Cable, Topologies and Basic Networking

MMRN

Cabling
UTP Cable- Unshielded Twisted Pair (Sometime it is called 4 pair wire media
cable and each pair has different color code). UTP cable has 8 copper wires and
each pair is covered with copper wire and insulating Material.

In engineering language UTP Cable is called RJ-45 Cable and connector is

called RJ-45 Connector.
Advantage of UTP
 Almost Free from EMI (electromagnetic interference), RFI (radio
frequency interference), Cross-talk related effect
 Easily set up the cabling process because of color code
 Data Transmit distance approximately 100 meters
 Data Transmission speed 100 Mbps
Disadvantages of UTP
 Attenuation problem
 Long distance Data Transmit is not possible
 UTP cable data transmission speed is 100 Mbps but 32-38 Mbps in
reality
Cabling
Generally RJ-45 cable to RJ-45 Connector, Computer to Computer, Router,
Switch etc devices connect with RJ-45 Cable, this process is called Cabling.
Cabling normally 2 types by color code-
 Straight Through Cabling
 Crossover Cabling
Straight Through Cabling
State through Color Code (White-Orange, Orange, White-Green, Blue, White-
Blue, Green, White-Brown, and Brown) connector with Cable connect, this
process is called Straight through Cabling.

Crossover Cabling
Crossover Color Code (White-Orange, Orange, White-Green, Blue, White-Blue,
Green, White-Brown, and Brown) connector with Cable connect, this process is
called Crossover Cabling.

Crimper
A crimping tool is a device used to conjoin two pieces of metal by deforming
one or both of them in a way that causes them to hold each other. The result of
the tool's work is called a crimp. A good example of crimping is the process of
affixing a connector to the end of a cable
Straight through Cable
Generally used this cable between 2 different devices.
 Computer to Switch
 Switch to Printer
 Switch to Router
Crossover Cable
Crossover Cable used the same types of 2 devices
 Computer to Computer
 Switch to Switch
 Router to Router
Create a LAN with 3 Computers
 Need 3 Straight Cable
 3 PCs and 1 Switch

Topology
A Network topology is the physical layout of the computers, servers, and
cables. There are various types of topologies but mainly 3 such as:
 Bus topology
  Ring topology
 Star topology
Bus topology:
In bus topology all workstations are connected to a single communication line
called bus. In this type of network topology there is no central node as in star
topology. Transmission from any station travels the length of the bus in both
directions and can be received by all workstations. The advantage of the bus
topology is that
 It is quite easy to set up.
 If one station of the topology fails it does not affect the entire system.

The disadvantage of bus topology is that any break in the bus is difficult to
identify.

Bus topology

Star topology
In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected to a
central Hub, Switch. Router with a point-to-point connection. So, it can be said
that every computer is indirectly connected to every other node by the help of
“hub”.

All the data on the star topology passes through the central device before
reaching the intended destination. Hub acts as a junction to connect different
nodes present in Star Network, and at the same time it manages and controls
whole of the network. Depending on which central device is used, “hub” can act
as repeater or signal booster.

Advantages of Star Topology

1) As compared to Bus topology it gives far much better performance, signals
don’t necessarily get transmitted to all the workstations.
2) Easy to connect new nodes or devices. In star topology new nodes can be
added easily without affecting rest of the network. Similarly, components can
also be removed easily.
3) Centralized management. It helps in monitoring the network.
4) Failure of one node or link doesn’t affect the rest of network. At the same
time, it’s easy to detect the failure and troubleshoot it.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
1) Too much dependency on central device has its own drawbacks. If it fails
whole network goes down.
2) The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall
cost of the network.
3) Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such
topology is depended on capacity of central device.

What is Ring Topology?

In Ring Topology, all the nodes are connected to each-other in such a way that
they make a closed loop. Each workstation is connected to two other
components on either side, and it communicates with these two adjacent
neighbors. Data travels around the network, in one direction. Sending and
receiving of data takes place by the help of TOKEN.
Token Passing:
Token contains a piece of information which along with data is sent by the
source computer. This token then passes to next node, which checks if the
signal is intended to it. If yes, it receives it and passes the empty to into the
network, otherwise passes token along with the data to next node. This process
continues until the signal reaches its intended destination.
The nodes with token are the ones only allowed to send data. Other nodes have
to wait for an empty token to reach them. This network is usually found in
offices, schools and small buildings.

Advantages of Ring Topology

1) This type of network topology is very organized. Each node gets to send the
data when it receives an empty token. This helps to reduces chances of
collision. Also, in ring topology all the traffic flows in only one direction at very
high speed.
2) Even when the load on the network increases, its performance is better than
that of Bus topology.
3) There is no need for network server to control the connectivity between
workstations.
4) Additional components do not affect the performance of network.
5) Each computer has equal access to resources.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1) Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source
and destination. This makes it slower than Star topology.
2) If one workstation or port goes down, the entire network gets affected.
3) Network is highly dependent on the wire which connects different
components.
4) MAU’s (Media Access Unit) and network cards are expensive as compared
to Ethernet cards and hubs.
Basic Elements of a Communication System
To connect your system to a network, it must have some software and hardware
support. Each and every computer is not capable of being the member of a
network, unless it fulfils the minimum requirements to be a part of the network.
In general, when you speak to a friend, you are the sender and your friend is the
receiver. The communication channel that is carrying your voice from mouth to
his ears in the air. If you speak in English and your friend understands Punjabi
only, then you need a third person to convert your sentences or language into
Punjabi and his sentences into English so that it could be understood by you. All
these problems also exist in networks.
The main elements of a communication system are:
1. Sender:  It is the computer that is the source of the message or information. It
transmits data on the Network for a particular node or a group of nodes, actually
who creates the message to be transmitted.
2. Receiver: It is the computer on the network that receives the data sent by the
sender. The receivers may be a few meters away from the sender or it can be
thousands of miles away, actually who receives the message.
3. Communication Channel or Medium: It is the medium on which the
message is carried from sender to the receiver's computer. There are many types
of communication channels available in today's life. You can use twisted pair,
coaxial or fiber cables in wired mode or you can use radio waves, microwaves
or Bluetooth technologies to transmit in wireless mode. Each of these media has
its own data carrying capacities, speed of transfer and other physical attributes.

4. Operating System: - To be part of the network, you must have an operating
system installed on your computer which supports networking features.
Generally, network operating systems like Windows 2007, XP, UNIX, Linux,
and Mac and so on.
5. Network Devices: - These are the devices that are used to increase the
performance of the transmission. There are many types of network devices
being used in this nuclear age. 
 Basic Elements of Communication System

Data Transmission Modes:

Network devices use three transmission modes (methods) to exchange data, or
"talk" from one point to another, as follows: simplex, half duplex, and full
duplex.

Simplex transmission is like a one-way street where traffic moves in only one

direction. Simplex mode is a one-way-only transmission, which means
that data can flow only in one direction from the sending device to the receiving
device.

Simplex

Half-duplex transmission is like the center lane on some three-lane roads. It is a

single lane in which traffic can move in one direction or the other, but not in
both directions at the same time. Half-duplex mode limits
data transmission because each device must take turns using the line.
Therefore, data can flow from A to B and from B to A, but not at the same time.

Half duplex
Full-duplex transmission is like a major highway with two lanes of traffic, each
lane accommodating traffic going in opposite directions. Full-duplex mode
accommodates two-way simultaneous transmission, which means that both
sides can send and receive at the same time. In full-duplex mode, data can flow
from A to B and B to A at the same time.

Full duplex