RESOURCES AND

DEVELOPMENT
1-SHOT
 What is a Resource?

● Technologically accessible;

● Economically feasible;

● Culturally acceptable
 Are resources free gifts of nature?

● No, resources are a function of human

activities.

● Human beings themselves are

essential components of resources.

● They transform material available in

the environment into resources and
use them.
 RESOURCES

NATURAL HUMAN

Structures & Quality &

Renewable Non- Renewable
Institutions Quantity

Continuous or
Biological Recyclable Non- Recyclable
flow

Natural
Wildlife
Vegetation
 Classification of Resources

On the Basis of On the Basis of On the Basis of

Origin Exhaustibility Ownership

Biotic Abiotic Individual National

Non-Renewabl
Renewable Community International
e

On the Basis of Status of

Development

Potential Developed Stock Reserve

 ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN
BIOTIC ABIOTIC

Obtained from biosphere

Non-living things. For
and have life such as human
example, rocks and metals.
beings, flora and fauna, etc.

ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUSTIBILITY

RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE

Can be renewed or Occur over a very long

reproduced by physical, geological time.
chemical or mechanical Recyclable- Metals;
processes. Non-recyclable- Fossil fuels.
 ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP
INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY OWNED

These resources are

Owned privately by accessible to all the
individuals. Example: members of the community.
Ponds, Pasture lands, Example: Grazing grounds,
plantation, etc. burial grounds, public parks,
etc.

NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

Owned & regulated by

Controlled by nation.
international institutions.
Example: Roads, canals,
Example: Oceanic resource,
railways, etc.
space, etc.
 India has got the
right to mine
manganese nodules
from the bed of the
Indian Ocean from
that area which lies
beyond the
exclusive economic
zone.
 ON THE BASIS OF STATUS OF
DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL DEVELOPED

Resources Found in a Resources which are

region, but have not been surveyed and their quality
utilised. Eg: Solar and Wind and quantity have been
energy in Gujarat and determined for utilisation.
Rajasthan. Eg: Coal, petroleum, etc.

STOCK RESERVES

Materials in environment that

have potential to satisfy human
Subset of stock. These can be
needs but human beings do not
put into use with the help of
have the appropriate
existing technical ‘know-how’
technology to access these.
but their use has not been
Example: Hydrogen & Oxygen
started. Example: River water
in water can be rich source of
for hydel energy.
energy.
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESOURCES
 Resources are vital for human
survival as well as for maintaining
the quality of life.

Human beings used resources

indiscriminately believing they are
free gifts of nature.
 Indiscriminate use of resources led to the
following problems:

Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few

individuals.

Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn,

divided the society into two segments i.e. haves and
have nots or rich and poor.

Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to

global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone
layer depletion, environmental pollution and land
degradation.
Reasons for Resource Depletion

Industrial development

Over-population

Burning of Fossil-Fuels

Mining

Deforestation
 Hence, equitable distribution of resources has
become essential for a sustained quality of life and
global peace.

If the present trend of resource depletion by a few

individuals and countries continues, the future of
our planet is in danger.

Therefore, resource planning is essential for

sustainable existence of all forms of life

Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable

development.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

❖ Development should take place without

damaging the environment.

❖ Thus, development in the present should

not compromise with the needs of the
future generations.

❖ This can be achieved through proper

planning.
Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

● First International Earth Summit was held in Rio

de Janeiro in Brazil, in June 1992, where more
than 100 heads of states met.

● The summit addressed the urgent problems of

environmental protection and socio- economic
development at the global level.

● The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on

Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity.

● The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest

Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving
Sustainable Development in the 21st century.
 AGENDA 21

Declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at United

Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro.

Aim- Achieving global sustainable development.

Objective- Combat environmental damage, poverty, disease

through global co-operation on common interests, mutual
needs and shared responsibilities.

Major objective- Every local government should draw its

own local Agenda 21.
RESOURCE PLANNING
 1. Planning is
widely accepted
strategy for
judicious use of
resources.

3. There are
regions which are 2. It has scope in a
rich in certain country like India,
types of resources which has enormous
but are deficient in diversity in the
some other availability of
resources. resources.
Does India need
Resource
Planning? If yes,
then why?
India has diversity in availability of resources.
There are some regions which are self-sufficient
in term of availability and there are some regions
which have acute shortage of some vital
resources.
★★ ForFor Example:
Example:
-The states
-The states ofof Jharkhand,
Jharkhand, Chattisgarh
Chattisgarh are
are
rich
rich in in minerals
minerals & coal
& coal but
but lack
lack
infrastructural development.
infrastructural development.

- Arunachal
- Arunachal Pradesh
Pradesh hashas abundance
abundance ofof water
water
resources
resources but
but lacks
lacks in in infrastructural
infrastructural
development.
development.

- Rajasthan
-The cold desertis of
very well endowed
Ladakh has very with
rich solar
and wind energy but lacks in water
cultural heritage but it is deficient in water,
resources. & some vital minerals.
infrastructure

-The cold desert

- Rajasthan is veryofwell
Ladakh
endowedis relatively
with solar
isolated
and from the
wind energy butrest of in
lacks thewater
country. It has
very rich
resources. cultural heritage but it is deficient
in water, infrastructure & some vital
minerals.
★ Thus, balanced resource planning at national
level is must.
★ Thus, balanced resource planning at
national, state, regional & local level is must.
 Steps of Resource Planning

Identification & inventory of resources by surveying,

mapping, estimation of resources.

Evolving a plan with appropriate technology, skill, and

institutional setup for implementing the plan.

Matching the resource development plans with overall

National development plans.
 Importance of Resource Planning

It helps to identify the various resources present in

1
different regions of the country.

Helps in the conservation of various non-renewable

2
resources.

3 Helps in keeping track of remaining resources.

4 Helps in reducing wastage of resources.

 1. India made
efforts for
achieving the goals
of resource
planning right from
the First Five Year
Plan.

2. For development
3. Presence of
of a region-
latest technology &
availability of
institutions are
resources is a
necessary for the
necessary
development.
condition.
Relationship between Technology, Resources
and Development.

The availability of resources

also requires corresponding
technology and institutions
for development.

There are many regions in

On the contrary there are
some regions which have a
poor resource base but they
are economically developed.
our country that are rich in
resources but these are
included in economically
backward regions.
 COLONISATION & RESOURCES

● Main attraction for foreign invaders- Colonies with

rich resources.

● Higher level of technological development of the

colonising countries helped them to exploit resources
of other region & establish their supremacy over the
colonies.

● Thus, resources can contribute to development only

when they are accompanied by appropriate
technological development and institutional changes.

● India has noticed that development in general &

resource development in particular doesn’t only
involve availability of resource, but also the
technology, quality of human resources & the
historical experiences of the people.
CONSERVATION OF
RESOURCES
Resources are vital for any developmental
activity. Irrational consumption &
overutilization of resources may lead to
socio-economic and environmental
problems.

Resource conservation at various

levels is important to overcome
these problems.
Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about
resource conservation. He placed the greedy and
selfish individuals and exploitative nature of
modern technology as the root cause for resource
depletion at the global level.

Mahatma Gandhi was against mass production and

wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
 At the international level, the Club of Rome advocated
resource conservation for the first time in a systematic way
in 1968.

In 1974 Gandhian philosophy was presented again by

Schumacher in his book Small is beautiful.

Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 introduced the

concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as a
means for resource conservation, which was later published
in a book “Our Common Future”.

Another significant contribution was made at the Earth

Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.
Steps taken at International Level for Resource
Conservation

1968 Club of Rome advocated Resource

Conservation

1974 Gandhian philosophy was

re-presented by Schumacher in
his book Small is Beautiful.

1987 Brundtland Commission Report on

Sustainable development. The
commission later published a book
named Our Common Future.

1998 Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro

LAND RESOURCES
 INDIA HAS VARIETY OF RELIEF FEATURES

● 43%- Plain, which

provide facilities for
agriculture and industry.

● 30%- Mountains which

provide perennial river
water and sites for
tourism and ecological
aspects.

● 27%- Plateaus which is

source of minerals, fossil
fuels and forests.
 Land Utilization Pattern

● Forests

● Barren & Wasteland

● Permanent pastures and grazing land

● Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than

5 agricultural years).

● Current fallow- (left without cultivation for one or less

than one agricultural year)

● Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the

past 1 to 5 agricultural years)

● Net Sown Area (sown more than once in agricultural

year)
 Type of Land No. of years it is left
uncultivated for

Current Fallow Less than or upto one

Land year

Other Than More than 1 year (1-5

Current Fallow years)
Land

Culturable More than 5 years

Waste land

Gross cropped Area:

Net Sown Area (Area Cultivated once in one

agricultural year)
+
Area cultivated more than once in one
agricultural year.
Problems faced by land Use Pattern in India

● Total area 3.28 million sq. km.

● Land under permanent pastures has

decreased.

● Net sown area varies from state to state.

Forest area 23.3% lower than-desired 33%.

● Assam is the only North-Eastern state to be

fully surveyed for its land use.
 FOREST AREA

Lower than the desired 33% of geographical area, as

it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952).

Considered essential for maintenance of the ecological

balance.

Livelihood of millions of people depends on it.

 WASTE LAND

Includes rocky, arid and desert areas.

Used for non-agricultural purposes that

includes settlements, roads, railways,
industry etc.
 Causes and Areas of Land Degradation

Causes of land Areas where land degradation

degradation has occurred

Mining and Quarrying Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya

Pradesh and Odisha

Waterlogging due to Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar

over-irrigation Pradesh
causing increase in
salinity and alkalinity

Overgrazing Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya

Pradesh, Maharashtra, and hilly
states of Northern India

Industrialisation In pockets all over India

causing retardation of
water infiltration into
the soil
 What is Land Conservation?

Land conservation refers to various

methods of preserving land, and
ensuring it is protected forever from
development.

There are a variety of ways for land

conservation.
 MEASURES TO CONTROL
LAND DEGRADATION

Afforestation Stabilisation of
Planting of
and proper sand dunes by
shelterbelts of
management of growing thorny
plants.
grazing. bushes

Proper discharge
Proper Control of
& disposal of
management of mining
industrial
waste lands activities
effluents & waste
SOIL AS A RESOURCE
● Soil is the most important renewable natural
resource.

● Medium of plant growth & supports different

types of living organisms on the earth.

● It take millions of years to form soil upto a few cm

in depth.

● Various natural forces like change in

temperature, actions of running water, wind and
glaciers, activities of decomposers etc contribute
to the formation of soil.

● Consists of organic & inorganic matters.

CLASSIFICATION OF
SOIL
ALLUVIAL SOIL
 Most widely spread & important soil. In fact, the entire
northern plains are made of alluvial soil.

Deposited by three important Himalayan river systems–

the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a

narrow corridor.

Alluvial soil is also found in the eastern coastal plains

particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari,
the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
● The alluvial soil consists of various
proportions of:
-Sand;
- Silt; and
- Clay.

● In the inlands towards the river valleys,

soil particles appear somewhat bigger in
size.

● In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e.

near the place of the break of slope, the
soils are coarse.

● Such soils are more common in piedmont

plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai
(types of piedmont zones in India).
An area at the base of a mountain range or
a mountain is known as Piedmont Plane.
 Age classification of Alluvial Soil

Old Alluvial New Alluvial

(Bangar) (Khadar)

Higher More fine

concentration particles &
of kanker more fertile
nodules than Bhangar
● Alluvial soils as a whole are very
fertile.

● Mostly these soils contain adequate

proportion of potash, phosphoric acid
and lime.

● It is ideal for the growth of sugarcane,

paddy, wheat and other cereal and
pulse crops.

● Due to its high fertility, regions of

alluvial soils are intensively cultivated
and densely populated.

● Soils in the drier areas are more

alkaline and can be productive after
proper treatment and irrigation.
BLACK SOIL
These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur
soils.

Climatic condition along with the parent rock material are

the important factors for the formation of black soil.

This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt)

region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made
up of lava flows.

Cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa,

Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh & extend in the south east
direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
 Black soil is ideal
for growing cotton
and is also known
as black cotton soil.
● The black soils are made up of extremely
fine i.e. clayey material, and are
well-known for their capacity to hold
moisture.

● In addition, they are rich in soil

nutrients, such as calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and lime.

● These soils are generally poor in

phosphoric contents.

● They develop deep cracks during hot

weather, which helps in the proper
aeration of the soil.

● These soils are sticky when wet and

difficult to work on unless tilled
immediately after the first shower or
during the pre-monsoon period.
RED AND YELLOW SOIL
Develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in
the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.

Found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the

middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the
Western Ghats.

Develops reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline

and metamorphic rocks

Looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.

LATERITE SOIL
 Derived from Latin word ‘later’ which means brick.

Develops under tropical and subtropical climate with

alternate wet and dry season.

This is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.

Humus rich, but in sparse vegetation & in semi-arid

environment it is humus poor.
● Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very deep,
acidic (pH<6.0), generally deficient in plant
nutrients.

● Occurs mostly in southern states, Western

Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some
parts of West Bengal and North- eastern
regions

● They are prone to erosion and degradation

due to their position on the landscape. After
adopting appropriate soil conservation
techniques particularly in the hilly areas of
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil
is very useful for growing tea and coffee.

● Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra

Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for
crops like cashew nut.
ARID SOIL
 Range from red to brown in colour.

Generally, sandy in texture & saline in nature.

In some areas salt content is very high & common salt is

obtained by evaporating water.

Lacks humus & moisture because dry climate, high

temperature makes evaporation faster.
● Lower horizons of the soil are occupied by
Kankar because of the increasing calcium
content downwards.

● After proper irrigation these soils become

cultivable as has been in the case of western
Rajasthan.

● Found in Western parts of Rajasthan, Haryana,

Northern Gujarat.
FOREST SOIL
Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient
rain forests are available.

Texture varies based on location. Loamy & silty in valley

sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.

Silts in lower part of the valley particularly on the river

terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

Snow covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience

denudation (Soil Erosion due to snow or running water) and
are acidic with low humus content.
METHODS OF SOIL
CONSERVATION
 CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION

HUMAN FACTORS NATURAL FACTORS

Deforestation, Natural forces like

overgrazing, wind, glacier and
construction and water lead to soil
mining etc., cause erosion.
soil erosion.
 GULLIES

The running water cuts

through the clayey soils and
makes deep channels as
gullies.

The land becomes unfit for

cultivation and is known as
bad land.

In the Chambal basin such

lands are called ravines.
 TYPES OF SOIL EROSION

WIND EROSION

Wind blows loose soil off flat or

sloping land known as wind erosion.

SHEET EROSION

Water flowing down over a large area

causes the top soil to be washed
away.

GULLY EROSION

Running water cuts through the

clayey soils and makes deep
channels as gullies. This makes land
unfit for cultivation.
 CONSERVATIVE PRACTISES

STRIP CROPPING
CONTOUR
PLOUGHING Large fields can be divided
into strips. Strips of grass are
left to grow between the crops.
Ploughing along the
This breaks up the force of the
contour lines can
wind.
decelerate the flow
of water down the
slopes.
TERRACE
FARMING

Steps can be cut out on the

SHELTERBELTS slopes making terraces.
Planting lines of trees to create Terrace cultivation
restricts erosion. Western
shelter also works in a similar
and central Himalayas
way. This helps in stabilisation have well developed
of sand dunes and in stabilising terrace farming.
the desert in western India.
 METHODS

CONTOUR
PLOUGHING

STRIP CROPPING
 METHODS

TERRACE FARMING

SHELTERBELTS
 Division Sub-division Definition Example

Biotic Living elements in the ecosystem Flora-Fauna

Origin
Abiotic Non-living elements in the ecosystem. Rock, metal

Resources that can be used over and over Solar & wind
Renewable energy
again.
Exhaustibility
Resources that can only be used once. Fossil fuels
Non-renewable

Individual Owned privately by individuals Pasture land, pond

Resources are accessible to all members of Picnic spot,

Community playground
the community.
Ownership
National Belong to the nation. Minerals, forests

International institutions regulate these Exclusive

International
resources. economic zone
 Division Sub-division Definition Example

Technology is available but resources are Solar & wind energy

Potential
not used to a reasonable scale.
Status of Developed Currently being used. Coal, petroleum
Development
Stock Hydrogen from
Technology is not available.
water
Used partially. Can be used for
Reserves meeting future requirements
River water
 Soil States Soil Texture Deficient Crops Special
Feature

ALLUVIAL Punjab, Haryana, Sandy, loam to Nitrogen, Sugarcane, Highly fertile

Uttar Pradesh, clay. Phosphorus & Paddy, Wheat,
Bihar, etc. organic matter Cereal, etc.

BLACK Gujarat, Clayey Humus, Cotton, Citrus Made up of

Maharashtra, M.P., material Nitrogen, fruits, tobacco, lava flow
Chattisgarh Potassium. etc.

RED & Odisha, Fine grained, Phosphoric Cotton, pulses, Formed under
YELLOW Chattisgarh, clay to loam acid, organic millets, well drained
Southern of the material, oilseeds, conditions
middle Ganga humus. potato, maize,
plain. groundnut, etc.
 Soil States Soil Texture Deficient Crops Special
Feature

LATERITE Tamil Nadu, Andhra Reddish brown Plant Nutrients Cashew Nuts & The pebbly
Pradesh, Kerala, in colour due Tea Plants crust formed
Madhya Pradesh, to the presence due to
etc. of iron oxide alteration of
wet and dry
periods.

ARID Western Sandy in Humus & Barley, Wheat, High salt &
Rajasthan, texture & moisture. Millets calcium
Haryana, Punjab. saline in content.
nature.

FOREST Himalayas, Loamy & silty Potash, Spices, teak, Acidic soil
Eastern Ghats & in valley sides phosphorous & apple.
Terai regions and coarse lime.
grained in the
upper slopes.
MAP
 Alluvial Soil
Very fertile; Deposited by
three important rivers the
Indus, the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra.
Widely spread in Northern
Fertile plains. Such as
Piedmont plains like Duars,
Chos and Terai.
Consists of various
proportions of sand, silt and
clay & is rich in potash,
phosphoric acid and lime.
Has 2 types: Khadar ( New
Alluvium), Bangar ( Old
Alluvium).
Black/ Regur Soil
Found in deccan trap
(Basalt) region spread over
northwest Deccan plateau.
Made up of lava flows.
Present in Maharashtra,
Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
Consists of extremely fine
clayey material.
Rich in soil nutrients, such
as calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and
lime.
 Red & Yellow Soil
Develops on crystalline
igneous rocks in areas of
low rainfall.
Found in parts of Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, southern parts
of the middle Ganga plain,
etc.
Develops reddish colour due
to diffusion of iron in
crystalline and
metamorphic rocks.
Looks yellow when it occurs
in a hydrated form.
Laterite Soil
Derived from Latin word
‘later’ which means brick.
Develops under tropical and
subtropical climate.
This is the result of intense
leaching due to heavy rain.
Deficient in plant nutrients.
Humus rich, but in sparse
vegetation & in semi-arid
environment it is humus
poor.
Red laterite soils in Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Kerala are more suitable for
crops like cashew nut.
 Arid Soil
Range from red to brown.
Sandy in texture & saline in
nature.
In some areas salt content is
very high & common salt is
obtained by evaporating
water.
Lacks humus & moisture
because dry climate, high
temperature makes
evaporation faster.
Lower horizons of the soil
are occupied by Kankar
because of the increasing
calcium content
downwards.
Forest Soil
Found in the hilly and
mountainous areas.
Texture varies based on
location. Loamy & silty in
valley sides and coarse
grained in the upper slopes.
Silts in lower part of the
valley particularly on the
river terraces and alluvial
fans are fertile.
It experience denudation &
is acidic in nature with
humus content is snow
covered regions.