Article III of the 1987

Philippine Constitution
BILL OF RIGHTS
 The Bill of Rights is the declaration and enumeration of the individual rights and
privileges and is designed to protect violations against individuals and a limitation upon
the powers of the State
 It establishes the relationship of the individual to the State and defines the rights of the
individual by limiting the lawful powers of the State.
 It is composed of twenty-two (22) sections.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS

NATURAL RIGHTS
 The right inherent to man and given to him as a human being.
 The Right to Live.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
 These are rights guaranteed under the fundamental law of the country. These are rights
conferred and protected by the Constitution.
 Political Rights –Right to Vote.
 Rights of the Accused.
 Right to Due Process of Law.

STATUTORY RIGHTS
 Enactment of rights provided by the State or Government.
 Right to be paid at or above the minimum wage.

SECTION 1 ARTICLE III OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property
without due process of law, nor shall any person be
 denied equal protection of laws.

SCOPE
 The protection covers all persons, whether citizens or aliens, natural or juridical.
 Covers the right to life, liberty, and property.

DUE PROCESS
 It is a constitutional guarantee against hasty and unsupported deprivation of some person’s
life, liberty, or property by the government.
 It is meant that if a person is to be deprived either of his life or his liberty or his property, it
must be done only under a valid law and after compliance with the regular procedure
prescribed also by law.

LIFE
 It is something that is more than mere animal existence. The prohibition against its
deprivation extends to all limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed.

LIBERTY
 It is the right or freedom of movement and freedom from arbitrary detention by others.
 It does not guarantee complete freedom from arrest or detention instead, the right to liberty
against arbitrary or unlawful arrest or detention.

PROPERTY
 The thing itself or the right over a thing.
 Includes the right to enjoy, possess and destroy things.

ASPECTS OF DUE PROCESS

1. Procedural Due Process
 It requires an opportunity to be heard in which every citizen is given the chance to defend
himself or explain his side.
 Contemplates notice and opportunity to be heard before judgement is rendered.
2. Substantive Due Process.
 The law itself must be valid, fair, reasonable, and just.
 It refers to the intrinsic validity of the law.

EQUAL PROTECTION
 It means that “all persons or things similarly situated should be treated alike, both as to
rights conferred and responsibilities imposed.”
 Hence, persons or things that are differently situated must be treated differently.