Lithium Ion Battery

Positive electrode: Lithiated form of a transition metal oxide (lithium cobalt oxide-
LiCoO2 or lithium manganese oxide LiMn2O4)

Negative electrode: Carbon (C), usually graphite (C6)

Electrolyte: solid lithium-salt electrolytes (LiPF6, LiBF4, or LiClO4) and organic

solvents (ether)
 Lithium Ion Battery

LiCoO2 graphite
 Lithium Ion Battery
Chemical reaction (charge)

Positive electrode
LiCoO2 Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe-

Negative electrode
xLi+ + xe- + 6C LixC6

Overall

LiCoO2 + C6 Li1-xCoO2 + C6Lix

In the above reaction x can be 1 or 0

With charge the Co is oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+. The reverse process
(reduction) occurs when the battery is being discharged.
p-Block elements: Boron chemistry

Dr. Chandrakumar Appayee

Assistant Professor
IIT Gandhinagar

https://achandra9.wixsite.com/ch-201
 Chemistry of boron
• Sodium perborate, Na2H4B2O8 otherwise [B2O4 (OH) 4] 2- at around 60
ºC releases oxygen. Hydrolysis of this salt gives H2O2. This property
makes it an oxidizer and chlorine free bleach which is also less
aggressive.

• Aryl boronic acids are excellent reagents for palladium catalyzed cross-
coupling reactions (Suzuki Coupling).

• Carboranes have higher air stability to form useful and stable organo
derivatives with high boron content and steric bulkiness to make them
weak anionic counterions.

• Boron carbide and boron nitride have hardness close to diamond and
high melting points making them useful materials in nuclear (control
rods) and defence (e.g. bullet proof vests) industry

• Boron is a minor nutrient for plants

 Boron Halides

BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3

Based on the relative exothermicities of Lewis base adduct forming reactions, their
relative Lewis acidity has been determined and follows the order

BF3 and BCl3 are gases at room temperature with boiling points of -100.3 °C and
12.6° C and both are corrosive. A convenient way of handling them for chemical
reactions are as adducts, BF3. OEt2 (B.P. 126 °C), and BCl3.SMe2 (M.P. 88-90 °C).
While hydrolysis of BF3 results in HBF4 and boric acid, hydrolysis of BCl3 gives HCl
and boric acid.

Because of its Lewis acidity and its relatively higher resistance to hydrolysis, in
comparison to other boron halides, BF3 is used as a catalyst in many organic
reactions.
 Boron Halides

Unlike BF3 and BCl3, BBr3 is a liquid with a boiling point of 91 °C

and is therefore more convenient to handle although it reacts
vigorously with moisture. The most important use of BBr3 is the
cleavage of C-O bonds of alkyl ethers. The mechanism of this
reaction goes through a complex formation at the boron centre with
the ether oxygen followed by alkyl bromide elimination to yield a
dibromo organoborane. This on further hydrolysis will result in
alcohol.

BBr3 also finds application in olefin polymerization, and dealkylation

of aryl alkylethers.

BCl3 also can cleave C-O bonds of ethers however BBr3 is more
preferred for this reaction for higher reactivity and ease of handling
as a liquid reagent.
 Hydroboranes

Diborane, B2H6 can now be prepared from NaBH4 or BF3 by many reagents
as shown.

Most of the higher boranes could be prepared from diborane by controlled

pyrolysis reactions.
Reactions of Diborane