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!

" ∆ # $ % "
$ &

' " $ %
(

Σ δ
δ
( $ % )
* '
( #
= − +
!# " =δ +δ = − + +δ & ! δ =
$ %

δ
! " $ % " = $

τ $

δ
− = $

τ $

+' , $
'-

. "
$ # &
δ
δ = & = = =∞

)/ $
'
" $ %
δ
) '& ! " " =
'+

δ
Σ
δ

( . $ =Σ+ " ) δ "


0 $ '
! . $ = + ≥ ) '
δ −δ
= =

δ
! = . $ − = . $ +

( * δ = . $ ≥ 1 $ # 2
#$ $ % &
δ
* δ = 1 , # " $

# &

δ
∆ = = + δ = +
τ τ τ

',

Σ Σ3

( Σ Σ3 "
$ % Σ3 & . $ = Σ + Σ3
. $ = + 3 ≥

δ
3 = 3
) $ % '
3

−δ δ
=− 3 + . $ = 3
+ . $ = + . $
3 3

=δ +δ
δ . $

δ
∆ = + δ = +
τ τ
!' $ %
', $ %

δ
Σ Σ3

$ %
δ
=δ +δ =
= 3
$ %

δ
= ) $ % '

δ δ
= = 3
3
! Σ Σ3 5 2
&
Σ3 = " $ %
&

' % $ % ) '

% $ %

δ
= ) $ % '

δ6 = ) % '
! =
! ) $ %
% 5 ' ∆ =
. % $ % 7) '&

,'
'

∆ = + = + ∆ = ) '


! = ) ≤ 1= $ % '

! ≤ =− ≥ ) 8 $ '

4
'

∆ = + = + + &&& + + =

! =− ≤ )
=

$ % '


( $ η= = −

+ + = ) '

! =− ⇔ + =

. $ % &

'7 $

δ
Σ

Σ " " 2
$ 2 & (
% &

∆ Σ
' &

, ,

( $ # 2#
&( % &

9
!# # = + =
=

∂ ∂
= + = ×
∂ ∂ =

! = × ! ∆ = − = ×

', #

"
δ
= =
τ

) % ' ∆ = = × = × ) − '

! = = × ) − '

4' ,

∆ = + = × − × ) − '

= × ) − − '

( = ∈ ;+ &

( ) '= − −
3) ' = −

3) ' > ⇔ − > ⇔ <


3) ' < ⇔ >
3) ' = ⇔ =
+∞
− +
+∞ +∞

> ≠
= ⇔ =

:
+' !

Σ Σ3

Σ Σ3 % " 3
) '" " #& Σ ∪ Σ3 "
% Σ Σ3 & ( #
Σ ∪ Σ3 " &

' ∆ Σ ∆ Σ3 &

Σ " 1 "

! ∆ = ×

! 5 Σ3 " ∆ 3 = 3× 3
3
( = 3" = 3&
+ 3 × + 3× 3 3
= ≠ 3" ≠ 3 =
× + 3× 3
* Σ Σ3 &
∆ . $ =∆ ∪ 3 = × + 3× 3
3

= × $ = 3 = 3
3
) + 3 '=
= × 1 ) + 3 '= = ) − 3 '= + 9 3
9 3
) − 3 '=
= × + ≥
9 3
= =

! "#
'> ?

? " ) " ' # 2# #


) " " '= 2 ) " ' &

<
( " ? = = " # A" $ #

= −

⇔• = + = + = +
γ−
"

= ⇔ + = + =

γ
• = + − = −
γ− γ−

• = + + = γ +
γ− γ−
! " ) " ' ) " " '

∆ = ) " '− = +
γ−
7 γ

∆ = ) " '− = +
γ−
!# A

) " '= + +
γ−

= + + ∗, 00
γ−

+' % $ % ?
. 7&
! =

= γ +
γ−
⇔γ + = ) $ B '

' ?

( $ # ) " " ' $


) " " '

∆ = ) " '− ) " '= + =


γ−

@
( ∆ = ) " '− ) " '=−

, D E *B # ? 2
" ∆ = = = :"CD&8 − ) $ %
'&

$ " %
'! F

. * 5 F
# $ %
δ $ = =± % $

! = δ $ = =+ % ) > '

+'

= τ + τ GF H GF &
=− > 1 &
I 5 )
" '
! 5 " " J
$ &

C
'

! F 5

I
= F K 1 2
= H L 1 J
=− =F K ) '
− ) − ') − ' ) '
= = = −
) − ') − '

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