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4 WRITING D escribing p ro ce sse s

i large organic material
magnet

Ж .W W W . 1

organic waste shredder tunnel with micro screening fine compost for
organism agriculture

Fresh watei

Heat transfer fluid

SPEA K IN G The diagram shows a process known as Concentrating

1 W ork in groups. Discuss the questions:
• What is involved in the following processes? Have
you ever been involved in any of them?
- a visa application
- getting a non-emergency operation
- buying and selling online
- publishing a book or making a film
- a criminal court case
- getting compensation for something
- getting rid of your rubbish
- providing electricity or tap water
• Have you ever experienced a difficult bureaucratic /
legal process? W hat happened?
• Do you think it’s important to know about how we
get consumer products and services? W hy? / W hy
not? Are there any product or service processes
you’d like to know more about?
W RITING
2 W ork in pairs. Look at the two diagram s above.
Discuss w hat processes you think they show and
w hat you think might happen in each case.
Solar Power (C SP) 1__________ solar energy is used to
create steam to power electrical generators.
Large parabolic troughs are directed at the sun. The
mirrored surfaces of the troughs reflect the sun’s rays
and concentrate them onto pipes carrying a fluid that is
2__________ heated up to a very high temperature. This
super-heated fluid passes through a heat exchanger, where I
it boils water and creates steam, before returning in a loop I
back to the parabolic trough. The steam
conveyed through pipes at high pressure to a generator,
where it drives turbines to create electricity.4_________
the steam goes through the turbine it loses heat and is
then further cooled in a tower, converting it back into
water. The water then continues in a loop back to the
heat exchanger, where it is again boiled to create steam.
In the absence of sunshine, the steam is generated by
supplementary gas-powered heaters.
C SP offers a number of benefits: it provides clean
sustainable energy; it can make use of large tracts of
unused desert land; and it can be adapted to make use
of sea w ater,5__________ can be easily desalinated at the
cooling-tower stage, thereby providing much-needed fresh
water in arid zones.

3 Now read the text that describes Figure 2 and

W h at is the purpose of the three paragraphs?
label 1-6 in the diagram.
H ow does the w riter avoid using personal
4 Com plete the description w ith these linkers. pronouns (I, we, me, us, etc.) in the text?
W ould you avoid such pronouns in similar texts |
meanwhile whereby thus which as in your language?

156
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SPEAKING KEY WORDS FOR WRITING

Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
• Do you think the process you read about would be a
good idea in your country? W hy? / W hy not?
whereby, thereby and thus
Whereby explains the way something is done according to
• What benefits / problems are there with the following a method, agreement, rule, etc.
energy sources or energy-saving schemes? Do
you have any of them in your country? Is there any Thereby and thus both show the result of a particular
process previously mentioned.
opposition to them?
-wind farms
-fracking 9 Com plete the sentences w ith whereby or thereby.
- solar farms
1 Glassblowing is the process___________glass is
- subsidies for renewable energies
heated and then shaped.
- oil / gas drilling
- nuclear power plants 2 The milk is heated to around 7 0 % ,___________ killing
- hydroelectric dams the vast majority of microbes.
- subsidies for improving insulation
3 W e have to comply with strict regulations__________
our machines are inspected w eekly,__________
VOCABULARY Processes ensuring total safety.
4 There’s a trade-in schem e__________ any car over
7 Replace the words in italics w ith these words
fifteen years old can be scrapped for $3,000 when
and rew rite each sentence in the passive. buying a new car.

insulate categorise assemble 10 W o rk in groups. How m any of these natural,

screen discard ship industrial and legal rules and processes can you
break down box power explain in one sentence w ith whereby ? For how
remove proofread select
m any can you add a possible result using thus or
1 They take out plastic from the rubbish manually.
thereby ?
desalination Gaia
2 They wrap the pipes with foam to minimise heat loss.
hydroelectric power metamorphosis
3 They check the final product for impurities.
a veto photosynthesis
4 They sort the tea leaves into different grades
according to size and quality. osmosis auditing
5 They don’t throw aw ay anything during the process distillation landfill
to maximise efficiency. an embargo a high court appeal
6 They choose potential jury members randomly from
the electoral roll.
PRA CTICE
7 They put together the parts in a central plant.
11 Choose either the diagram of the composting
8 They check the final manuscript for spelling mistakes
and other errors.
process (Figure 1) or draw a diagram to
represent a process you discussed in Exercise 1
9 They p ackag e the oranges and load them
or 8.
onto lorries.
10 They drive the turbines by forcing water 12 W rite a description of the process. Use between
through them. 150 and 200 words.
11 They use microbes to decom pose the oil
into droplets.
12 They only take payment after they send the order
from the warehouse.

W ork in pairs. Discuss the questions.

• What processes do you think each of the sentences
in Exercise 7 are part of?
• W hy might different processes use these things?

a filter a conveyor belt a pump

a magnet a furnace an algorithm

A r c h im e d e S o la r E n e rg y P o w e r P lant.
P e ru g ia . Italy

Writing 157