26 1

IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 10,No. 2, June 1995

TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE OF TEE SELF REGULATED

SHORT SHUNT SELF EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR
L. Shridhar, Bhim Singh and C. S. Jha
Dept of E l e c t Engg, I I T Delhi, Hauz Khas
New Delhi 110 016 I N D I A

Abstract:
This paper i s an extension of the Authors'
previous work 111 on the s e l f regulated short shunt Self
Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). A detai Led investigation
i s c a r r i e d out on the transient behaviour of the short shunt
SEIG
system subjected t o d i f f e r e n t dynamic conditions.
Analytical model incorporating cross-saturation effect, has
been used t o p r e d i c t performance of the SEIG.
Experimental
r e s u l t s are presented along with the simulatedones.
Response o f the system t o disturbances reveals i t s
excellent transient performance.
The system has a good
overload c a p a b i l i t y and i s f r e e from operational problems
r e l a t e d w i t h short c i r c u i t and loss of excitation.
By presenting t y p i c a l r e s u l t s o f a 3.7kW, three-phase
s q u i r r e l cage machine, s u i t a b i l i t y of the short shunt SEIG
f o r a sinple,
rugged and s e l f regulated stand alone
generating system, i s established.

operation of the SEIG. Presently, most of the work on the

SEIG i s centred around the design and developnent of a
suitable voltage regulator [5,7,10-121. Different types of
r e g u l a t o r s have been proposed, which a r e e i t h e r VAR
c o n t r o l l e r s based on switched capacitor/ variable inductor/
saturable core reactor schemes, or load controllers o r a
ccmbination o f the two; u t i l i z i n g closed loop control through
relay/ contactors or semiconductor switching devices. But the
c i r c u i t conplexity, cost and operational problems associated
w i t h these r e g u l a t o r s v i t i a t e t h e v e r y advantages o f
recarmending induction generators i n isolated applications,
since they are often required t o operate mattended under
adverse conditions.
By i d e n t i f y i n g poor voltage regulation of the SEIG as a
major bottleneck i n i t s applicability, a constant speed SEIG
system using additional capacitors i n series with the load
(i.e. short shunt configuration), was proposed by the Authors
Keywords: Rural E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n , Isolated Power Generation, i n an e a r l i e r paper [l]. I t was shown that f o r a p a r t i c u l a r
p a i r o f s e r i e s and shunt capacitors, the S E I G d e l i v e r s power
Induction Generator, Capacitor Self Excitation
up t o i t s rated value, keeping voltage w i t h i n permissible
l i m i t s without resorting t o any voltage regulator.
Thus,
1 INTRCOUCTION
based on the steady s t a t e analysis, with i t s s e l f regulating
Increasing emphasis on decentralized power generation features, the short shunt SEIG was found t o be a good option
has led t o growing a c t i v i t y i n the developnent of stand i n i s o l a t e d power generation.
Having established s u i t a b i l i t y of the short shunt S E l G
alone/ i s o l a t e d power systems, captive power plants and
portable gensets using both conventional and non conventional under steady state, i t becomes necessary t o investigate i t s
sources o f energy, v i z . diesel, biogas, wind, micro-hydro transient behaviour. Such study i s of i n t e r e s t not only t o
but
etc. A review of the l i t e r a t u r e 11-161 reveals that induction know response of the SEIG under transient conditions,
generators are being preferred over conventional alternators also t o v e r i f y i t s s u i t a b i l i t y t o disturbances t y p i c a l i n

i n such applications, due t o t h e i r overall maintenance and

o p e r a t i o n a l s i m p l i c i t y . I n i s o l a t e d a p p l i c a t i o n s , an
induction generator operates i n s e l f excited mode, usually
deriving e x c i t a t i o n from a capacitor bank connected across
i t s terminals. Absence of a separate dc excitation system,
good transient performance and ruggedness o f i t s cage r o t o r
construction are the major advantages of induction generator
over the alternator t2-73.
Despite i t s a l l advantages, capacitor s e l f excited
induction generator (SEIG) suffers from an inherent problem
of poor voltage regulation [4-6,8,91, which greatly reduces
u t i l i z a t i o n of the machine. It, therefore, becomes necessary
t o enploy a suitable voltage regulator f o r the useful

f i e l d conditions. This w i l l give valuable information on the

s u i t a b i l i t y of the machine winding and i n s u l a t i o n level,
r a t i n g of capacitors and the design of protection system. I t
i s also required t o develop a suitable a n a l y t i c a l model, t o

94 SM 3;64-0 EC
A paper recommended and approved
IEEE E l e c t r i c Machinery Committee of t h e
IEEZ Power Engineering Society for presentation a t
t h e IEEE/PES 1994 Summer Meeting, San Francisco, CA,
July 24-28, 1994. Manuscript submitted May 5, 1993;
made a v a i l a b l e f o r p r i n t i n g May 3 , 1994.

SEIG.

by t h e

p r e d i c t transient behaviour of the system.

Hallenius e t a l . 1131 and Grantham e t a l . C141 have
reported a n a l y t i c a l models t o predict transient behaviour of
the SEIG.
But scope of these papers i s l i m i t e d t o
a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f respective model equations t o the SEIC. I t
i s the o b j e c t i v e o f the present paper t o investigate i n
d e t a i l , the transient behaviour of the S E I G i n general and
that of the s e l f regulated short shunt S E l G i n p a r t i c u l a r .
A n a n a l y t i c a l model incorporating cross saturation
e f f e c t has been used t o predict transient behaviour o f the
Results obtained from extensive experimentation and
those from simulation are presented and compared.
I n i t i a l l y , transient behaviour of the simple shunt S E l G
configuration i s presented. Following t h i s , response of the
short shunt SElG subjected t o d i f f e r e n t transient conditions
i s studied. Typical response of a 3.7kW, three-phase s q u i r r e l
cage induction motor operated as an S E l G i s discussed, high- l i g h t i n g special features of the short shunt configuration.

0885-8969/95/$04.00 0 1994 IEEE

262

2.2 System Equations

2 MODELING
The computation i s based on model equations ( u i t h the
usual assunptions [13,151), referred t o a quasi stationary
d-q reference frame of a polyphase induction machine c i r c u i t
model shoun i n Fig. 1.

- axis

Ce

When the induction machine operates as a motor or a g r i d

connected generator, i t assunes voltage and frequency from
the grid. The machine side equations given i n section 2.1.1
are s u f f i c i e n t t o evaluate transient performance o f the
machine i n these tu0 modes. Thus, there are f i v e unknoun
variables i.e.
currents represented by [iland the speed ur;
t o be solved from f i v e f i r s t order d i f f e r e n t i a l equations.
But i n the case of an SEIG, there w i l l be four additional
variables involved ( d and q components of charges, uh and
U ) given i n section 2.2.2,
t o account f o r the external
excitation, thus making a t o t a l o f nine variables t o be
solved from n i n e f i r s t order d i f f e r e n t i a l equations.
The
model equations f o r the p r e d i c t i o n of transient performance
o f the short shunt S E I G can nou be w r i t t e n i n a form,
solvable by cornputer simulation as follows:

I
I

I
I

Fig 1 The short shunt S E I G i n dq stationaryreferenceframe

2.1 Model Equations

PIUe] =(l/RL)C [vS3 - ( l / C e ) [ue1 )

There are tu0 sets o f d i f f e r e n t i a l equations t o be

solved t o get transient response of the short shunt SEIG.

p[uhl=fis1 lie]

.I...

(3)

2.3 Algorithm
2.1.1

Machine Side Equations

[VI= [ R I [ i l

[LI p 1 i l

urlGI [il

and

= Te

Tshaft

.....(1)

J(Z/poles) pur

I
I

where, [VI,
C i l , [RI,
[LI and [ G I are voltage, current,
resistance, transformer inductance and r o t a t i o n a l inductance
matrices, while other synbols have t h e i r usual meanings
time. The e f f e c t
113.171, u i t h p denoting d e r i v a t i v e w.r.t.
of cross saturation i s incorporated by making suitable
using
modifications i n the elements of the matrix, 11.
magnetic inductance Lm = I ymI/ limland i t s derivative
The magnetization
dL,Jdlim(.
as d e t a i l e d i n r e f . [131.
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the experimental machine along u i t h i t s
other detai I s are given i n Appendix-I.

Nou, a s u i t a b l e nunerica1 technique ( i n the present

case, the u e l l knoun Runge-Kutta method)
i s employed t o
solve the d i f f e r e n t i a l equations (3) t o obtain v a r i a t i o n of
voltages, currents and charges u.r.t. time; a f t e r choosing
s u i t a b l e i n i t i a l values.
The algorithm s t a r t s u i t h an
assunption o f a small charge on the shunt capacitor t o help
voltage b u i l d - u p process, and i s given belou:
T
1. Assune, a t t = 0 ; [is],
U
[ ],
= t01, [uh3 = E [1 11 ,
(uhere, e = 0.001).
2. Calculate [vsl = [uhl/Ch.
3. C a l l Runge Kutta Routine t o solve f o r is,ur, ue and
U using equations ( 3 ) .
h
4. Increment time t and go t o 2, u n t i l the system
assumes steady s t a t e condition.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.1.2

Load Side Equations

[vsl

= RLp[ue3

'
I

+ (l/Ce)[uel

[is] p[uhl +

lie]

where
[Vs1 =
CU
I,

and also

[Vsd

[Ued

[vSl =

1T ,
sq

u I

eq

[Uh3

..... (2)

I
I

and

[U

hd

'hql

'

[is]
= [isdi lT,
sq

(l/ch) [ubi

tue] and [Uh] are charge matrices for capacitors, c a d

Ch, respectively, t i e l = [iL]
= p[ue], i s the matriz for
current through Ce and RL, while [is]
represent the Stator
current matrix.

I n t h i s section, i n i t i a l l y transient behaviour of the

simple shunt SEIG i s studied, followed by that of the short
shunt configuration. The conditions studied include,
load
perturbation, short c i r c u i t , loss of e x c i t a t i o n and voltage
b u i l d up.
3.1 Simple Shunt S E I G

I n t h i s configuration, only shunt capacitor i s connected

across the machine. The poor voltage regulation of the S E I G
i s evident from i t s steady s t a t e load characteristics shown
i n Fig. 2 f o r d i f f e r e n t values of capacitance. Further, f o r
each capacitance, there i s a maximum output pouer P ~ ,
extractable from the generator. For a capacitance of 18)tF/ph,
uhich corresponds t o the m a x i m permissiblevoltage a t no

263

~ r r n i n avoltage
l
(p.u.1

0.6
I-

Pm;

* '

0.4
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

output power (P.u.)

F i g 2 Load C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the SEIG
load (1.06 P.u.,
f o r a permissible voltage regulation of
'&%),
P i s 0.53 p.u. a t 0.83 P.U. voltage. I f the generator
i s loaded beyond t h i s point, i t becomes unstable and dee x c i t e s as shown by dotted lines. Therefore, i f the machine
i s t o d e l i v e r i t s r a t e d power, the capacitance should be
v a r i e d from 18 )(F/ph t o 25 pF/ph using a s u i t a b l e voltage

appreciable

surges are noticed i n the voltage,

which

collapses almost imnediately as the machine de-excites.

Although, i n some cases loss o f e x c i t a t i o n of the SEIG
due t o overload or short c i r c u i t may be of advantage, i t
could be disastrous i n a p p l i c a t i o n l i k e a i r c r a f t ' s power
supplies.
The problem i s f u r t h e r aggravated by the
uncertainty o f the machine t o r e - e x c i t e a f t e r a short
c i r c u i t , unLess some charge i s provided 1161.
This i s a
c r u c i a l aspect t o be tackled i n the operation of the SEIG
under f i e l d conditions. Users i n f a r f l u n g areas have o f t e n
reported d i f f i c u l t y i n r e - e x c i t i n g the generator a f t e r short
c i r c u i t o r sustained overloading, as a major hurdle a f f e c t i n g
c o n t i n u i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of the supply. Also, the dee x c i t a t i o n o f the machine i s so f a s t that i t i s not capable
of adequately sustaining the f a u l t current, t o t r i p the
overcurrent p r o t e c t i v e devices. Thus, f o r many c r i t i c a l
applications, some type of e x c i t a t i o n support system i s
required f o r s e l f e x c i t e d generators. These systems, o f t e n
r e f e r r e d as f i e l d f o r c i n g schemes 1181, produce more than
r a t e d generator current f o r s u f f i c i e n t time t o ensure that
the f a u l t are cleared q u i c k l y and s e l e c t i v e l y enough t o
preserve the i n t e g r i t y o f the power system.
3.1.3 On Load Voltage Build-up

regulator C8,91.
A simple shunt SEIG does not b u i l d voltage/self e x c i t e
3.1.1 Load Perturbation

i f load i s already connected t o i t 1161.

Instead, the l i t t l e
residual magnetism of the machine reduces t o a very low
level, r e s u l t i n g i n a d i f f i c u l t r e - e x c i t a t i o n o f the machine,
An SEIG can sustain small loads applied suddenly. Fig.
3a shows the voltage b u i l d - u p process o f the SEIG a f t e r an 18 a c o n d i t i o n s i m i l a r t o that occurring a f t e r short c i r c u i t .
hF/ph capacitor bank i s switched on t o the terminals of the
Thus, i t i s seen t h a t apart from i t s poor voltage
machine a f t e r i t i s brought t o rated speed. Then a 0.36 p.u.
I t i s regulation, a simple shunt SEIG has low overload c a p a b i l i t y
load i s switched on t o the already excited machine.
seen from Fig. 3b t h a t the SEIG smoothly s e t t l e s down t o a and s u f f e r s from problems r e l a t e d with loss of e x c i t a t i o n on
short c i r c u i t o r sustained overload conditions. I n order t o
new steady s t a t e condition.
However, as soon as an a d d i t i o n a l load corresponding t o operate the overcurrent p r o t e c t i v e devices during f a u l t
0.2 p-U. i s applied, the machine voltage q u i c k l y collapses conditions, i t becomes necessary t o employ a s u i t a b l e f i e l d
f o r c i n g scheme.
due t o de-excitation, as shown i n Fig. 3c.
3.1.2 Sudden Short C i r c u i t

3.2 Short Shunt SEIG

From the above observations, i t can be e a s i l y predicted

t h a t the SEIG can not sustain s e l f e x c i t a t i o n on a short
c i r c u i t across the load.
As shown i n Fig. 3d, on the
a p p l i c a t i o n o f a three-phase short c i r c u i t across the load,
there i s a sudden rush o f current of very short duration,
magnitude o f which depends upon the voltage e x i s t i n g a t the
capacitor terminals a t the instant of short c i r c u i t . No

The steady s t a t e load c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the S E I G under

This
short shunt c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s also shown i n Fig. 2.
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c corresponds t o the optimum value of capacitors

(Ch--16.7 PF/ph and C =45 pF/ph), f o r the minimum voltage

regulation, as given i n r e f . 111.
I t i s seen that the
machine has almost a f l a t load c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . Further, the
SEIG has a large steady s t a t e overload c a p a b i l i t y .

F i g 3 Transient response ofsimple shunt SEIG; a voltage build-up, b switching o f load, c overloading and d, short

circuit

264

265
3.2.1 Switching of Load
Fig. 4a shows switching o f 1.0 p.u. load on t o the
already e x c i t e d SEIG. Experimental r e s u l t s are shown by
photographs, while the computational r e s u l t s are shown j u s t
below the respective experimental ones. I t i s seen that
without any voltage or current surge, the generator quickly

I n contrast t o the simple shunt SEIG, now there i s

adequate sustained current feeding t o the f a u l t t o operate
the over current p r o t e c t i v e devices. Thus, the need of a
separate e x c i t a t i o n support system, otherwise needed with the
simple shunt c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s obviated r e s u l t i n g i n h i g h l y
s i m p l i f i e d setup.

s e t t l e s t o a new steady s t a t e condition. The percentage e r r o r

between the experimental and computational values of v
6' iL,
vs and is are found t o be 5%, 5%, 5.6% and 6%, respectively.
Thus, a f a i r l y good agreement between the experimental and
predicted r e s u l t s i s noticed.

3.2.3.2

3.2.2 Load Perturbation

SEIG.

Fig. 4b shows the transient response of the system on

the sudden a p p l i c a t i o n and removal of 1.60 p.u. load a f t e r
the SEIG i s brought up t o rated voltage a t no load. As can
be seen, the voltages and currents s e t t l e t o respective new
steady s t a t e values, revealing the high over load c a p a b i l i t y
For
and good t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y o f the short shunt SEIG.
t h i s load, the winding current and the load voltage are 1.3
and 0.8 P.u.,
respectively. Again, during a p p l i c a t i o n and
removal o f the load, there i s
no severe voltage/current
dip/overshoot.

3.2.3.3.

3.2.3

Fault and Short C i r c u i t Conditions

The f o l l o w i n g cases of three-phase f a u l t and short

c i r c u i t conditions are studied f o r the short shunt S E I G
system.
1.
Short c i r c u i t across load,
2.
Short c i r c u i t across machine terminals,
3.
Short c i r c u i t across series capacitors.
3.2.3.1

Short C i r c u i t Across the Load

This
i s the most probable t o occur among the three
cases. Response o f the system t o sudden a p p l i c a t i o n and also
the i s o l a t i o n o f a short c i r c u i t across the Load i s shown i n
Fig. 4c.
I t i s seen t h a t the generator does not de-excite
and continues t o feed the f a u l t .
There i s a large current
flowing through capacitors, as they are now charged t o a
higher voltage.
Under t h i s condition, the series capacitor comes i n
p a r a l l e l w i t h the shunt capacitor and over-excites the
machine, which i s now operating under no-load condition.
61.7 r F / p h ) i s much
Now, the net capacitance (16.7 +45
more than t h a t required f o r rated voltage a t no load i.e.
This r e s u l t s i n excessive machine voltage and
16.7 I.CF/ph.
current, which are 1.47 p.u. and 2.51 P.u., respectively.
While the r a t i n g of the shunt capacitor i s voltage
based, t h a t o f the s e r i e s capacitor i s current based.
Therefore, as the nominal voltage r a t i n g of the shunt
capacitor corresponds t o
the rated supply voltage, the
nominal current r a t i n g o f the series capacitor corresponds t o
r a t e d load current. Also, the short time r a t i n g of these
capacitors correspond t o voltage and currents p r e v a i l i n g
during short c i r c u i t o f the load.

Short C i r c u i t Across Machine Terminals

This case i s s i m i l a r t o the short c i r c u i t described f o r

simple shunt SEIG, wherein the machine imnediately deexcites
and the voltage collapses, but as seen from Fig. 4d, the rush
i n the machine current i s absent i n case of the short shunt

Short C i r c u i t Across Series Capacitors

For t h i s case the machine i s subjected t o overloading

c o n d i t i o n as described i n section 3.2.2 and a f t e r i t reaches
steady s t a t e c o n d i t i o n a short c i r c u i t i s applied across the
series capacitors. The a p p l i c a t i o n of short c i r c u i t across
the series capacitors means t h e i r i s o l a t i o n , r e s u l t i n g i n a
s i m p l e shunt c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h o n l y shunt c a p a c i t o r s
connected across the machine a t the applied load. Since
the shunt capacitor alone i s not s u f f i c i e n t t o meet var
requirement of the system a t such a high load, the generator
de-excites. Fig. 4e i l l u s t r a t e s the sequence of the described
switching operation. If the series capacitors are isolated
during l i g h t load conditions, then the S E I G s e t t l e s t o a
stable state, t o which the sinple shunt configuration w i l l
assune under the same loading condition.
3.2.4 Re-excitationand Onload Voltage Build-up
A f t e r de-excitation of the generator due t o shorting a t
the short
machine terminals (case 2 i n subsection 3.2.31,
shunt S E I G r e - e x c i t e s on the removal of the f a u l t . I n f a c t
the short shunt S E I G not only b u i l d s up the voltage a f t e r
loss of e x c i t a t i o n , but i t does so even i f the load i s
already connected t o i t . Fig. 5a shows the on load voltage
b u i l d up of the machine.

F i g 5a On Load voltage b u i l d

UP of the short s h n t S E I G

A l t e r n a t i v e l y , a very f a s t voltage build-up can be

achieved by momentarily shorting the load, as shown i n Fig.

5b. As compared t o b u i l d - u p process i n simple shunt SEIG,

t h i s time, the b u i l d up i s much f a s t e r due t o the
reinforcement of e x c i t a t i o n process by series capacitors.

266
When d e - e x c i t a t i o n occurs i n simple shunt S E I G due t o short
c i r c u i t , remanent f l u x i n the machine f a l l s too low a l e v e l
t o h e l p r e - e x c i t a t i o n o f the system with only shunt
capacitance.
However, i n t h e case o f s h o r t shunt
configuration, the p a r a l l e l combination of series and shunt
capacitors i s high enough t o d i g out the l i t t l e remanent f l u x
i n the magnetic c i r c u i t of the machine and builds up the
voltage.

the machine can s e l f excite even when load i s already

connected across i t s terminals.

even a f t e r loss o f e x c i t a t i o n due t o short c i r c u i t
across the machine terminals, the machine rebuilds i t s
voltage on the removal of f a u l t and the builds up
process i s f a s t e r i f the load i s " e m t a r i l y shorted.

111 performance along

Thus, excellent steady s t a t e
with good transient response of the system, establish the
s u i t a b i l i t y o f the short shunt SEIG f o r a sinple, rugged and
s e l f regulated stand alone generating system.

5
111

REFERENCES

L. Shridhar, Bhim Singh, C. S. Jha, B. P. Singh and S.

Murthy, 'Selection of capacitors f o r the s e l f
regulated short shunt s e l f excited induction generator',
Paper no. 93 WM 226- 1 EC, Approved f o r presentation a t

S.

Fig 5b A quick voltage b u i l d

up of the short shunt SEIG

From the foregoing discussion, i t i s seen that i n

a d d i t i o n t o i t s s e l f regulating feature and good steady state
performance, t h e s h o r t shunt S E I G can s u s t a i n severe
switching transients, has good overload c a p a b i l i t y and can
r e - e x c i t e even on load a f t e r loss o f excitation. It i s also

found that except f o r the most unusual circunstances (the

short c i r c u i t across the machine terminals or across the
series capacitors), the short shunt SEIG supplies adequate
f a u l t current t o enable overcurrent protective devices
operate.

c21

C31

C41

[51

4 CONCLUSIONS
D e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n on the transient behaviour of the
s e l f regulated short shunt S E I G has been c a r r i e d out.
Extensive simulation and experimentation r e s u l t s have been
presented f o r a v a r i e t y o f dynamic conditions and a good
c o r r e l a t i o n between the two has been
noticed. Salient
observations h i g h l i g h t i n g special features o f the short shunt
SEIG have been discussed.

[61

I71

the

CBI

the simple shunt SEIG not only has poor voltage

i t also
regulation and low overload c a p a b i l i t y but
s u f f e r s from problems related with loss of excitation,
r e - e x c i t a t i o n and short c i r c u i t .
the short shunt SEIG (hereafter referred as the

191

Following
investigation.

are

the

main

observations

of

SEIG) has a good voltage regulation and high overload

capabi 1ity.
- the S E I G can sustain switching of load up t o 1.60 p.u.
without loosing s e l f excitation.
i f the short c i r c u i t occurs a t the load, the

machine sustains e x c i t a t i o n and s e t t l e s t o a steady

s t a t e condition, a t higher voltage and current. The
sustained f a u l t current obviates the need t o enploy a
separate e x c i t a t i o n support system i n the case of short
shunt SEIG.

1103

Cl 11

1121

IEEE/PES Winter Meeting 1993, Colwnbus, Ohio.

J.J.
A r r i l l a g a , and D.B.
Watson, ' S t a t i c power
conversion from s e l f excited induction generators', I E E
Proc., v o l 125, no 8, pp 743- 746, 1978.
D.B.
Watson,
J.J.
A r r i l l a g a , and T.
Densem,
'Controllable dc power supply from wind driven s e l f
excited induction machines', I E E Proc., v o l 126, no 12,

pp 1245-1248, 1979.
K. V. V.
S. S. Murthy, B. P. Singh, C. Nagamani and
Satyanarayana, 'Studies on the use of conventional
induction motors as s e l f excited induction generators',
IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, v o l 3, no 4, pp 842848, December 1988.
J.M. Elder,
J.T. Boys,
J.L. Woodward, 'Self excited
inductionmachine as low cost generator', Proc. IEE, p t
C, v o l 131, no 2, pp 33-40, March 1984.
N Smith, e t a l , 'Standalone induction generators f o r a
r e l i a b l e and low cost micro-hydro i n s t a l l a t i o n ' , Energy
and Environment, Proc. of the World Renewable Energy
Congress, Reading, UK, pp 2904-2908, 1990
R. Bonert, and G. Hoops, 'Stand a l o n e i n d u c t i o n
generator with terminal irrpedance c o n t r o l l e r and no
turbine controls', Paper no. 89 SM 632-1 EC , Presented
a t IEEE PES Swrmer Meeting, 1989, C a l i f o r n i a
S. P. Singh, Bhim Singh and M. P. Jain, 'Performance
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and optimum u t i l i z a t i o n of a cage
machine as capacitor excited induction generator', paper
no. 90 SM 284-0 EC, Presented a t the IEEE/PES 1990
Sumner Meeting, Minnesota,l990.
L. Shridhar, Bhim Singh, and C. S. Jha, ' A step towards
improvements i n the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s e l f excited
i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r ' , Paper no. 92 WM 020-8 EC,
Presented a t I E E E PES Winter Meeting 1991, New York.
J.M. Elder, J.T.
Boys, J.L. Woodward, ' I n t e g r a l cycle
c o n t r o l o f stand-alone generators', I E E Proc. C, v o l
132, no 2, pp 57-66,1985.
Bhim Singh, R.K.
Mishra and M.K. Vasantha, 'Voltage
regulator f o r i s o l a t e d s e l f excited cage generators',
Journal o f E l e c t r i c Power System Research, v o l 24, no 2,
pp 75-83, 1992.
M.B.
Brennen and A. Abbondati, ' S t a t i c e x c i t e r f o r
i n d u c t i o n generators', IEEE
Trans. on Industry

261
Applications, v o l 13, no 5, pp 422-428, 1977.
C131 K.E. Hallenius, P. Vas and J.E. Broun, 'The analysis of
a saturated s e l f excited asynchronous generator', IEEE
Trans. on Energy conversion, Vol 6, no 2, pp 336-345,

BIOGRAPHY
L . Shridhar was born i n Bhilainagar, MP (India) i n 1966. He

received h i s B.E.

degree f r a n Maulana Arad College of

1991.
C141 C. Grantham, D. SUtantO and B. Mismail, 'Steady s t a t e
and t r a n s i e n t a n a l y s i s of i s o l a t e d s e l f e x c i t e d
generators', Proc. IEE, p t 8, vol 136, pp 61-68, 1989.
1151 P. Vas, K. E. Hallenius and J. E. Broun, 'Cross
Saturation i n smooth airgap e l e c t r i c a l machines', IEEE
Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol 1, no 1, pp 103-112,
1986
1161 J. M. Elder, J. T. Boys and J. L. Woodward, 'The process
of s e l f e x c i t a t i o n i n induction generators', Proc. IEE,
pt B, v o l 130, pp 103-107, March 1983.
Cl7l N.N. Hancock, 'Matrix analysis of e l e c t r i c a l machinery',

Technology, Bhopal, and the M.Tech degree from I n s t i t u t e of

Technology -Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

(Book), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1974.

Nash, Jr.,
'The t r u t h about standby generator
C181 H.O.
support e x c i t a t i o n systems', IEEE Trans. on Industry

received h i s B.E. degree fran Raorkee University,

and
M.Tech and ph.D. degree from 111-Delhi i n 1977, 1979 and
1983 respectively.

Applications, v o l 26, no 4, pp 726-734, 1990.

Name P l a t e D e t a i l s
--Frame - I E C 112M TEFC,

Duty
S1, Ph
3, Connection A
Freq+- 50 Hr, Pole- 4, Power+- 3.7 kW, Volt/ph*
415,
Arrp/ph+
4.39. J
0.0824 kg mz (including the primemover)

Eauivalent C i r c u i t Parameters

= 0.053 P.u.,

= 0.061 P.u.,

Xs = Xr = 0.087 p.

U.

Toraue Eauat ion

Tshaft

= (550-1.75 up) N m

(where, wr i s i n rad/sec)

Fig A1
V a r i a t i o n o f magnetising inductance
magnetising current (I,)

i n 1956. He

(L,)

i s Assistant Professor a t Indian I n s t i t u t e of Technology,

Delhi.
Dr. Singh has over 60 papers t o h i s credits i n the
f i e l d of CAD, Power Electronics and Analysis and Control of
E l e c t r i c a l Machines. He i s a mber of the Instution of
Engineers (India) and the system society of India.

-Prof. C.

&a, was born a t Vijainagar i n Bihar (India) i n

1934 and educated a t Patna University, Indian I n s t i t u t e of

Sciences, Bangalore, Heriot Uatt College, Edinberg (U.K.),
and B r i s t o l University (U.K.).
He has
teen a Professor of
E l e c t r i c a l Engineering a t Indian I n s t i t u t e of TechnologyDelhi since 1964.
He has made s i g n i f i c a n t contribution i n e l e c t r i c a l
machine theory and applications and published a large "her
o f papers. He has been i n v o l v e d i n p l a n n i n g and
a h i n i s t r a t i o n of technical education i n India since early
1970s. He was Director of the prestigious I I T a t Kharagpur
(1974-781, was Educational Advisor t o the Goverrment of India
on technical education planning and has been active i n
curriculun ptaming and developrent o f engineering education
i n India. He has &en V i s i t i n g professor i n many t n i v e r s i t i e s
i n the West, a member of the board of Trustees of Asia
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, Bangkok (1974-86) and i s a member of
UNESCO international meeting group on continuing education of
engineers since 1975.
A t present, Prof. Jha i s the Vice Chancellor of the
Benaras Hindu University a t Varanasi.

(+ base q u a n t i t i e s )

Rs

D r . Bhim Singh, was born a t Rahamaplra i n U.P.

Fran
1983 t o 1990 he was with the department of
e l e c t r i c a l engineering, University of Roorkee. A t present he

1.

APPENDIX

He joined the department of e l e c t r i c a l engineering,

Indian I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Delhi i n July 1990 and i s
presently, a f u l l time research scholar with the department
working towards h i s Ph.D. degree. His areas of interest are
computer based analysis and design of e l e c t r i c a l machines,
e f f i c i e n t energy conversion and non-conventional pouer plants
and r u r a l technology.
Mr. Shridhar i s a student member o f the IEEE.

with