CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Pongamia pinnata

Pongamia pinnata belongs to the family Fabaceae. It was a fast-growing plant,

briefly deciduous, medium sized tree with a spreading broad crown branch (Fern

2021). It can grow up to the height of 8 to 25m. It has compound leaves with the size

of 20 to 25 cm long, with smooth 5 to 7 leaflets, 6 to 15 cm long ovate, with a larger

terminal one than the others, pointed tip and base that usually rounded. Purplish,

nearly white, or pink flowers that are numerous and fragrant and with the size of 1.5

cm long, borne on axillary and 15 to 20 cm long hair racemes. It has 5 to 7 cm long

pods that are smooth, oblong, and woody, beaked at the apex that are 5 to 8 mm thick,

and a long single seed with a size of 3.5 to 5 cm (Lanting et al. 2002).

Most of the Pongamia pinnata grow in along the seashore, near the border

lakes, and some localities of laguna, Philippines. It may also be found in Mascarene

Islands, Malaya to Australia, Tropical Asia, and Polynesia (Philippine medicinal

plants). In Camarines Sur, in the coastal areas the Bani plant is growing and even in

the coastal highway of Dapitan (https://essc.org.ph/). It can easily propagate by using

seeds, cuttings and from the spread of root suckers.

P. pinnata is a nitrogen-fixing tree that can provide seeds that have oil, and in

India they are collecting these for commercial processing of industrial uses. In India

they are using these in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine system. Traditionally the leaf

is used for antidiarrheal and antihyperammonemic. The flower also used for

antilipidperoxidative effect and antihyperglycemic. Seed extract used for antiviral,

and antihelmintic activity. Bani oil also used for antibacterial and antifungal. And this

plant also has potent for anti-scabies and anti-leprotic activity (Biofuel Park).

1
 P.pinnata valued because it is a very useful tree, these can used as oil, dye,

fuel, wood, insect repellant, medicines and many more. These can grow as an

originate and soil recovery plant in places that are humid and subtropical lowlands in

the world. These plants are used as a decorative tree and boulevard plants in the side

of the road, along the stream, and canal bank (Fern 2021).

Using honey helps in promoting root growth and keeping the roots growing

strong because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties that provides energy

source for the plants. Its not only antibacterial and antifungal, but it can also provide

nutrients for us and for also for the plants specially in cuttings, it helps them form

roots and it helps in creating safe environment for them to continue growing. Many

essential plants elements that honey can provide like potassium and phosphorus, and

this can also be source of zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, and other nutrients. The

nutrient composition of honey is beneficial for flowering and fruiting plants. And it is

also good organic fertilizer for plants (Waddington 2021).

Plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin are came from coconut

water. It is also a source in stimulating roots of the cuttings, inhibitors and plant

regulators that has abscisic acid, phenols, ethylene, and flavonoids (Mirihagalla and

Fernando 2020).

Banana peels are commonly used as organic fertilizers because of its organic

source potassium, and it is one of the vital ingredients of fertilizer that has no

nitrogen, yes, plants needed nitrogen but too much nitrogen can cause more leaves but

few fruits. It also good for plants like tomatoes, peppers, or flowers because it

contains calcium that can prevent blossom end rot. Banana peels contains manganese

that can aids photosynthesis, and sodium that can helps water flow between cells. It

2
also contains magnesium and sulfur to help elements in making chlorophyll (Barbano

2020).

Aloe vera is one of the herbaceous perennials came from the Liliaceae family

that has many medicinal, and culinary uses. Instead of using synthetic growth

regulators, we can use aloe vera as a source of natural hormone in inducing roots of

cuttings. It contains plant hormones like gibberellins and auxins, and it is also a plant

growth promoter (Mirihagalla and Fernando 2020). Aloe vera is one of the natural

rooting hormones that is very affordable and a vigorous substitute to artificial plant

growth substances. It is a low-cost and nature friendly affordable growth hormone,

alternatives, and plant hormones (Fadia 2017).

Despite the numerous economic benefits of Bani in therapeutic effects and

observe as rapidly growing plant as well high tolerance in salt and, also good in

managing soil erosion. Only few studies conducted on the alternative rooting

hormones for Bani species. We must increase more information on the cloning

technique and make a fundamental change for researchers on using the other rooting

hormone that will help the young plants in their cycle on the decided species that are

taken longer time to grow. Artificial rooting substance today is very expensive and

difficult to acquire, that’s why we must clone plants using some other substitute

rooting hormone to help the cuttings in rooting. Our study asses the effects of organic

substitute hormones on the root ability on Pongamia pinnata cuttings. Using

vegetative propagation method, the study aims to produce good seedling of Pongamia

pinnata from the cuttings applied with organic rooting hormone thus providing

knowledge that will lead to development of propagation protocol applicable to the

locality.

3
Objectives of the study

Generally, study aims primarily determining the effects of different organic

rooting substances in the development and initiation of roots in cuttings of Bani. Specially,

it intends to:

1. To determine if there are significant differences in % survival, % shooting, %

rooting, % callusing, length of shoot, number of shoots, length of roots, and

numbers of adventitious roots in different organic rooting hormone; and

2. Determine the best organic rooting hormone that will give better survival and

rooting of Bani cuttings that will be generated.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study gives the higher opportunity to widen the range of the plant

production using amenable rooting hormones that is available in the environment at fewer

cost to plant production endeavor and even future researchers. Lastly this study could help

farmers or orchard managers in how they could have a good planting material and an

alternative planting source than seeds.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study is concerned with evaluating the performance of Bani cuttings in

response to the varying rooting substances, thus, it will be focused on the following: The

donor plant as source of orthotropic source of cuttings should be a matured mother tree.

The cuttings are taken from single origin of the plant, which is the topmost portion with

4
three nodes, cuttings are treated with the substances, honey, Aloe vera, coconut water, and

banana peel, while the control have not been treated with any substances. Treated cuttings

have been terminated 50 days after the emergence of roots in any cuttings.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In improving uniformity in yield and quality the best way is vegetative

propagation, specially when plantations are established in monoclonal blocks

(Lindgren 2002). Traditionally plants are propagated trough stem cuttings without any

treatment, but it produces very low percentage in survival so using rooting hormones

to improve the hastening of the root initiation (Leonardi et.al., 2001). Vegetative

propagation is used when the crop plants does not produce seeds, or it seed does not

viable of or of long dormancy (Kankolongo 2018). The very important is root

formation, it enables plant anchorage and seedling vigor.

In propagating many woody ornamental plants, the best method is stem

cuttings, but sometimes most of the tree species is very difficult in rooting (Evans and

Blazich 1999). In increasing the success of stem cuttings, we must use some pre-

treatments to ease rooting of the cuttings. Most common pretreatments are application

of hormone. Auxins have an important role in the rooting ability in most research, it

enables the rooting materials faster that is very important in cloning reproduction

(Fogaca, et al, 2005). Beyl, et al (2015) pointed out that there are five plant growth

regulators called auxins, cytokinin’s, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins

are the most important for propagation by cuttings also the cytokinin’s these are

commonly used for micropropagation as cited by (Quinan 2019). Forming

adventitious roots always rely on the full growth stock of the plants. Juvenile plant

5
cuttings commonly make best rooting than the full growth material (Husen and Pal,

2006).

Vegetative Propagation Using Stem Cuttings Using Organic Rooting Substances

Ponamia pinnata

Pongamia pinnata is a rapidly growing plant, and an average-sized plants. It is

a briefly deciduous or evergreen with a drooping or spreading branches and broad

crown. It hast a grey-brown bark with a smooth, faint vertical fissures (Csurhes and

Hankamer 2016).

Pongamia pinnata is mostly found India, this plant is rich in polyphenolic

compounds. It has flavonoids, volatile oils, and polyphenols, leaf extract also

possesses cardioprotective activity. It is believed that it has hypolipidemic and

antihyperlipidemic activity because of the flavonoids and polyphenolic constituents

that P.pinnata has (Badole and Patil 2014). This plants always found along seashore

and throughout the Philippines specially in some localities of Laguna and even in the

borders of the lakes. It is also found in Southeast Asian countries (Lanting and

Palaypayon 2002).

Pongamia pinnata is non-edible Karanja oil that has a properties like

conventional diesel, but with a cleaner emission, nonopolyaromatic, with lesser toxic

smoke and soot. By-products of Bani, this can be used as cattle feed supplement.

There is a 30 percent protein in the left-over portion of Bani seed that can feed cattle,

sheep, and poultry (Stuart 2020).

6
Aloe vera

Aloe vera also contains over 70 active constituents, mainly vitamins A, C, E,

and B2, 3, 5, 6, & 12, magnesium, amino acids, calcium, lignin’s, zinc, polysaccharides,

minerals, choline, enzymes, and zinc, all of which are beneficial for root development, cell

strength, and overall plant growth. In Populus trees grown under in vitro conditions, Aloe

vera showed a potential in growth enhancer. Using synthetic growth regulators, we can use

aloe vera as a source of natural hormone in inducing roots of cuttings. The extract

increased the height and weight of the plant, shoots number, leaves, roots, and length of

the roots of the Populus clones. The important of plant growth regulators are it is used in

facilitating the formation of the roots and firming plant initiation in cloning reproduction

(Fadia 2017).

Honey

Plant enthusiasts has been practicing plant propagation through cuttings

before. This is a type of propagation that is cheaper and simple than plant propagation

using seed and so that the uniformity of the plants and desired traits are not going to

lost, and the plant maturity reaches at an early age. There are some rooting hormones

and media that has been tested in propagation of plant cuttings. The key for success

propagation is quick root formation with out infection and necrosis in the cuttings. In

some experiment raw, and unpasteurized honey solution showed that it is inexpensive,

and it is successful medium in propagating plant cuttings. In the study conducted by

Firth and Trask (2017) honey clearly show an ability in rooting some plant species

including the ground cover group. The plants rooted successfully when treated with

diluted honey are Hemigraphis, peanut plant and Plumbago. There is a certain degree

that has been tested and have been confirm the effectiveness of honey in stimulating

7
roots of the cuttings. Honey showed positive result in one study using marijuana

plants. In their study the marijuana treated with honey rooted 7 to 14 days (Laidback

Gardener 2019).

As reported by Tchinda et al. (2013) soaking cuttings in honey enhance the

survival and rooting percentage with the lowest survival of (75.9%) and rooting

percentage of (80%) that acquire in conducting towards the time of (120 min), and the

highest rate was (90.2% and 93.7%) obtained with 60 minutes of dipping after 8

weeks of culture of Ricinodendron heudelotti cuttings in a poly-propagator. Shiembo

et al. (1997), Tchinda et al. (2013) cited that soaking cutting for 60 minutes with

honey gives protection against the removal of moisture and decay which are the main

causes of dead plants.

Substitute substance are common materials that have the potential in

stimulating the ability of cuttings to root. Auxins, cytokinins, gibberelins are another

alternative for the alternative rooting hormone that are essential and known as a

rooting hormone. One examples of natural hormones is honey (Shield, 2012;

Carusetta, 2014, Dunsin et al., 2016).

Honey is more on monosaccharide (simple sugars) like fructose and glucose as

also contains 18 to 20 of the 20 amino acids as needed by all living organisms and the

reason why it is used in cuttings are it access the quick energy and complete nutrition.

It contains enzymes to promote root growth in plants. It is a natural antiseptic and

contains antifungal properties both of which are believed to be one of the reasons it is

used as root hormone. Honey has more kinds of sugars, amino acids, minerals, and

antifungal properties. This will stop the decaying of roots and helps the environment

become clean for the root growth.

8
 Some articles in some literature endorse honey as a rooting hormone (Phipps,

2016, Shelle, 2016 as cited by Firth, 2017). As concluded by a home-based

experiment that the honey from the pantry give the best rooting hormone, then

because of its higher sugar content in the processed honey that may have shown as a

better antiseptic.

Coconut Water

Coconut water is sufficiently great in increasing shoot length, leaf number, and

length of the roots (Asma et al.,2008). The length of the roots was mostly affected by

induction of the roots and the proper length was prerequisite on the formation of the

roots. Uyoh, et al, (2016) proves on their study that the best rooting hormones are

coconut water same as with the neem leaf ash, it was tested as an alternative rooting

hormone. And the study by Ibironke (2017) using rosa spp., the cuttings that are

treated with coconut water provide more branches than the others. Gupta et al., (2002)

mentioned that cottage gardeners prefer to do study using coconut water than using

IBA in propagating bougainvillea because of the price of the synthetic hormone and

its availability. Panwa et al. (1994), mentioned that coconut water commonly contains

plant growth hormones. Their study aims to know the possible effects of coconut

water on the root development on the cloning reproduction of the D. Purplecompacta

L. They tested five different coconut water concentrations. Coconut water gave good

rooting on D. Purplecompacta L., and it was same with the concentration of IAA. The

result proves that IAA and coconut water promote the root, shoot development and

emergence of the leaf of D. Purplecompacta L. (Jayawardena 2016.).

9
 Mature coconut water contains mainly water (94%) and is said to improve the

development of clones and the plant's overall vigor because it has plant promoting

hormones that can influence the vitro cultures, same as the non-living ions, amino

acids, organic acids, vitamins, and many more as cited by Bamigboye (2016). Some

of the most significant and beneficial components of coconut water are cytokinins,

which are a class of phytohormones as reported by Yong et al. (2003).

Plant hormones are a commonly take place organic compounds that show critical

roles in balancing plant growth on the process of development. Yong et al. (2003)

cited that auxin-cytokinin hypothesis shows an important part in the controlling plant

development by managing root and shoot development and lessening their relative

growth. Coconut water and commercial rooting hormone provide goof evidence that

there is no significant difference on the T-test of Rhizopora stylosa, in the root

number and root length, and its says that coconut water is effective in root ability

same as commercial rooting substances (Ogatis, 2015). The main auxin in plants is

coconut water as cited by Ogatis (2015).

Banana Peel

According to some youtubers and some of the simple home gardener’s

banana’s work wonderfully to propagate plants (in other words, you can grow multiple

plants from existing plants, potentially saving you hundreds of dollars in landscaping

expenses. They basically stuck a lemon cutting into half of the banana (with the peel),

placed it into a potting mix and perlite combination, watered it, and within 25 days

(according to the video), the cutting had roots. Also, we asked one of the gardeners who

10
tried the same method and said it works well. Banana peels are rich in potassium that it

can be used as rooting substance, the cuttings respond much better than in plain water

(fignut.com).

Time of the Year

There is significant influence on the cuttings because of the season of the

year in some cases. In deciduous plants, In the dormant season the hardwood cuttings

are made, and the nearly matured and seedling cuttings are made in the crop season.

There are one or more flushes of growth in evergreen plants specially in spring or fall,

it depends on the species. Producing leafy cuttings of olive root in the late spring and

summer are much better to be under mist but in the mid-winter, the rooting is

completely inhibited. The deciduous plants softwood cuttings give the good rooting

when the leaves are fully expanded, and the shoots reach the maturity, and when the

cuttings are planted in the season of spring. In the late winter the best cuttings to be

planted are the narrow-leaved evergreen plants, and in the spring to late fall, the best

cuttings to be planted are the broad-leaved evergreen plants and the wood should

partially matured (Nanda and Anand, 2008).

Age of Ramet/Ortet

11
 Ramet of commonly known as cuttings, taken from a portion of the original

percent stock is referred to as ortet. The age of ramet or an ortet is another good factor

that affect the root and shoot formations well as survival of cuttings.

Parent plant age is important, not only the percent of cuttings per individual that is

affected but also subsequent development. (Hartman et. al 2002) said rooting ability

declines with age, but this trend may be obscured by clonal vitiation that is present in

any sample, particularly when the sample is small. Cuttings from nine tamarack trees

19 to 14 years old rooted with 23 to 93% without any correlation with age.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Location and Duration of the Study

The have been conducted at purok 3, Vista Alegre, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.

The duration of the study has been started in March 2022 and have been terminated in

April 2022.

12
Figure 1: Location of the study

Collection and Preparation of Cuttings

Cuttings of Bani (Pongamia pinnata) have been collected in the Philippine

Forestry Education Network (PFEN), Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong,

Nueva Vizcaya. The cuttings have obtained two leaves from the apex and having the

node of two. The foundation of the cutting has a slant cut. The main size of the leaves

has been cut into half of its main size to minimize transpiration (Patricio et al, 2006).

13
These were collected early in the morning to minimize loss of moisture through

transpiration because the cuttings should be place into cool and wet place until it is

planted (Evans and Blazich 1999).

The collected uniform cuttings were completely submerged into the water to

minimize dehydration and wash off the dust. Completely submerged the cuttings in

200ppm fungicide (DuPont Kocide) for about 1hr. to disinfect from microorganism.

We bundled the cuttings into five pieces as the number of cuttings as the rating units

per treatment, and the basal 0.5-1.0 cm were dipped into the prepared treatment for 1

hour (Patricio et al, 2006). 100 total of cuttings were placed in the propagation

chamber. It has four replications with 5 cuttings per replication and 20 cuttings per

treatment.

14
Figure 2: Species to be used in study.

15
Preparation of Soil Media

The soil media that were used in this study is sandy soil, garden soil, and coir dust.

The soil was sterilized and have been dried by exposing it to the sun for about 8hrs.

Sterilizing the soil before planting is an essential step in keeping plants gnat and disease-

free and considered vital for thriving plant growth and health. Sterilization gives the plant

a clean slate and allows to better control their growing environment (Buckner 2021). After

sterilization, sandy soil, garden soil, and coir dust soil was mixed by the ratio of 1:1:1 to

be place in the planting beds. Fungicide was applied to the planting beds prior planting to

reduce the occurrence of fungi in the prepared planting media.

Rooting Substances preparations

Cuttings of Bani (Pongamia pinnata) were treated using the organic rooting

substances. The following are the treatments:

Table 1: Stem cuttings treatment description

Treatment Description

T1 Control Cuttings will only dip in distilled water

T2 Aloe vera Dip cuttings into the extracted aloe vera gel for 1 hr.

(Taylor 2021)

T3 Honey Dip the cuttings into pure raw honey for 1 hr. (Taylor 2019)

T4 Coconut water Cuttings will be soaked in pure matured coconut water for 1

hr.

T5 Banana peel juice Dip the cuttings in to Cardava banana peel juice in 1 hr.

16
Experimental Design

The variables were the coconut water, honey, Aloe vera, banana peel juice was

applied per treatment. The different treatment combinations have been place in

Completely Randomized Design (CRD); their arrangement is determined through drawing

lots. The treatment combinations have been applied in the study is as follows:

Table 2: Lay out plan using completely randomized design (CRD) with five
treatments, replicated four times
1 2 3 4 5

T1R2 T4R1 T4R4 T4R3 T2R3

6 7 8 9 10

T3R4 T5R2 T5R3 T3R1 T2R2

11 12 13 14 15

T3R3 T2R1 T4R2 T3R2 T1R1

16 17 18 19 20

T1R4 T2R4 T1R3 T5R4 T5R1

Legend:
T1- Control
T2- Aloe vera
T3- Honey
T4- Coconut Water (matured)
T5- Banana peel juice

17
Care and Maintenance

Placed the mixed rooting media in polyethylene pots. Plant the treated cuttings

in the polyethylene pots. Place the pots planted with the cuttings in the transparent

plastic chamber. Water the cuttings using hand sprayer and close the transparent

chamber as needed.

Termination of the Experiment and Data Collection

The observation is terminated 50 days after the emergence of roots in any of the

stem cuttings. All the cuttings have been taken out from the propagation chamber and

harvesting of the individual plants were done carefully by gently pulling out the cuttings

from the planting beds, gently removing the ball of earth that cling into the individual

plant. Soils that adhere into the plant roots have been washed-off by gently flushing it with

running water to manage the measurement of root and counting roots in each plant as well

as the formed callus (Querido, 2022).

The effect of the treatment on the test plant were evaluated using the following

Parameters:

a) Percent survival of cuttings, to determine the percent survival in each treatment,

the number of alive cuttings were counted and recorded. The computation of

survival percentage as follows:

Number of surviving cuttings

%Survival¿ x 100
Total number of cuttings planted

b) Percent shooting, all planted cuttings with developed shoot were counted and
recorded to determine the percent shooting. The percent shooting was computed
as follows:

Number of cuttingswith shoots

% Shooting¿ x 100
Total number of cuttings planted

18
 c) Percent rooting, all planted cuttings with developed roots were counted and
recorded to determine the percent rooting. The percent rooting was computed as
follows:

Number of cuttings with roots

% Rooting¿ x 100
Total number of cuttings planted

d) Percent callusing, all the cuttings with developed callus were counted and
recorded to determine the percent callusing, the formula have been used:

Number of cuttings with callus

% Callusing¿ x 100
Total number of cuttings planted

e) Shoot length, the length of shoots was measured in centimeter from the origin

point up to the tip.

f) Number of shoots, Shoots are where leaves will develop. There shoots were

counted in each cutting.

g) Root length, root length was determined by measuring the main root with a foot

rule calibrated in centimeter from the point of origin up to the tip of the

elongated roots. Secondary roots have not been measured.

h) Number of adventitious roots, adventitious roots are the roots which will

emanate from the base of the cuttings. These roots were counted in each cutting.

Data analysis

To evaluate the effect of the treatments, the data to be gathered were subjected to

the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). For significant result, to further test of the

significance between or among the treatment means, the Statistical Tool for Agricultural

Research (STAR) application of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was used in

this study. STAR is develop using Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP) and R language for

crop scientists and has a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) (Gallus et al, 2014).

In case of significant results comparison between treatments have been done using Least

Significance Difference (LSD).

19
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Propagation is a means of plant multiplication. Species with desirable

characteristics and with multiple uses need to be propagated and multiplied. One of

these species is Bani (Pongamia pinnata). There are varied uses of this tree such as:

nitrogen-fixing trees that producing seeds containing oil for commercial processing in

industrial uses; also used in ayurvedic and Siddha medicine system in India;

antidiarrheal; antihyperammonemic; antihelmintic; antibacterial and antifungal, anti-

scabies and anti-leprotic activity (Biofuel Park).

Seed storability in some tree species are mainly influenced by the climatic

conditions, that always pass in our country every year. The reason why the seeds were

hard to exploit, cultivate and conserve for the plant genetic resource (Kumar 2007).

With the current situation, an alternative micropropagation technique using

cuttings was tried. The unavailability of seedlings because were too far from the

coastal area were Bani usually grow, cuttings were used.

The study was set up last March 3,2022 and was terminated last April 21,

2022, after 50 days in the propagation chamber. The following were the treatment of

the cuttings, purposely to enhance rooting and produced clones:

T1- Control
T2- Aloe vera
T3- Honey
T4- Coconut water (Matured)
T5- Banana peel juice

20
 The treatments were organic compound which also used in some experiments

that helped in hastening rooting. After the application of different treatments, the

cuttings were planted in black polyethylene bags with a mixture of river sand, coir

dust and garden soil in 1:1:1 ratio by volume. They were placed and maintained in the

improvised propagation chamber as shown in figure 3.

The experiment was terminated last April 21 after 50 days of care and

maintenance. The following were the parameters gathered to assess the effect of the

treatment on the micropropagation of the species: percent survival, percent shooting,

percent rooting, percent callusing, shoot length, number of shoots, root length, and

number of adventitious roots.

Figure 3. Propagation chamber

Below is the summary of the Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) of the different

parameters of the study.

21
Table 3: Summary of the Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) on %suvival,
%shooting, and %rooting and %callusing of Pongamia pinnata applied with
different rooting substances

Treatments %Survival % Shooting % Rooting %Callusing

T0- Control 85 a 79 69 84
T1- Aloe vera 60 b 70 74 79
T2- Honey 60 b 70 59 74

T3- Coconut 65 ab 65 69 89
water
T4- Banana peel 45 b 40 44 64
Juice

Table 4: Summary of the Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) of shoot length, number
of shoots, root length, and number of adventitious roots of Pongamia pinnata
in different rooting substances.

Treatments Shoot length Number of Root length Number of

shoots adventitious roots

T0- Control 0.55 3.3 a 5.28 7.35 a

T1- Aloe vera 1.66 2.8 ab 9.59 4.50 b

T2- Honey 4.61 1.8 bc 7.76 3.15 bc

T3- Coconut 0.50 2.3 abc 10.03 4.60 b
water
T4- Banana peel 0.28 1c 5.73 1.40 c
juice

As shown in tables above, statistical analysis of the different parameters

showed significant differences in number of adventitious roots and percent survival

and the rest are insignificance. The different growth promoting substances have

affected the rooting initiation of Pongamia pinnata.

22
Percent survival

The formation and root initiation among tree species varies. There are limited

studies conducted on the alternative rooting substance for Bani species despite of its

economic benefits and a lot of medicinal properties. As observed, the cuttings

collected from the mother tree and were treated with different growth promoting

substances to enhance rooting of the stem cuttings such as matured coconut water,

honey, aloe vera, and banana peel juice. Statistical analysis of the percent data in

percent survival showed the significant effects of the different growth promoting

substance applied (Appendix Table 1.). The result showed high survival of Bani

cuttings, control with 85%, Aloe vera and honey with the same 60%, Coconut water

with 65%, and Banana peel juice with 45%. The highest survival of cuttings is 85%,

followed by 65%, next is 60%, and the lowest percent survival is 45% (Table 3 and

Figure 4).

The findings of the study supported by the findings of Hiadan (2019) in her

study using Petroleum nut where in the plant cuttings is treated control, coconut water

that gave the highest percent survival of 6.25% and 18.75% but contrast in the

cuttings that treated in honey that gave zero percent survival. In addition, study

conducted by Diamante (2021) Bani gave the highest percent survival 15% and 10%

when treated in control and Aloe vera.

23
 % SURVIVAL
90 85
80
70 65
60 60
60
50 45
40
30
Percent

20
10
0
l ra ey er ce
ntro ve on at J ui
o e H el
-C lo - tW
T0 -A T2 onu Pe
T1 a
oc an
3-C an
T -B
T4
Treatments

Figure 4: Percent survival of rooted cuttings of Pongamia pinnatain different growth

promoting substances.

Adriance and Brison (2005) mentioned that juvenility factor effects the rooting

ability of cuttings from every species, cuttings cut from the young plant always has a

better roots than the adult plant. Proven that the capability of cuttings to provide low

adventitious roots in the mature plant. It shows the truth that plants give more roots

with young age and the process of initiation of the roots in the cuttings (Santoso

2014).

Percent shooting

The application of different growth promoting substances on the cuttings of

Bani showed insignificant effect as shown on the graph. The different growth

promoting substances affected the shoot formation in this study. The shooting

percentage obtained from this study range from 40 to 79%. Control treatment got the

highest shooting percentage of 79%, followed by Aloe vera and honey with the shoot

24
percentage of 70%, Coconut water provide the shoot percentage of 65%, and Banana

peel juice with the percentage of 40%.

% Shooting
90
80
70
60
50
40 79
70 70 65
30
Percent

20 40
10
0
l) ra
) y) er
)
ce
)
ntro ve one at J ui
o e (H W l
(C lo ut e
T0 (A T2 on pe
T1 a
oc an
(C an
T3 (B
T4
Treatments

Figure 6: Percent shooting of Pongamia pinnata cuttings in different organic rooting

substances.

According to Agbo et al. (2008) to attain rapid and high percentage (73%) of

root formation, he suggested higher concentration to influence the root promoting

substance of the tip of G. latifolia cuttings. Control gave the highest shooting

percentage of 79% and followed by the aloe vera and honey that gave the percentage

of 70 % and it is supported by the study of Firth and Trask (2017) that honey provides

the ability to root plant species. And supported with the study of Fadia (2017) that

Aloe vera concentration provide more shoot number than the control treatment for the

Populus clones.

25
Percent rooting

Plant cuttings capability to provide adventitious roots while they are still

foods stored with in the cuttings is very necessary for their growth and development.

The performance of the cuttings is producing better root system and was attributed to

the source of the cuttings. Noticeably the effect of the application of organic rooting

substance was high as shown in (Appendix 5). It was observed in rooting of cuttings,

the control had produced 69% roots,74% in Aloe vera, 59% in honey, 69 % in

Coconut Water, 44% Banana peel juice as shown on (Table 3 and figure 5).

% rooting
80
60
40 74
69 59 69
20 44
Percent

0
l) ra
) y) er
)
ce
)
ntro ve one at J ui
o e (H W l
(C lo ut e
T0 (A T2 on pe
T1 a
oc an
(C an
T3 (B
T4
Treatments

Figure 5: Percent rooting of Pongamia pinnata cuttings in different rooting hormones

The application of the organic rooting hormones improves the root initiation

of Bani cuttings which supported with the findings of Diamante (2021) that the Aloe

vera enhance root formation of Bani and supported with the findings of Hiadan (2019)

that the pure coconut water enhances the root formation of Petroleum nut that gave

the highest percent of the root. As Adriance and Brison (2005) mentioned, the rooting

ability of cuttings taken from matured tree declines because of the problem on

juvenility.

26
Physiological factors influenced the rooting of the cuttings cited by adekola and

Akpan (2012). Successful rooting of the cuttings was observed in most of the

decorative plants and fruit bearing plants and always lies commonly on the physical

stage of the mother plant, planting time of the cuttings and the type of the plant

regulators (Ibironke, 2016). Agbo and Obi (2008) cited that because of the low

phenolic levels of the plants may reduce the rooting ability in hardwood as they age as

reported by Hartmann et al (1975). Rooting ability is always depending on the

nutrients of the cuttings. It is generally observed that cuttings with high carbohydrate

content. The difference in rooting of adult and juvenile cuttings, have also assign the

dissimilarity in their growth status (Borpuzari and Kachari 2019).

Percent Callusing

Result of the Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) on callus percent formation

is showed insignificant (Appendix 3). The callus formation of the Bani cutting range

from 64 to 89%. In some species of trees callus formation is preparatory to root

initiation. In the study conducted the application of the Coconut water with 89% had

the high percentage of cuttings that produced callus than the other treatments. It is

supported by the study conducted by Hiadan (2019) that the application of 100%

coconut water gave the highest percentage in the cuttings that produced callus.

27
 % Callusing
100
80
60
40 84 79 89
74
Percent

20 40
0
l) ) y) er
) )
tro ve
ra ne at uice
on o l J
(C lo
e (H W e
(A T2 ut pe
T0 on
T1 oc na
(C a na
T3 ( B
T4
Treatments

Figure 7: Percent callusing of Pongamia pinnata cuttings in different organic rooting

hormones
When cuttings serve for inducing the roots, callus usually form first before

turning into roots. Emergence of the adventitious roots and emergence of callus are

unconventional processes, and at the current appearance is because of the process

cellular division that happen in the same cases, that can turn on the favorable

conditions on internal and environmental (Hartman et al., 2011 as cited by zem et al.,

2016).

Shoot length

The different growth promoting substances applied to the cuttings of

Pongamia pinnata had no significant effect on the formation of shoot (Appendix 6).

Based on the result of the statistical analysis, cuttings of petroleum nut dipped in the

honey gave the longest shoot growth (4.61cm) as compared to the other treatments.

Cuttings of Bani dipped in coconut water (0.50cm) and control (0.55cm) produce the

lowest shoot formation followed by Banana peel juice (0.28cm) showed in (Appendix

6 and Figure 8). Cuttings of Bani dipped in Honey gave the longest shoot length

(4.61cm) followed by the Aloe vera that gave the length of (1.66 cm).

28
 Shoot Length
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5 4.61
2
1.5
in cm

1 1.66
0.5 0.55 0.5 0.28
0
l) ra
)
ey
)
er
) )
tro ve n at uice
on e ( Ho w l J
(C lo ut e
T0 (A T2 on pe
T1 oc na
(C a na
T3 ( B
T4
treatments

Figure 8: Shoot length of Pongamia pinnata cuttings in different organic rooting

hormone
The expansion on the stem length is because of the ability of the BA (Butaric

acid) in the elongation of the cell and cell division (Al-hasnawi, 2011). In the

formation of the plant nutrient in the leaves is important with the help nitrogen

content and the cytokinin (karunarathna and Harris 2016).

Number of Shoots

In the shoot number, result shown significant difference in number of shoots

in the treatments. Control gave the highest number of shoots followed by Aloe vera

(3.3 and 2.8) respectively.

The highest shoot observed in cuttings without treatment or cuttings dipped

only in distilled water shown in Figure 11. Because there is no rooting substance like

auxins and cytokinin that may affect the shooting of the plants (Dunsin et al. 2016).

29
 Number of shoots
3.5 3.3

3 2.8

2.5 2.3

2 1.8

1.5
1
1

0.5

0
T0 (Control) T1 (Aloe vera) T2 (Honey) T3 (Coconut water) T4 (Banana peel
juice)
treatments

Figure 11: Number of shoots of Pongamia pinnata cuttings in different organic

rooting hormone

Root Length

On the length of root of Bani cuttings, Analysis of Variance showed

insignificant. Bani cuttings were found easy to root using the ratio of 1:1:1 garden

soil, sand, and coir dust. All the organic rooting substances were tested to enhance

rooting found effective. The longest root length was observed in Coconut water

(10.03cm). The rooting of cuttings was high, resulted in long adventitious roots

formed.

30
 Root Length
12

10

6
9.59 10.03
4 7.76

5.28 5.73
2

0
T0 (Control) T1 (Aloe vera) T2 (Honey) T3 (Coconut water) T4 (Banana peel
Juice)

Figure 9: Root length of pongamia pinnata in different organic rooting hormones

The result supported by Husen (2011) cited by Hiadan (2019) that increasing

donor plants age means decreasing the growth in callus and length of adventitious

roots. Ibironke (2016) also found that the length of root was observed in coconut

water (12.05 cm) showed the positive result of rooting on length of the roots of

Bougainvilla spectabilis where in the highest was observed in coconut water.

From the above discussions, based on the result of the statistical analysis of

the five organic rooting hormones experimented the best is pure coconut water for

Bani cuttings followed by Aloe vera in the 1:1:1 river sand, coir dust and garden soil

rooting media.

31
Number of Adventitious roots

Adventitious roots number gave result indicated that it has significant

difference in the number of adventitious roots among the treatments. Control (7.35)

gave the highest values in the number of adventitious roots than the aloe vera (4.6)

and coconut water (4.5) respectively.

Number of Adventitious Roots

8

4
7.35
3
4.5 4.6
2
3.15
1
1.4
0
T0 (Control) T1 ( Coconut Water) T2 (Honey) T3 (Aloe vera) T4 (Banana peel
Juice)

Figure 10: Number of adventitious roots of Pongamia pinnata cuttings in different

organic rooting hormones

It was observed that the highest number of adventitious roots notice in

cuttings that dip in pure distilled water or control (7.35) because of the absence of

rooting hormones such as auxins and cytokinin came from the other organic rooting

hormones and as followed by the Aloe vera that supported by the study of Fadia

(2017) that aloe vera provides a greater number of roots in Populus clones.

32
 CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study aims to determine the effect of organic rooting substance in the

percent survival, rooting percentage, shooting percenatge, percent callus formation,

shoot length, adventitious roots length and, number of adventitious roots of Bani

cuttings. It also aimed to determine the best organic rooting substance that will give

better survival and rooting of Bani cuttings.

To attain the objectives of the study, treated cuttings of Bani planted in rooting

media composed of garden soil, sand, and coir dust with same proportion. The

cuttings were placed in an improvised propagation chamber, following a Completely

Randomized Design (CRD) of the experiment. The data gathered were analyzed using

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The significant results were further analyzed using

Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) to compare the different treatment

means. And in case of significant result comparison between treatment will be done

using Least Significance Difference (LSD).

Result of the study revealed insignificant differences on the different

parameters except for the Percent survival and Number of adventitious roots

developed. Cuttings applied with Pure distilled water or control gave the highest

percent survival, percent shooting, and number of adventitious roots. Cuttings applied

with coconut water gave the highest percent callus and longest root length and

cuttings applied with honey gave the longest length. However, Banana peel juice gave

the lowest percent survival of them all.

33
Conclusion

Based on our study, the conclusions were drawn:

1. Organic rooting substances gave different effects on Bani cuttings. Control

gave the highest survival with the percentage of 85%, next is Coconut

water with the percentage of 65%, Aloe vera and honey with the

percentage of 60% and the lowest survival rate is Banana peel juice.

2. Among the other parameters used in the study percent survival, numbers of

adventitious roots, and numbers of shoots in Bani showed significant

differences in the others gave insignificant differences. Cuttings dipped in

control gave the greatest percent survival, percent shooting, and numbers

of adventitious roots.

3. The best growth promoting substances that result in rooting performances

of Bani cuttings showed in control treatment followed by coconut water.

34
Recommendations

Based on the result of our study, the followings are recommended:

1. Vegetative propagation of Bani cuttings is feasible using Pure distilled

water as growth promoting substances in Garden soil, coir dust and sand in

equal proportion as a rooting media.

2. With the good result of the study, future research in micropropagation

using cuttings for some forest tree species the use of coconut water as root

promoting hormones is recommended.

3. Further work is required to achieve good rooting of Bani rapidly by testing

other propagation methods or other growth promoting substances, and

forest restoration as well as biodiesel production of Bani in the country.

35