A Wide Constant Power Range Vector Controlled AC Motor Drive

Using Vinding Changeover Technique

T s u n e o Kune, T a k a n o b u I w a k a n e , T o s h i h i r o Sawa. T o s h i t a k a Y o s h i d a , Ikuo Nagai

Yaskawa E l e c t r i c Mfg. C o . , L t d .
12-1 O h t e m a c h i , K o k u r a - k i t a
Kitakyushu. Japan

ABSTRACT n e g l e c t e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e maximum p o w e r . Then

s t a t o r c u r r e n t 11 a n d o u t p u t power P a r e g i v e n by t h e
A high performance v e c t o r c o n t r o l l e d i n d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n of s l i p s a s f o l l o w s ,
m o t o r d r i v e w i t h a v e r y w i d e c o n s t a n t power r a n g e o f
1:lO t o 1:30 h a s been developed and w i d e l y a c c e p t e d in
s p i n d l e d r i v e s of machine t o o l s . The m o t o r h a s two
c o m b i n a t i o n s of w i n d i n g c o n n e c t i o n s a n d o n e o f them i s
s e l e c t e d in accordance with t h e o p e r a t i n g conditions.
By t h i s t e c h n i q u e t h e g e a r box i n t h e s p i n d l e d r i v e s
i s e l i n i n a t e d . T h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s and t e s t results
a r e introduced. The maximum v a l u e o f t h e o u t p u t p o w e r is o b t a i n e d b y
c h o o s i n g s l i p s so t h a t t h e d e r i v a t i v e of P becomes
zero a s follows.
I. I NTRUDUCT I ON
Pm= mlVi2z
22 (R+Z)
-- InlVl2
2 (R+Z)
DC s p i n d l e m o t o r s f o r m a c h i n e t o o l s h a v e b e e n r e - (3)
p l a c e d by v e c t o r c o n t r o l l e d i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s r e c e n t l y
b e c a u s e o f t h e low m a i n t e n a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d h i g h
speed c a p a b i l i t i e s of t h e i n d u c t i o n motor [I]. In and t h e c u r r e n t a t t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s ,
s p i n d l e a p p l i c a t i o n s , a w i d e c o n s t a n t power r a n g e of
1 : l O t o 1:30 i s r e q u i r e d t o cope w i t h v a r i o u s machin- I Inlax=
VI - VI
i n g c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s c u t t i n g t o o l s a n d work A/(R+Z)~+X~ - d z
materials. In conventional s p i n d l e s , a g e a r t r a i n 1s where,
c o m b i n e d w i t h a m o t o r h a v i n g a c o n s t a n t power r a n g e of 11 : Number o f p h a s e s i n s t a t o r
1:3 t o 1:5. The a u t h o r s h a v e p r o p o s e d a n AC s p i n d l e R : r1 + r2
m o t o r d r i v e w i t h a wide c o n s t a n t power r a n g e by x : x1 + x 2
s w i t c h i n g t h e v i n d i n g c o n n e c t i o n s of t h e m o t o r . Using
t h i s t e c h n i q u e , g e a r l e s s s p i n d l e d r i v e s were r e a l i z e d z : rrRFTi2
and have been widely a c c e p t e d in t h e market. The
b a s i c i d e a , f e a t u r e s and t e s t r e s u l t s of t h i s tech- T h e s e e q u a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e maximum o u t p u t
nique a r e described in t h i s paper. power i n c r e a s e s i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e s q u a r e of t h e
v o l t a g e f o r f i x e d motor paraueterb. To g e t a h i g h e r
power f o r a f i x e d v o l t a g e , i o t o r i m p e d a n c e Z m u s t be
11. MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS d e c r e a s e d i . e . t h e number o f t u r n s i n t h e s t a t o r u l n d -
i n g m u s t be d e c r e a s e d . T h i s c a u s e s an i n c r e a s e i n t h e
A. E q u i v a l e n t C i r c u i t a n d Maximum Power c u r r e n t . Maximum power c u r v e s f o r d i f f e r e n t m o t o r i m -
p e d a n c e s a r e shown i n F i g s . 2 (a) a n d (b).
F i g . 1 shows a p e r p h a s e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r a LI
t h r e e phase i n d u c t i o n motor. S i n c e t h e magnetizing
c u r r e n t i s much s m a l l e r t h a n t h e . s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t a t
t h e l o a d e d c o n d i t i o n s , t h e m a g n e t i z i n g c i r c u i t c a n be '..'.
.
T =
11

- rl XI

0 - n -

!t
12

Im
121s x2 Power

I
NTI
VI Ne Speedcrprd
(a) High Iupedance Winding

..
1 1 , I2 : per phase primary, secondary c u r r e n t
1.: per phase magnetizing c u r r e n t
V I : per phase voltage
El: per phase EMF
r l , r2: per phase primary, secondary r e s i s t a n c e
XI. xz : per phase primary, secondary reactance
x.: per phase magnetizing reactance V I I I
s : slip Ne Speed(rpm) Nil Ni2

Fig. 1 Equivalent C i r c u i t of Three Phase <b) Lou I m p e d a n c e W i n d i n g

I n d u c t ion Motor Fig. 2 Power C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f I n d u c t i o n M o t o r

.oO 0 1988 IEEE

88CH2565-0/88/0000-0470$01
B. C o n s t a n t P o v e r R a n g e
P o s s i b l e c o n s t a n t p o w e r r a n g e f o r e a c h m o t o r im-
p e d a n c e is a l s o s h o v n i n F i g . 2 (a) a n d (b) a l o n g v i t h
t h e c u r r e n t c u r v e . B a s e s p e e d Ng i s a s s u m e d t o be t h e
same s i n c e i t i s b a s i c a l . l y d e t e r m i n e d by t h e m o t o r
s i z e and r e q u i r e d t o r q u e .
I t is c l e a r f r o m F i g . 2 t h a t a n i n v e r t e r v i t h a
h i g h e r c u r r e n t r a t i n g is n e e d e d t o o b t a i n a v i d e r c o n -
s t a n t pover range. This i s economically disadvan-
tageous.
On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s i s d e s c r i b e d by t h e f o l l o v i n g e q u a -
t i o n s , u s i n g t h e d-q c o - o r d i n a t e r o t a t i n g a t p r i m a r y
f r e q u e n c y w 1.
v i n d i n g c o n n e c t i o n s and t o have c o n s t a n t pover charac-
t e r i s t i c s f o r each connection.
I I I. PROWSED NETHOD
A. Dual W i n d i n g M o t o r
Suppose v e h a v e a t h r e e p h a s e i n d u c t i o n motor which
h a s a t a p on e a c h v i n d i n g a s s h o v n i n F i g . 3 a n d t h e
n u m b e r of t u r n s r a t i o c a n be a r b i t r a r i l y c h o s e n .
I n F i g . 3 nL i s t h e n u m b e r of f u l l t u r n s f o r t h e
l o v e r s p e e d r a n g e , a n d nH i s t h e n u m b e r of t u r n s t o
the tap for a higher speed range. S i n c e t h e motor
impedance c h a n g e s i n i n v e r s e p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e s q u a r e
o f t u r n s r a t i o , t h e naximum p o v e r a n d c u r r e n t h a v e
relations as

0 -wsM r2 -wsL2
0 -wsL2 r2

vhere.
Vld, viq : d - a x i s a n d q-aXiS p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
Ild, Iiq :d-axis and q - a x i s p r i m a r y c u r r e n t
12d. I z q :d-axis and q-axis secondary c u r r e n t
42d. 4 2 q :d-axis and q-axis secondary f l u x
L1. L2
M
: p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y i n d u c t a n c e
:mutual inductance N''
ws : s l i p frequency
T :motor t o r q u e Fig. 3 Dual Winding Notor
p :number of p o l e - p a i r
As a r e s u l t , a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e maximum p o v e r i s
I n Eq. @ ) , i f t h e s e c o n d a r y f l u x v e c t o r i s a l i g n e d v i t h a v a i l a b l e a t s p e e d N T ~ a n d N T ~ v i t h t h e l o v s p e e d and
t h e d-axis. then, h i g h s p e e d v i n d i n g s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The r a t i o o f N T ~
a n d N T ~is g i v e n by.
42d=d2 (8)

d zq=O (9)
v h e r e 4 2 is t h e s e c o n d a r y f l u x . Since dzq=O. the
t o r q u e e q u a t i o n (7) i s r e d u c e d t o
T=p ( M I L 9 d 2d 1 1 . (10)
I n o r d e r t o g e t t h e c o n s t a n t power c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
in vector control, i t i s advisable t o control the
secondary f l u x in i n v e r s e p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e speed. In
t h i s case. it i s necessary to control the s l i p
i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e s p e e d . F r o m E q s . (5)-
frequency
(9). t h e m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t I l d a n d t h e s l i p
f r e q u e n c y os a r e d e r i v e d a s f o l l o v s :
A l t h o u g h t h e b a s i c i d e a e x p l a i n e d above vas based
on t h e i n d u c t i o n motor v i t h v i n d i n g t a p s , o t h e r vind-
i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s l i k e A - 2 A , Y - A r i l l do t h e
s a m e f u n c t i o n a n d may b e m o r e p r a c t i c a l b e c a u s e o f
b e t t e r u t i l i z a t i o n of v i n d i n g s . Typical pover curves
f o r t h e d u a l v i n d i n g i n d u c t i o n motor a r e shovn in Fig.
4. By c o m b i n i n g t h e s e two v i n d i n g s u s i n g a m a g n e t i c
contactor, an extremely vide constant pover charac-
t e r i s t i c s i s attained.
GI LOWSpeed Winding H i g h Speed Winding

I l d = d gd/N (11)
V I I I I
O N 3 NTI Nl2 Nl3
Hence,in the c a s e of 6 v i d e c o n s t a n t pover r a n g e of S p e e d (rpm1
1 : l O t o 1:30. o t h e r p r o b l e m s o c c u r i n t h e h i g h e r : s p e e d Fig. 4 P o v e r C u r v e s of Dual Winding H o t o r
r a n g e . One i s t h e i n c r e a s e o f s e c o n d a r y loss c a u s e d
b y i n c r e a s e o f os. T h e o t h e r is t h e d e c r e a s e o f a c -
c u r a c y a n d r e s p o n s e . T h i s is c a u s e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t B. Block Diagram
t h e m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t is t o o s m a l l t o c o n t r o l t h e \

f l u x v i t h i n a c e r t a i n a c c u r a c y . In g e n e r a l , t h e con- Fig.5 show the block d i a g r a m of t h e v e c t o r con-

s t a n t p o v e r r a n g e is t h u s l i m i t e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y trolled i n d u c t i o n motor drive v i t h v i n d i n g s change-
1:8. o v e r . The motor h a s t v o combinations of vindings. In
From t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w , i t i s d e s i r a b l e a n d m o r e Fig.5. one i s tapped-?( connected f o r a higher speed
e f f i c i e n t t o d i v i d e t h e c o n s t a n t pover range i n t o t v o r a n g e a n d t h e o t h e r is Y connected f o r a lover speed

471
CHANGE- MCG : Magnetizing Current
OVER Genera t o r
SIGNAL SFG : S l i p F r e q u e n c y
Generator

Fig. 5 B l o c k Diagram o f t h e V e c t o r C o n t r o l l e d I n d u c t i o n Motor D r i v e

r a n g e . The t u r n s r a t i o s of t h e w i n d i n g s a r e chosen t h e c o n t a c t o r , but t h e c o n t a c t o r does n o t change over

s u i t a b l y f o r a c o n s t a n t power r a t i o .
The i n v e r t e r h a s t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f f l u x l e v e l s a n d
t u r n s r a t i o s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e well-known p a r a m e t e r s
f o r v e c t o r c o n t r o l . I t a l s o has t h e winding changeover
sequence. The flux l e v e l parameters a r e given t o t h e
s p e e d r e g u l a t o r SR a n d f l u x r e g u l a t o r FR. T h e t u r n s
r a t io parameters a r e given t o the magnetizing current
g e n e r a t o r MCG a n d s l i p f r e q u e n c y g e n e r a t o r SFG b a s e d
o n t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s d e r i v e d f r o m E q s . (11) a n d
(12).
Ild*=(l/Kn)L2’$2d* (16)
instantaneously. I t r e q u i r e s s e v e r a l 10 ms i n t e r v a l s
t o c h a n g e o v e r f r o m A t o B. A t t2, the contactor
f e e d s t h e a n s w e r - b a c k s i g n a l t o t h e i n v e r t e r . The
a n s w e r - b a c k s i g n a l imp1 i e s t h a t c o n t a c t o r h a s c h a n g e d
over. A t t3, t h e b a s e b l o c k i s r e l e a s e d and t h e c u r -
r e n t s t a r t s flowing i n t o t h e motor a g a i n . Between t i
a n d t 3 . t h e c o n t r o l p a r a m e t e r s c h a n g e f r o m A t o B.
A f t e r t 3 . t h e m o t o r is o p e r a t e d w i t h w i n d i n g B, a n d
c o n t r o l l e d w i t h t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f w i n d i n g B.
U s i n g t h i s t e c h n i q u e , t h e c h a n g e o v e r c a n be ac-
c o m p l i s h e d w h i l e no c u r r e n t i s f l o w i n g , t h u s p r o t e c t -
ing t h e i n v e r t e r . motor and changeover c o n t a c t o r .

where Kn i s t h e t u r n s r a t i o .
tl t2 t3
I I
The s w i t c h i n g a p p a r a t u s c a n b e e i t h e r a m a g n e t i c WINDING
CHANGEOVER f I
contactor o r a semiconductor solid-state switch. Al- SIGNAL
I
though t h e s o l i d - s t a t e switch h a s a f a s t e r o p e r a t i n g I
s p e e d and a l o n g e r l i f e , a w e l l d e s i g n e d m a g n e t i c con- COMACTOR I I
CHANGEOVER
tactor is superior to the solid-state switch in S I GNAL
s i z e , p o w e r d i s s i p a t i o n and c o s t .

C. W i n d i n g C h a n g e o v e r P r o c e d u r e MOTOR
CuRRENl
To c h a n g e o v e r t h e w i n d i n g when t h e c u r r e n t i s f l o w -
ing through t h e contactor gives unfavorable influence
AN WER BACK ! I
I
on t h e i n v e r t e r , motor and changeover contactor. s I2NAL-
Therefore, it i s advisable t o block t h e c u r r e n t i n t o I
t h e motor during t h e winding changeover a c t i o n of t h e 1
c o n t a c t o r . F i g . 6 shows t h e w i n d i n g c h a n g e o v e r p r o c e -
dure.
Before t l in Fig.6, t h e motor i s running with
winding A and i s b e i n g c o n t r o l l e d by c o n t r o l
p a r a m e t e r s A. A t t l , t h e winding changeover signal
MOTOR
i s input into the inverter. The c u r r e n t f l o w i n g
i n t o t h e m o t o r i s t h e n b l o c k e d by e l i m i n a t i n g t h e b a s e WINDING A B
s i g n a l s t o t h e power t r a n s i s t o r s . The c o n t a c t o r
changeover s i g n a l i s t h e n f e d from t h e i n v e r t e r t o Fig. 6 P r o c e d u r e of Winding C h a n g e o v e r

412
D. P h a s e C o m p e n s a t i o n o f EMF

Residual f l u x remains in the rotating rotor al-

t h o u g h t h e m o t o r c u r r e n t is b l o c k e d d u r i n g t h e c h a n g e -
o v e r o p e r a t i o n . By t h i s f l u x , r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e i s i n -
duced in t h e s t a t o r . If t h e phase d i f f e r e n c e between
t h i s r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e a n d i n v e r t e r o u t p u t v o l t a g e be-
comes l a r g e a t t h e end of c h a n g e o v e r o p e r a t i o n , an
o v e r c u r r e n t may o c c u r . I t i s necessary t o minimize
s u c h a phase d i f f e r e n c e during t h e changeover opera-
t ion.

(1) P h a s e Compensation o f R e s i d u a l F l u x
From F i g . 5 , t h e p h a s e a n g l e o f m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t
r e f e r e n c e IId* on t h e v e c t o r c o n t r o l is expressed a s ,

H*=f ( a s *+ w r ) d t . (18) Fig. 8 E x t e r n a l View o f M a g n e t i c C o n t a c t o r

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a s r e s i d u a l f l u x is con- In Figs. 9.10 and 11, the i n v e r t e r output voltages

s i d e r e d t o be r o t a t i n g a t motor s p e e d O J ~ , the phase a r e m e a s u r e d t h r o u g h a l o w p a s s f i l t e r o f I ms t i m e
a n g l e o f 6 0 is e x p r e s s e d a s , constant.
F i g . 9 s h o w s t h e s t a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f d 7 . 5 kW
@,=Iw r d t . (19) 4-pole induct ion motor w i t h w i n d i n g s c h a n g e o v e r . In
t h i s c a s e , t h e low s p e e d w i n d i n g c o n n e c t i o n c o v e r s
Assume t h a t t h e p h a s e a n g l e c a l c u l a t i o n o f v e c t o r f r o m 500 t o 2 0 0 0 rpm w h i l e t h e h i g h s p e e d w i n d i n g c o n -
c o n t r o l c o n t i n u e s d u r i n g t h e changeover o p e r a t ion. n e c t i o n c o v e r s f r o m 2000 r p m t o 6000 rpm. As a t o t a l
S i n c e t h e motor c u r r e n t i s blocked d u r i n g t h e change- p e r f o r m a n c e , a w i d e c o n s t a n t p o w e r r a n g e o f 1 : 1 2 was
o v e r o p e r a t i o n a s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t h e motor s p e e d achieved without increasing the inverter capacily.
o r decreases and a s a r e s u l t , S I ip frequency 'This i s a c a s e where N T ~ / N B = ~ a n d N r z / N ~ 1 = 3 i n F i g . I .
r e f e r e n c e as* i n c r e a s e s . T h e r a t i o o f "1, a n d n~ i s g i v e n a s f o l l o w s f r o m
C o m p a r i n g Eq. (18) w i t h (19). i t c a n be n o t e d t h a t Eq. ( 1 5 )
s l i p f r e q u e n c y r e f e r e n c e as* c a u s e s t h e p h a s e dif-
ference b e t w e e n 6 0 a n d I l d * . By f i x i n g ( d S * t o
z e r o , t h i s problem i s e f f e c t i v e l y p r e v e n t e d .
and t h i s matches t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e J'- A
(2) P h a s e C o m p e n s a t i o n f o r Y A c o n n e c t i o n
~ changeover. I n t h e a c t u a l p r o d u c t u s e d h e r e , a 1. - A
Considering t h e Y - A winding changeover, f o r ex- connection i s a p p l i e d because o f t h e b e t t e r u t i l i z a -
a m p l e . t h e p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e of r e s i d u a l f l u x between t i o n of windings than t h e tapped windings.
A winding and Y winding is 30'. Therefore, the Fig. 10 shows t h e e f f e c t of phase compensation
phase angle o f l l q * m u s t be s h i f t e d a c c o r d i n g l y . during changeover. Fig. 10(a) shows t h a t without
phase compensation of r e s i d u a l f l u x , a transient i n
t h e t o r q u e command a n d c u r r e n t i s p r e s e n t a t t h e end
IV. TEST RESULTS o f t h e changeover. In Fig. 1 0 ( b ) . s u c h a t r a n s i e n t is
not observed with phase compensation.
The w i n d i n g c h a n g e o v e r t e c h n i q u e d e s c r i b e d a b o v e h a s F i g . 1 1 i s t h e c h a r t of t h e changeover which t a k e s
b e e n t e s t e d u s i n g a c t u a l p r o d u c t s . An e x t e r n a l v i e w o f place d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n . The c u r r e n t is blockpd
t h e motor and v e c t o r c o n t r o l l e d i n v e r t e r used in t h i s a f t e r i n p u t t i n g CHW. a n d i t s t a r t s f l o w i n g a g a i n a t
t e s t i s shown i n F i g . 7. F i g . 8 shows t h e s p e c i a l l y t h e end of t h e c h a n g e o v e r . Smooth a c c e l e r a t i o n t h e n
designed magnetic c o n t a c t o r f o r winding changeover. resumes. T h i s i s a s i g n i f i c a n t a d v a n t a g e of t h i s t e c h -
nique over conventional spindle drives with d gedr
box, f o r which t h e motor must be s t o p p e d i n o r d e r t o
change t h e gear r a t io.
F i n a l l y , t h e r e s u l t s o f a c u t t i n g t e s t on a l a t h e
a r e shown i n F i g s . 1 2 a n d 13. I n t h e c u t t i n g t e s t t h e
f a c i n g o f t h e work p i e c e h a s b e e n d o n e a t a c o n s t a n t
s u r f a c e s p e e d . As t h e motor s p e e d c h a n g e s d u r i n g c u t -
t i n g in inverse proportion t o t h e cutting diameter,
t h e winding connection is changed o v e r a u t o m a t i c a l l y
a t a c h a n g e o v e r s p e e d . F i g . 1 2 shows t h e c h a r t of
w i n d i n g c h a n g e o v e r d u r i n g m a c h i n i n g o p e r a t i o n . From
t h i s c h a r t , i t is c l e a r t h a t i f t h e load i n e r t i a is
l a r g e enough, t h e speed d r o p d u r i n g c h a n g e o v e r i s
s m a l l a n d o v e r a l l performance is n o t i n f l u e n c e d s i g -
nif icantly.
F i g . 1 3 shows t h e s u r f a c e which h a s been c u t in
t h i s t e s t . In t h e c a s e of rough c u t t i n g , t h e c u t t i n g
t r a c e due t o c h a n g e o v e r c a n be s e e n . However, i n t h e
c a s e of f i n i s h i n g , s u c h a t r a c e c a n n o t be d e t e c t e d .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o c h a n g e w i n d i n g con-
n e c t i o n s d u r i n g c u t t i n g a n d t h e w i d e c o n s t a n t power
c o n t r o l u s i n g a u t o m a t i c w i n d i n g s c h a n g e o v e r i s made
practical.
Fig. 7 E x t e r n a l View o f S p i n d l e M o t o r a n d I n v e r t e r

473
2oc-IOC- 10-

a J -
m c --'*
V o l [age
0 3 0
> o n
IOC- 50- 5 -

I& ~ :Low S p e e d W ~ n d t n g
:High S p e e d W i n d i n g
0 0 0 1 1 ! I ! I I

0 5001000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Speed (rprd Fig. 1 1 Changeover Chart during Acceleration
~ i g .9 static Characteristics Of y-A
Connected Motor

0.1 SEC

Fig. 1 2 Changeover Chart during Machining

0.1SEC
(a) W i t h o u t C o m p e n s a t i o n

T e s t C o n d it i o n s
.Material s$sc/JIS (1045 c a r b o n s t e e l )
.cutting tool single point tool with cemented
carbide tip
.Cutting speed 150m/nin
.Feed rate 0. Bmm/rev

F i g . 13 View o f Cutting Surface

414
 V. CONCLUSIONS
The v e r s a t i l i t y of t h e w i n d i n g c h a n g e o v e r t e c h n i q u e
h a s been i n t r o d u c e d and demonstrated. By t h i s t e c h -
n i q u e a wide c o n s t a n t power r a n g e i s a c h i e v e d and t h e
g e a r box u s e d i n c o n v e n t i o n a l machine i s e l i m i n a t e d .
I n a d d i t i o n , i t was p r o v e d by a c t u a l o p e r a t i o n s t h a t
t h e machining o p e r a t ion can be c o n t i n u e d d u r i n g t h e
c h a n g e o v e r w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c i n g t h e q u a l i t y of t h e
f i n a l product.
The u s e o f t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s n o t s i m p l y l i m i t e d t o
t h e p u r p o s e o f w i d e n i n g t h e c o n s t a n t power r a n g e . A
motor can be c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s a "Dual P e r f o r m a n c e
M o t o r " i f i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e s i g n e d . For i n s t a n c e ,
a low s p e e d w i n d i n g c a n b e u s e f o r c u t t i n g t h e h a r d -
to-machine m a t e r i a l s and t a p p i n g w h e r e a s t h e h i g h
s p e e d w i n d i n g c a n be u s e d f o r h i g h s p e e d c u t t i n g of
aluminum a l l o y s . A s p i n d l e d r i v e which h a s a h i g h
p o w e r a n d h i g h s p e e d o f 1 5 kW a t 2 0 . 0 0 0 rpm f o r h e a v y
m a c h i n i n g a n d a h i g h t o r q u e o f 3 . 0 k g f s m o r 29 N . m a t
1 8 0 0 rpm f o r s y n c h r o n i z e d t a p p i n g i s a l r e a d y o p e r a t i n g
in t h e f i e l d .
The a u t h o r s believe that t h i s technique is also
u s e f u l in o t h e r f i e l d s of industry for traction
drives.

REFERENCE:
[11 T. Kume a n d T. I w a k a n e , " H i g h P e r f o r m a n c e V e c t o r -
C o n t r o l l e d AC M o t o r D r i v e s : A p p l i c a t i o n a n d New
T e c h n o l o g i e s " , IEEE T r a n s . I n d u s t r y A p p l i c a t i o n s , v o l .
IA-23,No. 5, S e p t . / O c t . 1 9 7 8 , pp. 872-880.

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