FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE

REACTION RATE
COURSE OUTCOME 4: CHEMICAL KINETICS
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATES

• Physical State of the Reactants

➢The more homogeneous the mixture of reactants, the faster the molecules
can react.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATES
• Physical State of the Reactants
• Concentration of Reactants
➢As the concentration of reactants increases, so does the likelihood that
reactant molecules will collide.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATES
• Physical State of the Reactants
• Concentration of Reactants
• Temperature
➢At higher temperatures, reactant molecules have more kinetic energy, move
faster, and collide more often and with greater energy.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATES
• Physical State of the Reactants
• Concentration of Reactants
• Temperature
• Presence of a Catalyst
➢Catalysts speed up reactions by changing the mechanism of the reaction.
➢Catalysts are not consumed during the course of the reaction.

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REACTION RATES

Rates of reactions can be

determined by
monitoring the change in
concentration of either
reactants or products as
a function of time.

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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EXAMPLE

Calculate the average rate at which A

disappears over the time interval from
20 s to 40 s.

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
EXAMPLE

Calculate the average rate at which A

disappears over the time interval from 20 s to
40 s.

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
REACTION RATES
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

REACTION RATES
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)
• The average rate of the
reaction over each
interval is the change
in concentration
divided by the change
in time:

[C4H9Cl]
Average rate = t

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

REACTION RATES
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

• Note that the average rate

decreases as the reaction
proceeds.
• This is because as the
reaction goes forward, there
are fewer collisions between
reactant molecules.

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

REACTION RATES
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

• A plot of [C4H9Cl] vs. time

for this reaction yields a
curve like this.
• The slope of a line tangent
to the curve at any point is
the instantaneous rate at
that time.

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

REACTION RATES
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

• All reactions slow down over time.

• Therefore, the best indicator of the rate
of a reaction is the instantaneous rate
near the beginning of the reaction.

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

EXAMPLE
Calculate the instantaneous rate of disappearance
of C4H9Cl at t = 0 (the initial rate).

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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EXAMPLE
Calculate the instantaneous rate of disappearance of C4H9Cl
at t = 0 (the initial rate).
The slope of this straight line equals the change in the
vertical axis divided by the corresponding change in the
horizontal axis (that is, change in molarity over change in
time).

Solve: The straight line falls from [C4H9Cl] = 0.100 M to

0.060 M in the time change from 0 s to 210 s, as indicated
by the tan triangle shown in Figure 14.4. Thus, the initial
rate is

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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REACTION RATES AND STOICHIOMETRY
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

• In this reaction, the ratio of C4H9Cl

to C4H9OH is 1:1.
• Thus, the rate of disappearance of
C4H9Cl is the same as the rate of
appearance of C4H9OH.

-[C4H9Cl] = [C4H9OH]
Rate = t
t

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REACTION RATES AND STOICHIOMETRY
• What if the ratio is not 1:1?

2 HI(g) ⎯⎯→ H2(g) + I2(g)

•In such a case,

1 [HI] = [I2]
Rate = -
2 t t

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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REACTION RATES AND STOICHIOMETRY
• To generalize, then, for the reaction

aA + bB cC + dD

1 [A] 1 [B] 1 [C] 1 [D]

Rate = - a =- = =
t b t c t d t

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider the reaction
4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2N2O5 (g)

Suppose that, at a particular moment during the reaction, molecular oxygen is

reacting at the rate of 0.024 M/s.

(a) At what rate is N2O5 being formed?

(b) At what rate is NO2 reacting?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Strategy:

To calculate the rate of formation of N2O5 and disappearance of NO2, we need to

express the rate of the reaction in terms of the stoichiometric coefficients as in

1 [NO2] [O2] 1 [N2O5]

Rate = - = - =
4 t t 2 t

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
(a) At what rate is N2O5 being formed?

[O2] 1 [N2O5]
− =
t 2 t

[N2O5]
= - 2 ( - 0.024 M/s) = 0.048 M/s
t

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
(b) At what rate is NO2 reacting?

1 [NO2] [O2]
− = −
4 t t

[NO2]
= 4 ( - 0.024 M/s) = - 0.096 M/s
t

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Reference

• Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

• Kotz, J.C., Treichel, P. M., Townsend, J., & Treichel, D. A. (2015).
Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 9th Edition. Pasig City, Philippines:
Cengage Learning Asia Pte.

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End of Presentation

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End of Presentation

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