M5D BRT Ascending, Trav & Rappeling

LESSON PLAN
COURSE : Fire Basic Recruit Course (FBRC)
MODULE : V – Basic Rope Rescue Training
SUBJECT : Ascending, Traversing and Rappelling
METHODOLOGY : Lecture - Discussion and Demonstration
DURATION : Twenty (20) Hrs
LEARNING OBJECTIVES : At the end of the lesson, the trainees should be able to:
1. identify the importance of ascending techniques briefly.
2. classify the different kinds of ascending techniques correctly

and be able to perform it properly.
3. explain the importance of traversing techniques in rescue

operations and perform it carefully.
4. identify the different kinds of descending techniques.
5. familiarize the tools and equipment used in ascending,

traversing and rappelling correctly.
6. observe proper insertion of hardware.
7. identify the importance of belaying correctly.
8. observe proper safety measures at all times.
9. perform/demonstrate all kinds of descending techniques

carefully and confidentially.
LEARNING AIDS: Gloves (rappelling), helmet, whistle, rescue 8-ring, carabiners,

ropes (utility and kernmantle ropes) prussic cords, pulley, laptop,
projector, microphone and book references.
REFERENCES: National Fire Protection Assn (NEPA)
International Fire Service Training Assn (IFSTA) , 6th Edition

Fire Rescue Service (6th Edition)
The Ringing Lab Academy
Malaysian Handbook for Rope Rescue Technician
Osaka Rope Rescue Handbook
PPSC/NFTI-SLP1-2016-01
I. INTRODUCTION:
Preparatory Activities
 Opening Prayer
 Introduce the Instructor
 Checking of attendance
 Preparation of the lessons.
 Clarification of personal learning.
Developmental Activities
 Stretching and exercise in preparation for the actual demonstration.
II. PRESENTATION (Lesson Proper)
 Introduce and discuss the following specific subject areas, given examples to make
point clear when necessary
 Rappelling and good rappelling position

 Belaying and belaying techniques signals:
 Safety measures
 Traversing
 Ascending
 Emphasize the following Key Points
 Proper demonstration of ascending, traversing and descending safely.

 Proper insertion of hardwares.
 Proper belaying and safety measures.
 Summarize the Lesson/Important Points Discussed
 Rappelling, ascending and traversing are essential tools in high-angle rescue in

order to facilitate safe and effective rescue method.
 Safety is a mindset all rescuers MUST possess.
III. APPLICATION
 Trainees will be grouped into 5 to re-discuss and practice the different rappelling,
ascending and traversing techniques.
 Return demonstration and actual performance.
 Trainees will be rated accordingly.
IV. TEST:
 Formulate test items that are aligned with the learning objectives.
 Closing Prayer
LESSON TIMETABLE
MODULE : V- Basic Rope Rescue Training
SUBJECT : Ascending, Traversing and Rappelling
METHODOLOGY : Lecture-Discussion and Demonstration
DURATION : 20 Hrs
DURATION CONTENT / TOPIC STRATEGY / REFERENCE / EVALUATION /

ACTIVITY TOOLS OUTPUT
DAY 1 Introduction • NFPA
• Essentials of
10 mins • Opening Prayer Firefighting
• Introduction of the • Fire Service
instructor Rescue (6th
• Checking of Ed)
attendance • Malaysian
• Presentation of the Handbook
lesson
• Clarification of
personal learning
20 mins • Stretching and Students must

Exercise perform and
exercise in
preparation to
actual
demonstration
3 hrs & 30 • Introduce and discuss Lecture- Laptop
mins the following topics: Discussion Projector
- Rappelling Microphone
- Belaying
- Traversing
- Ascending
1 hr Lunch Break
30 mins • Rappelling Practical Ropes Demonstration
Exercise Carabiner
Rescue 8-ring
Helmer
Rappelling
gloves
3 hrs & • Rappelling Trainees must be Ropes Return
30 mins able to perform Carabiner Demonstration
rappelling Rescue 8-ring (graded)
properly. Helmet
Rappelling
• Closing Prayer gloves
DAY 2 ACTIVITY TOOLS OUTPUT
10 mins  Opening Prayer
 Checking of attendance
15 mins  Stretching and

Exercise
35 mins • Ascending Instructor will - NFPA
demonstrate the - Essentials
different of
ascending Firefighting
techniques: - Fire Service
- Single Foot Rescue (6th
Lock Ed)
- Double Foot - Malaysian
Lock Handbook
- Chicken Loop
3 Hrs • Ascending Technique Trainees must be - Return
able to perform Demonstration
ascending (graded)
technique
1 Hr • Lunch Break -
4 Hrs • Ascending Technique Continuation of
(Continuation) return
demonstration
(graded)
• Closing Prayer
10 mins  Opening Prayer
 Checking of attendance
15 mins  Stretching and

Exercise
35 mins • Traversing - - Demonstration
3 Hrs • Traversing Trainees must be - Return

able to perform Demonstration
traversing (graded)
• Closing Prayer technique
LESSON MANUSCRIPT
(ASCENDING, TRAVERSING AND RAPPELLING)
RAPPELLING - is a controlled descent down a fixed line.
Rappelling, also called abseiling from German "abseilen" meaning "to rope down," utilizes
special equipment to allow safe and controlled descent over a rope.
As opposed to recreational or military rappelling, rescue rappelling is done in a slow and

controlled manner. Rapid, bouncing rappels are a very unprofessional approach in reaching
the victim. This kind of attitude can contribute to loss of control, rope damage and potential
system wide failure.
Rappelling is safe when done correctly and with the proper equipment.
Attempting this activity without any instruction is asking for injury.
Rappelling skills will help build confidence in team members but this skill is not as vital as the
ability to set up and operate a lowering system.
Placement of hardware in a fixed Rope.

GOOD RAPPELLING POSITION
• Knee slightly bent.

• Feet shoulder width apart.
• Balls of feet maneuvering on walls.
• Break hand should be your dominant hand.
• Slightly open right/left hand when releasing.
• Guide hand should be your non-dominant hand.
• Exit on your dominant side (right handed right side/left handed left side).
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RAPPELLER
• Descends with minimum amount of physical effort

• Avoids “flash” rappels, which can cause heat build-up and shock loading
• Stops at any time
• Knows how to secure a working position when hanged
• Operates in any body position including upside down
• Checks hardware and PPE before descending.
Brake hand
It is the dominant hand that grasps the rope to help control the speed of descent during rappel.
“NEVER TAKE YOUR BRAKE HAND OFF OF THE ROPE”
Guide hand
It is the non-dominant hand that cradles the rope to help balance the rappelled.
BELAYING
There can be a person at the top or bottom of the rope securing it in the event the person on
rappel slipped or let go.
This action is known as belaying and the person overseeing the descent is "on belay."
All persons manning lowering stations should be wearing leather gloves.
• If there is shock load, the ropes may start spinning through the system, and belayer must bring
the load to a stop.
• Without gloves, ropes easily burn through the skins of the hands making this extremely
difficult.
• LACK OF CONTROL
• Motion pictures
• During rappelling
When to belay :
• When a person is unsure of himself such as during first time rappels.

• When there is a real danger of falling such as climbing and mountaineering.
• When environmental factors increase the danger of falling such as rockfalls.
• When one or more persons are being lowered or raised by rope.
When not to belay :
• If the rappeller is experienced and a belay would be a hindrance.
• If a belay line will cause entanglement with other ropes, as with multiple lines.
BELAYING SIGNALS
Rappeller Belayer Meaning
“On Rope” I’m ready to descend / ascend
“Rope on” I’m ready to catch you if you fall
“Belay on” Is belayer ready?
“On belay” Belayer is ready
“Slack” Loosely hold the rope
“Tension” Pull the rope tightly
“Rappelling” "I'm coming down the rope now
“Rappel on” I’m ready to belay you
NOTE:
Belay signals should be loud, at least shouting, perhaps yelling to be effective.
Signals anyone can make
“ Stop! ” (cease all operation)

“ Rope! ” (rope about to fall)
“ Equipment!” (Equipment is being lowered. Stand clear of the fall zone.)
SAFETY MEASURES:
• Don’t step on rope or webbing

• Always pad edges or use edge protection
• Check, check and recheck
• Don’t rush
• Minimize the number of personnel near the edge.
• Watch for side loaded carabiners
• Tie in when approaching or working near an edge
• *Pay attention when belaying and never take your brake hand off the belay line
• Don’t rappel like a wild man
• Don’t assume it is safe just because someone else worked it out for you
Things to consider:
• GRAVITY is the great adversary
• FEAR of heights is natural and a degree of it is necessary for survival
• Unless a person feels at ease, his discomfort will prevent him from being effective in
any HA activity
• To be accustomed and effective, PRACTICE.
• A person without any fear or respect for the hazards involved is a DANGER TO
HIMSELF AND OTHERS
I. Course Introduction, Safety & Rope Rescue System
Orientation of the course regarding safety rules. Due to the risks associated with the
use of rope rescue tools and equipment and the environment conditions under the Basic Rescue
Training Course, all trainees and personnel involved in any manner with the course MUST follow the
safety rules.
Practice Area – no one is allowed to enter/occupy the practice areas without explicit prior
authorization from the course instructors or from proper authority.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – all participants shall be wearing (in correct manner) all
required personal protective equipment during practice, evaluation, practical exercises and other
activities that may require the use of PPE.
Hygiene – it is highly advised to take a personal sanitation at all times.
Drinking Water – all participants shall carry drinking water to prevent dehydration.
Whistle Signals – the instructor will use the whistle or siren to give alarm signals and alerts in
the work area using the following system: one long whistle/siren: ATTENTION (Stop all work and
listen for instructions.) One long one short whistle: continue working. Three short whistle: Alarm
Signal! (Evacuate the area immediately to a previously designated safety zone.)
Safety Officer – one member of the team will be designated as safety officer who will assist the
instructor in implementing safety-related matters throughout the entire activity and will be clearly and
visibly identified. This person will be, and will have the authority to partially or completely halt the
activity if needed. (Note: Anyone can stop the activity if there’s a foreseen danger.)
Group Safety – Each team leader will also be responsible for the individual in their respective
groups or team. Should you observe any unsafe action or condition, or an emergency, immediately
alert the Instructor/Safety Officer. For this purpose, every will receive an emergency or attention
whistle call to use in an emergency.
Team Safety – all operations involving the use of tools, hardware and equipment should be
conducted in pairs, so that one person can construct such rescue techniques while the other acts as a
safety lookout.
Safety Zone – the safety zone will be used in case of any emergency requiring immediate
evacuation of the work area.
Emergency Medical Services – call the attention of the instructor so as to immediately alert the
Student Nurse Assistant and the EMS, should the need arise.
Maintenance – all participants are responsible for cleaning, maintaining and caring of all tools,
equipment and other items. Additionally, the daily class marcher and the incoming class marcher are
responsible for the accounting, records keeping and issuance of tools and equipment.
Rotations – each team will be assigned as logistics of the day who will be responsible in the
cleanliness of the classroom area, practice area and over-all preparation for the activity.
Trash – Strictly, No Littering! All trash must be placed into designated trashcans or waste
containers.
Strictly NO SMOKING or DRINKING .
Weather Conditions – the instructor will decide whether exercises can continue in the work
area during inclement weather.
Hazards – report to instructor any objects in the work area that may pose a hazard to anyone.
Safety Violations – any trainee, who repeatedly violated for disregards the safety rules in the
course, endangering him/herself or others, may be expelled from the course at the director of the
course coordinator or any of the rescue staff.
Factors affecting safety during a rescue operation or training:
1. Attitude
2. Unstable Structures
3. Confined Working Spaces
4. Extreme noise, dust, smoke and/or fire
5. Hazardous Tools and Equipment
6. Loitering and Theft
7. Extreme Fatigue and Stress
8. Adverse Weather Conditions
9. Worksite often unfamiliar
10. Horse Playing Attitude
II. LESSON PROPER)

Rescue. Those activities directed at locating endangered persons at an emergency incident,
removing those persons from danger, treating the injured and providing for transport to an appropriate
health care facility.
Rescue Technician – a person who is trained to perform a specific typoe of technical rescue.
Technical Rescue – the application of special knowledge, skills and equipment for the use of
completing safe and efficient rescue operations.
The goal of rescue can be best met if the 3S’s will be considered:
 Safety – is a mindset all rescuers must possess

 Sureness – means that you and your team are absolutely confident that you
have been given the training and acquired the skills available.
 Simplicity – is not as simple as it sounds; the simplest way is often the most
effective.
Rope Rescue – is defined as any rescue effort that requires rope and related equipment to
safely gain access to, and remove patients from, hazardous geographic areas with limited
access such as mountains, high rise buildings, above or below grade structures, by means of
rope system.
Other rescue incidents involving rope
Rope Rescue System - A system comprised of rope rescue equipment and an appropriate
anchor and MA system intended for use in the rescue of a subject.
Equipment category
• Software
• Hardware
S O F T W A R E - refers to rope, webbing, accessory cord and harness which can be used alone
or in combination to protect rescuers and victims.
R O P E S - is one of the oldest tools used by the fire service. It is very valuable for applications
such as hauling tools, accomplishing rescues of different elevations, stabilizing
vehicles and cordoning off areas.
MOST COMMON TYPES OF ROPE CONSTRUCTION:
Laid Rope – composed of three strands twisted together to form the final rope.
Twisted ropes are susceptible to abrasion and other types of physical damage.
Braided – compare to laid rope, it

reduces or eliminates the twisting common to laid ropes
Braid-on-braid – also a jacketed rope, but compare to kernmantle, it’s sheath may slide along
the inner core of the rope.
Kernmantle Rope - jacketed

type. Composed of braided covering or sheath (mantle) over the load-
bearing strands (kern). Common rope used as “life safety rope”.
2 Types of Life Safety Rope (kernmantle):
Dynamic (high stretch)
- elasticity is 60% of its length without breaking

- for long falls such as rock climbing to reduce the shock of impact on both the climber and
the anchor system
- disadvantage is raising or lowering heavy loads
Static (low stretch)
- elasticity is 20% of its length without breaking

- suitable for raising and lowering heavy loads
- Mostly used in rappelling and in other instance where only very short falls are a possibility.
-
STANDARD SAFETY ON KERNMANTLE
According to the NFPA 1983-95 Standard, life safety rope is designed “for supporting people
during rescue, fire fighting, or other emergency procedures, or during training evolutions”.
Life Safety Rope (kernmantle) must have a minimum breaking strength of;
- 4,500 lbs for a single person load of 300 lbs (includes rescue equipment)
- 9,000 lbs for a two-person, 600 lbs load (including equipment).
Therefore, the safety factor is 4500/300 lbs. and 9000/600 lbs or 15:1 for both one-person and
two-person line.
Size Minimum Breaking Strength
6mm 2,500
8mm 3,500
9mm 4,500
12.7 mm (1/2”) 9,000
Maximum working load:

1 person life safety rope – 300 lbs (136 Kg)
2 person life safety rope – 600 lbs (272 Kg)
Rope Care and Maintenance
1. Use edge protection to avoid abrasion.
2. Redirect rope away from sharp objects and edges.
3. Fast or rapid rappels should be avoided-because friction causes excessive heat build-up that
can damage the rope.
4. “Bouncy” rappels should likewise be avoided, -they cause unnecessary shock loading and
may cause the rope to “saw” and abrade over an unprotected edge. A cut easily propagates
completely through a tensioned rope once it is initiated.
5. Rope should be kept away from sulfuric acid (battery acid), other strong acids, bleach, ultra
violet light and excessive heat.
6. Rope should be carefully inspected when first purchased, after each use, and after cleaning.
Sliding the rope through hands to feel for any damage like, deformities, changes in
diameter, soft spots, bulges and thin areas. When an abnormality found, or if the rope
sustains a substantial shock load, the rope should be immediately taken out of service.
7. Do not step on rope or drag it along the ground.
8. Do not use rope while in a twisted unnatural state; this might cause extreme crimping or
kinking to avoid delay of deploying the rope. Nor should you keep a load hanging for a long
period of time.
9. When setting up a rope to carry people or materials, use a rope having proper length for the
job so that no knots need to be made except for the ends.
FACTORS THAT LOWER ROPE STRENGTH:
Kink/Untwined – the deformity when the rope is improperly uncoiled, the twisting and
untwisting becomes concentrated at a single point in the rope.
Shear – rope has been placed at the edge of a concrete structure and is moving side to side
(lateral friction). It is as if being cut by a knife.
Knotting – the tighter the bend, the more strength is lost.
Rubbing – rope get damaged when carabiners and other materials run through it due to friction.
This causes the filament to be cut-off (fluffy)
Water absorption
Ultraviolet ray (sunlight) – this causes the rope to become stiff and lose its flexibility
Attachment of foreign object – sand and dust particles may go inside the rope which cut-off the
filaments. This damage is mostly invisible to the naked eye.
Fatigue due to repeated load – this causes elongation.
What are….
Knot - a fixed, non-moveable place on a piece of cordage that is achieved through turns,
bends and tie-offs.
Bend - is the intertwining of two ends of rope
Hitch - A knot that attaches to or wraps around an object, and when the object is removed,
the knot will fall apart
Loop – An element of a knot created by forming a complete circle in a rope.
ELEMENTS OF A KNOT:
Bight – The open loop in a rope or piece of webbing formed when it is doubled back
on itself.
Loop – made by crossing the side of a bight over the standing part
Round turn – consists of further bending of one side of a loop
Parts of a Rope when making knots
 Most rescues takes place under severe environmental conditions, thus, rope rescue
technicians should be able to do knots..
under stress / pressure

in the dark
when cold
using only one hand
and with diminished physical activity
 The inability to do knots may be a sign of a lack of desire to develop the basic skills to be a
safe team member.
Common kinds of KNOT
Overhand knot Barrel knot Figure 8 knot

Bowline
Triple Bowline
In-line
Figure 8
ROUND TURN TWO HALF HITCH Butterfly Knot
Common kinds of BENDS
Square knot / Reef knot Sheet bend

WATER KNOT FISHERMAN’S KNOT
DOUBLE FISHERMAN’S KNOT
Common kinds of HITCHES
Munter / Italian
Timber hitch
Clove hitch Cow hitch
Prussik / Double cow hitch
Common kinds of LOOP
Figure 8 on a bight Loop Knot
QUALITIES OF A GOOD KNOT:
 It can easily be tied and untied even after loading

 Easy to determine if tied correctly
 Once tied, it remains tied
 Minimal effect on rope strength
W E B B ING
It is preferable to rope because of the following reasons:
 In constructing a harness, it lies flat against the body and provides better support.
 An excellent material to use for slings for it loses very little strength when bent around
a carabiner.
 It is relatively inexpensive, lightweight, easy to tie and can be cut to short lengths for
many uses.
2 Basic Forms:
Flat Webbing – it is stiffer and difficult to tie into knots. 1 inch flat web generally has an MBS of
6000lbs.
Tubular Webbing – more supple and easier to tie. 1 inch tubular web has an MBS of 4000lbs.
2 types:
Edge-stitched
Spiral weaved
Webbing of different construction
 Anchor Sling
 Anchor loop
Accessory Cord – is a kernmantle rope (static) of a small

diameter commonly used for breaking, hauling and
ratcheting.
H A R N ESS
2 GENERAL TYPES:
1. Those identified in NFPA 1983 as Class I, Class II and Class III
Class I – this type of harness fastens

around the waist and around thighs or
under buttocks and is intended to be
used for emergency escape with
one-person loads
Class II – may appear to be identical

with Class I harness, the difference is
in their rated working loads which can
only be determined by reading the label on
the harness.
Class III- same with Class II harness but can this type of
harness can fasten over the shoulders for it is designed to
support two-person loads and to prevent inverting.
2. In the absence of a manufactured harness, rescuers should know how to construct life
safety harness using the equipments available on scene-ropes, webbing and carabiners.
Improvised Harnesses:
- Seat harness
Emergency harness Lifeline

Rescue Sling
H A R D W A R E - The term hardware refers to the mechanical devices needed to safely and
fully utilize rescue rope and to construct mechanical advantage systems with rope
KINDS OF HARDWARE
. Load-Bearing Fasteners
o Carabiners
o consists of an open metal
loop with a hinged gate to close
the opening.
The NFPA standard 1983-95 states that :
All hardware used in rescue work should be LOCKED such as carabiners and tri-link/screw links.
Typically, aluminum carabineers are used for “Personal use” attachments rated at 5500 lbs and steel
carabineers are used for all systems application rated at 9000 lbs.
Four Classification of Carabiner:
. Type I - has one safety device, such as a spring-loaded snap-link.

.Type II - has two, a spring-loaded gate hinge plus screw lock.
. Type III - has three, a spring-loaded gate hinge plus screw lock and a spring-loaded
twisting motion to the lock.
. Type IV has four - spring-loaded gate hinge, spring-loaded 9vck, spring-loaded,

twisting motion to the lock and a safety button to open the lock.
Safety summary on carabiners:
1. Carabiners are strongest when loaded vertically along the spine and are weakest when loaded
horizontally or diagonally across the gate. They are designed to be loaded in one direction only.
2. It is dangerous to triple load a carabiner. Use a triangular screw link instead of a carabiner.
3. The gate should point “down hill”. This will counter act the effects of gravity and lessen the
chances of the gate vibrating open.
4. Do not use oil or grease/base lubricant on carabineers. Try using an air hose for gates that are
stuck or slow to operate.
5. If the carabiner still give you grief, get rid of it, a small price to pay for safety.
Retire carabiners that show..
1. Sharp edges or burrs

2. Cracks
3. Weak gate
4. Lose or bent gates rivets
5. Deformity
6. If it known to have been shock loaded
Care of carabineer and other hardware

. Avoid dropping or throwing
. Keep clean and free of dirt
. Do not oil
Rule of thumb :
If the carabiner was dropped from waist height onto a hard surface, it should not be used in a
life safety application until it has been lab tested.
What is a kilo Newton (kN)?
• The Newton [N] is the derived SI unit of force. One Newton is the force required to give a mass of 1
kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second. It is named after the English
mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).
• With a prefix of kilo gives Newtons a multiplication factor of 1000 (or 103) hence a kN is a 1000
Newtons.
• To work out force you multiply mass and acceleration (f=ma).

• For example imagine a 100kg person hanging free on the end of a rope being acted on (accelerated)
by the force of gravity.
Force (N) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s2)

= 100kg x 10 m/s2
= 1000kg. m/s2
= 1000N
= 1kN
Force (f) = mass (m) x acceleration (a)

Mass (m) = force (f) / acceleration (a)
= N / m/s2
= K (kg.m)
s2
m
s2
How to read the symbol?
Figure 8 Rings - Use for descending or to obtain control over an object being lowered.
Types:
Rescue 8 ring can be used with ropes ranging from 3/8" to 5/8" in diameter
and features extended “horns” on the upper portion of the large ring to
prevent rope from sliding up and locking off.
The Standard 8 ring can be used with 3/8" to 1/2" diameter ropes It can be used to lower a
single person; however, it should not be used under rescue loads with two or more persons.
The square shape reduces twisting of the ropes and formation of a

lark’s head knot.
Other descending device

o Tri-links – are similar to carabiners but they have screw-type locking sleeve to close
the opening and they are usually triangular or semicircular in shape. They are
designed for multidirectional loads only.
Rescue Rings – designed to be used when a

multidirectional load must be
supported.
Swivels – applied at the point of attachment to the anchor, this

device prevents the twist that sometimes develops in the
mechanical advantage systems. This twist develops a significant
amount of friction into the system.
Anchor plates – also called belay plates, these are braking devices used to stop or slow the
descent of a rescuer if the lifeline fails. These devices may also be used for attaching
multidirectional loads.
Pulley
- Rescue pulleys are most often used to create MA for hauling operations. Many times,
pulleys can be used to change the direction and point of application of a rope in a way that
protects the rope from damage and keeps friction to a minimum
Single Sheave
Prussik Minding Pulley
Single Sheave Pulley Double Sheave Prussik Minding Pulley
Tandem Pulley
Knot Passing Pulley

(KOOTENAY)
Hauling Pulley
• As a general rule, one pulley per carabineer, more than one
pulley per carabineer will greatly increase the chances of
side loading the carabineer, and decrease the efficiency of
the pulleys.
Ascender Cam
ANCHOR SYSTEMS
Definition of Terms:
Anchors – are the means of securing the rope and other elements of the high angle system
to something solid.
Anchor Point - A single, structural component used either alone or in combination with other
components to create an anchor system capable of sustaining the actual
and potential load on the rope rescue system.
Anchor System-One or more anchor points rigged in such a way as to provide a structurally
significant connection point for rope rescue system components.
Bombproof – an anchor that you confidently believe will hold the intended load & any
potential impact force the load unintentionally generates such as a huge
boulder, a large tree or a fire engine.
Shock load or shock force- Is the force felt when a mass accelerates (usually down the
gravity well) and comes to a sudden stop, releasing its developed kinetic
energy.
Things to consider in choosing an anchorage point:

1. The ability of an anchor to withstand the necessary forces depends on many factors,
including the condition, structural nature and location of force of an anchor point.
2. Anchors should be set in a way that they are in line with the load’s direction of pull.
Ideally, anchors should be established close to and directly above the subject to
be rescued, hence a directional is added. A directional is a technique for
repositioning a rope at a more favorable angle.
3. Determine the load you intend to carry.
4. Choose strong points like joints and corners on structural members for anchors.
5. Try to have independent anchors for the working and belay lines.
6. Distribute force equally between all anchor in a multi-point system
Note: The general rule is to use at least two separate anchors tied together into your
anchor system. If one anchor fails then you still have one.
Back-tie Anchor- A
marginal anchor in a
good location that is
linearly connected
with a tensioning unit
to a bombproof
anchor somewhere
back from the edge.
CAUTION:
Regardless of what kind of anchor is selected, rescuers must be aware that virtually
any anchor or system can be overloaded or fail if enough pull is supplied.
Note : The angle size between the anchors has an affect to

the amount of force applied on each anchor.
Two Types of Anchor
1. Natural Anchors
– include trees & rocks.
2. Artificial Anchors – anything placed by man, including trucks & structural components of
buildings.
TYPES OF ANCHOR SYSTEMS:
Single point system. Anchor system relying on a single anchor point to sustain the \
entire load.
Multipoint System. Configuration providing load distribution over more than one
anchor point, either proportionally or disproportionally.
SINGLE POINT SYSTEM
Types:
Tensionless anchor
– a quick and easy anchor provides a
dependable anchor with a minimum of equipment.

Three wrap pull two anchor
- Is very easy to construct and is the preferred
webbing anchor.
-
NOTE: If more strength is needed, tie a wrap 4 pull 3.
Two-Bight anchor
– it is sometimes called a three-bight anchor.

Multiwrap anchor
- is very similar to the tensionless anchor except that the multiwrap can be constructed of
webbing or rope.
MULTIPOINT SYSTEM
 Load-Sharing Anchor - are used when there may be some doubt that one anchor point is
sufficient to carry the expected load. These systems allow the load to be
distributed between two or more anchor points. These systems work well as long as
the direction of pull remains constant.
Note: If the direction of pull changes, the entire load can shift to one of the anchors.
 Self-Adjusting Anchor – similar to load- sharing anchor, this is used when a single
anchor point is not strong enough to support the anticipated load and when the direction
of the pull is also likely to change during the rescue operation.
Note: If a change in the direction of the pull is anticipated, a better solution in this situation is a
self-adjusting anchor system
Types of Self-Adjusting Anchor
Two-Point System.
- Is used if two adjacent anchor points are available and will support
the anticipated load.
• Three-Point System. Is used if three adjacent anchor points are available and
needed.
SUSPENSION – Serves as load absorber.
Purposes :
• To protect the anchor point from heavier load.
• To maintain the strength and stability of the anchor point particularly during training because
of repeated loading.
• To create a means of anchoring the hardware, usually the carabiner to attach the system.
Types of suspension:
 Clove Hitch Center Catch
– this suspension is very similar to a multi wrap anchor

described earlier except an application of CLOVE HITCH of
double rope and locking the ends of the rope is required.
Two wraps from the middle of the bunch are pulled in the
direction of the load, and this snug the other wraps around
the anchor point.
2 types :
a. Clove Hitch Center Catch (single)
b. Multiple suspension center catch (multiple)
 Clove Hitch on a bight
– Part of the “standing part” of the rope is wrapped a clove hitch of

double rope, creating a bight that could optionally fasten a carabiner
then snapped onto the standing part or by creating a single hitch on it.
A series of construction may be applied to a several anchor point
behind.
Other suspension:
 Suspension on a heavy load
Patient Packaging
The process of securing a subject in a transfer device, with regard to existing and potential
injuries/illness, so as to avoid further harm during movement.
Patient packaging goal:
Immobilize the patient to minimize movement no matter what position the litter is placed in.
Always consider the following:
 Use plenty of padding under the patient and in all voids to avoid sliding inside the stretcher.
 Bring patient with goggle and helmet to protect the head and face from debris and vegetation.
 Protect the patient from the elements both hot and cold.
 Give special consideration to vital signs and airway management.
 Lashing (internal and external) should be tight enough to avoid bouncing or moving upward.
Rapid, professional packaging will play a significant role in the entire rescue operation.
RAPPELLING
RAPPELLING - is a controlled descent down a fixed line.
Rappelling, also called abseiling from German "abseilen" meaning "to rope down," utilizes
special equipment to allow safe and controlled descent over a rope.
As opposed to recreational or military rappelling, rescue rappelling is done in a slow and

controlled manner. Rapid, bouncing rappels are a very unprofessional approach in reaching
the victim. This kind of attitude can contribute to loss of control, rope damage and potential
system wide failure.
Rappelling is safe when done correctly and with the proper equipment.
Attempting this activity without any instruction is asking for injury.
Rappelling skills will help build confidence in team members but this skill is not as vital as the
ability to set up and operate a lowering system.
Placement of hardware in a fixed Rope.

GOOD RAPPELLING POSITION
• Knee slightly bent.

• Feet shoulder width apart.
• Balls of feet maneuvering on walls.
• Break hand should be your dominant hand.
• Slightly open right/left hand when releasing.
• Guide hand should be your non-dominant hand.
• Exit on your dominant side (right handed right side/left handed left side).
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RAPPELLER
• Descends with minimum amount of physical effort

• Avoids “flash” rappels, which can cause heat build-up and shock loading
• Stops at any time
• Knows how to secure a working position when hanged
• Operates in any body position including upside down
• Checks hardware and PPE before descending.
Brake hand
It is the dominant hand that grasps the rope to help control the speed of descent during rappel.
“NEVER TAKE YOUR BRAKE HAND OFF OF THE ROPE”
Guide hand
It is the non-dominant hand that cradles the rope to help balance the rappelled.
BELAYING
All persons manning lowering stations should be wearing leather gloves.
• If there is shock load, the ropes may start spinning through the system, and belayer must bring
the load to a stop.
• Without gloves, ropes easily burn through the skins of the hands making this extremely
difficult.
• LACK OF CONTROL
• Motion pictures
• During rappelling
When to belay :
- When a person is unsure of himself such as during first time rappels.
- When there is a real danger of falling such as climbing and mountaineering.
- When environmental factors increase the danger of falling such as rockfalls.
- When one or more persons are being lowered or raised by rope.
When not to belay :
• If the rappeller is experienced and a belay would be a hindrance.
• If a belay line will cause entanglement with other ropes, as with multiple lines.
BELAYING SIGNALS
Rappeller Belayer Meaning
“On Rope” I’m ready to descend / ascend

“Rope on” I’m ready to catch you if you fall
“Belay on” Is belayer ready?
“On belay” Belayer is ready
“Tension” Pull the rope tightly
“Rappelling” "I'm coming down the rope now
“Rappel on” I’m ready to belay you
NOTE:
Belay signals should be loud, at least shouting, perhaps yelling to be effective.
Signals anyone can make
“ Stop! ” (cease all operation)
“ Rope! ” (rope about to fall)
“ Equipment!” (Equipment is being lowered. Stand clear of the fall zone.)
SAFETY MEASURES :
* Don’t step on rope or webbing

* Always pad edges or use edge protection
* Check, check and recheck
* Don’t rush
* Minimize the number of personnel near the edge.
* Watch for side loaded carabiners
* Tie in when approaching or working near an edge
* Pay attention when belaying and never take your brake hand off the belay line
* Don’t rappel like a wild man
* Don’t assume it is safe just because someone else worked it out for you
Things to consider:
• GRAVITY is the great adversary
• FEAR of heights is natural and a degree of it is necessary for survival
• Unless a person feels at ease, his discomfort will prevent him from being effective in any HA
activity
• To be accustomed and effective, PRACTICE.
• A person without any fear or respect for the hazards involved is a DANGER TO HIMSELF
AND OTHERS
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE SYSTEMS
Mechanical Advantage System is synonymous with…
raising system
pulley system
and hauling system
M.A. amplifies the pulling force of the haul team.
Not all hauling systems are mechanical advantage systems. If the required force equals to the
load force there is no mechanical advantage present.
For example, in a simple system where the haul line is attached to

the load and passes through one overhead pulley, it is classified
as a 1:1 system.
Mechanical Advantage Systems
A force created through mechanical means including, but not

limited to, a system of levers, gearing, or ropes and pulleys usually
creating an output force greater than the input force and expressed in terms of a ratio of output
force to input force.
Things to consider in construction an MA
1. Length of available rope
2. Distance of rescuers to the victim

3. Number of haulers
3 CATEGORIES :
Simple systems - consists of a pulley system that has a single haul connection between
the load and the haul team.
Compound Systems – are those in which one simple system pulling on the haul line of
another simple system.
Complex Systems – the only way to determine its mechanical advantage is by calculating
the tension units. There are usually two or more haul prusiks pulling from opposite
directions.
Rules for Simple and Compound Mechanical Advantage Systems
1. To determine the MA of a Simple System, count the ropes between the anchor and the load or
count the number of pulley/s plus 1.
1+1=2
2. If the rope used is tied to the anchor, the MA is EVEN.

3. . If the rope used is tied to the load, the MA is ODD
4. . To determine the MA of a Compound System, multiply the

two simple systems.
To determine Complex Systems, there are usually two or more haul
prussiks pulling from opposite directions.
5. If the pulley closest to the haulers is on the anchor, the pulley is only considered a change
of direction (CD).
Functions of Prussik Cord in MA
PB
braking prussik
Definition of terms
Integral
- if its build with one rope that is connected to the
load it is an integral system (simple, compound or

complex)
Piggyback - is a compound MA that is made up of two or more identical

simple MA’s (example 4:1 - 2:1 x 2:1)
Ganged on – is a compound MA attached by a haul, grabbed
to a second main rope for the purpose of lifting or lowering a load.
Batwing – is a compound MA that separates two MA

systems
Change of direction (CD) – is a pulley on the anchor closest to the haulers
Directional (D) – is a pulley or pulleys between the pulley

system and the load to be raised.
A quality M.A. should be:
As small as possible.
Based on the size of the haul team, try to build an MA system as small as possible for
more pulleys create more friction resulting to efficiency loss.
Maximizes the amount of ground area the haul team can operate.
This will also minimize the number of re-sets of the haul system. MA should be
clean, not twisted to avoid unwanted friction.
When the prusik slips, do not add an additional prusik. Correct the problem.
4. To determine the MA of a Compound System, multiply the two simple systems.

Methods and Techniques
Low Angle. Refers to an environment in which the load is predominately supported

by itself and not the rope rescue system (e.g., flat land or mild sloping surface).
Below grade. most often in some sort of confined space
High Angle. An environment in which the load

is predominately supported by the rope rescue
system.
Tag line offset – offer a means of offsetting the mainline and belay line
by the use of a hand line that is operated below the rescue package.
Should be used only when minor obstacles need to be overcome, or minor adjustments need
to be made in the fall line.
Guiding line offset:
An offset used to change the mainline and belay line by the use of an
adjustable rope that runs through a pulley and tether attached to the
rescue package at the yoke.
Guiding line is controlled at the bottom.
Deflected offset – is useful in adjusting the main line

and the belay line from above rescue package, or in
some cases, from across a gap or chasm.
It may be imparted at any time deemed necessary during

the rescue operation. This type of offset is best suited for
smaller gaps, the wider the gap, the more potential
failure.
Tracking line can offset the main line and belay line by the use of
adjustable rope that runs through a pulley attached to the rescue
package at the yoke.
The tracking line may be positioned and operated separately from

the main portion of th rescue operation.
It receives medium tension because of this, it must be anchored at both ends, it can not be
hand held.
Highline System. A system of using rope suspended between two points for movement of
persons or equipment, including systems capable of movement between points of equal or
unequal height.
Victim Under Rescue
System Safety Check.

A method involving three components that evaluates the safe assembly of a rescue system—
* physical check / touch system
* load test
* audible or visual confirmation
TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
FOUR PHASES
Phase I : Assessment on arrival

Phase II : PreRescue operations
Phase III : Rescue operations
Phase IV : Termination
Phase I: Assessment on Arrival
Primary Assessment
 Information Gathering
Once on scene attempt to talk to the reporting party and/or other witnesses.
The following questions should be answered:
Have all occupants been accounted for? How many victims are there? Is there exact
location known? Are they injured or merely trapped/stranded? Are they conscious, and if
so, can they communicate?
Secondary Assessment
» - Type of elevation difference. The amount of elevation difference and its physical
characteristics may indicate the number of trained rescuers and how much and what types of
specialized equipment will be needed to handle the situation safely and efficiently.
» Example: utility manholes and other below-grade spaces may contain toxic
atmospheres, off-road rescues may involve steep slopes with poor footing or sheer cliffs.
- Hazard assessment. Secondary hazards such as;
> downed electrical wires

> leaking or spilled hazardous materials
> potential for fire and/or explosions
> lack of anchor points
> loose debris or rock that may fall
> sharp edges and abrasive surfaces.
MODE OF OPERATION
Is the situation a rescue operation? (victims are injured and alive)
or a body recovery operation? (victims could not be expected to have survived).
Phase II : PreRESCUE OPERATIONS
a. Incident action plans -
The plan must:
 Be finalized and communicated to everyone involved in the operations
 Be flexible enough to accommodate a certain amount of the unexpected
 Have a back-up plan in case the something completely unforeseen occurs to
Invalidate the original plan.
b. Gathering Resources –
* If there are too few rescue personnel or if the personnel are insufficiently trained to
perform as needed, the best equipment in the world will not get the job done. Likewise,
the most highly trained and motivated rescuers will not be able to do what is necessary if
hey do not have the tools and equipment they need.
c. Preparing the scene
d. Communications
Phase III : RESCUE OPERATIONS
Personnel Accountability System -
> minimum accountability system – used on incidents with only one or two rescuers without
respiratory protection working in the controlled zone. They are close enough to be in constant
visual and verbal contact with the team leader.
> maximum accountability system – used on a larger, more complex incidents when more
personnel are required to work inside the controlled zone at once, when use of respiratory
protection is a must, or when they must work out of sight of the team leader. Names of the
rescuers who entered, times ofentry, SCBA gauge readings, projected exit times, etc must be
recorded.
Reaching victims
• Stabilization / Treatment – victims should be stabilized and treated before they can be moved
to ground level. Rescuers need to know and follow local medical protocols in the treatment
and stabilization of injured victims.
• Packaging Victims - after treating and stabilizing the injured victims, they must still be
packaged in a way that will allow them to be safely raised or lowered to ground level. In most
cases, injured victims will be packaged in some form of basket litter/stretcher. Uninjured
victims who are merely stranded can be placed in a harness.
Phase IV : TERMINATION
Equipment retrieval– involves the element of retrieving pieces of equipment used in the
operation
Investigation - it also involves investigating the causes of the incident
Release of control - releasing the space to those responsible for it
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) - conducting critical incident stress

debriefing with members of the rescue teams.
4 Components of a Successful Rescue Operation
• Knowledge of the technique available

• Skills necessary to perform the technique
• Physical fitness needed to apply the skills
• Judgment to decide which technique is to be applied
IV. TEST
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the correct answer.
1. It allows fire personnel with this training to set the scene up in a manner that maximizes safety
for themselves and the public.
a. Awareness c. Technician
b. Operations d. Rescue
2. It is a mindset all rescuers must possess.
a. Sureness c. Safety
b. Simplicity d. Sincerity
3. What type of life safety rope is suitable for raising and lowering heavy loads?
a. Static c. Both a and b

b. Dynamic d. Laid rope
4. The factor that lower the strength of the rope when it has been placed at the edge of a
concrete structure and is moving side to side (lateral friction).
a. Knotting c. Shear
b. Rubbing d. Kink
5. It outlines the personal skills needed for technical rescue team members.
a. NFPA 1670 c. NFPA 1060

b. NFPA 1006 d. NFPA 1607
6. What is the safety factor for both one-person and two-person line?
a. 18:1 c. 17:1
b. 15:1 d. 13:1
7. It is the open loop in a rope or piece of webbing formed when it is doubled back on itself.
a. Bight c. Tound turn

b. Loop d. Bend
8. It is a kern mantle rope (static) of a small diameter commonly used for breaking, hauling and
ratcheting.
a. Accessory cord c. Anchor loop

b. Tubular webbing d. Anchor sling
9. Use for descending or to obtain control over an object being lowered.
a . Figure 8 rings c. Tri-links

b. Carabiner d. Pulley
10. The following are components of a Successful Rescue Operations, except:
a. Knowledge of the technique available.

b. Skills necessary to perform the technique.
c. Information gathering
d. Physical fitness needed to apply the skills
11. A quick an easy anchor provides a dependable anchor with a minimum of equipment.
a. Tensionless with back-up c. Multiwrap

b. Tensionless d. Clove hitch center catch
12. Anchors such as trees and rocks are types of:
a. Artificial anchor c. Natural anchor

b. Single point anchor d. Multipoint anchor
13. Consists of pulley system that has a single haul connection between the load and the haul
team.
a. Complex systems c.Simple systems

b.Compound systems d. Ganged-on
14. Which of the following is not included in Phase II: Pre-Rescue Operation?
a. Incident action plans c. Preparing the scene

b. Hazard Assessment d. Communications
15. If the rope used is tied to the anchor, the Mechanical Advantage is ____.
a. Simple c. Batwing
b. Odd d. Even
16. This causes the rope to become stiff and lose its flexibility.
a. Ultraviolet ray c. Shear

b. Rubbing d. Kink
17. The following are qualities of a good knot, except:
a. It can easily be tied and hard to untied after loading.

b. Easy to determine if tied correctly.
c. Once tied, it remains tied.
d. Minimal effect on rope strength
18. It refers to the mechanical devices needed to safely and fully utilize rescue rope and to
construct mechanical advantage system with rope.
a. Rope c. Hardware
b. Accessory cord d. Software
19. It consists of an open metal loop with a hinged gate to close the opening.
a. Pulley c. Screw link
b. Carabiners d. Ascender cam
20. This device prevents the twist that sometimes develops in the mechanical advantage systems.
a. Square shape fig. 8 c. Swivel

b. Pulley d. Anchor plate
LESSON TIMETABLE
MODULE : General Fire Subjects
SUBJECT : Basic Rescue Training
METHODOLOGY : Lecture-Discussion
DURATION : 120 Hrs (15 days)

ACTIVITY TOOLS OUTPUT
DAY 1 Introduction Lecture
30 mins - Opening Prayer

- Orientation of the
course
3 hrs & Safety A Rope Rescue Lecture – Multi-Media Oral Recitation

30 mins System Discussion Projector/
Define Rope Rescue; Screen,
Most common types of Laptop,
rope construction; rope and
Classification of rope in Lecture – Personal
the fire service; Protective
Other rescue incidents Practical Equipment
involving rope; Exercise (PPE),
Rope care and Software (ropes)
maintenance; Lecture –
Factors that lower rope Discussion
strength;
15 mins Break
1 hr & Define the ff terms: Knot, Software (ropes)
45 mins Bend, Hitch, Loop Lecture-
Elements of knot Discussion Identification of
Parts of a rope when hardware,
making knots software and
Common kinds of knots, knots (moving
bends, Hitch and Loop exam)
Identification of the
2 hrs different hardware and Practical
software’ Exercise
How to read symbols:
figure 8 rings, screw lines,
rescue rings, swivels,
anchor plates and pulley

2 hrs & Knot Tying Demonstration Practical Personal Demonstration

45 mins Exercise Protective
Eqpmt (PPE),
Software (ropes)
15 mins Break
1 hr Knot Tying Demonstration Practical Personal Demonstration
(continuation) Exercise Protective
Eqpmt (PPE),
Software (ropes)
2 hrs & Knot Tying Practice Practical PPE Demonstration

45 mins Exercise Utility ropes
Metal bars
(object for
hitches)
15 mins Break
Knot Tying Practice Practical PPE
(Continuation) Exercise Utility ropes
Metal bars Demonstration
(object for
hitches)
2 hrs & 15 Knot Tying Materials and Practical PPE Return
mins Evaluation Exercise Utility ropes Demonstration
Metal bars
(object for
hitches)
15 mins Break
1 hr & Knot Tying Materials and Practical PPE Return
30 mins Evaluation Exercise Utility ropes Demonstration
(continuation) Metal bars
(object for
hitches)
2 hrs & 15 Anchor Systems Lecture- Anchor point

mins Demonstration and Discussion (metal/steel
Practice bars)
Definition of terms:
Anchors
Anchor Point
Anchor System
Bombproof
Shock load or
shock force
15 mins Break
1 hr & Two types of anchor / and Lecture- Anchor point
30 mins anchor systems Discussion (metal/steel
bars)
2 hrs & 15 Patient Packing Lecture- Basket
mins Discussion stretchers/
Points to consider in Spine Board
patient packing Utility Ropes
15 mins Break
1 hr & Patient packing practice Lecture- Basket
30 mins Discussion stretchers/
Spine Board
Utility Ropes
2 hrs & 15 Patient Packing Practice Practical Basket Demonstration

mins and Evaluation Exercise stretchers/
Spine Board
Utility Ropes
15 mins Break
1 hr & Patient Packing Practice Practical Basket Demonstration
30 mins and Evaluation Exercise stretchers/
(Continuation) Spine Board
Utility Ropes
2 hrs & 15 Rapelling Lecture- PPE

mins Discussion Ropes
Definition of the ff: (kernmantle)
Rapelling, Carabiner
Bellaying
Characteristics of a
Rapeller
Good rappelling position
15 mins Break
1 hr & When to belay and Lecture- PPE
30 mins not to belay Discussion Ropes
Belaying signals (kernmantle)
Safety measures on Carabiner
belaying
2 hrs & 15 Rapelling Practical PPE Demonstration

mins Exercise Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
15 mins Break
1 hr & Rapelling Practical PPE Demonstration
30 mins (Continuation) Exercise Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
2 hrs & 15 Rapelling Practical PPE Return Demo

mins Exercises Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
15 mins Break
1 hr & Rapelling Practical PPE Return Demo
30 mins Exercises Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
2 hrs & 15 Rapelling Practical PPE Return Demo

mins Exercises Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
15 mins Break
1 hr & Rapelling Practical PPE Return Demo
30 mins Exercises Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
2 hrs & 15 Ascending and Practical PPE Demonstration
mins Traversing Tech Exercise Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
15 mins Break
1 hr & Ascending and Practical PPE Demonstration
30 mins Traversing Tech Exercise Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
2 hrs & 15 Ascending and Practical PPE Demonstration

mins Traversing Tech Exercise Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
15 mins
1 hr & Ascending and Practical PPE Demonstration
30 mins Traversing Tech Exercise Ropes
(kernmantle)
Carabiner
2 hrs & Mechanical Advantage Lecture- Hardware:
15 mins (MA)System Discussion Pulley,
Definition of the ff terms: Carabiner
Piggyback Software:
Integral Ropes, Prussik
Ganged-on Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
Things to consider in PPE
constructing an MA
15 mins Break
1 hr & Mechanical Advantage Lecture- Hardware:
30 mins (MA)System Discussion Pulley,
Carabiner
Three (3) categories in Software:
Mechanical Advantage Ropes, Prussik
System Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
Rules for simple and PPE
compound MA systems
Functions of Prussik Cord

in MA
2 hrs & 15 Mechanical Advantage Practical Hardware: Return Demon

mins System Practice Exercise Pulley,
Carabiner
Software:
Ropes, Prussik
Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
PPE
15 mins
1 hr & Mechanical Advantage Practical Hardware: Return Demo
30 mins System Practice Exercise Pulley,
Carabiner
Software:
Ropes, Prussik
Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
PPE

2 hrs & Practice on Mechanical Practical Hardware: Demonstration

15 mins Advantage System Exercise Pulley,
Carabiner
Software:
Ropes, Prussik
Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
PPE
15 mins Break
1 hr & Practice on Mechanical Practical Hardware: Demonstration
Carabiner
Software:
Ropes, Prussik
Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
PPE
2 hrs & 15 Practice on Mechanical Practical Hardware: Demonstration

mins Advantage System Exercise Pulley,
Carabiner
Software:
Ropes, Prussik
Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
PPE
15 mins
1 hr & Practice on Mechanical Practical Hardware: Demonstration
Carabiner
Software:
Ropes, Prussik
Loop/Accessory
Loop Cord
PPE

2 hrs & Mechanical Advantage Practical PPE Return Demo

15 mins Evaluation Exercise Hardware
Software
15 mins Break
1 hr & Mechanical Advantage Practical PPE Return Demo
30 mins Evaluation Exercise Hardware
Software
2 hrs & 15 Rescue Methods & Lecture- PPE

mins Techniques Discussion Hardware
Definition of the ff terms: Software
Low angle Ladder
Below angle Basket
High angle Stretchers/
Tag line offset Spine Board
Deflected offset
Guiding line offset
Tracking line
High line system
Victim under rescue
15 mins Break
1 hr & Rescue Methods & PPE
30 mins Techniques Lecture- Hardware
(Continuation) Discussion Software
Ladder
Three components that Basket
evaluates System Safety Stretchers/
Check Spine Board
2 hrs & Rescue Methods & Practical PPE Return Demo
15 mins Techniques Exercise Hardware
(Demo and Practice) Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
15 mins Break
1 hr & Rescue Methods & Practical PPE Return Demo
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
2 hrs & Rescue Methods & Practical PPE

Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
15 mins Break
1 hr & Rescue Methods & Practical PPE
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower

2 hrs & Evaluation on Rescue Practical PPE Return Demo
15 mins Methods & Techniques Exercise Hardware
Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
15 mins Break
1 hr & Evaluation on Rescue Practical PPE Return Demo
Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower

Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
15 mins Break
Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower

Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
15 mins Break
Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
2 hrs & Tactical Considerations Lecture- Multi media

15 mins Four (4) Phases of Discussion projector
Tactical Considerations: Laptop
Assessment on Arrival
PreRescue Operations
Rescue Operations
Termination
15 mins Break
1 hr & Tactical Considerations Lecture- Multi media
30 mins Four (4) components of a Discussion projector
Successful Rescue Laptop
Operation
2 hrs & Field Training Exercise Practical PPE Return Demo

15 mins Exercise Hardware
Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
15 mins Break
1 hr & Field Training Exercise Practical PPE Return Demo
Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
2 hrs & Field Training Exercise Practical PPE Return Demo

Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower
15 mins
1 hr & Field Training Exercise Practical PPE Return Demo
Software
Ladder
Basket
Stretchers/
Spine Board
Rescue Tower

2 hrs & Post Evaluation Practical PPE Return Demo
15 mins Exercise Ropes
Carabiners
Steel Bar
15 mins Break
1 hr & Post Evaluation Practical PPE Return Demo
Carabiners
Steel Bar
2 hrs & Post Evaluation Practical PPE Return Demo

Carabiners
Steel Bar
15 mins Break
1 hr & Post Evaluation Practical PPE Return Demo
Carabiners
Steel Bar
IV. TEST I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the correct answer.
1. It allows fire personnel with this training to set the scene up in a manner that maximizes safety
for themselves and the public.
a. Awareness c. Technician
b. Operations d. Rescue
2. It is a mindset all rescuers must possess.
a. Sureness c. Safety
b. Simplicity d. Sincerity
3. What type of life safety rope is suitable for raising and lowering heavy loads?
a. Static c. Both a and b

b. Dynamic d. Laid rope
4. The factor that lower the strength of the rope when it has been placed at the edge of a
concrete structure and is moving side to side (lateral friction).
a. Knotting c. Shear
b. Rubbing d. Kink
5. It outlines the personal skills needed for technical rescue team members.
a. NFPA 1670 c. NFPA 1060

b. NFPA 1006 d. NFPA 1607
6. What is the safety factor for both one-person and two-person line?
a. 18:1 c. 17:1
b. 15:1 d. 13:1
7. It is the open loop in a rope or piece of webbing formed when it is doubled back on itself.
a. Bight c. Tound turn

b. Loop d. Bend
8. It is a kern mantle rope (static) of a small diameter commonly used for breaking, hauling and
ratcheting.
a. Accessory cord c. Anchor loop
b. Tubular webbing d. Anchor sling
9. Use for descending or to obtain control over an object being lowered.
a . Figure 8 rings c. Tri-links

b. Carabiner d. Pulley
10. The following are components of a Successful Rescue Operations, except:
a. Knowledge of the technique available.

b. Skills necessary to perform the technique.
c. Information gathering
d. Physical fitness needed to apply the skills
11. A quick an easy anchor provides a dependable anchor with a minimum of equipment.
a. Tensionless with back-up c. Multiwrap

b. Tensionless d. Clove hitch center catch
12. Anchors such as trees and rocks are types of:
a. Artificial anchor c. Natural anchor

b. Single point anchor d. Multipoint anchor
13. Consists of pulley system that has a single haul connection between the load and the haul
team.
a. Complex systems c.Simple systems
b.Compound systems d. Ganged-on
14. Which of the following is not included in Phase II: Pre-Rescue Operation?
a. Incident action plans c. Preparing the scene

b. Hazard Assessment d. Communications
15. If the rope used is tied to the anchor, the Mechanical Advantage is ____.
a. Simple c. Batwing
b. Odd d. Even
16. This causes the rope to become stiff and lose its flexibility.
a. Ultraviolet ray c. Shear

b. Rubbing d. Kink
17. The following are qualities of a good knot, except:
a. It can easily be tied and hard to untied after loading.

b. Easy to determine if tied correctly.
c. Once tied, it remains tied.
d. Minimal effect on rope strength
18. It refers to the mechanical devices needed to safely and fully utilize rescue rope and to
construct mechanical advantage system with rope.
a. Rope c. Hardware
b. Accessory cord d. Software
19. It consists of an open metal loop with a hinged gate to close the opening.
a. Pulley c. Screw link
b. Carabiners d. Ascender cam
20. This device prevents the twist that sometimes develops in the mechanical advantage systems.
a. Square shape fig. 8 c. Swivel

b. Pulley d. Anchor plate
Identify the following:
______________1.
__________________6.
_________________ 7.
______________2.
________________8.
_______________3.
9.____________
____________4.
____________5.
10. ____________

M5D BRT Ascending, Trav &amp; Rappeling

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

M5D BRT Ascending, Trav &amp; Rappeling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LESSON PLAN

COURSE : Fire Basic Recruit Course (FBRC)

MODULE : V – Basic Rope Rescue Training

SUBJECT : Ascending, Traversing and Rappelling

METHODOLOGY : Lecture - Discussion and Demonstration

DURATION : Twenty (20) Hrs

1. identify the importance of ascending techniques briefly.

2. classify the different kinds of ascending techniques correctly

3. explain the importance of traversing techniques in rescue

4. identify the different kinds of descending techniques.

5. familiarize the tools and equipment used in ascending,

6. observe proper insertion of hardware.

7. identify the importance of belaying correctly.

8. observe proper safety measures at all times.

9. perform/demonstrate all kinds of descending techniques

LEARNING AIDS: Gloves (rappelling), helmet, whistle, rescue 8-ring, carabiners,

REFERENCES: National Fire Protection Assn (NEPA)

International Fire Service Training Assn (IFSTA) , 6th Edition

 Stretching and exercise in preparation for the actual demonstration.

II. PRESENTATION (Lesson Proper)

 Rappelling and good rappelling position

 Emphasize the following Key Points

 Proper demonstration of ascending, traversing and descending safely.

 Summarize the Lesson/Important Points Discussed

 Rappelling, ascending and traversing are essential tools in high-angle rescue in

 Safety is a mindset all rescuers MUST possess.

MODULE : V- Basic Rope Rescue Training

SUBJECT : Ascending, Traversing and Rappelling

METHODOLOGY : Lecture-Discussion and Demonstration

DURATION CONTENT / TOPIC STRATEGY / REFERENCE / EVALUATION /

20 mins • Stretching and Students must

15 mins  Stretching and

15 mins  Stretching and

3 Hrs • Traversing Trainees must be - Return

RAPPELLING - is a controlled descent down a fixed line.

As opposed to recreational or military rappelling, rescue rappelling is done in a slow and

Placement of hardware in a fixed Rope.

• Knee slightly bent.

• Descends with minimum amount of physical effort

“NEVER TAKE YOUR BRAKE HAND OFF OF THE ROPE”

All persons manning lowering stations should be wearing leather gloves.

• When a person is unsure of himself such as during first time rappels.

When not to belay :

• If the rappeller is experienced and a belay would be a hindrance.

Rappeller Belayer Meaning

“On Rope” I’m ready to descend / ascend

“Rope on” I’m ready to catch you if you fall

“Belay on” Is belayer ready?

“On belay” Belayer is ready

“Slack” Loosely hold the rope

“Tension” Pull the rope tightly

“Rappelling” "I'm coming down the rope now

“Rappel on” I’m ready to belay you

“Slack” Loosely hold the rope

Belay signals should be loud, at least shouting, perhaps yelling to be effective.

Signals anyone can make

“ Stop! ” (cease all operation)

“ Equipment!” (Equipment is being lowered. Stand clear of the fall zone.)

• Don’t step on rope or webbing

• GRAVITY is the great adversary

• FEAR of heights is natural and a degree of it is necessary for survival

• To be accustomed and effective, PRACTICE.

Hygiene – it is highly advised to take a personal sanitation at all times.

Strictly NO SMOKING or DRINKING .

M5D BRT Ascending, Trav & Rappeling

M5D BRT Ascending, Trav & Rappeling