BQ GreekPod101.com LESSON NOTES Must-Know Greek Sentence Structures S1 #3 Using Adjectives to Describe a CONTENTS Formal Greek Formal Romanization Formal English Vocabualry Sample sentences Vocabulary phrase usage Grammar innoVativetancuace.comFORMAL GREEK ‘Auré to vot elvan axatoikqto. Aut q tawvia elvan Baperr. Auté To rraptt eivat emtuxnpevo. 0 Midtog evan aoBapéc. Aura ta pouxa Sev eivat ovSepwpéva. Autéc 0 okiAos eivat exraiseupevos; FORMAL ROMANIZATION Aft6 to nist ine akatikito, Afti i tenfa ine varet. Aft6 to parti ine epitihiméno. © Miltos ine sovarés, ‘Afté ta rha den ine sideroména. AAft6s 0 skilos ine ekpedevménos? FORMAL ENGLISH ‘That island is uninhabited ‘That movie is boring This party is successful. Miltos is serious. ‘These clothes are not ironed. Is this dog trained? VOCABULARYGreek Vowelled Romanization Gender Class English graves finds masculine adjective cheap éfurVvOG &xipnos masculine adjective smart masculine, feminine, avs, tkave, tkav' ikanés, ikani, ikané " iv txaves, tka, tkave anés, ikani,ikané MN adjective capable kayévoc, Kapévn, kaménos, kaméni, masculine, feminine, kayévo kaméno neuter participle burned Bapyévoc, Bayyevn, vaménos, vaméni, masculine, feminine, painted; ss participle Bappévo vaméno neuter dyed SAMPLE SENTENCES To kinté utd Sev eivat prnv6. To kinité afté den ine ftind. “This mobile phone is not cheap." I mathitria afti ine poll éxipni H pa@iicpta auty eivat roAd éEurvn, "This student is very smart.” (female) Aur n SteuStvepta eivat kaye Aft diefthindria ine ikani. “This manager is capable.” (female) Ta Sévtpa auté eivat Kayeva, Ta déndra aftd ine kaména. "These trees are burned.” 0 toixos etvat Baypevoc, 0 thos ine vaménos. "The wall is painted.” VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE Related Words and Phrases Using the pattern you just learned, use the following information to substitute the fourth element: Seuxttxt avtwvupia + ovoparcKr ppdon + priya «eipaw» + eiBEto/KALTH HEOXA diktiki andonimia + onomatiki frési + rima "ime" + epitheto/t jemonstrative pronoun + noun phrase + verb "to be" + adjective/declinable participle Auté to vat eivat axaroiKnto. Aft6 to nist ine akatikito, "That island is uninhabited." metol[Replace "Adjective/Declinable Participle” For: Word Class |eender [Target romanization [English Jornvéc, omnvf ftings, tin’, [cheap jective Inasculine, focnve fine feminine, hheuter ores, pene &xipni, mart pdjective Imasculine, uriun, é€uTvo féxipno feminine, lheuter ave, (Kavi, }kands, ikani, capable paiective Imasculine, Kavé kan feminine, neuter kkanévoc, lkaménos, __fpurned [participle masculine, kkaiévn, xapévo [kaméni, feminine, lkaméno neuter Bayuévoc, |vaménos, painted, dyed participle masculine, Bapwévn, ——|vaméni, feminine, jayyevo lvaméno hreuter ‘Sample Sentences: To xwnté auté Sev elvat grnvd. To kinit6 afté den ine ftiné. "This mobile phone is not cheap." H pabijrpta aut eivat roAd é€urtvn, Imathitria afti ine pol éxipni: “This student is very smart. (female) ‘Autt\ n dtevsivepta eivat iKave. Aft i diefthindria ine ikani. “This manager is capable.” (female) Ta Sévtpa auté eivat xapéva. Ta déndra afté ine kaména, “These trees are burned.” 0 toixog etvat Baypevoc, O thos ine vaménos. "The wall is painted.” GRAMMAR ‘The Focus of This Lesson is describing something using an adjective or a declinable participle. Use the following pattern to describe something using an adjective or a declinable participle. Seuctuc avewvupia + ovopariKt ppaon + phyA «eipat + eniBETO/KALTH HETOXT diktiki andonimia + onomatiki frdsi + rima “ime” + epitheto/kiiti metohi “demonstrative pronoun + noun phrase + verb "to be" + adjective/declinable participle" ‘Auré to vot elvat axatotKnto. Afté to nisi ine akatikito. “That island is uninhabited.”‘This pattern starts with a demonstrative pronoun in a form that "agrees" with the subject's gender, number, and case. The subject follows immediately after and it can be a noun phrase as simple as an article and a noun, Then comes the verb "to be" conjugated according to the subject's person and number, and last comes an adjective or a declinable participle. Since this adjective or declinable participle gives a certain attribute to the subject through the linking verb "to be,” itis the subject's predicate. As such, it needs to be in the form that “agrees” with the subject's gender, number and case. As we've mentioned in a previous lesson, subjects are always in the nominative case and as a rule, subject predicates too. You can also use this pattern without the demonstrative pronoun whenever you need to describe something without pointing at it or you can even swap it around with the noun phrase and use ‘the noun phrase first and then the demonstrative pronoun. Word order in Greek is quite flexible! For example, "That island is uninhabited” can be Auré to vat eivat axatotknto. (Aft6 to nist ine akatikito,) or. To vnol auté eivar axaroixnto. (To nisi afté ine akatikito.) 1. Demonstrative pronouns Ademonstrative pronoun is a word that we use to show, demonstrate, or point at someone or something. There are five types but we will only focus on the three types that can be used in the pattern we are focusing on in this lesson: - aurés, auth, auté (aftds, aft, aftd) "this/that (one)" We use those to show someone or something that is near or far from us, or that has just been mentioned. Examples: autés 0 KipioG aftés 0 kirios ‘this gentleman” Oédw aut Thélo aft, “want this/that one." ‘They are identical to the strong forms of the third person personal pronouns autés (aftds, "he") aver} (aft, she") and auté (aft6, "it") that we saw in the first lesson of this series, and their declension is the same as that of the -6c, -f, 6 (-6s, «,-0) adjectives that we saw in the previous lesson, Note that these pronouns don't have vocative case forms.Demonstrative Pronoun autés, auth, auté (aftds, aft, afté, “this/that (one)") Singular Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative autés auti auté (aftés) 7) (aftd) Genitive aurod /avtouvos* | autiig/ autnviic* ‘avtod/ avtouvoo* (afta /aftund) (aftis /aftinis) (afta /aftund) ‘Accusative autév auri(uyt auré (aftén) (aftin)) (aft) Vocative - - - Plural Nominative autot autés aura (aft (aftés) (afta, Genitive autiv/avtwvev* | autdv/autuviv' | autiiy/ autwviv* (aftén / aftonén) (aftén /aftonén) (aftén / aftondn) ‘Accusative ‘autovs/ autouvouc* ‘utes aura (aftds /aftuntis) (aftés) (afta) Vocative : F * The secondary forms appear in everyday speech when the tone is derogatory or very casual. “* The final v (n)is used before a word that begins with a vowel or the letters x (K) ™(p), C(t), E(8), W (pS) and the double consonant combinations pir (b), ve (d), yx (g) to (ts), and t(j). In all other cases, i¢is omitted. = (e)toUtOG, (e)couTN, (e)touTO ((e)tUitos, (e)tUti,(e)tuto) “this (one)” We use these to show someone or something that is very near. They are often used with the adverb et (ed86, *here") for more emphasis: Erobtog £610 eivat 0 oKURoc ov. Etditos ed6 ine o skilos mu. ‘This one here is my dog.” Toto civat 5uKé pou kat auté eivat 51K6 Gow. Tito ine diké mu ke afté ine diké su. his one is mine, and that one is yours.” Their declension is also like the -0g, -n,-0 (-08, -, -o) adjectives.Demonstrative Pronoun {e)robto«, (e)roUtN, (e)tobTO (otitos, (ejtuti, (eftato, “this (one)") Singular Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative (@r0ur-05 (exoten, (exotto etitos) (eject) (ejtato) Genitive (©rotrou (erotens, (erottou (ejtatu) (tits) (eptctuy ‘Accusative (et0bt-ov (roben, (ror (entston) (eta) (ejtito) Vocative - - - Plural Nominative (errourot (oroures (orotra (eptati) (ejtdtes) (emta) Genitive (@rovr wv (ott wy (@rotr wv (e)titon) ((eptcton) (e)titon) ‘Accusative (©xour ous roves, @robra (ematus) (emtites) (entita) Vocative : F +* In colloquial speech we often remove the initial ¢ (e), resulting in forms such as toUtos, routn, tovto (tatos, tut, tuto) etc. -exeivos, exeivn, exeive (ekinos, ekini, ekino) "that (one)" We use these to show someone or something that is far from us. They are often used with the adverb exel (eki, "there, over there") for more emphasis Exeivog 0 dvrpas pe xotravet mepiepya Ekinos o dndras me kitazi perierga. "That man is looking at me in a weird way.” Exetvo exel to omit elvat kahoxttopevo. Ekino eki to spiti ine kalohtizméno. "That house over there is well built.” Their declension is also like the -0¢,-n, -0 (-05, «i, -o) adjectives.Demonstrative Pronoun exeivos, exeivn, exeivo (ekinos, ekini, ekino, “that (oney Singular Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative exeiv-0g exelv-n exeiv-o (ekinos) (ekini) (ekino) Genitive exeiv-ou exeiv-ng exeiv-ou (ekinu) (ekinis) (ekinu) ‘Accusative exelv-ov exelvin exelv-o (ekinon) (ekini) (ekino) Vocative - - - Plural Nominative exeivron exeivees, exeiva (ekini) (ekines) (ekina) Genitive exeiv-wy exeiviwy exeiv-wy (ekinon) (ekinon) (ekinon) ‘Accusative exeiv-ous exeiv-es, exeiv-a, (ekinus) (ekines) (ekina) Vocative : F +# Sometimes in colloquial speech, and especially after the prepositions ané (apé, "from") and yta (ya, “for"), we remove the initial ¢(e), resulting in forms such as ketvoc, xeivn, xeivo (kinos, kini, kino) etc. 2. Noun phrase In Greek, sentences usually consist of two basic parts; the noun phrase, or nominal phrase (ovoyatixs ‘paan, onomatiki frdsi to be more precise, and the verb phrase (pnuatixr ppdon, rimatiki frdsi) The core of a noun phrase is a noun or any word or phrase that functions as a noun. For example, a name, an adjective, a pronoun, a numeral, a clause etc. On the other hand, the core of a verb phrase is the verb of a sentence. [H Mapta] [rnnyaiver oto oxodsio.) LU Maria] [piyéni sto scholio.) [’Maria ] [goes to school."] [noun phrase] [verb phrase] ‘Anoun phrase can have a simple form such as: -anoun by itself Flivu vepé, Pino ner. drink water.” -article + a noun/name‘Anévavet elvat évag KvnHatoypapos, Apénandi ine énas kinimatografos. here Is a cinema across the street.” H Aa wale. Liza kIéi isa is crying. ‘Anoun phrase may also have a more extended form such as: -article + adjective + noun 0 véos Kunpatoypéipos eivar arévave. O néos kinimatogrstos ine apénandi. "The new cinema is across the street.” -or even a nominalized phrase To va kanvivers iva KaKéo, To.na kapnizis ine kak6. "[The] smoking is bad.” There can be many extended forms due to all the possible word combinations, but we are not going to focus on them in this lesson. Instead, we will focus on the main uses of a noun phrase ‘Anoun phrase can be used: -to complete the meaning of a verb as a subject (in the nominative), a direct or an indirect object (in the accusative and the genitive respectively), For example: H yuvaika napayyéAvet tou dvtpa pla riven, Lyinéka parangélnitu andra mia pitsa. “The woman is ordering the man a pizza.” to indicate a certain attribute the subject or object has as the predicate of that subject or object (in the nominative and the accusative respectively.) For example: ‘Avrés iva Suxny6pos. Ait6s ine dikigéros. “He is a lawyer. -to complete the meaning of a different noun or noun phrase as a nor al determiner. For example: to okUAL tov Nikou to skilitu Niku k's dog) - after prepositions ov évtpec pe ta papa i dndres me ta mavra the men in black” to address someone (in the vocative case) ‘Freq, fa! Elsa, éla! Isa, come!"No matter how a noun phrase is used in a sentence, Le. elther as a subject or object etc., you need to make sure the noun phrase has the correct form. For example, subjects should be in the nominative case, as we already mentioned, while direct objects are mainly in the accusative case and indirect objects in the genitive. (Once you know the role of the noun phrase and you figure out the case, you need to make sure all the words that define each other within the noun phrase are in grammatical agreement with each other i.e. they need to have the same gender, case, and number. It's also extremely important to remember that the endings of articles don't necessarily become the endings of the nouns or other words they define. For example: © KaA6s dvtpag (masculine, singular, nominative) 0 kal6s dndras “the good man" ot o KaA6 dvepo (0 kal6 Andro) Nouns and adjectives form specific groups depending on their ending patterns, These groups are to be studied and learned one by one over time, Review So remember, to describe something using an adjective or a declinable participle, start with the demonstrative noun if necessary, continue with a noun phrase, plus the verb "to be,” plus the adjective or the declinable participle, Be aware of the noun's gender, number and case.