CHAPTER 8

CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Human Rights
 refer to things that are properly and due to a person by virtue
of his being human

Man’s basic right – right to life, right to health, to own property,

to form trade union, right to marry.
Man’s 2nd basic right – right to human dignity to recognize as
person to honor and reputation
Man’s 3rd Basic right - right to develop is the source of our right
to education
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Bill of Rights
is an enumeration of the people’s rights that the constitution
guarantees and protects against government violation or by
individual or individuals.

Three Great Powers of Government

1. Police Power
it is the inherent power of the state to restrain and regulate the use of
liberty and property for the comfort, safety and welfare of society.
Police power covers laws on:
a. Public health - e.g., laws restricting importation of harmful drugs,
maternity leave , restraining mobility of those infected with AIDS, and
others.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
b. Public Safety - e.g., laws on driving without
license, carrying of deadly weapons, and others.

c. Public Welfare - e.g., laws on regulating rent of

apartments/houses, price, control, and others.

d. Public Morals - e.g., laws prohibiting gambling,

closing movie houses, exhibiting lewd films, and
others.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
2. Power of Eminent Domain
It is the inherent right of the state to appropriate
private lands for public purpose upon payment of just
compensation.

3. Power of Taxation
It refers to the power of the state to impose burdens
on persons, properties, services and occupations.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
CLASSES OF RIGHTS OF CITIZENS

1. Natural Rights
these are rights inherent to a person as a creation of God.

2. Constitutional Rights
these are rights which are granted and protected by the
constitution. They are categorized into:
a. Political rights - those rights that a citizen exercises to
participate in the affairs of the government such as the right to
suffrage, right of citizenship and the right to petition the
government for redress of grievances.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
b. Civil rights
- those rights that a citizen enjoys in pursuance of individual
happiness and development such as the right against
involuntary servitude, right to property and the right to abode
and travel.

3. Statutory rights
- these refer to rights provided by laws which are granted by
the legislature and may be abolished by the same such as the
right to a minimum wage and the right to a maternity leave for
employed women and paternity leave for married and
employed men (R.A. 81871 or the Paternity Act of 1996).
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RIGHT AND FREEDOM

Right
- is a common privilege given to all citizens for example the right to
vote, the right to property, the right to worship, the right to information.

Freedom
- is when you have no constraints to conduction your actions ‘“ freedom
of speech, freedom of the press, freedom to rebel, freedom to complain.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
FILIPINO ENGLISH TRANSLATION

SEKSYON 1.  Hindi dapat

Section 1. No person shall be
alisan ng buhay, kalayaan, o
deprived of life, liberty, or
ariarian ang sino mang tao
property without due process
nang hindi kaparaanan ng
of law, nor shall any person
batas, ni pagkaitan ang sino
be denied the equal
mang tao ng pantay na
protection of the laws.
pangangalaga ng batas.
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
5 HUMAN RIGHTS ENUMERATED
 right to life
 right to liberty
 right to property
 right to due process of law
 right to equal protection of the law
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
Right to life
means not only right to be alive but also the right to be
secure of one’s limb or any part of the body from physical
harm.
Right to liberty
denotes not merely freedom from physical restraint e.g.
imprisonment. It also embraces the right of man to use his
faculties with which he has been endowed by his Creator
subject only to the limitation that he does not violate the law
or the rights of others.
Right to property
refer to the thing itself or to the right over a thing. It includes
the right to own, use, transmit and even to destroy, subject to
the right of the State and of other persons.
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
Right to due process of law
refers to the manner of procedure which must be
followed in the enforcement or application of law.
 Procedural due process – refers to the procedure which
must ne followed
 Substantive due process – means that the law to be
applied should be valid, just and not arbitrary
Right to equal protection of the law
means equality of all persons before the law whether he
is rich or poor.
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FILIPINO
SEKSYON 2.  Ang karapatan ng mga taong- Section 2. The right of the people to
bayan na magkaroon ng kapanatagan sa
kanilang sarili, pamamahay, papeles, at mga
bagay-bagay laban sa hindi makatwirang
paghahalughog at pagsamsam sa ano mang
layunin ay hindi dapat labagin, at hindi dapat
maglagda ng warrant sa paghalughog o
warrant sa pagdakip maliban kung may
malinaw na dahilan na personal na
pagpapasyahan ng hukom matapos
masiyasat ang mayhabla at ang mga
testigong maihaharap niya sa ilalim ng
panunumpa o patotoo, at tiyakang tinutukoy
ang lugar na hahalughugin, at mga taong
darakpin o mga bagay na sasamsamin.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of
whatever nature and for any purpose
shall be inviolable, and no search
warrant or warrant of arrest shall
issue except upon probable cause to
be determined personally by the
judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and
the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to
be seized.
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MEANING OF SEARCH WARRANT AND WARRANT OF ARREST
(1) A search warrant is an order in writing , issued in
the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a
judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to
search for certain personal property and bring it before
the court.
(2) If the command is to arrest a person designated, i.e., to
take him into custody in order that he may bound to
answer for the commission of an offense, the written
order is called warrant of arrest.
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
SCOPE OF THE PROTECTION

Persons
- The protection applies to everybody, to citizens as well
as aliens in the Philippines, whether accused of crime or
not. Corporations are also entitled to the protection.
Houses
- The protection is not limited to dwelling houses but
extends to a garage, warehouse, shop, store, office , and
even a safety deposit vault.
Papers and effect
- They include sealed letters and packages in the mail
which may be opened and examined only in pursuance
of a valid search warrant.
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
REQUISITES FOR VALID SEARCH WARRANT
OR WARRANT OF ARREST

(1) It must be issued upon probable cause;

(2) The probable cause must be determined personally by
the judge himself,
(3) Such determination of the existence of probable cause
must be made after examination by the judge of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce; and
(4) The warrant must particularly describe the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized
The law prohibits the issuance of a search warrant for
more than one specific offense.
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
WHEN SEARCH AND SEIZURE MAY BE MADE
WITHOUT WARRANT
In the following instances:
(1) Where there is consent or waiver,
(2) Where search is an incident to a lawful arrest,
(3) In the case of contraband or forfeited goods being
transported by ship automobile, or other vehicle,
where the officer making it has reasonable cause for
believing that the latter contains them, in view of the
difficulty attendant to securing a search warrant,
(4) Where, without a search, the possession of articles
prohibited by law is disclosed to plain view or is open
to eye and hand
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
(5) As an incident of inspection, supervision and
regulation in the exercise of police power such as
inspection of restaurants by health officers, of
factories by labor inspectors, etc. The same thing may
be said of inspection of books of accounts by revenue
examiners, and
(6) Routinary searches usually made at the border or at
ports of entry in the interest of national security and
for the proper enforcement of customs and
immigration laws.
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
WHEN ARREST MAY BE MADE WITHOUT
WARRANT.
A peace officer or private person may, without a warrant,
arrest a person:
(1) When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has
committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to
commit an offense;
(2) When an offense has in fact just been committed and he
has personal knowledge of facts indicating that the
person to be arrested has committed it ; and
(3) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has
escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is
serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his
case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred
from one confinement to another.
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FILIPINO
SEKSYON 3.  (1) Hindi dapat
labagin ang pagiging lihim ng
komunikasyon at korespondensya
maliban sa legal na utos ng
hukuman, o kapag hinihingi ang
naiibang kaligtasan o kaayusan ng
bayan ayon sa itinakda ng batas.
(2) Hindi dapat tanggapin para sa
ano mang layunin sa alin mang
hakbangin sa paglilitis ang ano
mang ebidensya na nakuha nang
labag dito o sa sinusundang
seksyon.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 3. (1) The privacy of
communication and
correspondence shall be inviolable
except upon lawful order of the
court, or when public safety or
order requires otherwise, as
prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in
violation of this or the preceding
section shall be inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding.
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SEKSYON 4.  Hindi dapat
magpatibay ng batas na
nagbabawas sa kalayaan sa
pananalita, pagpapahayag, o ng
pamamahayagan, o sa karapatan ng
mga taong-bayan na mapayabang
magkatipon at magpetisyon sa
pamahalaan upang ilahad ang
kanilang mga karaingan.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 4. No law shall be passed
abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the
right of the people peaceably to
assemble and petition the
government for redress of
grievances.
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SEKSYON 5.  Hindi dapat
magbalangkas ng batas para sa
pagtatatag ng relihiyon, o
nagbabawal sa malayang
pagsasagamit nito.  Dapat
ipahintulot magpakailanman ang
malayang pagsasagamit at
pagtatamasa ng pagpapahayag ng
relihiyon at pagsamba nang walang
pagtatangi o pamimili.   Hindi
dapat kailanganin ang pagsusulit
pangrelihiyon sa pagsasagamit ng
karapatang sibil o pampulitika.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 5. No law shall be made
respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise
and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test
shall be required for the exercise of
civil or political rights.
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SEKSYON 6.  Hindi dapat bawalan
ang kalayaan sa paninirahan at ang
pagbabago ng tirahan sa saklaw ng
mga katakdaang itinatadhana ng
batas maliban sa legal na utos ng
hukuman.  Ni hindi dapat bawalan
ang karapatan sa paglalakbay
maliban kung para sa kapakanan
ng kapanatagan ng bansa,
kaligtasang pambayan, o
kalusugang pambayan ayon sa
maaaring itadhana ng batas.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 6. The liberty of abode and
of changing the same within the
limits prescribed by law shall not
be impaired except upon lawful
order of the court. Neither shall the
right to travel be impaired except in
the interest of national security,
public safety, or public health, as
may be provided by law.
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SEKSYON 7.  Dapat kilalanin ang
karapatan ng taong-bayan na
mapagbatiran hinggil sa mga
bagay-bagay na may kinalaman sa
tanan.  Ang kaalaman sa mga
opisyal na rekord, at sa mga
dokumento at papeles tungkol sa
mga opisyal na gawain,
transaksyon, o pasya, gayon din sa
mga datos sa pananaliksik ng
pamahalaan na pinagbabatayan ng
patakaran sa pagpapaunlad ay
dapat ibigay sa mamamayan sa
ilalim ng mga katakdaang
maaaring itadhana ng batas.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 7. The right of the people to
information on matters of public
concern shall be recognized. Access
to official records, and to
documents and papers pertaining
to official acts, transactions, or
decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for
policy development, shall be
afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by
law.
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SEKSYON 8.  Hindi dapat
hadlangan ang karapatan ng mga
taong-bayan kabilang ang mga
naglilingkod sa publiko at
pribadong sektor na magtatag ng
mga asosasyon, mga unyon, o mga
kapisanan sa mga layuning hindi
lalabag sa batas.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 8. The right of the people,
including those employed in the
public and private sectors, to form
unions, associations, or societies for
purposes not contrary to law shall
not be abridged.
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FILIPINO ENGLISH TRANSLATION

SEKSYON 9.  Ang mga pribadong Section 9. Private property shall not
ariarian ay hindi dapat kunin ukol be taken for public use without just
sa gamit pambayan nang walang compensation.
wastong kabayaran.
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SEKSYON 10.  Hindi dapat Section 10. No law impairing

magpatibay ng batas na sisira the obligation of contracts
sa pananagutan ng mga shall be passed.
kontrata.
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SEKSYON 11.  Hindi dapat
ipagkait sa sino mang tao ang
malayang pagdulog sa mga
hukuman at sa mga
kalupunang mala-
panghukuman at sa sat na
tulong pambatas nang dahil
sa karalitaan.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 11. Free access to the
courts and quasi-judicial
bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be
denied to any person by
reason of poverty.
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SEKSYON 12.  (1)   Ang sino mang tao na
sinisiyasat dahil sa paglabag ay dapat
magkaroon ng karapatang
mapatalastasan ng kaniyang karapatang
magsawalang-kibo at magkaroon ng
abogadong may sapat na kakayahan at
malaya na lalong kanais-nais kung siya
ang maypili.  Kung hindi niya
makakayanan ang paglilingkod ng
abogado, kinakailangang pagkalooban
siya ng isa.   Hindi maiuurong ang mga
karapatang ito maliban kung nakasulat at
sa harap ng abogado.
(2)   Hindi siya dapat gamitan ng labis na
pagpapahirap, pwersa, dahas, pananakot,
pagbabanta, o ano mang paraaan na
pipinsala sa kanyang malayang
pagpapasya.   Ipinagbabawal ang mga
lihim kulungan, solitaryo,
ingkomunikado, o iba pang katulad ng
anyo ng detensyon.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 12. (1) Any person under
investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed
of his right to remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice. If the person
cannot afford the services of counsel, he
must be provided with one. These rights
cannot be waived except in writing and in
the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat,
intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against
him. Secret detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, or other similar forms of
detention are prohibited.
 ARTICLE III – BILL OF RIGHTS
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(3)   Hindi dapat tanggaping ebidensya
laban sa kanya ang ano mang
pagtatapat o pag-amin na nakuha nang
labag sa seksyong ito o sa seksyong
labing-pito.
(4)   Dapat magtadhana ang batas ng
mga kaparusahang penal at sibil sa
mga paglabag sa seksyong ito at gayon
din ng bayad-pinsala at rehabilitasyon
sa mga biktima ng labis na mga
paghihirap o katulad ng mga
nakagawian, at sa kanilang mga
pamilya.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
(3) Any confession or
admission obtained in
violation of this or Section 17
hereof shall be inadmissible
in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for
penal and civil sanctions for
violations of this section as
well as compensation to the
rehabilitation of victims of
torture or similar practices,
and their families.
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SEKSYON 13.  Ang lahat ng mga tao,
maliban sa mga nahahabla sa mga
paglabag na pinarurusahan ng
reclusion perpetua kapag matibay ang
ebidensya ng pagkakasala, bago
mahatulan, ay dapat mapyansahan ng
sapat ng pyador, o maaaring palayain
sa bisa ng panagot ayon sa maaaring
itadhana ng batas.  Hindi dapat
bawalan ang karapatan sa pyansa kahit
na suspendido ang pribilehiyo ng writ
of habeas corpus.  Hindi dapat
kailanganin ang malabis na pyansa.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 13. All persons, except those
charged with offenses punishable by
reclusion perpetua when evidence of
guilt is strong, shall, before conviction,
be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be
released on recognizance as may be
provided by law. The right to bail shall
not be impaired even when the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be
required.
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SEKSYON 14. (1)   Hindi dapat papanagutin sa
pagkakasalang kriminal ang sino mang tao
nang hindi kaparaanan ng batas.
(2)   Sa lahat ng mga pag-uusig kriminal, ang
nasasakdal ay dapat ituring na walang sala
hangga't hindi napapatunayan ang naiiba, at
dapat magtamasa ng karapatang magmatwid sa
pamamagitan ng sarili at ng abogado,
mapatalastasan ng uri at dahilan ng sakdal
laban sa kanya, magkaroon ng mabilis, walang
kinikilingan, at hayagan paglitis, makaharap
ang mga testigo, magkaroon ng sapilitang
kaparaanan upang matiyak ang pagharap ng
mga testigo sa paglilitaw ng ebidensyang para
sa kanyang kapakanan.  Gayon man, matapos
mabasa ang sakdal, maaring ituloy ang
paglilitis kahit wala ang nasasakdal sa
pasubaling marapat na napatalastasan siya at di
makatwiran ang kanyang kabiguang humarap.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer
for a criminal offense without due process of
law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
shall be presumed innocent until the contrary
is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard
by himself and counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him,
to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to
meet the witnesses face to face, and to have
compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his
behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may
proceed notwithstanding the absence of the
accused: Provided, that he has been duly
notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.
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SEKSYON 15.  Hindi dapat
suspindihin ang pribilehiyo
ng writ of habeas corpus,
maliban kung may
pananalakay o
paghihimagsik, kapag
kinakailangan ng kaligtasan
pambayan.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 15. The privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus
shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or
rebellion, when the public
safety requires it.
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SEKSYON 16.  Dapat magkaroon ang
lahat ng mga tao ng karapatan sa
madaliang paglutas ng kanilang mga
usapin sa lahat ng mga kalupunang
panghukuman, mala-panghukuman, o
pampangasiwaan.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 16. All persons shall have the
right to a speedy disposition of their
cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial,
or administrative bodies.
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FILIPINO ENGLISH TRANSLATION

SEKSYON 17.  Hindi dapat pilitin ang Section 17. No person shall be
isang tao na tumestigo laban sa compelled to be a witness against
kanyang sarili. himself.
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SEKSYON 18.  (1)   Hindi dapat
detenihin ang sino mang tao dahil
lamang sa kanyang paniniwala at
hangaring pampulitika.
(2)   Hindi dapat pairalin ang ano
mang anyo ng sapilitang paglilingkod,
maliban kung kaparusahang pataw ng
hatol ng pagkakasala.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 18. (1) No person shall be
detained solely by reason of his
political beliefs and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any
form shall exist except as a punishment
for a crime whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted.
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FILIPINO ENGLISH TRANSLATION

SEKSYON 19.  (1)   Hindi dapat ipataw Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not
ang malabis na multa, ni ilapat ang be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or
malupit, imbi o di-makataong parusa, inhuman punishment inflicted.
o ang parusang kamatayan, matangi Neither shall death penalty be
kung magtadhana ang Kongreso ng imposed, unless, for compelling
parusang kamatayan sa mga reasons involving heinous crimes, the
kadahilanang bunsod ng mga buktot Congress hereafter provides for it. Any
ng krimen.  Dapat ibaba sa reclusion death penalty already imposed shall be
perpetua ang naipataw nang parusang reduced to reclusion perpetua.
kamatayan.
(2)   Dapat lapatan ng kaukulang batas
ang pagpapahirap na pisikal,
sikolohikal, o imbing pagpaparusa sa
sino mang bilanggo o detenido o ang
paggamit ng mga kaluwagang penal na
di-makatao.
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SEKSYON 20.  Hindi dapat ibilanggo Section 20. No person shall be

ang isang tao nang dahil sa imprisoned for debt or non-payment of
pagkakautang o hindi pagbabayad ng a poll tax.
sedula.
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SEKSYON 21.  Hindi dapat na ang
isang tao ay makalawang
masapanganib ng kaparusahan sa
iisang paglabag.   Kung pinarurusahan
ng batas at ng ordinansa ang isang
kagagawan, ang pagkaparusa o
pakaabswelto sa ilalim ng alin man
dito ay magiging hadlang sa iba pang
pag-uusig sa gayon ding kagagawan.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Section 21. No person shall be twice
put in jeopardy of punishment for the
same offense. If an act is punished by a
law and an ordinance, conviction or
acquittal under either shall constitute a
bar to another prosecution for the
same act.
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FILIPINO ENGLISH TRANSLATION

SEKSYON 22.  Hindi dapat magpatibay Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill
ng batas ex post facto o bill of of attainder shall be enacted.
attainder.