2. Constitutive equations (Chapter 1) A constitutive equation is to relate the flux due to molecular transport to the local material properties. 2.1 Heat conduction (Fourier’s law) q=-k-VT where q is the heat flux relative to the local mass- average velocity, k the thermal conductivity (a tensor in general), and T the temperature. If the thermal conductivity is isotropic, k = KI. 2.2 Diffusion of chemical species For species i, M;;: molecular weight vj: velocity (i concentration in mass unit C;: concentration in molar unit @;: mass fractionxj: molar fraction For the mixture, Mass-average velocity: ¥ = » ev, vO =D xy, 7 Molar-average velocity: c=> ¢, p=>) Pi, x,=C,/C o,=p,/€p Definition of fluxes: Reference Molar units Mass units velocity 0 Ni nj Vv Jj ji yon i ie Flux relationships: J, =C,(v,; -v)=N, -C,v Ji? =C,(v, - vO?) =N,- Cv? = PV; ~y)=n, PN i” = p,(,-v") =n, - pv"x J =0 y i =0 X N =Cy Y a= 0v Fick’s law for a binary mixture (A+B): J, =—PD VO, _ PP sp A Ja Vo, with v as the reference velocity JQ? =-CM ,D4Vx, Je? =-CD ,VX4 with v™ as the reference velocity. Here D4, =D, is the binary diffusivity, whose unit is length’/time.In a multicomponent mixture, there are as many independent diffusion coefficients as there are pairs of species. The fluxes and concentration gradients of all species are interdependent. Therefore, Fick’s law is not applicable to multicomponent system, except in special circumstances, such as dilute solutions. 2.3 Stress and momentum flux Since force is the rate of change of momentum my, stress (force per unit area) is the flux of momentum. It implies that two directions are needed: one for the force and the other for the surface. A stress vector is expressed as s=n:o where n is the unit normal of a surface, and o is the stress tensor. s is the force per unit area on the surface exerted by the fluid, toward which n points. In 3D, 6 has 9 components, oj, in which subscripts i and j represent the direction of unit normal of the referenceplane and the direction of force, respectively. A positive component means a momentum flux in the negative i direction. For a Newtonian fluid such as water, air, etc., o=-plt+t T=U(Vv+Vv') p: pressure ut: fluid viscosity y: fluid velocity (mass-average velocity) In a unidirectional flow (x direction), Ty, = 2.4 Diffusivities for momentum and energy All the shown constitutive equations show a linear relation between the flux and the gradient of certain quantity. The proportionality constants are the materialproperties. The expressions can be rewritten in terms of respective diffusivities: 4=-—5-V(p6, 1) =-aV HP P t= (Wav + Vor") =v(Vpv+ Vow") where a: thermal diffusivity (diffusivity for energy) v. kinematic viscosity (diffusivity for momentum) C,,: heat capacity per unit mass A: enthalpy per unit mass Note that Dap, @and v all have a unit of length’/time. For a given time t, (Daz), (ta)! and (tv)'” estimate the characteristic distances the species, energy and momentum can diffuse, respectively. Relative rates are measured by the following dimensionless numbers:Prandtl number (momentum to energy): Day Lewis number (energy to species): “ex & AB