GROUP 1

Greek , Medieval &

Contemporary
PHILOSOPHER
Grachel Deraco
Princess Meera Samuddin
Jeross Niclyde Manabat
Cristene Mae Cutay
Greek Philosophy
:
In ancient Greece, at the earliest stage,
physics, mathemathics, and astronomy
were included as parts pf "philosophy",
which means "the love of wisdom".
The second period of ancient Greek
Philosophy= the "sophists" and
Socrates/Plato to Aristotle= the maturity
of ancient Greek philosophy
 Question

If you were given a choice between

knowledge and wisdom, which would you
choose.... and why?
Socrates SOCRATES
Born in Athens (469-399 B.C.)
Ugly , yet mind was creative, clear, critical, and eager.
Socrates was first interested in natural science, including
"whether the earth is flat or not", but he was not satisfied with the
result of his research: so he abandoned the study of natural
science and turned to study of human life.
Oracle of Delphi
 SOCRATES

What did Socrates really know?"

Socrates did not claim to know anything
Socrates did not think he knew a lot.
But, the Delphi's Oracle, "no one is wiser than
socrates"?
Probably, Socrates knew that he was ignorant,
but the others did not know that they were
ignorant.
 SOCRATES
"The unexamined life is not
worth living"
 SOCRATES
"True Knowledge exists in
knowing that you know nothing"
 PLATO

Plato (427-347 B.C.)

Born in Athens, PLATO
of noble birth, yet his youth witnessed the decline and fall of athens
(in 404 B.C., Sparta defeated athens in the Peloponnesian War: +
in 399 B.C., the trial and executive of Socrates, his beloved
mentor/master, via "democratic" ways, [thus, Plato preferred
Spartan timarchy to Athenian democracy (which was with 'selfish
individualism, civic irresponsibility, diversity, disintegration, dislike
of authority, no respect for the authority, class war + lack of
cohesion, that is, all negative).
PLATO's ACADEMY
Chapter 7 in the Republis: "The Allegory of the Cave"
In the cave,people faced the deep end (like a screen)
with lights coming from the entrance
[Object were pale shadows/reflections in the screen, yet
people got used to it and believed those were the real
objects].
The philosopher- king ( of Gold quality with wisdom,
benevolence. yet little desire)= The ideal ruler [ Plato
believed that only those persons who possessed
intellectual as well as moral qualities should be entrusted
with the power to rule over others.

 Plato:" if you dont know that you are ignorant, you are
really ignorant."(cf. Zhuang Zi)
Plato Loved and respected Socrates, his teacher and
friend.
In his later years, Plato is reported to have said, " I think
God that I was born Greek and not barbarian, free and
not slave, male and not female, but above all that i was
born in the age of Socrates.
Plato's Questions and answers are still valid today =
"The Prince of Philosophy", because (1) Plato asked
many of the fundamental philosophical question that
philosopher still ask today. (2) many of Plato's answers have
been continuously meaningful and are still meaningful for us
today.
Aristotle (c. 384-322 B.C,)
Born in Stagir, Macedonia, son of physican,
studied under Plato in his Academy, teacher
of Alexander the Great
Aristotle

Works:(1) Scientific: Physics, The Generation

of Animals, ...; (2) Philosophical/Political: Ethics, Politics,
Metaphysics.
It is the mark of an educated mind
to be able to entertain a thought
without accepting it.
Aristotle
What is Medieval Philosophy
The term "medieval philosophy"
refers to philosophy in Western Europe during
the "medieval" period, also known as the
"Middle Ages."
The term "Middle Ages" was coined in the
fifteenth century to describe the period
between the decline of classical pagan culture
in Western Europe and its rediscovery during
the Renaissance.
 Medieval
Philosopher
 ST. AGUSTINE
Father of Medieval
Philosophy

Is the first major medieval philosopher(354-430 C.E.),

who emphasized attaining knowledge through divine
illumination and achieving moral goodness by loving
God.
He was born in the North African region of Tagoste.
He is the Father of Medieval Philosophy
 ST. AGUSTINE
Father of Medieval
Philosophy

He believe humans cannot experience true happiness

until they find God.
His work centred around the notion that everything in
the world is basically good.
He wrote many works over his lifetime.
He attempted to dispel heresy and blasphemous
ideologies.
 Father of Medieval
Philosophy

For Agustine, God's goodness means that he does no

evil. Yet, God's justness means that e rewards good and
punishes evil. Thus, God indeed causes some suffering
through punishment, but he is not the cause of evil actions
themselves.

ST. AGUSTINE
 St. Thomas Aquinas

An Italian- born monk who taught at

university of Paris.
He was born on January 28th, 1225 in
Roccasecca, Silly and he died March 7th,
1274 in Fossanova, Sicily.
He taught that faith came first and
greatly expanded the scope of reason.
 St. Thomas Aquinas
REASONS

Aquinas retained the basic belief while studying

reason:
HE BELIEVE THAT:
1. Humans could- through reason alone-know much of
the natural order, moral law, and the nature of God.
2. All essential knowledge could be organized
coherently.
Wrote a series of summas (height works) that
employed careful logic to counter any possible
objections to truth as revealed by reason and faith.
 SUMMAS

Summa Theologica" the most well known and best work of Aquinas

THREE PARTS
1. God's existence, the creation of the world, angels, and the nature of man.
2. Morality
3. Christ, the Sacraments, and the end of the world.
 ETHICS

FOUR CARDINAL VIRTUE

THREE THEOLOGICAL VIRTUE
1. Prudence
1. Faith
2. Temperance
2. Hope
3. Justice
3. Charity
4. Fortitude
 FOUR TYPES OF LAW
1. ETERNAL: Direct word of God, governs all Creation
2. NATURAL: Human adherence to eternal law,
discovered by reason.
3. HUMAN: Positive law (natural law applied to
human government and society)
4. DIVINE: The law as defined in the scriptures.
The Existence of God can be
proved in five ways
1. Argument from Motion
2. Argument from Efficient Causes
3. Argument from Possibility and necessity
(Reduction Argument)
4. Argument from Gradation of Being.
5. Argument from Design
 St. Thomas Aquinas

Studying the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle

concluded from common observation:

That an object that is in motion (e.g. the planets, a

rolling stones) is put in motion by some other object or force.

From this, Aquinas believes that ultimately there must

have been an UNMOVED MOVER (GOD) who first put things
in motion.
 To one who has faith, no
explanation is necessary. To one
with out faith, no explanation is
possible
ST. Thomas Aquinas
What is the Contemporary Philosophy
Contemporary philosophy
is the present period in the history of
Western philosophy beginning at the early 20th
century with the increasing professionalization
of the discipline and the rise of analytic and
continental philosophy.
 Rene Desartes

Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes is

regarded as the father of modern philosophy for
defining a starting point for existence, “I think;
therefore I am.”
Early life
born on March 31, 1596 in La haye en Tourine.
youngest of the three children of jeanne brochard and
joachim descartes.
Descartes is considered by many to be the father of modern
philosophy
he believed that all truths were ultimately linked.
approach of combining mathematics and logic with
philosophy.
 Immanuel kant

was a German philosopher during the

Enlightenment era of the late 18th century. His
best-known work is the 'Critique of Pure Reason.'

Early life
fourth of nine children born to johann cant and anna
regina cant
in 1740 ,kant enrolled at the university of konigsberg. -in
1746 his father died and he was forced to leave the
university to help his family.
in 1755 he returned to university of konigsberg to
continue his education.
in 1770 he became a full professor -in 1781 , he published
the critique of pure reason
he proposed a moral law called the "categorical
imperative "
 Martin heidegger

he was a german philosopher

born in messkirch Germany on 1889.
married efride petri in 1917. -1927 his lectured were
issued( Sein und Zeit)
in 1933 the nazine rigime appointed him rector of
freiburg
being and time became a major source for the
understanding of existentialism.
 Karl Jasper

he was a German philosopher

born on feb. 23 ,1883 ni oldenburg -1909 he
graduated from medical school
1913 he gained a temporary post as a psychology.
1910, he published a revolutionary paper - considered
primary delusion as ultimately ' un-understandable'
he gave his view of the history of philosophy and
introduce his major theme.
transcendence ( paired with the term The
encompassing in later works)
for jasper ,the term "existence " designates the
indefinable of freedom and possibility.
 Sigmund Freud
was an Austrian neurologist
was born in the Austrian town of freiberg
morivia in 1856
Theories :
Id, ego,superego
Psychic energy
Oedipus complex
Dream Analysis
Books:
studies in hysteria (1895)
the interpretation of dreams( 1900)
the psychopathology of every day life (1901)
three essays on the theory of sexuality (1905)
THANK YOU!!!!!
 Group 1
Manabat, Jeross Niclyde S. Deraco, Grachel L.
Samuddin, Princess Meera S. Cutay, Cristene Mae O.
References
https://study.com/learn/lesson/greek-philosophers.html
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f4672aa38ebc80c6JmltdHM9MTY2MDcwODY1MSZpZ
3VpZD00ZDQ2ZjZhYi03NjlkLTRmNDYtOGYxMi1lNmM5MDQzY2Q0MGYmaW5zaWQ9NTIw
OA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=b76f9c2a-1de0-11ed-a960-
e85bb2e0c3df&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZHVtbWllcy5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZS9ib2R5LW1pbm
Qtc3Bpcml0L3BoaWxvc29waHkvcGhpbG9zb3BoZXJzL3NvY3JhdGVzLXBsYXRvLWFuZC1hc
mlzdG90bGUtdGhlLWJpZy10aHJlZS1pbi1ncmVlay1waGlsb3NvcGh5LTE5OTM0MS8&ntb=1
https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-
descarteshttps://www.biography.com/.amp/scholar/immanuel-kant
https://thegreatthinkers.org/heidegger/biography/
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Karl_Jaspershttps://www.biography.com
/scholar/sigmund-freud