Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 188, No.

4, 2014
Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 133-B, No. 1, January 2013, pp. 37–44

Estimation Methods of Short Circuit Current Using Normal PMU Measurements

and Field Testing

SURESH CHAND VERMA,1 YOSHIKI NAKACHI,2 YOSHIHIKO WAZAWA,1 YOKO KOSAKA,3

TAKENORI KOBAYASHI,4 KAZUYA OMATA,3 and YOSHIKI TAKABAYASHI4
1 Research and Development Division, Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan
2 Power System Operations Department, Chubu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Japan
3 Power and Industrial Systems R&D Center, Toshiba Corp., Japan
4 Transmission & Distribution Systems Division, Toshiba Corp., Japan

SUMMARY tor in smart grid technology. The phasor measurement unit

This paper proposes estimation methods for short cir-
cuit currents using phasor measurement unit (PMU) mea-
surements (phasors). The methods follow the basic notion
of representing the source side of a power system by an
equivalent circuit with a voltage behind a back impedance,
and employ a set of voltage and current phasors measured
at substations during the normal variation of loads in their
estimation. In order to improve the estimation accuracy of
the proposed methods, the concept of using the changes
between consecutive phasors is introduced. Furthermore,
to make the methods applicable to a real-world system, the
concept of a reference phasor, used to remove the effects
of system-wide frequency variations and a filtering pro-
cess to filter out the outlier phasors, is proposed and im-
plemented. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed
methods were checked and confirmed through experiments
and field tests. C⃝ 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng
Jpn, 188(4): 44–53, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online
Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22548
Key words: phasor unit measurement (PMU); analog
simulator; outlier filter; power system monitoring; short
circuit current.
1. Introduction
The future of electric power systems is expected to
change significantly due to the large-scale introduction of
renewable energy, and thus an accurate understanding of
the system state is important. System monitoring and con-
trol over a wide area is gaining attention as an important fac-
(PMU), a device that measures voltage and current phasor
with GPS synchronization, is a key device, and its use in
electric power systems has been widely investigated [1–3].
Applications using a PMU are being developed, including
power system modeling, stability monitoring for a wide
area, and local voltage stability monitoring. Short circuit
currents are managed by offline calculations to allow mon-
itoring of protection relay settling and circuit breaker duty.
To estimate the short circuit current or back impedance
online based on the data obtained from a real power system,
a method of estimating the impedance from the measured
values before and after a disturbance consisting of capac-
itor switching has been developed [4]. In this method a
disturbance must be provided, and its usability in a real
system is limited. Thus, in attempts at estimation based on
power system fluctuations during normal operation, meth-
ods of estimating the back impedance by the method of
least squares (LS) [5, 6] or by means of the covariance [7]
of measured phasor quantities at several instants have been
proposed. In these methods, there is no need to apply a dis-
turbance, but because data are measured over a specific time
period, changes in the state during that period can easily
influence the results. Because the fluctuations of measured
data in a power system during normal operation are small,
eliminating the effects of changes in the state of the upper
power system as described has become a subject of study.
Thus, in this paper, we present methods of estimat-
ing short circuit currents using both the method of LS
and the covariance which can eliminate the study subject
mentioned above. First, as regards the estimation method,
we first confirm the basic principle by using an analog
simulator, then perform verification testing in a real power
system. In a real power system, in order to address the issue

C⃝ 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

44
 current, and impedance below are all vector quantities.
Ż −1 −Ż −1 0
⎡İ ⎤ ⎡ sys sys ⎤
⎢
⎢0⎥ = ⎢−Ż −1 Ż −1 + Ż −1 + Ż −1 ̇ −1 ⎥
sys sys L1 line
−Zline ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦ ⎣0 ̇
−Zline−1 ̇ −1 ̇ −1
−Zline + −ZL1 ⎦
⎡V̇ G ⎤
⎢ ⎥
× ⎢V̇ 1 ⎥ . (1)
⎢V̇ ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
The short circuit current ISC and the short circuit ca-
pacity PSC at the observation point can be calculated by
Fig. 1. Power system and measurement points. [Color
Thévenin’s theorem.
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available
The short circuit impedance as seen from the mea-
at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
surement point is given by
( ( ))
Ż L2 Ż sys Ż L1 + Ż line Ż sys + Ż L1
̇ZSC = .
of measurement during normal operation as described, we Ż sys Ż L2 + Ż L1 Ż L2 + Ż sys Ż L1 + Ż line (Ż sys + Ż L1 )
improve the accuracy of the method by introduction of time
differences in the measured data, correcting the phasor by (2)
using a reference phasor, and filtering out the outliers. We The load impedances ZL1 and ZL2 can be calculated from
then confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods. the measured values of the voltage and current phasor:
V̇ 1
Ż L1 = , (3)
̇I1 − İ 2
2. Basic Principle and Evaluation with an Analog
Simulator V̇ 2
Ż L2 = . (4)
İ 2
2.1 Summary of basic principle
The short circuit current and the short circuit capacity
The overall flow of the short circuit current estimation are
method is as follows: V̇ 2
İ SC = , (5)
Ż SC
Step 1: Measure the voltages and currents in the
power system during normal load variation such as a change V̇ 2 V̇ ∗2
Ṗ SC = . (6)
in load power consumption. Ż ∗
SC
Step 2: Estimate the back impedance using several
sets of measured data. The load impedance can be found from Eqs. (3) and (4), and
Step 3: Calculate the short circuit currents using the thus if the back impedance Zsys of the equivalent system as
estimated back impedance and the measured data. seen from measurement point 1 can be found, then the short
circuit current at measurement point 2 can be found. The
two estimation methods for finding the back impedance are
Let us consider the configuration in Fig. 1 for a case
described below.
in which measurements are taken at two adjacent points in
a power system in order to incorporate the phase measure-
ments at multiple points using the PMU, together with the
2.2 Methods of estimation of back impedance
concept of a reference phasor, which will be described later.
V1 and V2 are the bus voltages at measurement points 1 and
We formulated a method [5] based on the method of
2; I1 and I2 are the line currents at measurement points 1 and
LS and a method [7] based on the covariance for the basic
2; and ZL1 and ZL2 are the load impedances at measurement
model shown in Fig. 1, then performed evaluations using
points 1 and 2. Let Zsys be the back impedance in the source
the analog simulator testing described later.
side equivalent system as seen from measurement point 1,
and let VG be the voltage source behind Zsys . We wish to (1) Estimation Method Based on LS [5]
find the short circuit currents at the measurement points 2.
From Eq. (1), the relationship between VG , Zsys and
The impedance Zline between the two points is assumed to
the measured data at measurement point 1 is given by
be known. The relationship between the voltage, current,
and impedance in this case is given by Eq. (1). The voltage, V̇ 1 = V̇ G − Ż sys İ 1 . (7)

45
If V̇ 1 = u + jw, İ 1 = g + jh, V̇ G = Vgr + jVgi , and Ż G =
Rsys + jXsys , then relationship (7) can be represented as
follows:
⎡Vgr ⎤
[ ] [ ] ⎢ ⎥
u 1 0 −g h ⎢Vgi ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥. (8)
w 0 1 −h −g ⎢Rsys ⎥
⎢X ⎥
⎣ sys ⎦
If the measured voltage and current phasor are assigned to
u, w, g, and h, and if y = Xθ is set in Eq. (8), the canonical Fig. 2. Experimental setup.
equation for the method of LS is
XT Xθ = XT y, (9)
where 2.3 Analog simulator tests
⎡Vgr ⎤
[ ] [ ] ⎢V ⎥ We verified the basic method described above by
u 1 0 −g h
y= = ⎢ gi ⎥ , using an analog simulator. Figure 2 shows the test circuit
w 0 1 −h −g ⎢Rsys ⎥
⎢X ⎥ of the analog simulator.
⎣ sys ⎦ In the analog simulator tests, we measured the volt-
The solution of Eq. (9), namely, the estimated back age and current waveforms (instantaneous values) and eval-
impedance and voltage behind it, can be obtained by using uated the basic principle while varying the system con-
figuration, including the location of the load (impedance
load/induction machine), the presence or absence of an
θ̂ = (XT X)−1 XT y. (10)
intermediate load, the presence or absence of a generator
In the estimation calculations, Zsys is found once for a for distributed power generation, and the magnitude of the
data set of multiple measurements measured at the different back impedance, and also changing the method of applying
time. For one Zsys from Eq. (2), the short circuit impedance the load fluctuations.
is found from load impedances ZL1 and ZL2 for multiple The load fluctuations necessary to estimate the back
(N) measurements, and the N short circuit currents are then impedance were generated by changing the impedance load
found using the short circuit impedance and the voltage V2 manually over the measurement period (18 s).
at measurement point 2 from Eq. (5). Measurements were taken and recorded with a sam-
This method is referred to later as the method of LS. pling period of 10,000 Hz for the instantaneous values, and
(2) Estimation Method Based on Covariance [7] were converted to phasor with sampling period of 240 Hz.
Because the slow load fluctuations were generated artifi-
The method of Ref. [7] is extended to find results cially in the analog simulator, we performed evaluations at
for the measured data from two points. Assuming that the estimation periods from 2.4 Hz to 24 Hz.
fluctuations of VG and ZL1 are uncorrelated and that the Figure 3 shows an example of the test results. Figure
fluctuations of VG and ZL2 are likewise uncorrelated, Zsys 3(a) shows the changes in the load current applied; it was
can be found from Eq. (11) by using the covariance of the varied slowly by hand from 0.4 p.u. to 1.2 p.u. for 17 s,
measured data. The derivation of this equation is given in then restored to 0.6 p.u. at about 18 s. Figure 3(b) shows
the Appendix. the voltage in Bus 1. It can be seen that after a discontin-
( ) ( )∗
V̇ ∗ Ċ − Ċ V1 I2 − İ 1 − İ 2 Ċ V1 V1 uous change due to switching of CB1, voltage fluctuates
̇Zsys = (1 V1 I1) ( ) , (11) as the load varies. Figures 3(c) and (d) give the results of
∗
İ 1 − İ 2 Ċ ∗ − V̇ ∗ Ċ I I − Ċ I I
V1 I1 1 1 1 1 1 estimating the short circuit current using 10 phasor values
where in a calculation interval of 4.8 Hz, and plots the changes of
∑N ̇ − X)
̇ ⋅ (Ẏ k − Y)
̇ ∗
the median over time for 18 s. The criterion values used to
k=1 (Xk
Ċ XY = δXδ
̇ Ẏ ∗ = . (12) evaluate the estimation method were found by performing
N three-phase short circuit tests in each system configura-
In the estimation calculations, N values of Zsys are found tions, and are shown in the figures by a heavy line.
for one data set consisting of multiple (N) measurements From Fig. 3, it can be seen that short circuit currents
measured at different times, and N short circuit currents can can be obtained in accordance with the change in the back
be obtained. impedance by switching CB1. However, estimation results
This method is referred to below as the covariance for about 4 s just after the change in the state of CB1
method (CV). include significant error because a data set used for the

46
 erence phasor, and used filtering to remove outliers, thus
improving estimation accuracy.

3.1 Changes in time difference of the measured

data

We introduced a time difference in the phasor values

in order to estimate the back impedance as seen from the
observation points as described in Section 2.2. The time
difference is the difference between the current measured
value and the previous measured value. By taking the dif-
ference from the previous value at all times, the effects on
estimation accuracy caused by common errors in one data
set or system frequency fluctuations can be reduced, and the
load fluctuations during normal operation can be captured.
(1) Estimation by the Time Difference LS Method
[6]
If the back voltage VG and the back impedance Zsys
are assumed not to fluctuate over time, then based on the
measured data V1k , I1k (k = 1, 2, … , n) for one measure-
ment point, the time difference of Eq. (7) is
V̇ 1k = V̇ G − Ż sys İ 1k
−) V̇ 1k−1 = V̇ G − Ż sys İ 1k−1
. (13)
Fig. 3. Results of estimating short circuit currents while ΔV̇ 1k = −Ż sys Δİ 1k
varying the back impedance. [Color figure can be viewed Thus, using the time difference, the back impedance can be
in the online issue, which is available at expressed as
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
ΔV̇ 1
Ż sys = − . (14)
Δİ 1
estimation consists of data before and after the back
impedance change. If ΔV̇ 1 = Δu + jΔw and Δİ 1 = Δg + jΔh, then relation
In addition, we performed several analog simulator (14) can be expressed as
tests that confirmed the validity of the basic method. [ ] [ ] [ ]
Δu −Δg Δh Rsys
= . (15)
Δw −Δh −Δg Xsys
3. Proposed Method Rsys and Xsys can be calculated by assigning the time dif-
ferences in the voltage and current phasor values at several
In the analog simulator tests, changes in the back points in time to Δu, Δw, Δg, and Δh.
impedance affected several calculation results because data This method is referred to below as the time differ-
sets used for estimation was prepared by shifting the con- ence method of LS (dLS).
tinuous phasor measurements. In the verification in the
real power system testing described in Section 4, we used (2) Estimation by Covariance of the Time Differ-
the phasor measurements over intervals of 5 s as a single ence
data set for estimation to eliminate the effect of the back Using the time difference in the phasor values in Eq.
impedance change. (12), we obtain
The actual load fluctuations in a period of 5 s are too ∑N−1 ̇
ΔXk ⋅ ΔẎ ∗k
small, but the load fluctuations to be generated in the analog ̇ Ẏ ∗ = k=1
̇DXY = δXδ . (16)
simulator are sufficient, and changes in the system state and N−1
the measured noise were superimposed on them. Thus, in In the method based on covariance, it is assumed that
order to obtain stable estimation results, we improved the the fluctuations of VG and ZL1 are uncorrelated, and that
capture of time differences in the measured data, corrected the fluctuations of VG and ZL2 are likewise uncorrelated.
the phasor values at multiple phase points by using a ref- The back voltage and back impedance can then be found.

47

Fig. 4. System frequency effect removal algorithm.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
If relations (A.10) and (A.11) can be assumed to hold in
Eq. (16) as altered by the time difference, then Zsys can be
found from
( ) ( )∗
V̇ ∗1 Ḋ V1 I1 − Ḋ V1 I2 − İ 1 − İ 2 Ḋ V1 V1
Ż sys = ( )∗ ( ) . (17)
İ 1 − İ 2 Ḋ ∗V I − V̇ ∗1 Ḋ I1 I1 − Ḋ I1 I2
1 1
This method is referred to as the time difference covariance
method (dCV).
3.2 Correction of measured data by means of
reference phasor
In preliminary experiments we found that the phase
changes associated with system frequency fluctuations af-
fected the accuracy of the estimation method. Thus we con-
sidered a method of correcting the phasor values at multiple
phase points by using a reference phasor.
Figures 4 and 5 show the relation between the mea-
Fig. 5. Algorithm for referencing phasors. [Color figure
can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
48
surement time and the voltage phase at multiple points.
The vertical axis represents time, and the horizontal axis
represents the phase angle. Δt is the sampling period for
the phasor quantities. ΔT is the measurement period, and
5 s of data were collected every 3 min in the measurements
described here. Thus there are periods in which no data
were collected (2 min 55 s).
In order to maintain the uniformity of the reference
phasor in the data set for estimation at multiple points in
addition to eliminating phase changes due to frequency
fluctuations in the residual phase change due to load fluc-
tuations, the phase angles of the phasor quantities were
corrected using the process below.
(1) Elimination of Effects due to Frequency Fluctu-
ations
Both phase changes (a) due to load fluctuations and
phase changes (b) due to frequency fluctuations appeared in
the phases angles of the phasor quantities at the measure-
ment points. Among these, phase changes due to frequency
fluctuations (b) have also been included in the phase at each
measurement point, and consequently if the phase changes
due to frequency fluctuations (b) in the multiple measure-
ment point are eliminated, then only the phase changes due
to load fluctuations (a) will remain. As can be seen from
Fig. 4, subtracting the phase angle at point S from those of
points A and B for each phasor calculation period so that the
phase change due to frequency fluctuations can be removed
by using the point S as a reference.
(2) Maintenance of Uniformity of the Reference
Phasor
Phase uniformity can be maintained by selecting one
instant in time at one of the measurement points as the
reference phasor. In Fig. 5, the phase angle at time t0 at
point A with the effects of frequency fluctuations removed
is used as the reference, and by subtracting that from the
phase angle at each measurement point and each instant,
uniformity of the reference phasor is maintained.
3.3 Filter to eliminate outliers
Because the method described here finds short circuit
currents on the basis of tiny fluctuations in the measured
data generated by load fluctuations, variance of the data set
for estimation is a theoretical requirement. Figure 6 shows
the estimates of short circuit current by the dLS method
as an example for 1 day. The horizontal axis represents
the standard deviation of the data set for estimation (the
time difference of the voltage phasor values at measurement
point 1), and the vertical axis represents the medians of
the estimates for each data set. The maximum short circuit
value in the operation found by offline analysis is shown in
the figure by a straight line. It can be seen that as the stan-

Fig. 6. Relation between standard deviation of
measurements (voltage) and estimation results. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available
at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
Fig. 7. Field test system. [Color figure can be viewed in
the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
dard deviation of the data set for estimation decreases, the
estimation results tend to deviate more. Thus we decided
that when the standard deviation of a data set for estimation
is below a threshold set ahead of time (the average value for
1 day in Fig. 6), that data set is to be ignored in estimation.
We plan to evaluate a filtering process as a counter-
measure against the effects of changing back impedance
when starting and stopping generator or switching trans-
mission lines.
4. Verification by Field Testing
4.1 Verification system
For the measurements at each substation, we installed
PMUs (Toshiba NCT 2000; referred to as “NCT” below)
at substation A (measurement point 1) and substation B
(measurement point 2), as can be seen in Fig. 7, and used
personal computers for data collection. We then measured
the 77-kV bus voltage and the line current. At substation
A, we measured the 154-kV bus voltage for the purpose of
the phase correction described in Section 3.2. The phasor
values of the NCT can be measured accurately by reception
49
Fig. 8. Field measurement and data processing.
of satellite GPS signals. Phase measurements of the voltage
and current (three-phase components each) were made at
substations A and B.
The fundamental objective was to estimate the short
circuit currents using measured phasor values. In order to
analyze the data in detail, instantaneous data were also
collected. At the measurement locations, a primary file of
the instantaneous current and voltage values was produced
in the PMU, and was converted to a CSV file by the personal
computers used for data collection. The process of estimat-
ing the phasor changes and short circuit currents described
later was performed offline using the CSV file. The process
is illustrated in Fig. 8.
The instantaneous values were collected for 5 s every
3 min. The sampling period of the instantaneous values was
5760 Hz, and the sampling period for the phasor values
was 60 Hz. The phasor values (positive phase components)
during these periods of 5 s (=300 points) were used as the
data set for estimation.
4.2 Verification results
Figures 9 to 11 show the temporal changes (24 h)
in the estimates of the short circuit current at substation B
using the measured data at a real substation. Each plotted
point is the median of the estimation results (300 every 5 s)
for each data set.
Figure 9 shows the estimation results of the basic
method based on the conventional method. However, be-
cause the estimation accuracy without reference phase cor-
rection was so poor, reference phase correction was added.
Figure 10 shows a case in which the improved method was
used, and Fig. 11 shows a case in which filtering to remove
outliers was added.
The reference values used to evaluate the short circuit
currents were found by offline system analysis reflecting the
operational state of the system during the measurements. In
the figures, the reference values of the short circuit currents
(triangles) at two representative times (5:00 and 14:30) and
the maximum short circuit current during operation (line)
are shown.

Fig. 9. Estimation results by LS and CV methods (with
correction/without filtering). [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
Fig. 10. Estimation results by dLS and dCV methods
(with correction/without filtering). [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
50
Fig. 11. Estimation results by and dLS and dCV methods
(with correction/without filtering). [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
As the threshold for eliminating outliers, we used
the daily average value of the standard deviation of
the time difference data set for the voltage phasor
value.
A comparison of Figs. 9 and 10 clearly shows
that the estimation accuracy is greatly improved by us-
ing the time differences of the phasor values. Compari-
son of Figs. 10 and 11 shows that the variance of the
estimates is greatly improved by adding processing to
remove outliers. Thus, using the time difference of the
phasor quantities, we confirmed the effectiveness of the
proposed method of correcting the estimated data by us-
ing a reference phasor and adding filtering to remove
outliers.
5. Conclusions
We devised a method of estimating short circuit cur-
rents from measured phasor values during normal load
variations, and confirmed the effectiveness of the method
by testing in a real power system. We devised an esti-
mation method using the time differences in the phasor
values, and a method for correction of the measured data
using a reference phasor and processing to eliminate out-
liers. Evaluations using data measured at actual substations
confirmed an improvement in estimation accuracy, sug-
gesting good prospects for practical implementation. We
next plan to develop the proposed method into an online
system.
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CVG ZL1 = δV̇ G δŻ ∗L1

APPENDIX ∑N
(V̇ G − V̇ Gmean ) ⋅ (Ż L1 − Ż L1mean )∗
= k=1 =0
The extension of the method in Ref. [7] to two-point N
measurements and the calculations of the back impedance (A.10)
and the back voltage by the covariance method are pre-
sented below.
By Eq. (1), the voltages at the measurement points • Fluctuations of V̇ G and Ż L2 uncorrelated:
are
CVG ZL2 = δV̇ G δŻ ∗L2
V̇ 1 = V̇ G − Ż sys İ 1 , (A.1) ∑N
(V̇ G − V̇ Gmean ) ⋅ (Ż L2 − Ż L2mean )∗
( ) = k=1 =0
V̇ 1 = Ż L1 İ 1 − İ 2 , (A.2) N
(A.11)
V̇ 2 = Ż L2 İ 2 . (A.3)
Equation (A.1) yields
V̇ G V̇ G (X∗ is the complex conjugate of variable X, CXY is
− Ż sys = . (A.4) the covariance of variables X and Y.)
İ 1 İ 1
If the fluctuations in Eqs. (A.7) and (A.8) at multiple
Equation (A.2) yields instants are multiplied on both sides, we obtain
V̇ 1
Ż L1 = . (A.5) Ċ VG ZL1
İ 1 − İ 2 Ċ Zsys ZL1
İ 1
Equation (A.3) yields
Ċ V1 V1 ( ) Ċ ∗V I
V̇ 2
)∗ + V̇ G − V̇ 1 2 (
1 1
Ż L2 = . (A.6) = ( )∗
İ 2 İ 1 İ 1 − İ 2 İ İ 1 − İ 2
1

51
 ( )
V̇ ∗1 Ċ V1 I1 − Ċ V1 I2 Thus, we obtain for VG and Zsys
− ( )∗2 V̇ G − V̇ 1
İ 1 İ 1 − İ 2
( )( ) V̇ ∗1 (Ċ V1 I1 − Ċ V1 I1 ) − (İ 1 − İ 2 )∗ Ċ V1 V1
V̇ ∗1 V̇ G − V̇ 1 Ċ I1 I1 − Ċ I1 I2 =
(İ 1 −İ 2 )∗ Ċ V I V̇ ∗1 (Ċ I I −Ċ I I )
,
− ( )∗2 (A.12) İ 1
1 1
− 1 1
İ 1
1 2

İ 2 İ 1 − İ 2
1
(A.13)
( )
Ċ ∗V = Ċ I1 V1 .
1 I1 V̇ G − V̇ 1
Ż sys =
By assumptions (A.10) and (A.11) we have İ 1
̇∗ ( ) (
( )∗ ( ) ( )C )∗
0 = İ 1 − İ 2 ̇CV V + İ 1 − İ 2 ∗ V̇ G − V̇ 1 V1 I1 V̇ ∗1 Ċ V1 I1 − Ċ V1 I2 − İ 1 − İ 2 Ċ V1 V1
1 1
İ 1 = ( ( ) .
( )( ) )∗
( ) V∗1 V̇ G − V̇ 1 Ċ I1 I1 − Ċ I1 I2 İ 1 − İ 2 Ċ V1 I1 − V̇ ∗1 Ċ I1 I1 − Ċ I1 I2
− V̇ ∗1 Ċ V1 I1 − Ċ V1 I2 − .
İ 1 (A.14)

AUTHORS (from left to right)

Suresh Chand Verma (senior member) completed the M.E. program in electrical engineering at the Graduate School of
Engineering of Roorkee University, India, in 1986, then was employed by a power company in India. He came to Japan in 1990
and completed the doctoral program in electrical engineering at the Graduate School of Engineering of Nagoya University in
1994. Since 1994 he has been employed by the Chubu Electric Power Company, where he is affiliated with the Electric Power
Technology Laboratory. He is primarily engaged in research on the analysis and control of electric power systems (D.Eng.). He
received an IEEJ Outstanding Paper Prize in 2003. He is a member of IEEE.

Yoshiki Nakachi (member) completed the M.E. program in electrical engineering at the Graduate School of Engineering
of Musashi Institute of Technology in 1992, then joined Chubu Electric Power Company. After working in the Electric Power
Technology Laboratory of the Research and Development Division, he joined the Grid Technologies Group in the Power System
Operations Department, where he is engaged in research on the analysis, stabilization control, and voltage control of electric
power systems. He completed the latter half of the doctoral program at the Graduate School of Engineering of Nagoya Institute
of Technology in 2007 (D.Eng.). He received an IEEJ Outstanding Paper Prize in 2005. He is a member of the Institute of
Electrical Installation Engineers of Japan.

Yoshihiko Wazawa (member) received a bachelor’s degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering of Tohoku
University in 1985, then joined Chubu Electric Power. He is primarily engaged in the planning, development, and operation
of protective control devices and stabilization devices for electric power systems. He is now affiliated with the Electric Power
Technology Laboratory of the Research and Development Division.

52
 AUTHORS (continued) (from left to right)

Yoko Kosaka (member) received a bachelor’s degree from the Department of Applied Physics of Nihon University in
March 1990, then joined Toshiba Corporation. She is now engaged in research and on the operation, monitoring, control, and
analysis of electric power systems at the Power and Industrial Systems R&D Center.

Takenori Kobayashi (senior member) completed the doctoral program in electrical engineering at the Graduate School
of Engineering of the University of Tokyo in 1995. He joined Toshiba in 1994. He is now engaged in engineering research on
smart grids and storage systems at the Grid Solutions Technology Office of the Transmission & Distribution Systems Division
(D.Eng.). He is a member of IEEE.

Kazuya Omata (senior member) completed the M.E. program at the Graduate School of Science of Waseda University in
1980, then joined Toshiba Corporation. He is now engaged in research on analysis, monitoring, and control systems for electric
power and energy systems at the Power and Industrial Systems R&D Center (D.Eng.). He received an IEEE/PES Paper Award
in 1992 and an IEEJ Outstanding Paper Prize in 1994.

Yoshiki Takabayashi (member) received a bachelor’s degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering of Chiba
Institute of Technology in 1982, then joined Toshiba Corporation. He is primarily engaged in system design and in the
development of monitoring and control systems for electric power grids. He is now affiliated with the Grid Solutions Technology
Office in the Transmission & Distribution Systems Division.

53