Citizenship Training

Overview:
In this module, we will focus on providing you an introduction of the 1987
Philippine Constitution, its key concepts, salient features, importance and
meaning. Included also in this module are some of the basic explanation on
Philippine citizenship and important information on the history and legal
foundations of our Philippine flag. As you complete this module, you are expected
to understand the necessity of the constitution and develop a deeper appreciation
of our National Flag and of being Filipino citizens.

Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Familiarize the essential components of the 1987 Philippine Constitution and
the Bill of Rights;
2. Understand the important aspects of Philippine citizenship;
3. Explain the importance of the Philippine flag.
4. Manifest the love of country in one’s life;
5. Compose a short essay showing your appreciation of being a Filipino citizen.

Lesson 1: The Concept of Constitution

Importance and Meaning of Constitution

What if there were no rules, laws, and constitution, thus, everything is
absolutely free? Can we imagine it? What would be it like? Thomas Hobbes the
British philosopher of the 17th century describe this state of humanity as a “state
of nature” were life is solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short. Human life in this
state is terrible because it is a life of a continual competition and struggle for
survival. Thus, to escape this dreadful state of nature we need to enter into a
civilized society were everyone are governed by rules and laws. These are the
essence of our constitution and the bill of rights.

Every state has had a constitution of some kind whether it be an elaborate

document or just a collection of rules. It is inconceivable how a state could exist
or survive without a constitution of some form. The foundation of the system of
government of the Philippines is the constitution.

The fundamental law, as the Philippine Constitution is appropriately referred

to, plays a very important role in the life of the Filipino nation and its polity. Most
significantly it serves as the foundation of the government. The constitution
embodies the ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people and the promotion of
their welfare.

Also known as the supreme or organic law, a constitution is that body of

rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are
regularly exercised. It is an embodiment of norms that regulate the relations of
the government to its people. Etymologically, constitution came from the latin
word ‘constituo’, which means fixed, established and settled.
Typology of Constitution

There are three general types of constitutions, namely:

1. Typology according to genesis and development. Constitutions may be
conventional or enacted and cumulative or evolved. A conventional or
enacted constitution is one which is enacted by a constituent assembly. A
constitution is cumulative or evolved if it results from a long period of
developments or evolution.

2. Typology according to form. Constitution may be classified as written and

unwritten. A written constitution is one that has a definite written form and
enacted by a duly constituted authority, like a constitutional convention, and
adopted by a particular time. The unwritten constitution is one that is a
product of evolution. It consists of large mass of customs, usages and a small
body of legislative enactments of different dates of a fundamental character.

3. Typology according to the manner of their amendment. Constitution

maybe classified as rigid or elastic and flexible or elastic. A rigid constitution
is inelastic. It is one that cannot be modified or amended except by special
means that is difficult than the process of legislation, e.g., a constitutional
convention. A constitution is flexible or elastic if it is based on ordinary
statutory or legislative enactments which may be modified in the same
manner as ordinary laws.

Rights and Obligations of Citizens

A. Classification of Rights Classes of Rights

1. Natural Rights - those rights possessed by every individual without
being granted by the state for they are given to man by God as a
human being.
a. right to live
b. right to love

2. Constitutional Rights - those rights which are conferred and

protected by the constitution.
Since they are part of the fundamental law they cannot be
modified or taken away by the law-making body.

3. Statutory Rights - those rights which are promulgated by the

lawmaking body and consequently may be abolished by the same
body.
 B. Classification of Constitutional Rights
1. Political Rights - rights of the citizens which give them the
power to participate directly or indirectly in the establishment
and administration of the government.
1. right of citizenship
2. right of suffrage
3. right to information or matters of public concern

2. Civil Rights - those rights which the law will enforce at the
instance of private individuals for the purpose of securing to
them the enjoyment of their means of happiness.
1. Right against involuntary servitude
2. Right against imprisonment for nonpayment of debt or poll tax
3. Constitutional rights of an accused
4. Liberty to abode
5. Social and economic right
6. Freedom of speech

3. Social and Economic Rights - rights which are intended to

insure the well- being and economic security of the individual.
1. Right to property
2. Right to just compensation for private property
3. Promotion to education
4. Promotion of social justice
5. Utilization of natural resources

4. Rights of the Accused - civil rights intended for the protection

of a person accused of any crime.

Rights and Liberties of Filipino Citizens

The Bill of Rights, also known as Charter of Individual Liberties, springs

from the recognition accorded by the government of the intrinsic value of its
people in successful governance. As declared or enumerated in the Article III of
the Constitution, the Filipino citizens have the following rights and liberties,
namely:
1. Right to life
2. Right to liberty
3. Right to property
4. Right to equal protection of the laws
5. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures
6. Right to privacy of communication and correspondence
7. Freedom of expression
8. Freedom of religion
9. Right to form associations
10. Liberty of abode and of travel
11. Right to information
12. Right against impairment of obligation of contracts
Important Sections of Article III

Section 1
Right to life. Man’s life is gift of God. On this premise, it
must be respected by the government and by the citizens.
There is only one condition by which a citizen maybe
deprived of his life, that is, when the deprivation is a
punishment for a crime arising out of a conviction by a court
of justice after fair trial.

Right to Liberty. Liberty denotes the state of being not

subject to restriction or control; the condition of not being in
confinement or servitude. It is the right to act freely and in a
manner one chooses. It includes the right to use and enjoy
one’s faculties. The right may only be interfered with by the
state if in the exercise and enjoyment of the same one
trespass upon the rights of others and violate the laws.

Right to property. The right that is protected in the

constitution refers not only to the possession or the thing
itself but also to the right over the thing. This means that the
owner may use his property, dispose it off by sale or
donation, or encumber it subject to the right of other persons
alone and the inherent power of eminent domain.
However, the exercise of power of eminent domain is
subject to three requirements: observance of due process
of law, payment of just compensation, and public use.

Section 2 Right against unreasonable searches and seizures. This

right is based on the constitutional guarantee of the duty of
the state to provide security to the persons, houses, papers,
and effects of its people. An unreasonable search and
seizure is one that is conducted illegally or without warrant.
A search warrant or warrant of arrest is
valid if it complies with the following
requirements.
1.a probable cause determined personally by the
judge issuing it after examination of the complainant
and witness.
2. the warrant which describes in particular detail the
place to be search, the things to be seized and the
person to be arrested.

Section 3 Rights to privacy of communication and

correspondence. The provision covers the guarantee from
unnecessary interference on the right of the people to
respond and communicate with one another. The constitution
provide two instances by which the state may lawfully
interfere with this freedom. These are:
 1. Upon lawful order of the court
2. When public safety or order requires it as provided or
defined by law.

Section 4 Freedom of expression. It is the act or process of

conveying in words and other medium what one wishes
without prior restraint or censorship by the government. The
freedom of expression may be regulated by the State to
insure that the exercise thereof does not infringe on the
rights of others. The constitution guarantees the right of
citizens to peacefully assemble in order to express their
views and opinions on important public concerns and to
petition the government for redness of their grievances.

Section 5 Freedom of religion. The right of religious worship means

that every person is free to choose the kind of relationship
he wants with God and to worship Him in a manner he likes
and according to his conscience.
Section 6 Liberty to abode and of travel. This means that every
person has a right to establish his home in any place. He is
also free to change his abode or to transfer it from one
place to another. It includes the right to travel freely in the
Philippines and outside thereof to any foreign country. The
liberty to abode is subject to the following conditions:
1. Lawful order of the court
2. In the interest of national security, public safety,
or public health as provided by law. This implies
that right maybe interfered with by the State
under these circumstances through its police
power.
Section 7
Right to information. Every Filipinos has the right to gather
or obtain information from official records, documents, and
papers relating to officials acts, transactions, or decisions of
the government.
Limitation of this right
1. Records concerning and affecting the security of
the State and other documents which by their
nature are confidential may not be disclosed to
the public

Right to form association. The constitution guarantees the

Section 8
right of the people to form or join associations. The right
may not be curtailed as long as the societies formed
espouse principles and pursue objectives that are not
contrary to or against any law.
Section 9
Right to property. The right that is protected in the
constitution refers not only to the possession or the things
itself but also to the right over the things. This means that
the owner may use his property, dispose it off by sale or
donation, or encumber it subject to the right of other
persons
alone and the inherent power of eminent domain

Section 10 Right against impairment of obligation of contracts .A

contract obliges the contracting parties to perform their
agreement according to its terms and conditions. The
constitution prohibits the enactment or passage of a law
alters or changes the conditions or terms of contracts without
the consent of the parties thereto.
 Rights of Persons under Investigation (Also known as Miranda
Rights, Rule or Law)
A person who is under investigation for the commission of a
crime has the following rights:
1. Right to be informed of his right to remain silent
2. Right to have independent and competent counsel
3. Right against torture, force, violence, treat, intimidation, or any means
which vitiate the free will
4. Right against being held in secret, incommunicado, or similar forms of
solitary confinement.

Rights of the Accused

1. Right to due process
2. Right to free to the court
3. Right to adequate legal assistance
4. Right to bail
5. Right to presumption of innocence
6. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation against him
7. Right to have speedy, impartial, and public trial
8. Right to meet the witness face to face
9. Right to compulsory process
10. Right against self-incrimination
11. Right against detention for political beliefs
12. Right against involuntary servitude
13. Right against excessive fines
14. Rights against cruelty, degrading or inhuman punishment
15. Right against double jeopardy

Section 11
Right of free access to the courts. All citizens, rich or poor,
are guaranteed access to the courts of justice and quasi-
judicial bodies of the government.
Section 12
Right to adequate legal assistance. The State through the
Public Attorney’s Office provides free legal assistance to
citizens who are unable to hire a lawyer by reason of their
being poor.
Section 13
Right to bail. Bail is the security required by the court and
given for the temporary release of the person who is in the
custody of the law, that he will appear before any court in
which his appearance maybe required as stated in the bail
bond or recognizance. Guidelines for the fixing of the amount
of bail are contained in the Rules of Court.
Section 14
Right to due process of law. Simply means fair trial, that is,
a person who is charged with a criminal offense before a court
is given the opportunity to defend himself in court and that
before judgment is issued or rendered, there is a trial.
Right to presumption of innocence. In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused is always presumed innocent and
according to established rules, and procedures
Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation. Every person accused of an offense has the right
to know the nature and the cause of the accusation against
him and why the crime is imputed to him.
Right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial. Speedy
trial means one that could be dome immediately without
capricious delay. A trial is impartial if it is conducted by the
court without bias for or against the litigants and that the case is
decided solely on its merits. Public trial is one that is open to
the public. In meritorious instances, as when public morals and
decency are to be protected, the publics may be excluded from
the trial.
Right to confront witness. The accused has the right to
confront or meet the witness face to face. The grant of this
right to the accused rests on the following qualifications:
1. To allow the accused to cross examine, through his
counsel, the witnesses against him in order to test and
prove into the veracity or truth of their testimonies,
affidavits, and evidence.
2. To afford the judge the opportunity to see for himself
how the witnesses behave while testifying and
being cross-examined.
Right to compulsory process. Every person accused with a
crime has the right to have compulsory process to secure the
appearance or attendance of witnesses and the production of
his evidence. Compulsory process may be done through
subpoenas to require or compel witness to appear and testify
in court in his behalf and subpoenas duces tecum to require
the production of documents, articles, or any other
documentary evidence.
Section 17
Right against self-incrimination. The accused cannot be
compelled to testify against himself. The right to remain silent
is an important corollary to his right. It is based on the
principle of self-preservation.
Section 18
Right against detention for political beliefs. The
constitution abhors the detention of any person by reason of
his political beliefs and aspiration. The right against detention
for political beliefs encourage the citizens to participate
actively in the affairs of the state thereby becoming catalyst of
political change
 Right against involuntary servitude. No person can be
forced to render compulsory service to another. The
exemption is a punishment for a crime. Meaning, that person
can be required to render service for a crime he is convicted.
Section 19
Right against excessive fines. A person convicted a crime
may be meted out a penalty of imprisonment and fine at the
same time. The constitution guarantee against excessive fines
ordains that the fine imposed on a convict must be the one
provided in the law. If the pine imposed exceeds or goes
beyond what the law provides, it is excessive. The court, in
determining the fine to be imposed must consider both the
ability of the convict to pay the fine and the nature of the
offense, among others.
Right against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment.
The Bill of Rights bans the subjection of a convict to cruel,
degrading or inhuman punishment. This means that torture,
mutilation or severance or cutting off of body parts, water
cure, starvation and other barbaric punishments are
prohibited
Section 21
Right against double jeopardy. Putting a person twice in
jeopardy of punishment for the same offense constitutes
double jeopardy. If a person who is charged with a crime is
acquitted or convicted without his express or written consent,
he cannot anymore be charged with the same offense for to
do so would put him in double jeopardy,. The guarantee
provides protection to a person against the chance of being
punished or tried twice for one and the same offense.

Lesson 2: Citizenship

Citizenship is a very important thing to understand because it is the

position or status legally recognized in a particular country along with the
rights duties and privileges. It is also a relationship between an individual and
a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn, is entitled to its
protection. In short, it implies the status of freedom with accompanying
responsibilities. Citizenship is the most privileged form of nationality which
denotes protection wherever individuals are staying.

In Ancient Greece, the concept of citizenship started in towns or city-

states where it generally applied to property owners, the right to vote, and
liable to taxation and military service but not to women, slaves, or poorer
members of the community.

In some countries like the United States and from that of the British
Commonwealth, they adopted the two main systems as a basic principle used
to determine citizenship as the time of birth called jus soli, whereby
citizenship is acquired by birth within the territory of the state regardless of
parental citizenship. The other one is jus sanguinis whereby a person,
whenever born is a citizen of the state.
 In the Philippines, from 1935 or Commonwealth Constitution to 1973 or
Martial Law Constitution, minimal changes were mentioned about citizenship.
Now Filipinos have a clear understanding of citizenship as stated in the 1987
or Freedom Constitution which is explained in Article 4 with 5 sections.
Section 1 distinguishes the citizens of the Philippines while Section 2 refers to
natural citizenship. Sections 3, 4, and 5 adhere to reacquisition, retention, and
dual allegiance of citizenship.

The Concept of Citizenship

1. Citizen and Citizenship
Citizenship indicates the membership of a citizen in a
democratic political community, as distinguished from a subject
who is a member of a monarchical political community. It implies
mutual relationship between the individual and the state.
Citizen is a person who has the title of citizenship
2. Citizenship and Nationality
Citizenship is the status of owing allegiance to a state in return
for the protection that the state affords the citizenship.
Nationality indicates ethnic affiliation.
In legal parlance, particularly as a concept in Civil Law and
Private International Law, citizenship and nationality means the
same thing.
3. Acquisition of Citizenship
Methods of Acquiring
Citizenship
1. Involuntary method
If citizenship comes as a result not of the free will or
voluntary act of the citizen but brought about by facts or
circumstances beyond his control like blood relationship
or place of birth.
2. Voluntary method
Citizenship is acquired through the voluntary act of
naturalization.
Naturalization
The process of officially making or adopting a foreigner as
member of the political community of a state and vesting
him the rights, as well as privileges, of a native-born citizen.
Naturalization may be viewed in two senses
1. Strict sense- it is a judicial process, whereby the
requirements of the law as to its form have to be
followed. Two of these formalities are the opportunity
for judicial hearing and approval of the petition
2. Broad or loose senses is not only the judicial
procedure but also the acquisition of another

Kinds of Citizens

Who are the citizens of the Philippines? The citizens of the

Philippines are those enumerated in Section 1, Article IV of the
Constitution, as follows:
 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of
the 1987 Constitution.
The 1935 and 1973 Constitutions of the Philippines also contained a
similar provision. This provision recognizes the Filipinos who have acquire the
title of citizen at the moment the constitution took effect regardless of the
manner or mode they have become citizens, provided that means of
acquisition is not illegal.
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.
It pertains to citizens by blood based on the jus sanguinis rule as
recognized in the Philippines. Under this rule, a person, whether
legitimate or illegitimate, who is born of a Filipino father or mother is
likewise a citizen of the Philippines whether the father or mother is
natural-born or naturalized. Under the 1987 Constitution, it is not
necessary that both parents are Filipinos in order for a child to
become a Filipino. It is enough that either of the parents, the father or
mother, is a Filipino.
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of maturity.
The phrase “those born before January 17, 1973,” refers to those born
under the 1935 Constitution or before the effectivity of the martial Law
Constitution on Jan 17, 1973.
Under the Commonwealth Constitution, as the 1935 Constitutions
otherwise referred to. A child of a Filipino mother married to an alien is
a foreigner and remains to be so until he elects Philippine citizenship
upon reaching the majority age. The phrase” upon reaching the age of
maturity has been interpreted to means “three years after reaching the
age of majority.
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law on
naturalization.
Natural-born Filipino Citizens
They are those who are already citizens of the Philippines at the time of
their birth and don’t have to or perform any act to become Filipinos. Under
Sec. 2. Of the Article on Citizenship in the Constitution those born before
January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority are, for all intents and purposes, deemed natural-
born citizens.

Citizenship of Filipino Who Marries an Alien

A Filipino who marries a foreign national shall remain a Filipino. This is the
intent of the Constitution. Sec. $. Art. IV provides that” citizens of the
Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship” even if such
Filipinos who are married to foreign nationals acquired or are granted the
citizenship of their spouses’ country(ies).

Multiple Nationalities
Does dual or multiple nationalities exist? The Hague Convention of
Conflict Nationality Law (Art.2) provides that: “Any question as to whether a
person possesses the nationality of a particular state should be determine in
accordance with the law of the state.”

It could be deduced from this article that with reference to the countries
directly involved, dual or multiple nationality does not exist. But from the
vantage point of a third state, it exists.
Dual Allegiance
The Constitution prohibits dual allegiance and declares it inimical to the
national interest (Sec 5, Article IV). The prohibition against double allegiance
addresses the issue of Filipino citizens of foreign ancestry or parentage of
owing allegiance to the Philippine Republic while at the same time maintaining
very close ties and loyalty with their country of origin.

Statelessness
How does a person become stateless? A person may become stateless
or without a state to be identified with through any of the following instances:
1. Deprivation of his citizenship for any cause.
2. Renunciation of his nationality, expressly or impliedly.
3. Voluntarily release from his original state.
4. Birth in a country which applies only on the theory of jus sanguinis
(citizenship based on blood) of parents whose country adopts only the
principle of jus soli (citizenship based on place of birth).
The Hague Conference on Private International law (1928) provide that the
personal law of a stateless person is the law of the domicile (habitual
residence) or secondary law of the place of temporary residence.

Lesson 3: The Philippine Flag

In your basic education curriculum, of course, you had been required to
attend flag raising and lowering ceremonies, make flaglets to be displayed in
your school or home as the commemoration of Independence Day
approaches, and the like. Likewise, you had been introduced early on the
basic concepts about our flag and some of the common ways of showing
reverence to it. Nonetheless, these are all mandated by law as it is one of our
foremost duties as a Filipino citizen. In this part of the Module, you will be
enlightened on the whats, hows, and whys of our Philippine flag.

Brief History
Did you know that if not for the Philippine Revolution of 1896, we will
not have a national flag of our own? Our early flags were those of the
Katipunan and prior to this, the Spanish flag is the only flag that we knew.

The design of the Philippine flag that we know and use today is said to
have been conceived by Feliciano Jocson and was later refined by Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government, during his exile
in Hong Kong in 1897. Marcela Agoncillo handsewn the first Philippine flag in
Hong Kong with the help of her daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa
Natividad (niece of Jose Rizal) and later brought to the Philippines by Gen.
Aguinaldo. The flag was first raised by Gen. Aguinaldo at Teatro Caviteño in
Imus, Cavite on May 28, 1898, after the Battle of Alapan – the first fight of the
Philippine Revolutionary Army that defeated the Spanish forces. The same
flag was, however, hoisted officially in Kawit, Cavite during the proclamation of
Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. Likewise, it was raised with dignity
during the inauguration of the Malolos Congress on September 15, 1898.
From then on, it served as the national flag of the Philippines. Figure 1 shows
the evolution of our national flag. (For a more detailed article on the
history/evolution of the Philippine flag, visit https://pilipinas.org/the-history-of-
our-philippine-flag/)
 7Figure 1. Evolution of the Philippine flag
Retrieved from the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic
Planning Office (PCDSPO) https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-
flag/

Symbols and Meanings

The flag is the country’s most cherished symbol. It is the nation’s
emblem for freedom. It symbolizes patriotism, love of country and sense
of nationhood and embodies the aspirations and sentiments of the Filipino
people in their unceasing quest for independence. It stands as an instrument
of unity that binds the Filipino people (Arevalo 2012, NHCP).
It is then interesting to decipher the meanings of the symbols found in
our flag to further enhance our appreciation of it. The table below concisely
presents the symbolisms used in the Philippine flag and their meanings.
Table 1. Philippine flag symbols and meanings

Symbolism Meaning/Representation
Blue stripe Peace, truth and justice
Red stripe Patriotism and valor
Equilateral Liberty, equality, fraternity
white triangle The emblem of the
Katipunan
Golden yellow sun Unity, freedom, people's democracy, and sovereignty
Eight primary Eight provinces with significant involvement in the
rays of the sun 1896 Philippine Revolution against Spain or the first eight
provinces placed under martial law by Spain because of
the insurrection – Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna,
Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac
Three stars at the Three major island groups – Luzon, Visayas and
vertex of the Mindanao
triangle

It is said that our flag’s unique feature is that it can be used to indicate
a state of war just by flipping it upside down with the red stripe displayed on
top.

Legal Bases/Foundations of the Philippine Flag

To date, there are two major laws/issuances that are being
implemented relating to our national flag: EO 179 and RA 8491. The details of
which are summarized in the table below.

Table 2. Laws/Executive Issuances relating to the Philippine flag

Laws/Executive
Issuances Titl Date Purpose
e
Executive Order 179, Prominent Display of May 24, Encourages the
s. 1994, Pres. Fidel the National Flag in 1994 observance of
V. All Buildings, National Flag Days
Ramos* Establishments, and from May 28 to June
(With reference to Homes from 28 May 12 every year to
and consolidation of 1994 to 12 June commemorate the
Proclamation No. 1994 and Every Year first furling of the flag
374 Thereafter, and for (May 28, 1998) and
dated March 6, other Purposes to honor the
1965 and sacrifices of our
Executive Order heroes for our
137, Sec. 8 dated hard-earned freedom
January 7, 1965)
Republic Act No. Flag and Heraldic Februar Prescribes the Code
8491** Code of the y 12, of the National Flag,
Philippines 1998 Anthem, Motto,
Coat-of-Arms and
other heraldic items
and devices of the
Philippines
* For details, visit https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-
8491/
** For details, visit https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1994/05/24/executive-order-
no-179-s-1994/
References:
1. Aruego, Jose M. 1981 Principle of Political Science, University Book
Supply, Inc
2. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-flag/
3. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/
4. http://www.thepinoywarrior.com/2013/05/dos-and-donts-of-philippine-flag.html
5. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/289005/Local-News/The-Philippine-
flag-w hy-and-how-we-should-respect-it
6. https://filipino.biz.ph/history/philippine-flag.html
7. https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-philippine-flag-symbol-of-our-sovereignty-and-solidarity/
8. https://www.immigration.gov.ph
9. https://www.refworld.org
10. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph
11. Lawson, Kay.1989. The Human Polity. Houghton Miffin Company
12. Leon, Hector de, N. 1991 Textbook on the Philippine Constitution,
Rex Booksstore
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Lorimar Publishing Inc. 2017.
14. Mayo, Randolf Warren Gregorio II. T. et al. 2010. Politics and
Governance and the Philippine Constitution (Text-Workbook), TCS
Publishing House
15. Monta, Flor Amor B. 1998. Handbook on Philippine Government
and Constitution, F.A. Monta Publishing
16. Nolledo, Jose N.1991, 1987. Philippine Constitution Annotated,
National Bookstore
17. Rachels, James & Stuart Rachels. 2012. The Elements of Moral Philosophy
(7th edition). McGraw Hill, USA.
18. Rodie, Carlton C. et al.1983 Introduction to Political Science,
National Bookstore
19. Santos, Lourdes, et al. 2010. Politics and Governance and the
Philippine Constitution (Text-Workbook) TCS Publishing House
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