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Welcome to.
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General anaesthesia

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Dr. SAHAR MOHAMMED IBRAHIM

Department of Surgery and Theriogenology,

College of Veterinary Medicine,
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University of Mosul,
Mosul, Iraq.

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Anaesthesia

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The human desire to eliminate the pain of surgery or any intervention was
behind every single attempt that led finally to anaesthesia invention.
The word anesthesia or anaesthesia is derived from Greek "without sensation”.
It is originally derived from the word esthesia (US spelling of aesthesia) which
means sensation or feeling especially pain. While (an) means NO.
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 Anaesthesia could be clarified as the total loss of sensation in a body part or

in the whole body, generally induced by a drug or drugs that depress the
activity of nervous tissue either locally (peripherally) or generally (centrally).

 Depending on the meaning of anaesthesia, we have generally three main

types of anaesthesia

 General anaesthesia G.A.

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 Regional anaesthesia (analgesia).
 Local anaesthesia (analgesia).
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General anesthesia targets the CNS and thus affects

the entire body and makes the animal unconscious. The
unconscious animal is completely unaware of what is
going on and does not feel any pain from the surgery
or procedure.

 Local and regional anaesthesia leads to temporary loss of pain sensation

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within a specific limited area but without loss of consciousness induced
by injection of chemical agents into sensory peripheral nerves.
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General anaesthesia
 General anaesthesia can be defined as a state of controlled and
reversible loss of consciousness induced by intoxication of the
central nervous system leading to the following features:-

 Lower sensitivity to external stimuli (hyporeflexia).

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 Analgesia Unconsciousness
 Muscle relaxation
 Unconsciousness
 Amnesia (loss of memory). Muscle relaxation Analgesia
Triangle of general anaethesthesia
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Balanced anaesthesia
 We must put in our minds that until now no single drug can
achieve or produce all the desirable features of general
anaesthesia.
FOR THIS REASON

 Balanced anesthesia technique can be done by mixing of multiple

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classes of drugs e.g. intravenous anesthetics, opioids,
neuromuscular blocking agents, and benzodiazepines.

 Balanced anaesthesia take the synergistic benefits and avoids the

side-effects or toxic-effects of all these medications.
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Some important terms related to

anaesthesiology

 Analgesia: temporary abolition of pain sensation.

 Hypnosis: a state of artificially induced sleep (unconsciousness)

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from which the patient can be easily aroused by a wide variety of
stimuli.
 Narcosis: depression of central nervous system activity
(unconsciousness) but the patient can not be easily aroused by a
wide variety of stimuli. General anesthetics produce narcosis, but
not all narcotics produce general anesthesia.
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Some important terms related to
anaesthesiology
 Neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanaesthesia: is a state of
analgesia and unresponsiveness to the surroundings following
administration of a tranquilizer or sedative with an opioid. The
effects are dose dependent can induce neuroleptanaesthesia.

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 Sedative, Tranquilizer, Neuroleptic, Ataractic: These terms refer to drugs that
calm the patient, reduce anxiety and promote sleep. However, they do not
induce sleep as hypnotics do, but animals are more calm and easier to
handle and they still be roused.

 Local anaesthesia: The elimination of sensation from a body part by

depression of sensory and/or motor neurons in the peripheral nervous
system or spinal cord.
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Types of anaesthetic agents

 Two distinct types of substances are widely used for anaesthesia

 Substances that have selective transient paralytic action on

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sensory nerves and nerve endings e.g. Lidocaine.

 Materials that have depressant and paralytic action on central

nervous system causing progressive loss of consciousness and
voluntary motor functions e.g. Ketamine and Thiopental sodium.
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Stages of general anaesthesia

 Stages of general anaesthesia can be classified into 2 distinct

types

 Physiological stages of general anaesthesia.

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 Clinical stages of a general anaesthesia.
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Physiological Stages of general anaesthesia

 The physiological stages of general anaesthesia can be identified

into 4 stages depending on the physiological features and signs
appeared on the anaesthetized animal.

 Stage I: Induction Stage or Voluntary Excitement

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 This phase occurs between the administration of the drug and the
loss of consciousness.
 Animal is conscious, may make forcible efforts to avoid being
anesthetized, fear lead to increase R.R, PR, pupils dilation, urine
and defecation may be voided.
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Physiological Stages of general anaesthesia

 Stage II: Involuntary Excitement

 Animals loss consciousness, reflex response to stimuli is

exaggerated, limbs movements may be violent that need restraint

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of animals. Vocalization of animal, respiration is irregular,
swallowing, vomiting, and cough reflexes are present.
 It must be considered that both stage 1 and 2 are the most
difficult for the anesthetist and danger for the animal so the aim
is to reach stage 3 as smoothly and quickly as possible. Using
premedication can help to achieve this goal.
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Physiological Stages of general anaesthesia

 Stage III: Surgical Stage (the desired wanted stage)

 Muscles relax, vomiting stops and breathing is depressed. Eye

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movements slow and then cease. The patient is ready to be
operated on. It is divided into three planes according to degree of
deepness of anaesthesia.
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Physiological Stages of general anaesthesia

 Plane 1 Light anaesthesia (movement of eye ball then gets fixed)
 Characterized by the onset of regular automatic breathing and
cessation of all limb movements, eye moves from side to side.
Palpepral, conjunctiva, and corneal reflexes are disappearing.

 Plane 2 Medium anaesthesia (corneal, laryngeal reflexes are lost)

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 Respiratory rate increase and amplitude decrease, laryngeal
reflex persist, eye ball fixed centrally, pedal reflex in dog sluggish
(All operation except abdomen surgery can be done).
 Plane 3 Deep anaesthesia (pupil dilation, light reflex lost)
 Automatic respiratory breathing but R. Rate increase, depth
decrease, with noticeable pause between inspiration and
expiration. All reflexes including pedal reflex are disappeared.
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Physiological Stages of general anaesthesia

 Stage IV: over dosage

 Paralysis thoracic muscle, jerky movement of diaphragm, pulse

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become rapid, pupil dilated, eyeball present a fish eye and
cyanosis appear indicate heart failure.
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Clinical Stages of general anaesthesia

 The clinical stages of general anaesthesia can be identified into 3

stages (induction, maintenance and recovery) depending on the
time and the required period and results wanted.

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 I. Induction stage
 The induction of anaesthesia refers to the transition from conscious
to an anaesthetized state after administering of an anesthetic agent
intravenously or by inhalation. is a time of physiological disruption
with multi-system effects. Ideal induction should be smooth, rapid
and easy.
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Clinical Stages of general anaesthesia

 II. Maintenance
 Means keeping a patient unconscious to maintain the surgical
stage of anesthesia; this can be achieved using inhaled agents or
continuous infusion of intravenous agents.

 Maintenance allows the planned procedure to be performed.

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 During maintenance, monitoring of anaesthetized animal must be
present. This monitoring needs to be systematic and regular and
every 5 minutes to enable trends and potential problems to be
identify.
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Clinical Stages of general anaesthesia

 III. Recovery and emergence stage

 Once anaesthesia is no longer required, administration of anesthetic drugs

stops and the animal is allowed to regain consciousness.

 This period is the time of physiological disturbance just like induction period.

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 The airway is prepared for spontaneous ventilation by insurance of patient
and protected airway. Patient is established by freeing the airway from
obstruction (usually by the tongue and other soft tissue).
 Before emergence, adequate analgesia and anti-emesis are of high priority.
 Monitoring should continue until the patient is fully recovered as it progress
from physiologic Stage III up to Stage I.
 Ideal recovery is also should be smooth, rapid and easy.
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Thanks for Listening

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