GRAHY

INDIA RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMEN

1
CHAPTER
Resources and Development
SUMMAR OF THE LESSON
interactive
involves a n
The Process of transformationofthings available in our
environment

relationship between nature, technology and institutions.

Resources are free gift of nature and very useful elements of environme acceptable and
feasible, culturally
esources are technologically accessible, economically
limited in quantity.
are
ownership and status of
development, resouo
On the basis of origin, exhaustibility,
he classified in the following ways
Abiotic
(a) On the basis of origin G) Biotic (ii)
:

basis of exhaustibility : (i) Renewable (ii) Non-renewable

b) On the
(c)On the basis of ownership (ii) National
(iv) International1
i) Individual i) Community (ii) Stock and Reserves.
development:) Potential (ii) Developed
(d) On the
basis of status of maintaining the quanty
well as for
compulsory for human survival,
as
are
Resources
of life.
indiscriminately and this has
led to global ecological crisis
Human beings use resources
environmental pollution
and land degradation.
such as global warming,
ozone layer depletion, Janeiro in Brazil, for thhe

more than 100 heads

of states met in Rio de
June, 1992, addressing urgent problems
In
Earth Summit, which w a s convened for level.
firstInternational at the global
development,
socio-economic
environmental protection and in Reo de Janeiro
of than 100 heads of states,
is the declaration signed by
more sustainable
achievement of global
Agenda 21 held in Brazil. It aims
at the
Earth Summit 1992,
for judicious u s e of
resources.
development.
Resource planning
is a widely accepted strategy r e s o u r c e planning, right from the
achieve the goals of
concrete efforts to
India has made
First Five Year
Plan. plains and islands.
mountains, plateaus,
of reliefs, such as
soil types and
India has various types such as-topography, climate,
factors, and traditions
Land is determined by physical density, technical capability, culture
use
as-population
human factors, such
measures

etc. without taking appropriate

over a long period of
time,
a serious problem.
Continuous use of land, resulted in land degradation which is
has biotic
to conserve and manage it, natural r e s o u r c e . It is a
mixture of natural
renewable
Soil is the most important
material and minerals. in depth.
centimetres
to form a few These-
Soil takes millions of years climatic realms and vegetation types.
landforms,
has varied relief features, types of soil which are following:
India development of various
have contributed to the

sTT4*3Ss
 Science Laterite Ar Soil (v)
rid
1341 and Yellow Soil (iv)
Soil (ii) Red
Soil (ii) Black
i) Alluvial the denudation of th.
(vi) Forest Soil.
happens
because of the s
serious problem. It
Soil erosion is a very
Types of soil erosion- (i) Wind
washing erosion (ii) Sheet erosion (11) Gully erosion.
down. such netho
cover and subsequent
shelter belts are
and
cropping
Contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip
which soil can be conserved.
through
Important Termns our basic
that satisty need
environment
elements of
Resources All the useful
have life, such as.h
called resources.
obtained from
biosphere and huma
2. Biotic Resources These are livestock etc.
fisheries, of non-living things aree
beings, flora and fauna, which a r e composed call
All those things
3.Abiotic Resources For example,
metals etc.
rocks and
by phvi.
abiotic resources.
be renewed or reproduced
r e s o u r c e s which
can
Resources The renewable or replenishable
resources
4. Renewable
mechanical processes
are known as
chemical or
wind energy.
example, solar and These are the that once used, can
resources not
be
5. Non-Renewable Resourees
and iron-ore.
minerals like copper
replenished. For example,
coal, petroleum,
Natural endowments in
the form of land, water, vegetationaand
Resources
6.Natural natural r e s o u r c e s . Natural r e s o u r c e s are free gift of nature.
minerals are called a r e created by human beines
These are the r e s o u r c e s that
Man-made Resources
7.

with the help of machines. available, but not yet utilised

resources which are regionally
8. Potential Resources Those
in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Example- Wind and solar energy Their quality and quantity
0
All those resources which are surveyed.
9.Developed Resources
have been determined for utilisation.
10. Stock: The materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy the

human needs, but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are
included among stock.
11. Sustainalble Development Sustainable development means that developmentshouk
should nt
take without damaging the environment, and development in the present
place
compromise with the interests of future generations.
12.Resource Planning: It is a widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resoure
13. Resource Conservation Conservation of resources means the judicial andplanek
use of resources. Thus, we get benefitted from them for a long time.
14.Fallow Land A land which is left without cultivation for one or less than d
agricultural year for increasing its fertility is known as the fallow land.
15. Waste Land Land which is not suitable for cultivation is known as waste lat
16. Net Sown Area Area, sown once in a year is known as the net sown area.
17. Pasture Grassland which is used for providing food for animals.
s ner
18. Gross Cropped Area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year, plus
sown area, is known as gross cropped area.
19. Land Degradation Rendering the land unfit for cultivation is called land degra0 know

20. Shelter Belts Rows of trees, which are planted in between the crops are
as shelter belts.
 I135
The
India-Resources and
uppermost layer of the earth's Crust
crust which is loose, fragmented and userui
S
plants
growing plants
for growvi
and crops is called +ho
called the soil. fragmened a
1 s the
vertical section of soil from k
It has been the ground surface to the parent
classified as older alluvium and on
bar nodules. It is a less fertile soil.
Kankarnodu contains higher conce
lassified as new
nodules.
alluvium, and is more sandy and free from
e removal of soil by the forces ofnature. Darticularly wind and wae
The land unfit for
n i s is the
cultivation is known as bad-land.
land which turns unsuitable for cultivation due to soll ion.
er the
When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area
anning water, it is called sheet erosion.

which are kn
nown as ing water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels,
gullies.
Y in
Cully erosion takes place when running water cuts deep ravi
#he absence ot vegetation. This type of erosion makes the soil unfit for cultivation.
Wind Brosor Wind blows loose soil off flat as ind
or sloping land. This is known
erosion.
Contour ilotghng Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour ploughing
by heavy rains.
g Leaching is a process by which the nutrients in the soil are washed awa