IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 26, NO.

2, MARCH 1990 383

F I N I T E E L E M E N T SOLUTION OF
P E R M A N E N T MAGNETIC FIELD

R.Gugta. T.Voshino, and V . S a i t o *

Tokyo Denki T o k k i Co., L t d .

1-31-3 Hon-cho, Nakano-ku
T o k y o 164, J a D a n

* C o l l e g e o f Engineering. Hosei U n i v e r s i t y
3 - 7 - 2 Ka j i n o - c h o , Koga n e i - s h i
T o k y o 184, J a p a n

Abstract - Currently available C A D systems on material, the hysteresis becomes strong creating
e l e c t r o m a y n e t i c s u s e t h e t e c h n i y u e o f s h i f t i n g known d i f f i c u l t y i n m o d e l l i n g t h e d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n curve.
dentagnet i z a t i o n c u r v e o f t h e secoitd qrradrattt t o t h e The d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e c a n be we1 I apDroximated
o r i y i n and i n t r o d u c e a s u i t a b l e c u r r e n t c a r r y i i t g c o i l by a s h i f t e d B-H c u r v e p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e o r i g i n
f o r model I i n g permanent magnets. T h i s paper p r o v i d e s adjusted by a s u i t a b l e current c a r r y i n g c o i l . This
t h e r e s u l t o f a v a l i d i t y t e s t o b t a i n e d by s i n i u l a t i n g relation resembles t o t h a t o f Fro1 I i c h - K e n e l l y ' s
a r o t a t i n g magnetobase. The b e h a v i o r o f t h e torque r e l a t i o n [ZI.
w i t h t h e r o t a t i o n o f a permanent magnet has been I n t h i s p a p e r , t h e v a l i d i t y o f m o d e l l i n g permanent
calculated using t h i s t e c h n i q u e o f s h i f t i n g and magnet u s i n y t h e above c o n c e p t has been c o n f i r m e d by
compared w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . Agreement t o a c o n c r e t e e x a w l e o f r o t a t i n g magnetobase [31.
a considerable extent confirms the v a l i d i t y o f t h i s
t e c h n i que. MODELLING O F P E R M A N E N T MAGNETS

m a t e r i a l c u r v e have been d e v i s e d [ll. f . . . . . . . +

I s case o f s o f t magnetic m a t e r i a l s the hysteresis 0.0 - I I I

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 384
The tleniagnet i z a t i o n curve can Ire niatlrernatically 4.2
f o r m u l a t e d a s 111

H+Hc
B =
a+b(H+Hc)

T h i s r e s e m b l e s t o Fro1 I i c h Kenel l y ' s r e l a t i o n , Wlier'e

B . H and Hc a r e t h e f l u x d e n s i t y . f i e l d i n t e n s i t y ant1 . . . . . . . . . . .
c o e r c i v e f i e l d . r e s p e c t i v e l y . The c o e f f i c i e i i t s a and I)
. . . . . . . . .
i n ( 1 ) a r e obtained as follows.
0.0- I I I

-2.31X1O5 -1.15X lo5 5 . 3 1 x 102

L e t , H-m so t h a t . 6-6. where B. d e n o t e s the H[A/fl]
magnetic f l u x d e n s i t y a t s a t u r a t i o n . Tlien.

4.2X10

1 _
1- . . . .
= Iim ~ -
Hkm a b
-+ b
H+Hc

01' I) =
1
- . (2)
. . . . . . . . . . .
65 . . . . . . . . .
0.0 - I I I

S i m i l a r l y . l e t t i n g H-0, we g e t E r , where E r denotes 0.0 1.15~105 2 . 3 1 1~ 0 5

t l i e r e s i t l r i a l or remenance f l u x d e n s i t y and H[A/n1
Fig. 2. Rei)resentat i o n o f demagnetization curve
i n t h e forrn o f a s h i f t e d c u r v e .

and t h u s .
S u b s t i t r i t i n g v a l u e s o f a a n d b f r o m e c i u a t i o n s ( 3 ) and
( 2 ) r e s p e c t i v e l y i n t o ( 1 ) . we g e t 1-
V X - B = VXH+VXH (6)
P

D e n o t i n g a v e c t o r POtellt a t i and s u b s t t u t i n g B=VxA

ill (6) we g e t ,

vrliere U d e n o t e s a pernieabi I i t y .
Equation ( 4 ) a l l o w s us t o express the tlemagnetization
c u r v e o f f i r s t and second q u a d r a n t i n a s l r i f t e t l c u r v e where the source current density j arid equivalent
i ) a s s i n g t h r o u g h tlre o r i g i n and t h e c u r r e n t t l e n s i t y due
c u r r e n t d e n s i t y J. a r e
t o t h e c o e r c i v e f i e l d a s shown i n F i g . 2 .

F I N I T E ELEMENT FORMULATION

W i t h t h e above r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e permanent magnetic

(9)
m a t e r i a l , i n o t h e r words, t h e Itard m a t e r i a l can now
be c o n s i d e r e d a s c o n s i s t i n g o f a s o f t m a t e r i a l and the
When we u s e a p i e c e w i s e l i n e a r a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r tlre
current density equivalent t o that o f coercive field.
permeabi I i t y U , t h e n a f u n c t i o i i a l F ( A ) f o r e u u a t i o n
R e a r r a n g i n g e q u a t i o n ( 4 1 , we o b t a i n
(7) can be f o r m a l l y w r i t t e n a s

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 385
. . . .
. . . .

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t l i e permanent magnet can lie forrntl

iti t l i e r i g l i t m o s t term o f e c i u a t i o n (10). Therefore,
l e t us examine t h i s term.

V
Wltert we a o o l y t h e i n t e g r a l t o some snial I p a r t o f
iiernianent magnet sliown i n F i g . 3 . t h e n eciuat i o n (11)
can be r e w r i t t e n by

dHc dHc - a H., - F i g . 3. C r o s s - S e c t i o n a l v i e w o f a magnet w i t h

sj ( - i - t k - ) . Atlxdy = jsk- . Atlxtly, (12)
az ax dX t h e c u r r e n t s h e e t on i t s s u r f a c e s .

a h e r e we assume t h a t t h e y d i r e c t i o n a l c o e r c i v e f i e l d 1.5mm
Hc v a r i e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f x and r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t f o r
z ; i and k d e n o t e t h e u n i t v e c t o r s i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f
x and z a x i s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
E ( i u a t i o i i ( 1 2 ) means t h a t t h e e u u i v a l e n t c u r r e n t
density 3. i n e u u a t i o n s ( 7 ) and ( 9 ) i s f l o w i n g towards
z direction. Let the eciuivalent current density
J m = a H c / d x take a constant value i n a small part of
t h e permatietit magnet. t h e n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f (12) can
be c a r r i e d o u t i n s u c h t h e same hay a s t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l
one. As a r e s u l t . t h e c u r r e n t terni 1. caused by tlie
euuivalerit current density 3. i n t l i e f i n i t e element
system o f e c i u a t i o t i s i s r e d u c e d t o , . . . . . .

( a ) Photograph o f (I)) C r o s s - s e c t i o n a l view o f

r o t a t i rig magnetobase. r o t a t i ng niaynetobase.
Fig. 4.
f o r t h e Iiernianent magnet sliowti i n F i g . 3, where L ? i s
t h e h e i g h t o f t h i s magnet.

R O T A T I N G MAGNETOBASE stress tensor corresponding t o d i f f e r e n t angular

M a g n e t i c base i s w i d e l y used ill t l i e i n d u s t r i e s t o
Iioltl t h e p o s i t i o n s o f r o t a t i n g o b j e c t s . Since i t s
o i J e r a t i o n i s d e p e n d i n g 011 t l i e i t e r r a n e n t m a g n e t i c f i e l d .
therefore. i t i s one o f t h e l i e s t s e l e c t i o n s a s an i n i -
t i a l t e s t f o r our itroblent. The m a g n e t i c Iiase consid-
e r e d l i e r e ( h e r e a f t e r r o t a t i n g magnetobase 1 ( F i g . 4)
c o n s i s t s o f two yokes, a i)erntanent magnet ant1 a non-
niagnet i c s p a c e r i i o s i t i o n e d b e t a e e n t l i e two yokes.
Flux i s g e n e r a t e d clue t o permanent magnet and flows
tIiisougli tlie yokes. Hoaever, 1)y r o t a t i o n o f the
permanent niagnet t h r o u g h a c e r t a i n a n g l e a d i f f e r e n c e
o c c u r s i n t l i e f l u x i n t h e two y o k e s . T h i s causes a
cliange i i i m a g n e t i c e n e r g y i n t l i e gait Itetaeen t h e tierma-
i i e n t magnet and t l i e yokes. a l i i c h i n t u r n generates
a f o r c e a t t h e two P o l e s o f t h e magnet. teritling t o
r o t a t e t l i e magnet i n , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e d i r e c t i o n o f
r o t a t i o n and t h e d i r e c t i o n o p p o s i t e t o i t .
T h i s i)aDer c a l c u l a t e s t h e torclue u s i n g Haxwel I
1 ) o s i t i o n o f t l i e permanent magnet o f t h e m a g n e t i c base.
M O D E L L I N G O F R O T A T I N G MAGNETOBASE
C l e a r l y , t h e p r o b l e m h a s symmetry i n t l i e a x i a l
(Ii r e c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e . a two c I i ~ n e n s i o l i a I c r o s s
s e c t i o n i s s u f f i c i e n t t o analyze t h e problem quite
a c c u r a t e Iy . The torclue c a l c u l a t e d a t t l i e two p o l e s
a r e based on Maxwell s t r e s s t e n s o r method which i s
d e s c r i b e d as f o l l o w s .
An a r b i t r a r y s u r f a c e e n c l o s i n g t h e o b j e c t f o r which
t h e t o r q u e needs t o be c a l c u l a t e d i s chosen. The
t o r q u e c a t a (Joint a t a d i s t a n c e r i s c a l c u l a t e d by
where 11 i s t h e iiormal v e c t o r t o t h e s u r f a c e S, H the
m a g n e t i c f i e l d and uo t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f r e e space

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 386
[41. A mesh o f 1000 t r i a l i g l e s ( F i g . 5 ) was formed
t o a n a l y z e t h e I ~ r o b l e r n . F i g . G sliows t h e f l u x d i s t r i -
b u t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i t i y t o 10 d e g r e e o f a t i g l e o f r o t a t i o i l .
F i g . 7 i s a p l o t o f contputetl ( o n t h e b a s i s o f s l i i f t i t t g
p r o c e d u r e ) aiid e x p e r i m e i l t e t l r e s u l t s o f t o r q u e a t t l i f -
ferent angles of r o t a t i o n corresuonding t o F e r r i t e .
I t can be c l e a r l y seeti t h a t t h e computed r e s u l t agree
w i t h the exiierimental r e s u l t .

CONCLUSION

M o t l e l l i n y o f t h e permanent magnet i n t h e f i n i t e
element a n a l y s i s i s tiot a t r i v i a l t a s k . Comul ex i t y
F i g . 5 . P a r t i a l v i e w o f t h e mesh o f
a r i s i n g o u t o f t h e h y s t e r e t i c Dlienomenon, i n D a r t i c -
r o t a t i n g magnetobase.
u l a r . a r e t l i f f i c r r l t t o handle. Hohever, t h e procedure
o f s h i f t i i i y known t l e n i a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e t o t h e o r i g i n
atid a d j u s t m e n t by a s u i t a b l e c u r r e n t c a r r y i n g c o i I
u r o v i d e s good a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f t h e a c t u a l p h y s i c a l
p he no me ti o t i . I n t h i s iiaper a C A D package [51. which
u s e s t h i s t e c l i n i u u e , h a s been used f o r v a l i d i t y t e s t
atltl i s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h i s t e c h t i i q u e c a n we1 I a p p r o x i -
mate t h e a c t u a l b e h a v i o r o f uermanent magnet.

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0.0 I-/ I 1 I I

10 20 30 40
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