Cost
One way of classifying costs associated with incidents is to group them into direct costs and
indirect (hidden costs).
• Direct costs are those expenses incurred because of an incident and ascribed to it.
They include medical expenses and compensation paid to an injured employee for a
time away from work and costs for repair or replacement of damaged items.
• Indirect Costs are real expenses associated with incidents, but difficult to assess for an
individual case.
The table below lists eleven categories of indirect costs, which H.W. Heinrich developed to
point managers’ attention toward prevention of accidents.
Based on his investigation in 1926, he introduced the “4:1 ratio,” which suggests that the total
cost associated with accidents is much higher than the obvious, direct expenses.
Insured vs Uninsured Costs
• It is often difficult to establish which costs are direct and which are indirect. Insurance
covers many losses. As a result, many people classify incident-related losses as insured
or uninsured.
• Insured costs are paid through insurance claims.
• Uninsured costs are paid directly from other sources.
• The distinction between insured and uninsured losses is cofounded by large
companies using self-insurance or a combination of purchased insurance and self-
insurance.
Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions
• Heinrich introduced from his study the 88:10:2 ratio.

• He analyzed 75,000 accidents and found that 88% were caused by unsafe acts, 10%
by unsafe conditions, and 2% by unpreventable causes.
• In the early half of the 20th century, many used the Heinrich data to blame employees
for incidents.
• Today, some come continue to cite the Heinrich data to emphasize the importance
of controlling employee unsafe behavior. However, effective safety programs work to
eliminate both unsafe conditions and unsafe acts.
• Also a study in 1960 by the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry found that
both unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were contributing factors in more than 98% of
the 80,000 industrial accidents analyzed.
• The lesson is that both unsafe acts and unsafe conditions do contribute to incidents.
Incident-Injury Relationship
• Heinrich said that preventive actions should focus primarily on accidents and their
causes (unsafe acts and unsafe conditions). Less attention should be placed on
effects, like injuries and their immediate causes.
• Heinrich developed the 300:29:1 ratio from a study of accident cases. (300 -- no
injuries, 29 -- minor , 1 -- major, lost-time injury). Thus, there are many opportunities to
implement preventive actions before minor or serious injuries occur.
• Bird and Germain introduced the 500:100:1 relationship relationship among property
damage accidents, minor-injury accidents, and disabling-injury accidents.
• Fletcher reported a ratio of 175:19:1 for no-injury accidents, minor-injury accidents,
and serious-injury accidents.
In conclusion, serious injuries occur less frequently than minor injuries and minor injuries occur
less frequently than no-injury incidents. Another key lesson is that even information about
those incidents that do not produce injury can be useful in formulating preventive actions.
Incident-Cost Relationship
• A concept termed, the vital few, introduced by Gordon Lembke, recognizes that costs
are unequally distributed for similar accidents.
• Significant items in a given group normally are a relatively small portion of the total.
• For a group of similar incidents resulting in injuries and direct costs (insurance claims),
only a small percentage of the injuries account for most of the total costs of the group,
and most of the injuries account for merely a small portion of the total injury cost.
OTHER TERMS
Hazard
Hazard is any source (chemical or physical condition) that has the potential for causing
damage, harm or adverse health effects to people, property, or the environment. A hazard
is an unsafe condition.
Safety
Safety is the state of being relatively free from harm, danger, injury or damage.
Safety Engineering
Safety engineering is the application of engineering priciples to the recognition and control
of hazards. It is strongly related to industrial engineering/systems engineering, and the
subset system safety engineering. Safety engineering assures that a life-critical
system behaves as needed, even when components fail.
Safety Management
Safety management is commonly understood as applying a set of principles, framework,

processes and measures to prevent accidents, injuries and other adverse consequences that
may be caused by using a service or a product.
Safety Practice
Safety practice involves the recognition (and sometime anticipation), evaluation, and
control (engineering or administrative) of hazards and risk and management of these
activities.
Risk
Risk is a measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both
the incident likelihood (probability) and magnitude of the loss or injury (consequence). In
other words, it is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody
harm.
For example, working alone away from your office can be a hazard. The
risk of personal danger may be high.
Electric cabling is a hazard. If it has snagged on a sharp object, the

exposed wiring places it in a 'high-risk' category.
INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT THEORIES
There are a number of theories about incidents and accidents which give us insight into
preventive actions.
Domino Theory (W.F. Heinrich)
An incident sequence is like a series of five dominos standing on end. One can knock others
over.
The theory places strong emphasis for incident prevention (removing/controlling contributing
factors) on the middle domino: unsafe acts or conditions
The Five Dominos in Reverse Sequence are:
• an injury caused by
• an incident, which, in turn is caused by
• unsafe acts or conditions
• caused by undesirable traits (recklessness, nervousness, violent temper, lack of
knowledge, unsafe practices) that are inherited or developed through one’s
• social environment
Multiple Factor Theories (Grose)
In multiple causation theories, incidents are deemed to be caused by many factors acting
together. The factors included in each multiple factor theory vary. In each multiple factor
theory, characteristics of the factors that may be involved in a particular incident are
identified.
Four M’s Model:

• Man refers to people
• Machine refers to any kind of equipment or vehicle
• Media includes such things as environment, roadways and weather
• Management is the human context in which the other three M’s exist and operate
Characteristics
Man Age Height Gender Skill level
Machine size Energy source Type of motion Materials of
construction
Media Thermal Water or snow Freshwater/saltwater Contaminant
conditions in on a roadway in air
building
Management Management Organization Communication policies
style structure flow
Multiple factor theories are useful in incident prevention. They help identify which
characteristics or factors are involved in a given operation or activity.
Characteristics can be analyzed to see which combinations are most likely to cause an
incident or result in losses.
Energy Theory (William Haddon)
• Many accidents and injuries involve the transfer of energy.

• Objects, events, or environments interacting with people illustrate this idea: fires,
hurricanes, projectiles, motor vehicles, various forms of radiation and other items
produce illness of various sorts.
• It suggests that quantities of energy, means of energy transfer, and rates of transfer
are related to the kind and severity of injuries.
• Sometimes the theory is called the energy release theory, because the rate of release
is important. As the amount of energy increases, countermeasure higher in the list are
more desirable.
• Haddon argues for a parallel model of preventive action (multiple actions working at
the same time).
Single Factor Theories
• Assumes that when one finds a cause, there is nothing more to find out.
• They have limited use in prevention.
• A very weak tool in the arsenal of incident prevention and safety management.
PREVENTIVE STATEGIES
Regardless of the theory and methods used, the causes of incidents are identified and
corrective actions are taken to prevent future incidents of the same type.
Different strategies are possible for this approach:
• The Reactive Approach (1) requires that at least one incident must occur to identify
preventive actions.
• The Proactive Approach (2) have the goal of keeping incidents from occurring the
first time.
(1) (2)
The strategies are based on:
Frequency
• Frequency strategies try to prevent as many incidents as possible. Therefore,

investigation, analysis, and preventive actions are directed toward incidents that
occur frequently.
• Preventive actions attempt to reduce the frequency of occurrence.
• Recognition of these related factors will help direct preventive efforts where they will
be most effective.
For example, nearly 50% of injuries occur to workers in their first year on
the job. Half of these occur in the first three months. Centering
corrective actions (such as proper training) on new employees and
their work environments should reduce incident frequency more than
would applying the effort with equal intensity to all workers.
Severity
• Another approach is directed at serious cases; those cases involving long-term

disability, long or serious illnesses, death, large numbers of people, or large property
loss.
Cost
• Another strategy is to prevent high-cost incidents. This strategy, based on the principle
of Pareto’s Law, uses cost as the basis for measuring seriousness of incident
consequences, not injury or illness itself.
Combinations
• Another strategy is to use a combination of frequency, severity, and cost.
THE THREE E’s OF SAFETY
Another concept for selecting preventive actions can be structured around the “three Es” of
safety:
• Engineering
▪ Substituting less hazardous materials

▪ Reducing the inventory of hazardous materials
▪ Modify processes
▪ Designing out hazards
▪ Incorporating fail-safe devices
▪ Using warning devices
▪ Prescribing protective equipment
• Education
▪ Training of people in safe procedures and practices

▪ Teaching people how to perform a job correctly and safely
▪ Teaching users how to use a product safely
▪ Teaching people what hazards exist in a product, process, or task
▪ Teaching how to take appropriate protective actions
▪ Training engineers about hazard recognition, hazard evaluation, compliance
with safety standards, and legal responsibilities
• Enforcement is achieving compliance with federal, state and local laws and
regulations, with consensus standards and with company rules and procedures.
• Enthusiasm (sometimes included, fourth E) refers to motivating people in an

organization to cooperate with safety program through participation and other
means. It is motivating users to follow safety practice.
Since you have already watched the video above, you pretty much have an idea now on
the importance of safety.
Why is Safety Important?
Why bother with it? There are several major reasons for safety. Our society places high value
on human life and welfare. This fact provides the first and overriding reason for safety---
humanitarianism. This is the moral basis for safety.
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Each person has a different degree of regard for others and uses different standards for right
and wrong. To minimize these differences, society formalizes standards of conduct among
people. This body of formalized standards, the law, provides a second reason for safety.
Society’s standards recognize that life and the ability to live it fully has worth. Property, too,
has worth. As part of an economic system, at times society must determine the actual value
of property, human capabilities and life itself. The third reason for safety is cost.
Safety is very important. Some of the benefits of a safe work environment include:
• Reduced the likelihood of injury & accidents - Safety reduces the chances of
accidents or injury happening.
• Improved productivity - A safe work environment with adequate safeguards

promote an employee to focus on their works instead of the danger or hazard.
Safety reduces injury thereby decreasing lost work hours. Lowered injury occurrence
brings down the demand for new staff & additional training.
• Increased financial benefits - Safety is not only about being socially responsible, but
it also makes good business sense. The safer employees work, the more productive
they are benefiting the overall financial health of the firm. A safety program will also
lead to fewer injuries and therefore fewer claims. Fewer cases translate into lower
premiums which translates to more profit for the business.
• Protects firms from legal impacts - Safety reduces the occurrence of accidents &
also brings down the overall inherent risks associated with litigation and regulatory
fines.
• Raises employee morale - A company who invests in the safety & security of the
employee shows them that the firm cares about the staff. It indicates that the
management cares about their most prized asset - the worker. Employees
automatically feel more engaged & motivated to work for a firm that cares about
them.
• Enhances company image & reputation - A safer work environment attracts better
talent & also promotes the company brand. Safety demonstrates a business is
socially responsible. Safe work environment enables a business to retain clients.
Customers are keen to work with firms that follow proper safety measures.
• Absenteeism reduced - Employees want to work in a safe environment. There are

happier employees as they want to go home safe. Absenteeism drops when
effective safety programs are in place.
BRIEF HISTORY OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Early History
• The ancient Chinese (2500 BC) spread the risk of loss by placing 1/6 of their harvest on
each of six boats travelling to the market
• Hammurabi (2000 BC), ruler of Babylon, was responsible for the Code of Hammurabi,
dealing with injuries, allowable fees for physicians, and monetary damages
• Ancient Egyptians (1500 BC) Rameses created an industrial medical service to care
for the workers: workers were required to bathe daily in the Nile; were given regular
medical examinations; sick workers were isolated
• The Romans built aqueducts, sewerage systems, public baths, latrines, and well-
ventilated houses.
• 1567 – Philippus Aureolus produced a treatise on the pulmonary diseases of miners
17th and 18th Century
• 1601 – the first English statute on “assurance” (early term for insurance) was enacted
which covered marine risks.
• 1667 – the Great Fire of London caused the first fire insurance laws to be enacted
• 1730 – Benjamin Franklin organized the first firefighting company in the US as well as
detecting lead poisoning symptoms with Dr. Alice Evans.
Industrial Revolution (1800’s)
• Introduction of steam power to replace people and animals; substitution of machines

for people; introduction of new methods for converting raw materials; organization
and specialization of work resulting in division of labor
• 1880 – the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was founded in New
York City. A17 Safety Code was founded.
• 1900’s – worker hours allow little to no time for life outside work (14-18 hr days)
• 1908 – workers’ compensation concept was first introdced in the US
• March 21, 1911. in the Asch Building in New York City, nearly 150 women and young
girls died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire because of locked fire exits and
inadequate fire extinguishing systems. A major turning point in history, this fire changed
regulation by the government and laws instituted to protect workers
• Oct. 14, 1911 – The American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) was founded,
dedicated to the development of accident prevention techniques, and in the
advancement of the safety engineering profession.
Milestones in the Safety Movement
• 1912 – the National Safety Council (NSC) was formed to discuss data on accident
prevention.
• 1918 – the American Standards Association was founded. This is now called the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
• 1952 – the Coal Mine and Safety Act (CMSA) was passed into law.
• 1966 – the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act (MNMSA)was passed
• 1969 – the Construction Safety Act (CSA) was passed
• 1970 – US Pres. Richard Nixon signed into law The Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA).
• 1972 – the Consumers Product Safety Act was signed into law
• 1976 – the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act was passed and became the
instrument by which the management of hazardous waste is regulated
• 1990 – the amendment of the Clean Air Act
• 1996 – the concept of Total Safety Management (TSM) was introduced to help safety
professionals subscribe to the Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy and/or
that pursue ISO 9000 registration.
• 2000 – US firms began to pursue ISO 14000 registration for environmental safety
management
• 2003 – workplace terrorism is an ongoing concern of safety and health professionals
• 2010 – off-the-job safety becomes an issue
Tragedies That Have Changed the Safety Movement
• Hawk’s Nest Tragedy

▪ Solidified public opinion in favour of protecting workers from the debilitating
disease silicosis.
▪ A company contracted to drill a passage through a mountain in the Hawk’s
Nest Region of West Virginia.
▪ Workers spent as much as 10 hours per day breathing dust created by drilling
and blasting.
▪ Hawk’s Nest workers began dying in as little as a year, by the time the project
was completed, hundreds had died.
▪ This tragedy & the resulting public outcry led a group of companies to form
the Air Hygiene Foundation.
▪ The US Department of Labor helped make silicosis a compensable disease in
most states.
• Asbestos Menace
▪ In 1964, Dr. Irving J. Selikoff told a conference on biological effects of asbestos

that the widely used material was killing workers.
▪ At the time of Selikoff’s findings, asbestos was one of the most widely used
material in the US.
▪ It is considered as a miracle fiber found in homes, schools, offices, factories,
ships, and even in the filters of cigarettes.
▪ Selikoff was the first to link asbestos to lung cancer and respiratory diseases.
▪ This conference changed how Americans viewed not just asbestos, but
workplace hazards in general.
▪ In the 1970s-80s, asbestos became a controlled material.
EXPLAIN
To understand fully what happened during these tragedies, please watch these video clips:
Hawk’s Nest Tragedy - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRonLlVtc9A .
The Evil Dust - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yz4H_7JFQo
To know more about safety movements/ agencies, a podcast link is provided:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46bZ_52gHtg
ELABORATE
Activity 1: Research Work #1

Graded Assignment #1
Search on two events/tragedies that changed the safety movement over the last
Century. Gather the facts and write it I your narrative. Also indicate the actions
taken that impacted and shaped safety movements in today’s society.
To be submitted in Google Classroom on:
EVALUATE
A chemical engineer will be working in different fields where it will involve some sort of safety.
As you are already preparing for that responsibility, you should already start honing your
critical thinking. Thus, for the following activity, you should be providing a holistic answer.
Case Study #1
Obtain copies of completed incident reports. Use data found in each to complete the
following:
and energy theory perspective.
four Ms.
Answers should be minimum of one-page short bond paper. Attach answers together
with the original incident report. Collect two incident reports.
To be submitted in Google Classroom on:
Unit 2 Government Regulations

• Understand different government regulations as the basis of all occupational
safety and health standards.
ENGAGE
Over the years, several changes related to safety and health in the workplace have come
about because of regulations enacted. The impetus for action was prompted by increased
pressure on legislators (by the public) to force businesses to adopt safety measures, and to
provide hazard-free workplaces.
The strong influence of governmental authority in regulating the safety and health of workers
in the workplace cannot be overlooked. One of the most important pieces of legislation that
directly affected the push for a safer and healthier workplace was the advent of workers’
compensation laws.
EXPLORE
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ON SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippine Constitution
ARTICLE II - DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates from them.
Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill
health consciousness among them.
Section 18. The State affirms labor a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights
of workers and promote their welfare.
Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of private sector, encourages
private enterprise and provides incentives to needed investments.
ARTICLE XIII - SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS LABOR
Section 3.
• The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized, and
promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
• It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining
and negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in
accordance with the law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane
condition of work, living wage. They shall also participate in policy and decision-
making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
• The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and
employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in setting disputes, including
compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.
• The State shall regulate the relation between workers and employers, recognizing the
right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to
reasonable returns on investments, and to expansion and growth.
The Philippine Labor Code
Law: P.D. 442

Title: Labor Code of the Philippines
Year Passed: 1974
Relevant Provisions: BOOK IV, Chapter 1 (Medical and Dental Services) & Chapter II
(Occupational Safety)
Implementing Agency: DOLE
Content: A consolidation of labor and social laws to afford full protection to labor, promote
employment and human resources development and ensure industrial peace based social
justice.
The DOLE is the lead agency of the government in charge in the administration and
enforcement of laws, policies, and programs on occupational safety and health.
(Presidential Decree No. 442 of the Labor Code of the Philippines)
DOLE Thrusts:
• Promotion of employment and human resources development
• Maintenance of industrial peace
• Workers’ protection and welfare
The Bureau of Working Conditions
• a staff bureau of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

• started as the Bureau of Industrial Safety (BIS) on June 10, 1949 through Republic Act
367
• BIS was changed to Division of Industrial Safety in 1950 and then became the Bureau
of Labor Standards (BLS) on December 10, 1956 by virtue of Executive Order 218
• BLS was renamed the Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) on May 1, 1982 by virtue
of Executive Order No. 797
The BWC shall primarily perform policy and program development and advisory functions for
the Department in the administration and enforcement of laws relating to labor standards.
The BWC has the following functions:
• Develops and prescribes labor standards as well as policies, programs and devices on
its administration and enforcement;
• Exercises technical and functional supervision over the regional offices on the
administration and enforcement activities including developmental programs,
projects and activities;
• Conducts researches in aid of safety standards, policy programs, measures and
devices development on labor standards and its administration and enforcement;
• Provides knowledge and information services on labor standards data, programs and
enforcement activities; and
• Performs other functions as may be required by law or assigned by the Secretary of
Labor and Employment in the administration and enforcement of labor standards.
Executive Order 307 – OSHC
Legislation: E.O 307

Enacted: November 4, 1987
Title:“ESTABLISHING AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER IN THE EMPLOYEES'
COMPENSATION COMMISSION”
attached agency of the Department of Labor and Employment.
Mission/Mandate:
• The protection of workers through the preventive approach of reducing/eliminating
occupational accidents and illnesses.
• The promotion of workers’ welfare through the effective implementation of OSH
programs that will enhance productivity and subsequently contribute to national
economic development efforts.
Functions
• Undertake continuing studies and researches on occupational safety and health
• Plan, develop and implement occupational safety and health training programs
• Serve as clearing house for occupational safety and health information, methods,
techniques, and approaches; and, institute an information dissemination mechanism.
• Monitor work environment and conduct medical examinations of workers.
• Serve as duly recognized agency for testing and setting standard specifications of
Personal Protective Equipment and other safety devices
• Assist other GO’s in policy and standards formation on occupational safety and
health matters; issue technical guidelines for prevention of occupational disease and
accidents
• Enlist assistance of GO’s and NGO’s in achieving the objectives of the Center.
OTHER IMPORTANT LEGISLATIONS
● Republic Act No. 8282 -"Social Security System Act of 1997".
▪ Is a state-run, social insurance program in the Philippines to workers in the private
sector, wage earners as well as self-employed persons.
●Republic Act No. 8291 -"Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) Act of 1997".
▪ Is a government owned and controlled corporation (GOCC) of the Philippines.
● Republic Act No. 7699 -"Limited Portability Scheme"

▪ An act instituting limited portability scheme in the social security insurance systems by
totalizing the workers’ creditable services or contributions in each of the systems.
● Republic Act No. 7875-"National Health Insurance Act of 1995"

▪ Provides a National Health Insurance Program for all Filipinos and establishes the
Philippine Health Insurance Corporation for that purpose.
▪ PHILHEALTH (Philippine Health Insurance Corporation) - to create universal health
coverage for the Philippines. It is a tax-exempt, government-owned and government-
controlled corporation (GOCC) of the Philippines, and is attached to the Department
of Health.
▪ It states its goal as insuring a sustainable national health insurance program for all.
● Republic Act No. 7742-"Pag-IBIG Fund,"

▪ The Home Development Mutual Fund (abbreviated as HDMF), more popularly known
as the Pag-IBIG Fund, is a Philippine government owned and controlled corporation
under the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council responsible for the
administration of the national savings program and affordable shelter financing for
Filipinos employed by local and foreign-based employers as well as voluntary and self-
employed members.
● Republic Act No. 8425 -"Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act"
▪ An act institutionalizing the social reform and poverty alleviation program, creating for
the purpose the national anti-poverty commission, defining its powers and functions,
and for other purposes
▪ These have introduced significant changes on the health, safety and social welfare
benefits of all workers.
EXPLAIN
To have a better understanding on government regulations, attached below is the link to a
video documentary entitled “40 Years of the Safety and Health Act of 1974”. This video will
give you an insight on government regulations regarding health and safety in workplaces.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvZHYvmWaDs
No matter the number of standards, regulations, laws and rules that are made to ensure
workers’ safety and health and no matter how experienced and motivated the
organization’s designated safety and health official is, they are powerless without strong
support from the highest levels of management.
Simply put, without a strong commitment from upper management, the safety and health
effort is doomed. On the other hand, when organizational management states that it is the
company’s objective to place “Safety First”--- even before productivity and quality--- then
the proper atmosphere is present for the safety and health official to accomplish the
intended objective.
ELABORATE AND EVALUATE
Activity 3: Research Work #2

There are many nongovernment organizations, like professional socieites, trade

associations, and others, that develop and publish standards for their field of interest.
List them down and describe what their standard is all about. Also cite a specific situation
That their standard/s became helpful in shaping the safety code of today’s society.
To be submitted on Google Classroom on:
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Unit 3 Occupational Safety and Health Standards

• Comprehend provisions of previous and existing safety and health standards in
workplaces.
• Familiarize safety practices and measures that should exist in any workplace.
ENGAGE
Since you already know the fundamental concepts in safety engineering and the
importance of safety, how can we ensure that the products/process systems we use are
safe? Any take? SAFETY STANDARDS
What are Standards?
by
interested parties for the good of the general public.
In essence, a standard is an agreed way of doing something. It could be about making a
product, managing a process, delivering a service or supplying materials – standards can
cover a huge range of activities undertaken by organizations and used by their customers.
• Standards are created because there is a need for them. (by industry, government or
international bodies)
• The need arises because something goes wrong without standards (incompatibility
etc.)
• They contain useful knowledge that is hard (or painful) to gain. The knowledge was
gained from failures in the past. As such standards are also deemed as the distilled
wisdom of people with expertise in their subject matter and who know the needs of
the organizations they represent.
• Standards are knowledge. They are powerful tools that can help drive innovation and
increase productivity.
EXPLORE
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act)
The U.S Congress created the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) to assure safe
and healthful conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards
and providing training, outreach, education, and compliance assistance.
Under the OSH Act, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace
for their workers.
Under OSHA employers MUST:
• Prominently display the official OSHA Job and Safety and Health – “It’s the Law” poster
that describes rights and responsibility under the OSH Act (see figure below)
• Inform workers about chemical hazards through training, labels, alarms, color-coded
systems, chemical information sheets and other methods.
• Provide safety training to workers in a language and vocabulary they can understand.
• Keep accurate records of work-related injuries and illnesses.
• Perform tests in the workplace, such as air sampling, required by some OSHA
standards.
• Provide required personal protective equipment (PPE) at no cost to workers
• Provide hearing exams and other medical tests required by OSHA standards.
• Post OSHA citations and injury and illness data where workers can see them.
• Notify OSHA within 8 hours of a workplace fatality within 24 hours of any work-related
inpatient hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye
• Not retaliate against workers for using their rights under the law, including their right to
report a work-related injury or illness.
Employers are not required to pay for the following items:
• non-specialty safety toe protective footwear

• prescription safety eyewear (except when special use lenses must be used inside a
respirator face piece—employers must pay for the lenses-inserts)
• lineman boots
• logging boots that are required
• everyday clothing such as long pants and long-sleeved shirts
• everyday work boots and work shoes
• dust masks/respirators that are under voluntary use provisions
• back belts
• everyday rainwear
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Workers have the right to:
• work in conditions that do not pose a risk of serious harm.

• File a confidential complaint with OSHA to have their workplace inspected.
• Receive information and training about hazards, methods to prevent harm, and the
OSHA standards that apply to their workplace.
• Receive copies of records of work-related injuries and illnesses that occur in their
workplace.
• Receive copies of the results from tests and monitoring done to find and measure
hazards in their workplace.
• Receive copies of their workplace medical records.
• Participate in an OSHA inspection and speak in private with the inspector.
• File a complaint with OSHA if they have been retaliated against by their employer as
the result of requesting an inspection or using any
OSHA Standards
Examples of OSHA standards include requirements for employers to:

• provide fall protection
• prevent trenching cave-ins
• prevent exposure to some infectious diseases
• ensure the safety of workers who enter confined spaces
• prevent exposure to harmful chemicals
• put guards on dangerous machines
• provide respirators or other safety equipment
• provide training for certain dangerous jobs in a language and vocabulary workers can
understand
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MEANWHILE IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING
The Occupational Safety and Health Standards was formulated in 1978 in compliance with
the constitutional mandate to safeguard the worker’s social and economic well-being as
well as his physical safety and health. Adopted through the tested democratic machinery of
tripartism, the 1978 Standards is considered as a landmark in Philippine labor and social
legislation.
With joint efforts from the Bureau of Working Conditions, the International Labour
Organization (ILO) Manila Office and the tripartite sectors, the revisions to the OSH Standards
were approved in August 1989. With the latest improvements in the Standards, all
establishments covered will now be provided with a better tool for promoting and
maintaining a safe and conducive working environment.
Legal Basis: Article 162, Chapter II (Safety and Health Standards):
“The Secretary of Labor shall, by appropriate orders, set and enforce the mandatory
Occupational Safety and Health Standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and
health hazards in all workplaces and institute new, and update existing programs to ensure
safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment.”
A. Rule 1001: Purpose and Scope
1. What is the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

• The OSH Standards (referred to as simply ‘Standards’) is a set of 28 (about 10 are highly
technical) mandatory rules (Administrative, Technical, and Medical) on occupational
safety and health promulgated pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of
the Philippines, PD. 442.
• Patterned after the standards of other developed countries
• The first amendment was approved on August 1989 By Sec. Ruben Torres.
2. What is the Objective of the OSH Standards?

To protect every workingman against the dangers of injury, sickness or death through
safe and healthful working conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable
manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties, consistent
with national development goals and with the State's commitment for the total development
of every worker as a complete human being.
3. What is the scope of the Standards?

The standards shall apply to all places of employment except land, sea, and air
transportation. The garages docks, port hangars, maintenance, and repair shops, however
are covered by the Standards. Safety in mines is also not covered by the standards. Safety
in transportation and mines are under other agencies of the government.
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B. Rule 1002: Definitions
Employer
▪ Includes any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer, in

relation to an employee, and shall include government-owned or controlled
corporations and institutions, as well as non-profit private institutions or organizations.
Employee
▪ shall mean any person hired, permitted or suffered to work by an employer.
Industrial enterprise
▪ shall mean any workplace, permanent or temporary, including any building or

collection of buildings, shed, structure, yard or any other place, where permanently
or temporarily one or more persons are employed in any manufacturing of goods or
products processing and any other activity similar and incidental thereto.
Agricultural enterprise
▪ shall include forestry and logging operations, farming in all its branches, and among
other things, includes cultivation and tillage of the soil, dairying, the production,
cultivation, growing and harvesting of any agricultural and horticultural commodities,
the raising of livestock and poultry, and any practice performed by a farmer on a
farm as an incident to or in conjunction with such farming operations, but does not
include the manufacturing or processing of sugar, coconut, abaca , tobacco,
pineapple or other farm products.
Dry dock
▪ shall include premises where work is performed on shore or on board ships in which
ships or vessels are constructed, repaired, refitted, finished or broken up and housed.
Health
▪ shall connote a sound state of the body and mind of the worker, which enables him
to perform his job normally, in a state of well-being.
Safe or Safety
▪ shall refer to the physical or environmental conditions of work or employment, which

substantially comply with the provisions of this Standards.
Work accident
▪ shall mean an unplanned or unexpected occurrence that may or may not result in
personal injury, property damage, work stoppage or interference or any combination
thereof, which arises out of and in the course of employment.
Work injury
▪ shall mean any injury or occupational illness suffered by a person, which arises out of
or in the course of his employment.
Occupational Illness
▪ shall mean any illness caused by environmental factors, the exposure to which is
characterized or peculiar to a particular process, trade or occupation and to which
an employee or worker is not ordinarily subjected to or exposed outside of or away
from such employment.
Recognized Hazards
▪ are those which do not require technical or testing devices to detect.
Workplace
▪ means the office, premises or work site, where the workers are habitually employed
and shall include the office or place where the workers, who have no fixed or definite
work site, regularly report for assignment in the course of their employment.
C. Rule 1003: Administration and Employment
Who enforces the OSH Standards?

• The standards are enforced by the 16 DOLE Regional Offices and their district
offices in different parts of the country .
• The BWC exercises technical supervision over enforcement of the Standards
D. Rule 1005: Duties of Employers, Workers and other Persons
Each employer covered by the provisions of the Standards shall:

• Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions that are
likely to cause death, illness or physical harm to his workers
• Give complete job safety instructions, especially to those entering the job for the
first time
• Comply with the requirements of the standards
• Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.
E. Rule 1013: Hazardous Workplaces
The following are considered "hazardous workplaces:"
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a. Where the nature of work exposes the workers to dangerous environmental
elements, contaminants or work conditions including ionizing radiation, chemicals,
fire, flammable substances, noxious components and the like;
b. Where the workers are engaged in construction work, logging, fire fighting, mining,
quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea fishing and mechanized
farming;
c. Where the workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and
other pyrotechnic products;
d. Where the workers use or are exposed to power driven or explosive powder
actuated tools;
e. Where the workers are exposed to biologic agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoas, nematodes, and other parasites.
F. Rule 1030: TRAINING OF PERSONNEL IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
a) Criteria for Training:
(1) A Bureau-prescribed course of study shall be used or followed by accredited

organizations. Any deviation from the prescribed training course must be with the
previous approval of the Bureau.
(2) Provisions for adequate training facilities for the holding of training including laboratory
facilities, library, training rooms and equipment.
(3) Training staff must be composed of persons recognized by the Bureau, duly trained by
and certified to as competent by the Bureau or accredited
Definitions:
● SAFETY OFFICER – any employee/worker trained to implement occupational safety and

health programs in the wokplace in accordance with the provisions of the standards and
shall be synonymous to the term ‘SAFETY MAN”. (can be unlicensed)
● OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH PERSONNEL – refers to physicians, Nurse, Dentist

Chemist, Engineers, Safety Office, First-Aider and other persons engaged by the employer
to provide occupational safety and health services.
● PRACTITIONER IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH – any qualified person as assessed

and duly-accredited by the Bureau to practice and render occupational safety and
health services in a defined and specific scope or core competency.
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● OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH CONSULTANT – any practitioner in occupational
safety and health or group of persons or organizations duly-accredited by the Bureau to
practice, perform and/or render consultative/advisory services on occupational safety
and health in at least two fields of specialization.
● TRAINER – a person who facilitates learning situation in one or more topics in an

occupational safety and health training.
● TRAINING ORGANIZATION – an institution accredited or authorized by law to conduct

training in a particular field on occupational safety and health .
● HIGHLY HAZARDOUS ESTABLISHMENTS – one where potential hazard within the company
may effect the safety and/or health of workers not only within but also persons outside
the premises of the workplace.
The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous
activities:
▪ Petrochemical works and refineries

▪ Chemical works and chemical production plants
▪ LPG storage and materials
▪ Large fertilizer stores
▪ Explosives factories
▪ Stores and distribution center for toxic/hazardous chemicals
At least the following number of supervisors or technical personnel shall take the required
training and shall be appointed safety man, full time or part-time depending on the number
of workers employed, and the type of workplace whether hazardous or non-hazardous
Major Fields of specialization of practitioners and consultants on occupational safety and
health:
• Occupational Health Practitioners such as Occupational Health Physician, Nurse, and

Dentist
• Occupational Hygiene Practitioner
• Occupational Safety Practitioner in the ff. industry group:
➢ food products and beverage
➢ tobacco products
➢ textiles/wearing apparel
➢ leather tanning and dressing
➢ wood and wood products
➢ paper and paper products
➢ rubber and plastic products
➢ basic metals
➢ coke, refined petroleum and other fuel products
➢ electrical machinery and apparatus
➢ radio, television and communications equipment
➢ motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
➢ recycling
➢ construction
➢ Hotels and Restaurants
Final Provision
• 1991 – False Statement or Representation

• 1992 – Separability
• 1993 – Resolution of Conflicts and Overlapping Jurisdiction
• 1994 – Repeal of Prior Safety Orders
• 1995 – Penal Provisions
• 1996 – Effectivity
Standard Colors of Signs for Safety Instructions and Warnings in Building Premises
• Red – Fire Protection (fire stations and equipment; fire extinguishing systems, fire
protection materials, etc.)
• Green – Safety (location of first aid equipment, safety bulletin boards, etc.)
• White, black, or a combination of both – traffic (such as location and width of aisle
ways and dead ends, stairways) and housekeeping marking (location of refuse cans,
drinking fountains.
• Yellow – designates caution and for marking physical hazards
• Orange – Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines
• Blue – Precaution. (example: MEN AT WORK, UNDER REPAIR)
• Purple – Radiation. To designate hazards, Yellow is used in combination with purple for
markers such as tags, labels, signs and floor markers.
In the Philippine Setting OSHA’s mission can be summarized as follows:
• Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards.

• Implement new safety and health programs and improve them further.
• Encourage research that will lead to innovative ways of dealing with workplace safety
and health.
• Establish the rights of employees and employers regarding the improvement of
workplace safety and health.
• Monitor job-related illnesses and injuries through a system of reporting and record
keeping.
• Establish training programs to increase the number of safety and health professionals
and to improve their competence continually.
• Establish mandatory workplace safety and health standards and enforce those
standards.
• Provide, monitor, analyze, and evaluate the development and approval of state-level
workplace safety and health programs.
Exemptions:
• Persons who are self-employed

• Family farms that employ only immediate family members
• Federal agencies covered by other federal statutes
• Coal mines (coal mines are regulated by mining-specific laws)
Coverage of OSHA Requirements:
• Fire protection
• Electricity
• Sanitation
• Air quality
• Machine use, maintenance, and repair
• Posting of notices and warnings
• Reporting of accidents and illnesses
• Maintaining written compliance and programs
• Employee training
List of Leading Work-related Diseases and Injuries:
1. Occupational lung disease

2. Musculoskeletal injuries
3. Occupational cancers
4. Occupational cardiovascular disease
5. Severe occupational traumatic injuries
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6. Disorders of reproduction
7. Neurotoxic disorders
8. Noise-induced hearing loss
9. Psychological disorders
EXPLAIN
To establish a more vivid picture on the development or history of OSHA, a video link is
provided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6wRRWi6i0c&list=PLxJYS1Y1Jsq9V5NTh_IGm9xr9rgZuA
vN6&index=5
ELABORATE AND EVALUATE
Activity 4: Research Work # 3

Investigate on the availability of an existing ordinance (zoning, environment etc.) within

your locality (province/town/barangay) concerning actions made to safeguard safety
and health of workers. Comment on the provisions (you may propose a better approach
but need not change the entire ordinance). Submit it together with a narrative of the
ordinance.
To be submitted in Google classroom on:
Module 1 Summative Assessment
In Module 1, you have reviewed the fundamental concepts of safety engineering and
an introduction to occupational safety and health standards To test your understanding
of this module, answer the following activity.
Fundamentals of Safety Engineering & Occupational Safety &

Health Standards
Graded Quiz #1
To be posted in Google classroom on:
References:
Brauer, R.L. (2006). Safety and Health for Engineers (2nd ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Spellman, F.R. (2016). Occupational Safety and Health Simplified for the Industrial
Workplace. London: Bernan Press

MODULE 1 Introduction To Process Safety Engineering

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MODULE 1

DOLE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH STANDARDS

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

Unit 1 History of Safety Standards

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES

ACCIDENTS, INJURIES, AND LOSSES

Accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, or unintended event that causes injury, loss, or

For example, if we hear that close friends had an accident, we immediately

Losses from incidents can take many forms:

Direct Cost vs Indirect Cost

Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions

• Heinrich introduced from his study the 88:10:2 ratio.

Safety management is commonly understood as applying a set of principles, framework,

Electric cabling is a hazard. If it has snagged on a sharp object, the

INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT THEORIES

The Five Dominos in Reverse Sequence are:

Multiple Factor Theories (Grose)

Four M’s Model:

Energy Theory (William Haddon)

• Many accidents and injuries involve the transfer of energy.

Single Factor Theories

Different strategies are possible for this approach:

The strategies are based on:

• Frequency strategies try to prevent as many incidents as possible. Therefore,

• Another approach is directed at serious cases; those cases involving long-term

• Another strategy is to use a combination of frequency, severity, and cost.

THE THREE E’s OF SAFETY

▪ Substituting less hazardous materials

▪ Training of people in safe procedures and practices

• Enthusiasm (sometimes included, fourth E) refers to motivating people in an

Why is Safety Important?

• Improved productivity - A safe work environment with adequate safeguards

• Absenteeism reduced - Employees want to work in a safe environment. There are

17th and 18th Century

Industrial Revolution (1800’s)

• Introduction of steam power to replace people and animals; substitution of machines

Tragedies That Have Changed the Safety Movement

• Hawk’s Nest Tragedy

▪ In 1964, Dr. Irving J. Selikoff told a conference on biological effects of asbestos

To know more about safety movements/ agencies, a podcast link is provided:

Activity 1: Research Work #1

To be submitted in Google Classroom on:

and energy theory perspective.

To be submitted in Google Classroom on:

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES

The Philippine Constitution

ARTICLE II - DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

ARTICLE XIII - SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS LABOR

The Philippine Labor Code

Law: P.D. 442

The Bureau of Working Conditions

• a staff bureau of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

Executive Order 307 – OSHC

Legislation: E.O 307

OTHER IMPORTANT LEGISLATIONS

● Republic Act No. 8282 -"Social Security System Act of 1997".

● Republic Act No. 7699 -"Limited Portability Scheme"

● Republic Act No. 7875-"National Health Insurance Act of 1995"

● Republic Act No. 7742-"Pag-IBIG Fund,"

ELABORATE AND EVALUATE

Activity 3: Research Work #2

There are many nongovernment organizations, like professional socieites, trade

To be submitted on Google Classroom on: