Samole System f o r Three-phase Shor t - C i r c u i t Calcul a t i o n r

C. R. S t . P i e r r e

Abstract:
The development o f s h o r t - c i r c u i t programs and t h e The m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r s o f t h e remote c u r v e f o r
use o f s h o r t - c i r c u i t programs on n u c l e a r e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t breaker i n t e r r u p t i n g duty i s calculable.
power systems r e q u i r e t h a t t h e program r e s u l t s be The remote curve can be c a l c u l a t e d from:
compared a g a i n s t hand c a l c u l a t i o n s o r a n o t h e r
proven program. This paper compares t h e r e s u l t s o f Remote MF = [lt 2c-4nC/(X/R)]' (Eq. 1)
d i f f e r e n t types of network s o l u t i o n s f o r a sample
one l i n e diagram and t h e corresponding data. The where C i s contact p a r t i n g time i n cycles a t 60
purpose o f t h e paper i s t o p r o v i d e a sample s h o r t Hertz and (X/R) i s t h e X/R r a t i o a t t h e f a u l t e d
c i r c u i t p r o g r a m i n p u t - o u t p u t and a r a n g e o f node from t h e separate R and j X networks.
s o l u t i o n variance f o r d i f f e r e n t numerical methods
i n p r e s e n t use by c o n t r i b u t o r s o f a l t e r n a t e The m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r o f t h e l o c a l curve i s n o t a
solutions. known equation, and t h e l o c a l c u r r e n t m u l t i p l y i n g
f a c t o r i n t h e ANSI guide i s a composite o f dc and
Sample One-Line ac decay w i t h i n a generator. The f a c t o r s must be
taken from a 'look-up t a b l e ' o r c a l c u l a t e d f r o m
The o n e - l i n e impedance diagram o f Figure 1 i s t h e curve f i t equations.
c o n f i g u r a t i o n used f o r a l l c a l c u l a t i o n s . The
o n e - l i n e d i a g r a m has r a d i a l f e e d e r s , l o o p s , T a b l e 1 g i v e s t h e l o c a l m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r s as
p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s and a wide range o f c i r c u i t taken by an u n i d e n t i f i e d engineer from t h e appendix
impedances t o h e l p d e t e r m i n e t h e a b i l i t y o f a ANSI C37.010. The curves were enlarged and a scale
program t o d i s p l a y s i g n i f i c a n t accuracy. Local placed on t h e curves t o o b t a i n b e t t e r r e a d a b i l i t y .
generation, u t i l i t y c o n n e c t i o n and motor sources Also shown are t h e l o c a l m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r values
a r e i n c l u d e d t o observe t h e program s e l e c t e d o f one possible s e t o f curve f i t s which was used i n
m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r s f o r f a u l t c u r r e n t s used f o r t h e c o m p u t e r p r i n t o u t g i v e n i n F i g u r e 3. The
h i g h ( i n c l u d i n g medium) v o l t a g e c i r c u i t b r e a k e r values g i v e n i n Table 1 have n o t been v e r i f i e d by
i n t e r r u p t i n g d u t i e s i n accordance w i t h A N S I ANSI. I n t e r p o l a t i o n between t h e A N S I C37.010
C37.010. Normally, d i f f e r e n t source (generators, remote and l o c a l m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r c u r v e s i s
u t i l i t y , and motors) impedances are used f o r f i r s t applied t o t h e t o t a l bus current f o r breaker d u t i e s
c y c l e , i n t e r r u p t i n g o r o t h e r t i m e p e r i o d s t o be and i s a f u n c t i o n o f X/R r a t i o and t h e r a t i o o f
examined, b u t f o r t h i s p a p e r t h e same s o u r c e remote c u r r e n t t o t o t a l bus c u r r e n t . U s u a l l y a l l
impedances are used f o r a l l time periods t o reduce u t i l i t y sources a r e c o n s i d e r e d remote. In
the number o f variables. a d d i t i o n , any i n - p l a n t g e n e r a t o r which s u p p l i e s
l e s s than 40% o f i t s maximum terminal f a u l t current
The p r e f a u l t v o l t a g e on a l l buses and behind a l l t o a f a u l t i s a l s o considered remote, otherwise i t
s o u r c e s and m o t o r s i s 1 . 0 p e r u n i t and l o a d i s i d e n t i f i e d as a l o c a l source. I f t h e r e i s no
currents are neglected. l o c a l g e n e r a t i o n t h e n NACD (No ac d e c r e m e n t
c u r r e n t ) i s s e t e q u a l t o 1.0.
Tvoe o f Calculations
TABLE 1
A number o f d i f f e r e n t c a l c u l a t i o n methods were Local M u l t i o l ~ i r aFactor for Total Rated Breakers
performed ,on t h e sample o n e - l i n e w i t h a v a r i e t y o f
computers. The type o f c a l c u l a t i o n s were: Contact Parting Contact Parting Contact Parting
-
Time 2 CY -
Tim 3 CY -
Time 4 CY
1. Reactance c a l c u l a t i o n ANSI Proarm ANSI Proarm ANSI Proarm
2. Separate resistance and reactance 5 0.991. 0.991' 0.947. 0.948' 0.930' 0.933'
c a l c u l a t ions 10 1.067 1.063 0.9TJ' 0.971. 0.938' 0.940.
3. Complex impedance c a l c u l a t i o n s 15 1.133 1.133 1.020 1.020 0.960' 0.960.
20 1.188 1.191 1 .w 1.061 0.982. 0.983.
The sample c o n f i g u r a t i o n was examined on computer 25 1.235 1.235 1.096 1.100 1.008 1.014
types ranging from an e i g h t b i t home computer t o a 30 1.275 1.2?5 1.128 1.133 1.041 1.044
36 b i t main frame computer u s i n g m a t r i x i n v e r s i o n 35 1.311 1.310 1.160 1.160 1.067 1 .OR
and Z - b u i l d i n g t e c h n i q u e s . Network s t a r - d e l t a 40 1.340 1.337 1.186 1.186 1.092 1.096
r e d u c t i o n o r l o a d f l o w i t e r a t i o n techniques can 45 1.361 1.359 1.212 1.215 1.117 1.117
a l s o be used. The amount o f s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e s 50 1.3m 1.376 1.236 1.239 1.138 1.138
c a r r i e d by t h e computer may have some e f f e c t on t h e 55 1.390 1.390 1.257 1.257 1.158 1.159
s o l u t i o n . The complete s o l u t i o n o f one t y p e o f 60 1.399 1.401 1-27? 1.2?? 1.178 1.m
c a l c u l a t i o n i s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s paper, w h i l e m 1.417 1.417 1.303 1.304 1.206 1.206
s e l e c t e d o u t p u t are used f o r samples o f t h e o t h e r 00 1.427 1.426 1.326 1.323 1.226 1.227
types o f c a l c u l a t i o n s . 90 1.434 1.434 1.339 1.337 1.245 1.263
100 1.441 1.443 1.346 1.348 1.255 1.255
Calculations i n Accordance t o ANSI C37.010 110 1.447 1.449 1.352 1.355 1.262 1.264
120 1.450 1.4% 1.3% 1 .M1 1.268 1.270
A N S I C37.010 i s a g u i d e f o r h i g h v o l t a g e c i r c u i t 130 1.456 1.457 1.362 1 .M5 1.2R 1.275
breaker d u t y c a l c u l a t i o n s . The main emphasis of 140 1.560 1.460 1.567 1.367 1.275 1.278
C37.010 s h o r t c i r c u i t c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e i s
breaker i n t e r r u p t i n g d u t i e s (1-1/2 - 4 c y c l e
c o n t a c t p a r t i n g time). The guide provides c u r r e n t
decrement curves ( m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r s ) f o r ' l o c a l
and "remote" sources.

88CH2565-0/88/0000-1451$01.OO 0 1988 IEEE

for r y l r t r i a l l y r a t d broakorar IEC (Equation A):
IF n= 7, i f $1.0. then wt .qrul to 1.0
Crest f a c t o r s = Crest
Crest syi
As m = 1.02 + o.98 c-3/(X/R)
t m1.0 for 4 cy cmtnct prrtinp tlm.
s 1.1 for 5 cy contact p r t l w tlm. Max dc (Equation 6) :
*I-
8 1.2 for 2 cy contact prrting tim.
v a l w are tad for interpolation bot- tocat and total
u l t l p l y l w ANSI curwe. I f the interpolation yield8 a Multiplying
Crest f a c t o r s = ireftc-n/(X/R)
r e t As m
sy:
=

fmctor valw S1.0, then thr Iultiplyinp factor ir set cqurl to 1.0.
Low voltage breakers have capabil it i e s depending on
c r e s t currents. The c r e s t current c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r
The f i r s t c y c l e RMS asymmetrical c u r r e n t s do n o t a b r e a k e r i s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e A N S I (NEMA)
r e q u i r e any s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r l o c a l o r s p e c i f i e d power f a c t o r t e s t values. I f the f a u l t
r e r o t e s h o r t - c i r c u l t c u r r e n t sources. This i s p o i n t X/R r a t i o i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e one
because t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n l o c a l ac decay i s n o t corresponding t o the t e s t value then the
s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e maximum c u r r e n t p o i n t symmetrical c u r r e n t d u t y must be increased by t h e
(approximate 1/2 c y c l e ) . The ANSI guide shows a X/R dependent f a c t o r b e f o r e comparing w i t h t h e
sample c a l c u l a t i o n u s i n g a 1.6 f a c t o r . The 1.6 b r e a k e r symmetrical r a t i n g .
f a c t o r i s based on a X/R r a t i o o f 25 a t 0.5 c y c l e The approximate Equation i s :
a t 60 H e r t z i n t h e e q u a t i o n above f o r r e m o t e
r u l t i p l y l n g factors. Equation 1 a t 0.5 c y c l e can Low Voltage Breaker Factor =
be used t o g i v e t h e asymmetry m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r
f o r d i f f e r e n t X/R r a t i o s f o r RMS f i r s t c y c l e
currents.
peak Currents pnd Asymetrv Factors f o r Low V o l t a a K = TAN (cos-'(pf)), p f from ANSI (NEMA)
Brarkers t e s t requirements.

The I E C s t a n d a r d u s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g e m p i r i c a l The d e s i g n c u r r e n t power f a c t o r s f o r low voltage

formula f o r a f a c t o r determining t h e peak o r c r e s t breakers are:
o f asynmetrlcal current.
IEC Peak Current Factor - Tvoe
Power c i r c u i t breaker
Pf
15%
*

J2[1.02 t .98 c-3/(X/R)] (Eq. 2) Molded case c i r c u i t breaker over 2OKA IC 15-20%
Molded case c i r c u i t breaker 10-20KA I C 25-30%
The t r u e peak c u r r e n t o c c u r s a t o r b e f o r e 0.5 Molded case c i r c u i t breaker 0-1OKA IC 45-50%
c y c l e s and can be found by i t e r a t i o n . The l o w e r
t h e X/R r a t i o t h e e a r l i e r t h e peak occurs. Table 2 *For c o n s e r v a t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n , use h i g h e r power
shows a comparison between t h e t r u e peak c u r r e n t f a c t o r assumed.
and t h e c a l c u l a t e d peak c u r r e n t from above equation
without the fi factor. N o t e f o r t h e X/R r a n g e As i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n f o r h i g h v o l t a g e b r e a k e r s ,
below 3, E q u a t i o n '1' does n o t g i v e conservative Equation 3 i s an approximate equation based on t h e
answers, b u t asymmetry has 1i t t l e importance f o r c u r r e n t a t 0.5 c y c l e s . The peak c r e s t o c c u r s
X/R t h i s low. E q u a t i o n '2' a t 1/2 c y c l e i s a l s o s l i g h t l y b e f o r e 0.5 cycles, as shown i n Table 2.
nonconservative and over a g r e a t e r X/R range. The
computer r e s u l t s g i v e n i n F i g u r e 2 c a l c u l a t e Using Equation 3 f o r c r e s t current, a close
asymmetrical c u r r e n t s based on t h e 1.6 f a c t o r and approximation i s p o s s i b l e . The sample computer
Equation "1" f o r buses over 1000 v o l t s . p r i n t o u t shown i n F i g u r e 2 used Equation 3 f o r t h e
TMLE 2 buses l e s s than 1000 v o l t s .
a r l s o n o f Peak m t Current Factor S
For s l i g h t l y b e t t e r accuracy, e q u a t i o n 2 i s used
I i a e t o Crest IEC Fax dc and t h e f a c t o r c a l c u l a t i o n i s modified as follows:
-xf!B [cvclesl Exact U U I E C Low Voltage Crest Factor =
1 0.364 1.0694 1.0688 1.043
2 0.375 1.242 1.239 1.208 1.02 t 0.98 c-3/(X/R)
3 0.428 1.379 1.381 1.351 1.02 t 0.98 E - ~ / ~
5 0.451 1.550 1.557 1.533
10 0.472 1.737 1.746 1.730 Seoarate R and .iX Calculations
15 0.481 1.814 1.822 1.811
20 0.485 1.857 1.863 1.855 Separate R and j X c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d t o
25 0.488 1.883 1.889 1.882 o b t a i n t h e X/R r a t i o t o c a l c u l a t e t h e m u l t i p l y i n g
30 0.490 1.902 1.907 1.901 f a c t o r s based on ANSI C37.010. This X/R value can
35 0.491 1.915 1.919 1.914 a l s o be u s e d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f asymmetry
40 0.492 1.925 1.929 1.924 factors f o r the f i r s t cycle calculation. The
45 0.493 1.933 1.937 1.933 separate R and j X network can be used t o c a l c u l a t e
50 0.494 1.939 1.943 1.939 t h e c u r r e n t magnitudes f o r breaker d u t i e s . Using
60 0.495 1.949 1.952 1.949 s e p a r a t e R and j X c a l c u l a t i o n s can g i v e c u r r e n t
70 0.496 1.956 1.959 1.956 magnitudes approximating t h e complex c u r r e n t
80 0.496 1.962 1.964 1.961 c a l c u l a t i o n s and a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e .
90 0.497 1.966 1.968 1.966 Current magnitudes from complex network reductions
100 0.497 1.969 1.971 1.969 are more accurate, w h i l e those current l e v e l s from
120 0.497 1.974 1.976 1.974 t h e j x network are t h e most conservative.
140 0.498 1.977 1.979 1.977

1452
Results o f s u f f i c i e n t accuracy can be c a l c u l a t e d The t o t a l asymmetrical bus c u r r e n t f o r buses over
f r o m t h e s e components w i t h o u t t h e added c o s t o r 1000 v o l t s i s g i v e n f o r b o t h t h e 1 . 6 t i m e s
t i m e o f an a d d i t i o n a l complex impedance n e t w o r k s y m m e t r i c a l c u r r e n t as shown i n t h e A N S I Guide
reduction f o r currents. However, branch c u r r e n t C37.010 and f r o m E q u a t i o n 1 a t 1/2 c y c l e . The
flows and angles may have a g r e a t e r variance from asymmetrical c u r r e n t i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e X/R
t h e complex c u r r e n t s o l u t i o n due t o l i m i t a t i o n s o f r a t i o o f t h e s e p a r a t e R and j X n e t w o r k s . The
the separate R and j X network solution. computer p r i n t o u t f o r buses w i t h voltages l e s s than
1000 v o l t s g i v e s a l o w v o l t a g e b r e a k e r asymmetry
f a c t o r based on Equation 3.
C u r r e n t s f r o m s e p a r a t e R and j X networks can be
c a l c u l a t e d by a number o f means. Whatever means
are used, t h e c a l c u l a t e d t o t a l currents f o r breaker F i g u r e 4 i s t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e j X network only.
d u t i e s must be equal t o o r g r e a t e r than t h e t r u e The c u r r e n t m a g n i t u d e s a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e
c u r r e n t . The f o l l o w i n g s e p a r a t e R and X methods c u r r e n t s f r o m t h e complex c a l c u l a t i o n and a r e
are acceptable: t h e r e f o r e more c o n s e r v a t i v e .
T o t a l bus c u r r e n t determined from j X Table 4 gives t h e range o f d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e
impedance and flows based on j X network only. symmetrical f i r s t S y c l e c u r r e n t s o l u t i o n f o r s i x
d i f f e r e n t programs.
T o t a l bus c u r r e n t d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e
c o m b i n e d s e p a r a t e R and j X impedances, TABLE 4
t r e a t i n g them as a complex impedance a t t h e Maximum Difference i n Fis. 2 Bus Solution
fault point. F l o w s c a n be based on j X as ComDared t o those o f S o l u t i o n Contributors
network o n l y o r c a l c u l a t e d by t r e a t i n g t h e
s e p a r a t e R and j X n e t w o r k as a complex -
Bus X Difference 8us X Difference
networks. The l a t t e r method i s used i n t h e
o u t p u t o f F i g u r e 5. 1 0.0 11 0.2
2 0.03 12 0.05
T o t a l bus c u r r e n t d e t e r m i n e d from t h e 3 0.0 13 0.006
c o m b i n e d s e p a r a t e R and j X i m p e d a n c e s 4 0.007 14 0.11
combined and t r e a t e d as a complex impedance 5 0.20 15 0.066
as p r e v i o u s d e s c r i b e d . The f l o w s can be 6 0.0 16 0.05
c a l c u l a t e d by h a v i n g t h e r e a l component o f 7 0.05 17 0.0
t h e t o t a l c u r r e n t d i v i d e d by t h e R network 8 0.07 18 0.05
and t h e i m a g i n a r y component o f t h e t o t a l 9 0.2 19 0.0
c u r r e n t d i v i d e d by t h e j X network and t h e n 10 0.06 20 0.09
recombining them.
Figure 3 g i v e s t h e o u t p u t o f computer buses 5, 7,
,Ciumnarv o f ComDuter OutDut 1 4 and 1 7 f o r a b r e a k e r i n t e r r u p t i n g t i m e
c a l c u l a t i o n (1.5-4 c y c l e s a t 60 H e r t z ) . Because
T a b l e 3 p r o v i d e s a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e computer t h e impedance network and c a l c u l a t i o n methods a r e
outputs g i v e n i n t h i s paper. Other combinations, t h e same as i n F i g u r e 2, t h e symmetrical c u r r e n t
such as t o t a l node c u r r e n t by combining separate R l e v e l s are t h e same. The d i f f e r e n c e i s t h e t o t a l
and j X and f l o w s determined by t h e j X network can c u r r e n t seen b y t h e b r e a k e r a t c o n t a c t p a r t i n g
be e a s i l y determined from t h e outputs given. A l l time. This includes t h e symmetrical ac and t h e dc
output i s from a 36 B I T computer and uses t h e same o f f s e t c u r r e n t p l u s a decrement current c o r r y t i o n
i n p u t d a t a g i v e n i n F i g u r e s 1 ( o n e - l i n e diagram) f o r nearby g e n e r a t o r s . On t h i s p r i n t o u t , TOT"
and 2 (complete computer o u t p u t ) . r e f e r s t o breakers r a t e d on a tot:l c u r r e n t bases
(approx. 1964 and e a r l i e r ) and SYM" r e f e r s t o
TABLE 3 b r e a k e r s r a t e d on a s y m m e t r i c a l c u r r e n t b a s i s
Summary o f ComDuter OutDut (approx. 1965 t o present). The numeric value a f t e r
"TOT" o r "SYM" i s t h e breaker i n t e r T u p t i n g time i n
TVDe O f Node Current cycles a t 60 Hertz. I n t h i s output 8' i s f o r a 8
Calculation Calculation F1ows F y c l e breaker w i t h a 4 c y c l e contact p a r t i n g time,
5' f o r a 5 c y c l e breaker w i t h a 3 c y c l e c o n t a c t
2 F i r s t Cycle Complex Compl ex p a r t i n g time and '3' f o r a 3 cycle breaker w i t h a 2
3 I n t e r r u p t i n g Complex Complex c y c l e contact p a r t i n g time. Below t h e symmetrical
4 Delay Time jX jX c o n t r i b u t i o n s , a summary o f how t h e u t i l i t y and
5 I n t e r r u p t i n g Separate R & j X Sep. R & j X l o c a l generator currents are considered f o r t h e
6 I n t e r r u p t i n g Complex Complex c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e NACD r a t i o . This r a t i o i s used
i n the calculation o f the t o t a l breaker duty
F i g u r e 2 g i v e s t h e complete s o l u t i o n o f a f i r s t p r i n t e d i n F i g u r e 3 as shown b e l o w .
cycle current calculation. I n t h e output, the
current magnitudes are determined from t h e complex
impedance r e d u c t i o n o f t h e network. The X/R r a t i o Remote
NACD RATIO = ~ otal
p r i n t e d i s based on t h e separate R and X r e d u c t i o n
o f t h e n e t w o r k and i s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e MF = Local Curve t
asymmetry f a c t o r . The X/R r a t i o o f t h e complex NACD (Remote Curve - Local Curve)
impedance can be c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e Ze v a l u e
printed. The flows f o r bus 5 includes t h e adjacent I n Figures 3, t h e NACD r a t i o i s i n f l u e n c e d by t h e
as well as t h e second adjacent flows. motor c o n t r i b u t i o n as well as t h e l o c a l generators.

1453
A comparison o f t h e A N S I (37.010 a d j u s t m e n t f o r Comparison o f t h e symnetrical current s o l u t i o n w i t h
h i g h ( i n c l u d i n g medium) v o l t a g e b r e a k e r o t h e r programs showed a maximum d i f f e r e n c e on a
i n t e r r u p t i n g d u t i e s c o u l d n o t be d i r e c t l y made f o r t o t a l node c u r r e n t s o l u t i o n t o be 0.2% and f l o w
a l l s o l u t i o n c o n t r i b u t o r s . Each program appears t o values t o be 0.19% f o r s i m i l a r t y p e s o f n e t w o r k
e i t h e r i n t e r p o l a t e o r use d i f f e r e n t curve f i t s t o reductions.
o b t a i n t h e m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r f o r breaker d u t i e s .
Table 5 shows t h e range o f m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r f o r
breaker d u t i e s on bus 7. The s o l u t i o n b y Z b u i l d i n g , m a t r i x i n v e r s i o n ,
s t a r - d e l t a conversions along w i t h other
mathematical o p e r a t i o n s by o t h e r s gave t h e same
TABLE 5 s o l u t i o n as t h e 36 b i t computer. A comparison o f
ANSI 5 Cvcle Smnetrical MultiDlier for Bus 7 Sollition a line-to-ground f a u l t s o l u t i o n can e a s i l y be made
by assigning every c i r c u i t element i n t h e negative
PJxwE X/R WSI MultiDlier -
MF and z e r o sequence network equal t o t h e p o s i t i v e
sequence network impedance given i n Figure. 1. The
a Interpolation between 1.27 current magnitudes and angles w i l l then be t h e same
Local and R m t e as t h e three-phase f a u l t case.
b Interpolation between 1.267
Local and R m t e References:
C lnterpolation between 1.293
Local and R m t e 1. Computers Used:
d Interpolation between 1-21 a. Commodore 64
Lou1 d R m t e b. Compaq 286
e R m t e Curve 1.298 c. Honeywell 6000
f u*nm 1.311 d. IBM PC
I Interpolation between 1.282 e. Sperry I T
Local and Remote f. Texas Instruments 99/4A
ruthor Interpolation between 1.2R g. Zenith 151
Local and Remote
2. S o l u t i o n contributions:
a. E l e c t r i c a l Systems Analysis, I n c (SCSP)
Figure 4 g i v e s t h e o u t p u t o f computer buses 5, 7, b. GE Company (SHCKTJ and SC)
14 and 17 f o r a j X network s o l u t i o n . Note, t h a t c. Jackson a Associates
t h e c u r r e n t s are h i g h e r than those o f t h e R and j X d. Operation Technology, I n c (ETAP)
network r e d u c t i o n s o f F i g u r e s 2 , 3 and 5 . These e. Powersoft Systems, I n c (Fault)
values c o u l d be used f o r a f i r s t c y c l e c a l c u l a t i o n f. Square D Company
i f t h e "worst case" asymnetry f a c t o r s are used. g. SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. A-Fault
F i g u r e 5 i s t h e same i n t e r r u p t i n g c a l c u l a t i o n as
F i g u r e 3 except t h a t t h e c u r r e n t s are determined
from t h e recombining o f t h e R and j X networks a f t e r
each was r e d u c e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y . The t o t a l bus
c u r r e n t s a r e v e r y c l o s e t o those o f t h e complex
network r e d u c t i o n . However, t h e c u r r e n t f l o w and
angle show a g r e a t e r variance when compared t o t h e
complex c u r r e n t f l o w s . D i f f e r e n t methods o f
:alculating c u r r e n t flows as descrJbed i n paragraph
Separate R and j X c a l c u l a t i o n s above w i l l g i v e
d i f f e r e n t a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o t h e complex c u r r e n t
flow. I n using d i f f e r e n t f l o w c a l c u l a t i o n methods,
no one method c o u l d be found t o g i v e c o n s i s t e n t l y
c l o s e a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e complex c u r r e n t f l o w
o v e r a w i d e r a n g e o f d i f f e r e n t X/R r a t i o s f o r
branch c u r r e n t s .
Figure 6 i s t h e same case as Figure 3 above except
t h a t t h e two g e n e L a t o r s i n t h e s y s t e m were
i d e n t i f i e d as being remote" sources. The purpose
o f t h i s s a m p l e i s t o show t h e b r e a k e r d u t y
m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r s when a l l sources are remote.
Note t h a t t h e NACD r a t i o i s 1.0 f o r a l l buses.
Conclusions
Comparison between e i g h t and 32 b i t computers f o r
t h i s 20 node o n e - l i n e gave a maximum node e r r o r o f
0.005% and a f l o w e r r o r o f 0.015% f o r t h e same
s h o r t c i r c u i t program. A l a r g e r f l o w e r r o r e x i s t e d
between t h e s e p a r a t e R and j X c a l c u l a t i o n s as
compared t o t h e r e f e r e n c e complex solution. As t h e
number o f nodes increases, i t can be expected t h a t
t h e amount o f t o t a l node e r r o r w i t h t h e lower b i t
computers may increase as t h e number o f nodes and
mathematical o p e r a t i o n s increase.

1454
 0

W
h

9
0
s
1
(U

'9
H
'3
VI
c
0
.r
m
c,
7

U
3
7
m
U
c,
.r
a
U
L
.r
U
c,
L
r
VJ
L
4-

3
L
m
07
.r
0
W
.r
I
F

W
0
'+
3
0'
.-I

cn
.r
LL
3
3 --@$
N h m
(U

0
(U
W
0 41
q+
0

0
d
l-l
0
9
.O
0 4
+
'3
l-l

0 '3

1455
 \ .
n
U
r
-

v)
m
.I-
N LL
U

1456
 nm
I
f%$
NY
:?? ai r%
OD
8
? W Y
PtG
d

9
WY) Wo.
$ U
Y
f? f? $?

-
9
k ;E
i; i

1457
 al
LQ
a m
L C
00 0 0 0
99 9 99
Y?? Z? Z??

s
e w -0.--
3"""

f
$6
e Ei-

920

Om

1458
 InI-
YY 93
r?? Pf!?
? 3s
$40
? !2

U)N

.-I-
YY
ZF?

1459