TOPIC 3

INCIDENTS
PREVENTION

SUJAIHAH BINTI RAZALI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
THE CONCEPTS OF INCIDENT

ACCIDENTS
INCIDENTS is
is an an unexpected
unexpected event that may
event that may result in property
result in What damage, but does
property is….
not result in an
damage, and injury or illness.
does result in Incidents are
an injury or also called,
"near misses,"
illness to an or "near hits."
employee.
An incident is:-
–An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events
–That occurs through a combination of causes
–Which result in:
•Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an
individual,
•Damage to property,
•A near-miss, a loss
•Any combination of these effects
An accident is:-
•Unplanned event results in mishap (personal
injury or property damage).
•Accidents are the result of the failure of
people, equipment, materials, or environment
to react as expected.
•All accidents have consequences or outcomes.
 TYPES OF INCIDENT

1. Minor accidents:
- Paper cuts finger, box of materials dropped
2. Serious accidents (cause injury or damage to
equipment or property):
- Falling off a ladder, hazardous chemical spill,
forklift dropping a load
3. Long Term:
- Hearing loss, an illness resulting from exposure to
chemicals
4. Near misses
A “Near miss is:
- An event which did not result in injury or damage to
property but had the potential to do so.
- Shares the same root causes as an accident. It is only
because of chance that no harm or damage
occurred
- Needs similar attention as an accident
 PRINCIPLE OF INCIDENT PREVENTION

1. Incident prevention is good management.

2. Management and workers must fully cooperate.
3. Top management must lead.
4. There must be an OSH policy.
5. Must have organization and resources to implement
policy.
6. Best available information (and technology) must be
applied.
 Bird’s Loss
Causation
Model Multi-
Heinrich’
causality
Domino
Accident
Theory
Model
Accident
causation
theories.
01- HEINRICH’ DOMINO THEORY

• The domino theory developed by H. W. Heinrich, a safety

engineer and pioneer in the field of industrial accident safety.
• After a study of 75,000 industrial accidents, Heinrich concluded
that:-
I. 88% of accidents result from unsafe acts of individuals
II. 10% of accidents result from dangerous physical or
mechanical conditions.
III.2% of accidents result from unknown.
02 - BIRD LOSS CAUSATION MODEL

•Loss Causation Model is a way of linking

actual loss to root causes and underlying
management system failings in a domino type
model.
•The Loss Causation Model was identified by
Bird (in the 1970’s and has been used as the
basis for a number of incident investigation
techniques.
•The model above is a simplified
reflection of the real life situation but
powerful for communication purpose: it
relates the management system to the
event and the results thereof, either good
or bad, depending on the quality of the
system.
03 - MULTI-CAUSALITY ACCIDENT MODEL

• Is an outgrowth of the domino theory, but it assume

that for a single accident there may be many
contributory factors, causes and sub-causes, and
that certain combinations of these give rise to
accidents.
• According to this theory, the contributory factors
can be grouped into the following two categories:-
 BEHAVIOURAL.
ENVIRONMENTA
This category
L. This category
includes factors
includes improper
pertaining to the
guarding of other
worker, such as
hazardous work
improper attitude,
elements and
lack of knowledge,
degradation of
lack of skills and
equipment through
inadequate physical
use and unsafe
and mental
procedures.
condition.
• The major contribution of this theory is to bring out
the fact that rarely, if ever, is an accident the result
of a single cause or act.
• May be more than one cause, not only in sequence,
but occurring at the same time
• In accident investigation all causes must be
identified
• Usually simple accidents have a single cause
.Major disasters normally have multiple causes
 THE INCIDENTS PREVENTION COST

1. Design Cost
•Cost that are used to develop prevention
equipment for accident/incident in workplace.
•Example :
a. install machine guard
b. Warning Sign
2. Operational Cost
•Cost that are used to aware workers on Safety
and health in workplace
•Example:
a. OSH training Cost
b. PPE Cost
3. Safe Guarding of the future Cost
•Cost that are used to make sure safety in
workplace
•Example:
a. health surveillance,
b. audits
 THE ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM

1. Management Commitment in accident Prevention

• Employer, plant manager must willing to take
responsibility for OSH as an integral part of their job
• They must establish OSH policies, stimulate awareness
on safety and health, and cooperate in making work
conditions safe and healthful.
• Department must assume leadership and authority to
execute safety and health program and activities
CONTINUE…

• Commitment management and manager:

- Must accept full responsibility and understand act
related to OSH
- Aware and proactive to the OSH problem of the
worker
- Must provide the resources, the support and show
interest and develop high standard of working safely
at the workplace
CONTINUE…
- Develop safety policy, safety plans and safety
objectives for their organization and comply to OSH act
and regulation.
- Employ a competent person to coordinate the safety
and health program.
- Must instill and educate, monitor safe working
practices through a well structured safety
management organization chart with defined roles and
duties for all level employee.
2. Accident Prevention Planning
• Must carry out the basic activity which are required by
OSH Act,514 :
- Safety inspection and safety audit at workplace
- Administering OSH and environmental matter by
identified department
- Establishing OSH policy and management objectives
including environmental policy and objectives
 - Organizing OSH promotions and environmental
awareness programs
- Provide OSH documentation and information
- Provide training and awareness program
- Establishing housekeeping principle and program
- Implementing PPE program
- Proper chemical handling procedure and MSDS
program
Training means helping people
to learn how to do something,
telling people what they should
or should not do, or simply
giving them information.
3.Trainning Program
•OSH training need for:
- Newly hired employee
- Employees reassigned to others job
- Employee returning to work after
external layoff period or medical leave
 - When new equipment and process
are introduced or installed
- When need arises to improve or
update safe work practice and
procedure
•The worker are properly trained to do
their job and tasks they will do it safely.
•Orientation training are done to
indoctrinating new employee begins at
the time of employment, before they start
work
• The new employee needs to given orientation to acquire
knowledge:
-Company OSH rules
- Employee’s responsibility towards OSH
- Type of PPE available
- Location of medical/first aid facilities
- Procedure for reporting job related injuries/job
hazard/defective or unsafe equipment/condition.
• Departmental Training must be done to give new employee
additional safety training before they begin work, such as:
- Hazard inherent on the job or within the department
- Safeguards and precautionary measures for those
hazard
- PPE required on the job, instruction for its proper care
and use
- Location of emergency, exit and telephone
- Location of fire extinguisher
•The other training program that can be attend
to al employee are Housekeeping Program,
PPE Program, Safety and Health Program
•Employer must set suitable training program
to all staff to enhance staff awareness and
knowledge toward safety and health in a
workplace.
QUIZ 2

EXPLAIN BRIEFLY INCIDENT RISK IN

WORK PRACTICES IN ORDER TO
MAINTAIN HEALTH AND SAFE
WORK ENVIRONMENT.

10 MARKS