PHILIPPINE HISTORY |. Theories on the Formation of Philippines ‘A. Geographical Locatic 1 Land Bridge Theory ‘= Theorizes that the Philippines was once part of mainland Asia. It was a land mass bridging ‘the Asian continent to Indonesia, New Guinea, up to the Australian Continent. 2. Volcanic Or ‘= Proposed by Dr. Bailey Willi = Philippines came into existence after eruptions of volcanoes beneath the Pacific Ocean 3. Legend of Mu or Lemuria * Both the Philippines and Indonesia were then part of a Pacific Continent called Mu or Lemuria, which sunken during the prehistoric period. Influenced by the legend of the lost continent of Atlantis. 4. Legend of Manaul A mythical bird. 5. Continental Drift Theory B. Peopling of Islands 1. Creation Theory ‘Biblical Account ~ Genesis 10:1-4 2. Migration Theory "proposed by Henry Otley Beyer. ¥ First Dawnmen (through land bridge) ¥ Second Aetas or Negritoes (through land. bridge) Third ~ Indonesians (through boats) ¥ Fourth - Malays (through boats) 3. Evolution Theory 4, Sikalak and Sibkahay TAKE NOTE: Archipelago's Name Year Name Early, Chinese | Ma-i Traders 1522 Ferdinand Islas de San Lazaro Magellan, (Archipelago of St Lazarus) 1543 Ruy Lopez de | Filipinas {in honor of Villalobos Prince of Asturias) 1751 Fr. Juan J, | Pearl of the Orient, Delgado 1896 | Dr. Jose Rizal _| Pearl of the Orient Seas “American Philippine island Period 1946 Republic of the Philippines ‘Artemio Rizaline Republic Ricarte Ferdinand Maharlika Marcos 1, Pre-Colonial Philippines A. Government = BARANGAY is the pre-colonial political Unit which is composed of 30 to 100 families. Datu or Roja chieftain ruler of the Barangay or in the Muslim Community + The datu exercise executive, legis and judicial powers. B. Economics Hunting, Gathering and Banter system — old, salt, rice (medium) Industry — ironworking, boatbuilding, pottery, weaving, gold working Agriculture — subsistence farming, horticulture + Trade and commerce - foreign and domestic. Social Class The social ranks were as follows (2) the datu class or the ruling class; (2) the maharlika or the aristocracy, (3) the timagua (pronounced timawa) of the common elas; and the (4) alipin (also known as uripon among the \Visayans) oF the dependent class, - The Boxer Codex, an anonymous late 16th ‘century manuscript mentioned that only men were qualified for the title. The datus power depends upon the faithfulness of his followers. ~ The)maharlika were believed to be the descendants of mixed marriages between a ruling dynasty and one out of power, «The timawa class enjoyed their rights to a portion of the barangay land. ~ An alipin was a man indebted to another. ‘Two types of alipin: 1. Aliping Namamahay (householder)- alipin with land rights. He owned a house. He came at his master’s call to work on the fields and do other 2. The aliping sagigild (gilid is the part of the house where the stove is) were members of the master’s household who ate from their master's pot. Education ‘Writing System — Baybayin Training consisted of: Y Informal education —_through apprenticeship; ¥ Domestic chores and practical/occupational honing of skills in hunting, farming, etc. Y Theoretical/moral and spiritual ‘awakening e.g. worship, laws, codes. * Education aimed for: ¥ Survival and conformity Y Enculturation Y Result of individual experiences/by product of the accumulation of race experiences, IIL Hispanization of the Philippines The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought an era of worldwide exploration and 1expansion that resulted from the desire to gain new lands, power, and wealth for the explorers and their countries, The goals of the Europeans for their expansion can be summarized into God, gold and lory (36s). Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines: A. Ferdinand Magellan Magellan led an expedition for Spain to Moluccas by sailing west. ‘Accompanying him were Fr. Pedro de Valderrama fleet chaplain), Antonio. Pigafetta (chronicler), Duarte de Barbosa (Magellan's brother-in-law) and his Malay slave Enrique of Malacca (acting as interpreter. Five ships of Magellan: Trinidad, Conception, Santiago, San Antonio, and Victoria, March 16, 1521- they saw the island of Samar Had blood compact with Rajah Kolambu. Such expedition brought him into a group of islands which they called Archipelago of St. Lazarur (later renamed Philippines after king Philip I! of Spain). They anchored on Homonhon and later sailed to an islet south of Leyte where they celebrated the first mass on March 31, 1521. ‘While Magellan was killed inva battle with Mactan chieftain Lapu-Lapu, nevertheless his expedition pavedithe way for the eventual colonization of the Philippines by Spain. Other Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines: Loaysa Expedition (1525-26) by Father Juan Garcia lofre De Loaysa Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) by Sebastian Cabot Saavedra Expedition (2527-1528) by Alvaro de Sayavedra Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos , Miguel Lopez de Legaspi In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived to establish @ permanent settlement in the Philippines island He concluded blood compact with Sikatuna, chief of Bohol, then 2 treaty of friendship with Rajah Tupas of Cebu where the first Spanish settlement (San Miguel) was established. It was later renamed Santissismo Nombre de Jesus {City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Further colonization was made in the Visayas and up north. De Goite fortified Manila which was under Sulayman, a Muslim cheiftain. In 1571, Legaspi established Manila as capital of the Philippines. iz Political changes © Government was centralized. For 250 years. Philippines was administered through the Council of Indies, which transmitted to the Governor General of the Philippines the royal decree that severed as the guide in administration of the country. ‘+ Spaniard implemented reduccion plan of Fr. Juan de Plasencia, which required the natives to live in the area near the church, Governor-General The King ‘s official representative to the colony Issues superior decrees President of the Audiencia which is the highest court on the colony Viee royal patron in the Philippines which means that he can appoint minor officials and parish priests Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces CUMPLASE — The right of the governor to suspend the operation of a) Royal Decree coming from the King, if in his opinion said order would not be beneficial to the colony. The usual formula in’éxercising the right to cumplase was: =I obey but do not comply. (Checks to Gubernatorial Powers: ‘Audiencia.. Real or Royal Audiencia, established in 1583 to act as the Supreme Court of the colony, served as advisory body to the governor, and audited the expenditures of the government Residencia, judicial institution headed by the incoming governor general and other Spanish officals for the purpose of punishing those guilty of corruption, but the case may bbe appealed to the King for clemency Visitador-general, investigator sent by the King or an official dispatched by the Council Of Indies in Spain to check the behavior of the high officials in the colony, Provincial governments started with encomiendas which were rewards given by the Spaniards who helped in the pacification of the country, Encomienderos were empowered to collect taxes, protect and convert native to Catholicism. Due to abuses perpetrated by ——_encomienderos, encomiendas were abolished and replaced by a system of provincial governments. ¥ Provinces are called Alealdia headed by Alealde Mayor for pacified areas and Corregimentos headed by Corregidors for unpacified areas. ¥ Gities are called Ayuntamiento headed by two alcalde ¥ Towns are called Pueblos headed by Gobernadorcillo Barangays were retained and headed by a cabeza de barangay.2 Economic policies © mostly characterized by monopoly that favored/benefited the Spaniards. Taxation: started as tribute of 8 reales (about one peso). This was abolished in 1884 and personal cedula poll tax based ‘on income was instituted for residents 18 years of age and above. Forced labor / Polo y Servicio - male from 16 to 60 years were required to render service to government for 40 days supposedly with daily allowance and food ration, but the polistas (laborers) were made to work without daily allowances ‘and meager food ration. Encomienda - became the source of corruption of officials, particularly in the sharing of produce between encomienda, workers and landowners. Encomienda means land granted to deserving Spaniards who served the government. Galleon Trade of Manila - Acapulco Trade- products coming from Manila were shipped to Acapulco, Mexico.on trade vessels called galleons with regular performance of forced labor 3. Tobacco Monopoly Started by Jose Basco E. Vargas. the colonial government controlled every aspect of tobacco in the Philippines. The government (determined the plantation site, set a quota on the quahtity to be planted and harvested by the farmers, and the amount to be paid from them, Lasted for 100 years. 4, Religious influence 5. Culture and S« Considered as the greatest legacy of ‘Spain to the Philippines was Catholicism This was made possible by the work of the early missionaries: 1. Augustinians, 2. Franciscans 3. Jesuits 4, Dominicans 5. Recollects ‘ety “Festivities and Holidays” + January ~ New Years Day ‘+ March or April~ Semana Santa Oct. 31 to Nov.2~ Day of the Dead Dec. 24~Nochebuena Dec, 25~ Christmas Education ‘= Training was done formally through the ‘a. Parochial schools established such a the colegios, beatenios, and + Education was considered a status symbol, a privilege and not aright. + Teaching was done through a. Dictation and memorization b. Other techniques such as moro- ‘moro and cenakulo. ‘+The media of instruction used were 2. Spanish with indigenous language b. Doctrina Christiana * Educational Decree of | 1863. introduced a system of public education that opened opportunities to Filipinos for higher learning. + Fre Manuel Blanco- first scientist in the Philippines. The Prince of Botanist, wrote Flora de Filipinas which was published in 1837. This bookidentified 1,200 kinds of plants in the country. * Education was controlled by Ftiars. Religious orders founded the first school and colleges. Universityof Sto. Tomas was the first university foundediin 1611 Y University oFSto. Tomas- oldest school % College of San Ignacio- frst college for boys in 1589 ¥ College of Santa Potenciana- first college for girls in 1594 To Racial Hierarchy Penisulares ~ full-blooded Spaniards born in Spain ‘+ Insulares - full-blooded Spaniards born Inthe Philippines. = Tomatras — person of mixed Spanish, Chinese and Austronesian descent + Mestizo de Espaitol ~ person of mixed Spanish and Austronesian descent. ‘= Mestizo de Sangley ~ person of mixed Chinese and Austronesian ancestry. + Sangley ~ full-blooded Chinese + Indio - full-blooded Austronesian. IV. The Birth of Filipino Nationalism A. Early Resistance to Spanish Rule REVOLT IMMEDIATE CAUSE Lakandula and Lavesari’s disregard of Sulayman Legazpi’s promise that Spain would recognize the patrimonial lands of the kings of Tondo Magalat’s Revolt | Magalat’s encouragement Of the people of Cagayan to rebel against the Spanish government Sumoroy's Rebellion | Government's enforcement of the order to send people of Palapag, 3Samar to work inthe 4, Cavite Mutiny of 1872 shipyard of Cavite a. A rebelion against Gov. Gen. Maniago’s Revolt [Hatred of bandala and Rafael zquierdo under the resentment of the leadership of |—_Sergeant frequent recruitment of lamadrid. Pampanganos to cut b. February 17, 1872- execution of timber forthe GomBurza, by the order of construction of Spanish Gov.Gen Izquierdo, galleons + Campaign for reforms started with the Diego Sllang’s Revolt | Silang’s resentment of Fis formation by the middle class of a imprisonment due to his propaganda_movement calling for the request for the abolition assimilation ofthe Philippines to Spain. of the hatred tribute in Vigan . Propaganda Movement Gabriela Silang’s | Assasination of her + a peaceful campaign for reforms geared Revolt husband, Diego Silang towards changing the political and social Palaris Revolt Hatred of the excessive order on the country under the Spanish rule tribute and abusive + Aims of Propaganda: officials from a, Make the Philippines @ province of Binalatongan which Spain eee eo on ie Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards. people against Spain c, Wanted representation in the Spanish Basi Revolt Prohibition ofthe drinking bil of home-made wine in Pidding, locos Norte, ‘owing to wine monopoly * La Solidaridad- The organ of Propaganda edited by Marcelo H. del Pilar * Diariong Tagalog- nationalistic newspaper Tamblot’s Revolt | Tamblot’s exhortation that people of aga edited by Marcalo[H, del Pilar return to their old faith, § ). Colonial Period: Propagandist Bankaws Revolt | Bankaw’s encouragement : enor Graciano Lopez Jaena ~ publisher of La Solidaridad pen name “Fray Botod and Diego Laura” of the people of Limasawa to defend their traditional Gear iewt —— STilcseacT + Marcelo H. Del Pilar ~ the editor and co- Be bcs: cut by publisher of the La Solidaridad and wrote FF iar a onay under the name “Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Dagohoy'sRevolt)y, | The liquidation of Fr. Piping Dilat and Pupdoh” Guiseppi Lambertt Nand + Antonio Luna — wrote for La Solidaridad other Spanish priest under the name “taga-ilog” triggered by the refusal of * Jose Maria Panganiban ~ wrote for La the (Church to give Solidaridad under the name “lomapa” Christian burial to + La Solidaridad was established on February Francisco Dagohoy’s 415, 1889 —_|{ brother + Jose Rizal — Dimasalang at Laun-Laan Revolt of Hermano | Persecution of the + Apolinario Mabini — Paralitiko Pule followers of the Cofradia * Andres Bonifacio AgapitoBagumbahay * Mariano Ponce ~ tikbalang, Naning, at Kalipulako * Juan Luna Potacio * Jose Dela Cruz ~ Husengsisiw de San. Jose founded by Apolinario dela Cruz ‘+ Nationalism - (devotion to or advocacy of + Pio Valuenzuela - Madiang-awa national unity and independence) developed + Melchora Aquino ~ Tandang Sora due tothe following factors + Emilio Jacinto ~ Dimas-law 2. Spread of liberalism “When Spain gradually exposed the _E. Laiga Filipina Philippines to. the international * "A civie socety of Filipino patriots organized commerce in the late 18 and early 19" by Rizal when he arrived in Manila from Centuries, liberal ideas from Europe Europe filtered in, + Aims of the Organi Racial Prejudice a. To uite the whole archipelago into one - The Spaniards commonly regarded the vigorous and homogenous organization Mutual protection in every want and necessity; Defense against all violence and injustice 4 Filipino natives as belonging to the i “inferior race” and called them indios. 3. Secularization Controversyd. Encouragement of _ instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and fe. Study the application of reforms KKK Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) = a secret society founded on July 7, 1892 by ‘Andres Bonifacio and a handful trusted friends who met in the house of Deodato Arellano. Aims of KKK: a. Political b. Economic Civic ‘+ First set of officers of the Katipunan Supreme Council © Deodato Arellano: president © Andres Bonifacio ©. Ladislao Diwa- fiscal © Valentin Diaz- treasurer > Teodoro Plata- secretary ‘*Roman Basa- replaced Arellano in 1893. Not satisfied with the performance of Basa, Bonifacio decided to assume the presidency of the Katipunan. * Andres Bonifacio ‘2. Supremo ng Katipunan, Brain of the Revolution, Great Plebeian b. Wrote a Decalogue or Ten Commandments titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ‘ng Bayan to lay down the guidelines for good citizenship. + Emilio Jacinto 2. Brain of the Katipunan . Wrote the famous Kartilya * Gregoriadesesus a. Bonifacio’s wife, was called) the Lakambini of the Katipunan. * Katipunan Membership Category Password First Grad@| Katipun | Anak ng Bayan Second | Kawal | GomBurza Grade Third grade | Bayani_ | Rizal TAKE NOTE: IMPORTANT EVENTS IN PHIL. HISTORY July3, 1892 | La Liga Filipina (founded by Rizal) was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society, dispensing scholarship funds and legal ai loaning capital and setting up cooperatives. The league's motto Unus Instar Omnium (one like all) served as an avowal oftheir ideals. July7, 1892 | Foundation of /—_—(Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) KKK with a radial platform: to secure independence and freedom of the Philippines by force. ‘August 19, 1896 The Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan when Teodoro Patirio exposed what he knew to Fr. Mariano Gil. August 23, 1896 Inthe yard of Juan Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino, the Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting —Long Lived the Philippines] thus making the so-called —Cry of Pugad Lawit It offically started the Philippine revolution against Spain ‘August 30, 1896 Dec. 30) 1896 Governor-General Ramon Blanco issued a decree declaring the provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija in a state of ‘war and placing them under martial law. Execution of Rizal. Marci 22, 1897 The Tejeros Convention. The Magdalo faction under Baldomero ‘Aguinaldo and Magdiwang under Mariano Alvarez agfeed to convene in Tejeros (now part of Gen. Trias) to Settle their differences and to establish a_new government that ‘would replace the Katipunan. May 10, 1897 Execution of Bonifacio brothers (Andres and Procopio) after being found guilty of treason and sedition bya military court November 1.1897 December 14, 1897 V. American C A. Comit Establishment of cna-Bato Republic. The —_Biak-na-Bato Constitution was signed. It was prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied, almost word for word the Cuban constitution known as Jimaguayu Constitution. Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo was signed. ‘olonization ‘of the Americans ‘April 25, 1898 The United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. May 1, 1898 George Dewey led @ U.S. naval squadron into Manila Bay in the Philippines and destroyed the anchored Spanish fleet in 2 leisurely morning engegement that cost only seven American seamen wounded. Manila itself was occupied by U.S. troops by August. May 19, 1998 ‘Aguinaldo arrived inthe Philippines and continued the inos’ fight against the Spaniards.May 24, | Aguinaldo declared dictatorial 1898 government June 12,| Between four and five in the 1898 - afternoon, Aguinaldo, in the presence of a huge crowd, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. The Philippine National Flag made in Hongkong by Marcela Agoncillo was officially hoisted for the first time and Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March) composed by Julian Felipe was played. The Act of the Declaration ‘of Independence which was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista was also read. June 23, | Aguinaldo changed the form of 1898 government from dictatorial to revolutionary government ‘August 13, | Mock Battle of Manila 1898 Spaniards surrender to Americans Gov.gen Diego de los Rios, the last Spanish governor general in the Philippines transferred his August 14, | headquarter to lloilo 1898 = Americans established Military government December 10, 1898 ‘The Spanish-American War ended with the signing of the Treaty of, Paris. it established the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and allowed the victorious power to|purchase the Philippines Islands from) Spain for $20milion, *Felipe Agoncillo- was given) the task of persuading the US government to recognize the Malolos Repiibic in the Paris Peace talks, December | US Président McKinley proclaimed 21,1898 | the policy —Benevolent Assimilation. He emphasized the Filipino should be trained for self governme B. The First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic) September | The Malolos Congress convened 15,1898 | in Barasoain Church and Pedro Paterno was elected as its president, January 21, | The Malolos Constitution drafted 1899 by a committee headed by Felipe Calderon was proclaimed transforming the government into what is known today as the First Philippine Republic. January 23, | Inauguration of the First 1898 Philippine Republic popularly known as the Malolos Republic amidst colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan with Aguinaldo as its president, '* Malolos Republic- the first republicin Asia ‘© EL Heraldo de la Revolucion- official newspaper of the Republic . The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 "On February 4, 1899, an American soldier, Private William Grayson, shot a Filipino soldier at the bridge of San Juan, Manila, This marked the beginning of the Philippine-American War, which lasted for three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. D. The Capture of Aguinaldo On March 23, 1901, carrying the order of General Arthur MacArthur, General Frederick Funston and his troops captured Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela, with the help of some Filipinos called the Macabebe Scouts who had joined the Americans' side. * On April 1) 1901, at the Malacafian Palace in Manila, Aguinaldo;swore an oath accepting the authority of the United States over the Philippines and pledging his allegiance to the American government. On April 19, he issued a Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to lay down their weapons and give up the fight. E. Continuous Resistance against the Americans "General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Filipino war against the Americans. He launched all-out offensive against the Americanheld towns in Batangas region. * General Simeon Ola- last revolutionary general to surrender to the Americans * Macario Sakay- established the Republika rng Katagalugan * On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt officially declared an end to the Philippine-American War after the surrender of Malvar, Sakay and other Filipino leaders. F. American Colonial Policy 1. Military Government (1898-1901) "Under this set-up, Philippines was governed directly by the president of the United States. The powers of the US presidents were exercised in country by the American military governor. * Military governors in the country Wesley Merrit Elwell Otis Arthur MacArthur ‘The First Philippine Commission (Schurman Commission) 6Headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman ¥ To investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations The Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission) Y Chaired by William Howard Taft Y Tasked to establish a civil governmentiin the country and train Filipinos in self-government. 2. Civil Government = William Howard Taft- first civil governor general Y Adopted the policy of The Philippines for the Filipinos ‘= Frank Murphy- last civil governor general ‘= Philippine Commission. lawmaking body = Philippine Bill/Organic Act of 1902 or Cooper Act- ¥ it provided the extension of the United States Bill of Rights to the Filipinos and guarantees the establishment of an elective Philippines Assembly ¥ appointment of two Filipino resident, commissioners to represent the country in the US Congress without voting rights ¥ Two resident commissioners 1. Pablo Ocampo 2. Benito Legarda Period of Suppressed Nationalism Y Flag Law- prohibited the public display of the Filipino flag and other symbols used by the resistance against the US ¥ “Sedition Law- imposed death penalty or a long term prison on anyone who — advocated separation/independence from the United States even by peaceful ‘means. Y Brigandage Act- punished with death or with prison term of not less than 20years)for members of an armed band, = Federal Party- first political party in the Philippines. Philippine Assembly- lower house of the Philippine Legislature, the Philippine Commission was its upper house. ¥ Formally inaugurated on October 16,1907 Y- Sergio Osmefia- elected speaker of the house Y Manuel L. Quezon- Majority Floor Leader Y Gabaldon Act- first legislation enacted by the Philippine Assembly which allocated one millon pesos for the establishment of barrio schools throughout the Philippines Commonwé + The Filipinization-is a gradual or general replacement of Americans by Filipinos in government service. It was a policy expressed American’s intentions of training Filipinos for self-government. Y By 1901 Cayetano Arellano was appointed chief of the Supreme Court. Y Gov. Gen. Francis Burton Harrison. It was during his term when Filipinization was fully implemented * Jones Law or Philippine Autonomy Act Y sponsored by William Atkinson Jones ¥ law contained a preamble declaring that, independence would be granted to the Filipino people as soon as stable government could be established in the Philippines Y provided bicameral Philippine Legislature with Upper house called Senate and Lower House called House of Representatives Y Cabinet Crisis of 1923- happened ‘when Gavemor Wood governed the country without the cooperation of the legislature = Wood-Forbes Mission ¥ Sent by US President Warren 6. Harding for his desire to know the true state of the Philippines Y. Reported that Philippines was not ready for independence due to poor financial state of the country, bankruptcy of | the Philippine National bank and instability of the government. + Educational Developments Y Act No. 74 by the Taft Commission- establishment of the public school system in the Philippines Y Compulsory teaching of English in school, recruitment of trained teachers in the US, and the abolition of compulsory religious instruction Y Thomasites- first Americal teachers arrived in Manila on August 23, 1901, board the ship Thomas Y Pensionados- promising Filipinos who were given the opportunity by the ‘American government to pursue higher education degrees in the United States. Transition to Independence: Before Ith Period Independence Missions: * Commission on Independence- created by the Philippine Legislature, The commissionrecommended the sending of independence ‘missions to US = OSROX Mission led by Osmefia and Roxas. Its main tasks to secure an independence law for the Philippines from US Congress. + Hare- Hawes- Cutting Act Y Granting of Philippine independence after 12 years, but reserving military and naval bases for the United States = Tydings- McDuffie Law or Independence law Provided for a 10-year transition period to independence under which the Commonwealth of the Philippines would be established, preparatory to the granting of complete independence on July 4, 1946. Y Commonwealth would have its own constitution ‘= The 1935 Constitution Y Ratified on May 14, 1935 Y Gregorio Perfecto- delegate from Manila who signed the constitution in his own blood. Y September 17, 1935- first election. under this constitution President Manuel Quezon Y Vice-president: Sergio Osmefia = Commonwealth Period Y Pres. Manuel Quezoh- father of social justice ¥ Established CoUirt of Industrial Relations to resolve\labor disputes, Eight-hour Labor Act and the Minimum Wage Law YAntiDummy Law- law that punishes Filipinos who would allow themselves to be used as fronts by alien businessman. and investors Philippine Immigration Law- a law that limits»the number of immigrants permitted annually to enter the market Y Sakdalism-)2 popular movement founded by Benigno Ramos. It has its weekly tabloid which became the vehicle for bitter denunciations of the ruling oligarchy Y Union Obrera Democratica- first labor union in the Philippines founded by Isabelo de los Reyes. Vi. Japanese Occupation "December 7, 1941- Japan attacked the ‘American naval base in Pearl Harbor in Hawail. The following day, December, 1941 US declared war against Japan. United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE} combined forces of American and Filipino soldiers under the command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, A. Government d 4. The Japanese Military Administration * Gen. Masaharu Homma- the Commander- in-Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces in the Philippines * Dec.26, 1941-Macdrthur declared Manila an open city to protect the civilians, withdrawing guns in accord with international law + March 11, 1942- MacArthur proceeded to Australia, famously telling reporters there, “I shall return” * April 9, 1942- Gen, Edward King, commander of Bataan forces surrendered to Japanese * April 10,1942- the Death March began in Mariveles and Cabcaben. The Filipino- ‘American troops were forced to march from Bataan. toySan Fernando, Pampanga. The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to embark on the infamous "Death March" to a prison camp more than 100 kilometersnorth, An estimated 10,000 prisoners died due to thirst, hunger and exhaustion. + May 61942- Gen. Wainwright, commander of Corregidor forces surrendered to Japanese. ‘the Japanese Period * Led in the imposition of martial law in the Philippines + Kempeitai- Japanese military police > Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) Y Chief organ of the Japanese propaganda Y Aim was to bring about rapid reconstruction of the Philippines. It was also designed to coordinate all activities and services of associations and individuals concerned with the promotion of the total well-being of every person and inculcate the Asian values of hard work, faith, self-reliance, loyalty, bravery, discipline and self sacrifice, 2. The Philippine Executive Commissions/ Central ‘Administrative Organization + Established on January 23, 1942 * Jorge Vargas- chairman of this temporary government + This commission consisted of six departments, each under the leadership of a Filipino commissioner. Interior — Benigno S. Aquino ¥ Finance- Antonio de las Alas Y Justice Jose P. Laurel Y Agriculture & Commerce- Rafael AlunanY Education, Health & Public Welfare- Claro M. Recto ¥ Public Works & Communication- Quintin Paredes 3. The Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines/ Second Philippine Republic = Inaugurated on October 14, 1943, with Jose P. Laurel as its president = Abolished the Philippine Executive Commission Legislative power vested in National Assembly = Liwayway- only tagalog weekly magazine ‘that was allowed to continue publication B. Resistance against Japanese ‘= Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon Y Communist and socialist guerilla unit founded on March 29, 1942 and led by Luis Taruc and Castro Alejandrino. ¥ The organization had 30,000 guerilla fighters. C. Battle of the Philippine Sea The American forces moved step by step across the Pacific Ocean and bégan the Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19, 1944, October 20, 1944- Gen. MacArthur and his allied forces landed in Palo Beach, Leyte. + Battle of Leyte Gulf- greatest naval battle in history July 4, 1945~MacArthur protiaimed that Philippines had been liberated from the Japanese = August 6, 1945- bombing of Hiroshima = August 9, 1945- bombing of Nagasaki D. The Republic Years 3" Philippine Republic-came into being when the US granted the country ‘its independence on July 4, 1946. It's framework of government was laid down by the Constitution of 1935 4 Philippine Republic- during the era of martial law in the country on June 30, 1981. It operated on the basis ofthe Constitution of 1973, which transformed the presidential into a parliamentary system of government. 5® Philippine Republic- established on February 2, 1987, when the Filipino people ratified the 1987 Constitution, with Corazon Aquino as its first president, VIL. Philippine Presidents 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1899 - 1901) Started as a member of the Magdalo chapter of the Katipunan then was elected president at the revolutionary goverment at the Tejeros Convention, and later, Biak: rna-Bato Republic, = Youngest president at age of 28. 2, Manuel L. Quezon (1935 ~ 1944) * First Filipino president of | the Commonwealth under American Rule. * Known as the “Father of the National Language”. * Initiated women’s suffrage inthe Philippines. + Dsenate president elected as the president cof Philippines. * Died in tuberculosis at New York, 3. Jose P. Laurel (1943 - 1945) "President of the 2° Republic and known as the “Puppet president”. * Established Lyceum of the Philippines. * Government caretaker during World Wer I 4, Sergio Osmena, Sr. (1944 ~ 1946) + 2" Philippine president Commonwealth. + 2 Filipino National leader under the ‘American regime who, became as the speaker of the Philippine Assembly. * Vice-president during Quezon’s regime. during the 5, Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) "= First president of the third republic + Signed the? Treaty of General Relations. based on this treaty, the United States withdrew and surrendered all rights of supervision, control or sovereignty over the Philippines = Philippine Trade Act, also known as the Bell Trade Act, provided for the continuation of free trade with the Philippines and the United States from 1946-1954, * Philippine Rehabilitation Act, also known as the Tydings Rehabilitation Act, resulted to the creation of the Philippine War Damage Commission to take charge of war damage payments. "Parity Rights- grant US citizens and corporations the same rights as Filipinos in the utilization and exploitation of Philippine natural resources. "Military Base Agreement: gave US free use of 23 base sites for 99 years (shortened to 25 years in 1959) renewable in the expiration of the treaty. 6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) + Two principal objectives: ‘© economic reconstruction ‘© restoration of people's trust and confidence in the government * Created the President's Action Committee Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing‘Administration (ACCFA) to help farmers in marketing thelr crops, Established rural banks to provide credit facilites in the barrios Total Economic Mobilization Program- to employ natural resources, manpower, and technical knowledge for economics, progress, Established (LASEDECO Law Settlement and Development Corp.) for landless farmers. Ramon Magsaysay (1953 ~ 1957) = Man of the Masses. He promised to give common tao justice. "Established the NARRA. (National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Administration) to continue the resettlement program of previous administration. "Opened the gates of Malacaiang Palace to the masses, ‘= Taruc unconditionally surrendered after four months of negotiations "Died in a fatal airplane crash at Mt. Manunggal in Cebu on March 17, 1957 = Presidency referred to as Golden Years due to lack of corruption. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961) = He was among the founders of ‘Association for Southeast Asia, precursor of the ASEAN. + Known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” ‘and “Bard from Bohol.” ‘= Famous of his “Filipino First” poliey- the policy gave priority to Filipinos over foreigners in the acquisition of land and) capital in the operation of business, trade ‘and industry, Austerity. Program-involves temperate spending, less imports, and less extravagant consumption Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) *“Poor boy from Lubao” * Issued executive order shifting Philippine Independence Day from the traditional July 4 to June 12 * RA 3844 or the Agricultural Land Reform Code was signed into a law Under this law, share tenancy system in agriculture had to be replaced with agricultural leasehold system, It provided for the purchase of private farmlands and distribution of lots to landless tenants on easy terms. * Established Land Bank of the Philippines to support the country’s agrarian reform program "Formation of | MAPHILINDO, a confederation of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia on August 5, 1957. = Moved the Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, ‘+ Placed Philippine peso in the currency exchange market and signed minimum wage law. 10, Ferdinand Marcos (1965 ~ 1986) = 1% and only president in the 4” Philippine Republic. + Promised to make this country Great ‘Again, ruled for 20 years + Only president to be reelected for a second term ‘= Fitstypresident who took his oath in native language * Work for the changing of 1934 constitution and result was the constitution of 1973 providing for a parliamentary government. = Declared Martial Law in 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No, 1081 because of ‘the deteriorating peace and order in the country. = Abolished congress. upon the declaration of Martial Law. © Theslater part of his regime was popularly known as dictatorship. Benigno Aquino was assassinate In 1983 which ‘generate protest and demonstration that culminated in the EDSA Revolution were the People’s Power was manifested. This put to an end for 20 years rule of Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino assumed the presidency in February 25, 1986. 11, Corazon C. Aquino (1986 - 1992) = First woman President of ‘the Philippines. Restored democracy = Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) was created to recover the ill-gotten wealth taken by corrupt government officials = Convened a Constitutional Commission that drafted the Philippine Constitution which was ratified by the people on Feb.2,1987. ‘+ Signed the Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code 12, Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1997) * Known for his Philippines 2000 which is meant to make the Philippines an economically developed county. * Launched Social Reform Agenda to win the war against poverty. Its main components were the ff: expansion of 10job and skills training opportunities, improvement of public housing, more responsive delivery of basin education and primary health care and establishment of mechanisms for effective participation of the poor in social life. Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his. presidency. Signed peace agreement with the Rebel Moro National Liberation Front 13, Joseph E. Estrada (1998 - 2001) Known for his “Erap Para sa Mahirap” program, which focuses on alleviating the socio-economic conditions of the poor. His flagship is “Jeep ni Erap”. He was impeached on November but in January, People Power Il took place ‘when the senators voted not to open an envelope containing the evidences against him. ‘Was pro-poor but was overthrown in an, EDSA II People Power Revolution in 2001 due to plunder. 14, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 ~ 2004) 2° female president who oversaw road and infrastructure improvements with: higher economic growth than presidents before her In her term, peso became the best- performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007, Implemented eVAT law. Flagship: “Strong Republic” ‘A controversialjleader who resisted several military coups. She assumed the Presidency after the resignation of Joseph Estrada in 2000 and maintained power for 10 years. Her flagship was "Strong Republic”. Different corruption issues such as fertilizer scam, ZTE broadband deal, involvement in jueteng by Congressman Arroyo, among others. 15. Benigno Simeon C. Aquino Ill (2010 - 2016) The 15H President of the Philippines since 2010. Aquino is a fourth- Generation politician and is currently the chairman of the Liberal Party. His political flagship is the “Dang Matuwid’, this is to curtail government corruption Won in the first ever automated election. Created the No Wang-Wang (street siren) policy. Initiated K-12 Education, 16, Rodrigo “Rody” Roa Duterte + also known as Digong, is a Filipino politician and jurist who is the 16” and current President of the Philippines, and Chairman of the Association of the South East Asian Nations for 2017. * Heisthe First Mindanaoan to hold the office , and the fourth of Visayan descent. At 71 years old, Duterte is the oldest person to assume the Philippine presidency, superseding Sergio Osmefia and Fidel Ramos, respectively. * Duterte was among the longest serving mayor in the Philippines, serving seven terms totaling more than 22 years in office. Flagship ~ Change is Coming! * Battle of Marawi also known as the Marawi_ was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Lanao del Sur, that started on 23 May 2017 © RA» 10963- Tax Reform for ‘Accelerationiand Inclusion First Fillpino Christians- Rajah Hursabon and Rajah Kolambu First Filipino Priest- Martin Lakandula was ordained as an Augustinian priest in 1590 First president from Mindanao- Rodrigo Duterte First Battle- Battle of Mactan First Spanish governor general- Miguel Lopez de Legaspi First archbishop- Domingo Salazar First revolt- revolt of Esteban Taes First_ man who used Filipino as title of citizenship- Luis Rodriguez Varela First republic- Malolos Republic First president of Katipunan- Deodato Arellano First Army Chief- General Artemio Ricarte First American civil governor- Williaam Howard Taft First Filipino Chief Justice- Cayetano Arellano First Labor Union- Union Obrera Democratica, founded by Isabelo delos Reyes First Speaker of Philippine Assenbly- Sergio Osmefia First woman senator- Geronima Pecson First national artist: Fernando Amorsolo ECONOMICS uwWhat is Economics? * Oikonomia: Greek word management of the household Is a Social Science concerned with how Individuals and society choose to use its scarce resources to achieve maximum satisfaction of human material wants. Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, meaning Two major Division of Economics ‘© Microeconomics: the branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual Industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units. ‘= Macroeconomics: the branch of economics ‘that examines the economic behavior of aggregates. Looks at the economy as 2 whole Three Basic Economic Questions The problem of scarcity forces each economy to address three basic economic questions: 1. What will be produced? 2. By whom will it be produced? 3. For whom will It be produced? Economic Systems Capitalist System/ Market'Economy Command Economy/ Planned Economy Mixed Economy Traditional Economy Capitalist System ~an economy in which people and firms pursue their own self-interest without, any central direction or regulations. This is also knownlas laissez-faire ‘mechanism, Or free market €conomy. economy, free enterprise, price ‘Command Economy ~an economy in which a central ‘authority or agency draws up a plan that establishes what willbe produced and when, and makes rules for distribution. ‘Mixed economy ~ itis a regulated market economy. It is usually defined as economy that contains both private-owned enterprises and that combines elements of capitalism and socialism, ‘or a mix of market economy and command ‘economy characteristics INPUTS AND OUTPUTS INPUT- are commodities or services that are used to produce goods and services. Examples: Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneur OUTPUT - are various useful goods or services that result from production process and either consumed or employed in further production. Example: Rent, Wages, Income, interest FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 1. Land - Land includes all resources found in the sea and on land. 2. Labor - labor can be defined as any king of work, either mental or manual in nature, which has the sole purpose of receiving rewards 3. Capital- refers to the stock of goods made by the people to help them in the production of goods and services. 4, Entrepreneur- The entrepreneur is usually the organizerin a company. He is responsible for arranging how production should take place Trade-off - it denotes the option that we give up to obtain what we want; Second best alternative. ‘Opportunity Cost ~itis the value of the second-best, alternative given up to make a choice Competition i: Perfect Competition - homogenous products, buyers and sellers are price takers. 2. Monopolistic Competition ~ one seller controls price 3. Oligopolistic Competition’ Few sellers, not aggressive competition. ‘The Market System Demand - refers to a schedule of the different ‘quantities of commodities which an individual is willing and able to buy. Law of Demand ~ as the price of a commodity Increases, all factors being constant, the quantity demanded for that commodity decreases, Determinants of Demand Population Income Taste and preferences Price expectation Price of related goods Supply ~ refers to a schedule of the different quantities of commodities which sellers are willing to sell at different alternative prices. Law of Supply ~ as the price of commodity is increased, the quantity ofthe product that sellers are willing to sell also increase, all other things being. constant, Determinants of Supply Technology Number of sellers Cost of production Price expectation taxes and subsidies ‘Supply and Demand Together 2Equilibrium — refers to a situation in which the price hhas reached the level where quality supplied equals quantity demand, Equilibrium Price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demand. On graph, it is the pprice at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Equilibrium Quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. On 2 graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Gross National Product(GNP) ~ is the total market value of all final goods and service produced by citizens in one year. Gross Domestic Product(GDP) ~ the sum of the money values of all final goods and services produced in the domestic economy alonga specified period of time, usually one year. TAXATION ‘= Is inherent power of the state to demand enforced contributions from its people for public purposes. = A levy imposed by a government.on the income, wealth, and capital gains of persons or businesses on their spending on goods, services, and properties. Classification of Tax System = Progressive Income Tax >the Higher the income the highér the tax rate) ‘= Proportional Tax ~ The tax rate|is constant and unaffetted by the level of income, ‘= Regressive Tax - The higher the income the lower the tax rate. Types of Taxes © Direct Taxes Taxes levied by the government on the income and wealth received by households and businesses in order to raise government revenue and are used as instruments of fiscal policy Examples are personal income tax and corporate income tax. © Indirect Taxes ¥ taxes levied by government on goods and services in order to raise government revenue and are used as instruments of fiscal policy Y these are not taxes on people, but (on the goods and services that we purchase and consume Y Examples: sales tax, import tax, VAT/EVAT Characteristics of a Sound Tax System = Adequacy- the taxes should be just enough to generate revenue required for provision of essential public services like health, education, and national defense and police protection "= Efficiency ~ must generated revenue greater than the amount of money the government must spend to collect taxes, * Equity - individual and groups belonging to the same income bracket must be taxed equally while belonging to different income groups must be taxed differently. * Convenience - to set up measures and procedures that will make it more convenient for taxpayers to pay. + Neutrality- taxes should not favor any one group or sector over another, and should not be designed to interfere with or influence individual decision making LAND REFORM. * APhilippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm workers, as well as elevation of social justice and equity among rural areas + | CARP was established by theécomprehensive ‘Agratian Reform Law of 1988 (CARL). * Aimed for @ nation with equitable land ‘ownership an empowered agrarian reform beneficiary while, at least, improving social lives. */Eacted by the 8” Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10, 1988, Retention Limits Five hectares for land owners + three hectares to be awarded to each child of the land owner subject to the following qualifications: 1, Atleast 15 years old 2. Actually tilling the soil or directly ‘managing the farm Beneficiaries ‘© Agricultural lessees and share tenants ‘¢ Regular farm workers ‘= Seasonal farm workers ‘© Other farm workers ‘+ Actual tellers 0 occupants of public lands ‘+ Collectives or cooperatives '¢ Other directly working on the land ‘COOPERATIVES. Cooperative - duly registered association of persons with a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a lawful common social or economic end, making equitable to contribution to the capital required and accepting, a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in accordance with universally accepted cooperative principle, What are the Kinds of Cooperative? 3"Credit Cooperative- promotes thrift and savings among its members and creates funds in order to grant loans for productivity. Consumer Cooperative. the primary Purpose is to procure and distribute commodities to member and non-members. Producers Cooperative - undertakes joint production whether agricultural or industrial. = Service Cooperative- engages in medical, and dental care, hospitalization, ‘transportation, insurance, housing, labor, electric light and power, communication and other services. ‘= Multi- Purpose Cooperative - combines two (2) ormore of the business activities of these different types of cooperatives. Universal Principle of Cooperatives 1. Open and Voluntary Membership No artificial discrimination against individuals because of their race, creed of political affiliation, freedom of entry and exit of any member of the cooperative 2. Democratic Control In order for members to gain entry \to cooperative, they must purchase shares of the cooperative, obtain the right to govern the organization, voting rights of the owners are on the basis of one person, one vote. 3. Limited Interest on capital Capital h a cooperative is ike a loan because ‘the owners of capital can expect to receives rate of return not exceeding that of the prevailing market interest rates on investing. New Cooperative Law * Cooperative Code of the Philippines ( R.A 6938) * Cooperative Development Authority (R.A 6939) + Executive order 95 and 96 were issued by Pres. Fidel V. Ramos in June 1993, providing for implementation guidelines for some of, the provisions of the two laws cited. PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT & CONSTITUTION Political Science — is the study of the polis. I sa specialized study of state, its ‘government and politics. = Polis - Greek word, it means a city, tantamount to today’s state. State vs. Nation vs. Government State ~ has some degree of permanence; political concept Nation ~ is a racial in nature, bound by a common race or language as well as customs and traditions Government ~ is only an element of the state, as much may change from time to time Elements of State + People inhabitants or the population of the state that comprises its citizens. * Territory - definite geographic area occupied by the people. * Government ~ agency or instrumentality through which the will of the people is formulated, expressed and realized * Sovereignty ~ supreme power of the state to rule'ver its titizens within its territory and be free from control of foreign states. Theories of the Evolution of State * Natural Theory. According to this theory, the formation of the state resillts from man’s ‘natural inclination to associate and interact. * Divine Theory. This theory holds the view that the state js of divine creation and its rulers are of God's chosen ones. Force Theory. This theory asserts that the state emerged asa consequence of invasion, force orcoercion. + Patriarchal Theory. State evolves from families * Social Contract Theory. This explains that states were formed by deliberate and voluntary agreement among the people. Branches of the Government * Legislative ~ law-making body = Executive ~ law-implementing body * Judicial ~ law-interpreting body Fundamental Powers of the State "Police Power ~ the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation to persons and property for the promotion of public health, morals, safety, and general welfare. * Eminent Domain ~ right or power of the state to take private property for public use upon payment of just compensation. * Power of Taxation ~ power of the state to impose proportional charges upon persons, property or rights, for the use and support of the government and to enable itto discharge a legitimate function. What is government? ‘+ Is an institution that has the power to make laws and enforce these certain territories, people and other organizations 4It derived from Latin word qubemaculum which means a rudder used to steer, control, or direct Forms of governments A. According to the number of persons in whom sovereignty resides. 1, Monarchy — (Rule of one) ~ it is a form of government in which the supreme and final authority resides in one person, whose world is considered law 2. Aristocracy (Rule of rich) -itis a government in which the politcal power belongs to the “elite ofthe society, who have the high social status, wealth, and politcal power” of heredity nobility 3, Democracy (Rule of Many) — it is a form of government in which the supreme political power is exercised by a majority of the people, Abraham Lincoln aptly puts it “Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and forthe people” ©. Direct ~ifthe people govern directly and immediately in an assembly. Practicable only in small areas and assembly © Indirect - (republican or representative) if the)people given through chosen representatives, Applicable ins densely populated groupings B. According to the distribution of powers of the central government 1, Unitary its a form of government in which “the control of the national government and the local affairs is exercised by the central or national government.” 2. Federal ~it is form of government in which the power of the government are distributed between the central government and the local government». each organ being supreme within its wn political sphere. Institutionalizes the participation of the local communities to pursue development in accordance with their particular culture, need and resource. . According to the relationship of the legislative and the executive branches of the government 1. Parliamentary ~ it is a type of government characterized by a “fusion of power” of the legislative and executive branch. This means that there is no separation of powers between the branches of the government greatly improves the legislative process, 2. Presidential ~ this type of government “is characterized by weak ties between legislative and executive branches, and by the shifting balance of power.” This system operates on the principle of separation of powers among the branches of the government, ‘What is constitution? Is the fundamental law of the land by which the fundamental powers of government are established, limited, and defined and by which those powers are distributed among several department for their ‘more safe and useful exercise for the benefit of the body polities. Basic Principles of the 1987 Constitution + Recognition of the aid of Almighty God = Sovereignty of the people + Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy * Separation of the church and state "Supremacy of the civilian authority over military * Recognition of the importance of the family a a basic social institution,and of the vital ‘ole of the youth in nation-building Guarantee of human rights Separation of powers Government through suffrage Guarantee of local autonomy Independence of the judiciary High sense of public service morality and accountability of public officers * Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises affected with public interest = ) Government of laws and not of men * Non-suability of the state + Rule of the majority How can a constitution be changed? Constituent Assembly ~ the congress may convene itself into a constituent assembly by a simple vote of majority, though it would require the vote of three-fourths of its members to affect amendments. Constitutional Convention ~ the congress may callfor a constitutional convention by the vote of ‘two-thirds ofall ts members. People’s Initiative ~ the people may directly propose changes to the constitution upon the petition of at least 12% of all the registered voters, represented by at least 3% of all registered voters in every legislative body. Philippine Constitutions © Malolos Constitution ¥ which approved for the establishment of Philippine Republic = 1935 Constit 15Y Chairman of the 1934 Constitutional Convention ~ Claro M. Recto ratified by Filipino people ‘= 1973 Constitution Y Chairman of the 1971 ConCon — Former President Carlos P. Garcia and Diosdado Macapagal ‘© 1987 Constitution Y Chairman of the 1986 ConCon ~ Cecilla ‘Munoz Palma Ratified by Filipino People (fed. 2, 1987) Y Approved by Constitutional Commission Citizenship ‘Citizenship is a terrm denoting membership of a citizen in political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part of the state. General Ways of Acquiring Citizenship = Involuntary method ~ by birth because blood of relationship or place of birth, and Voluntary method - by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which, takes place when itis ceded by one to another as a result of conquest or treaty. Citizenship by Birth There are two principles or fules that govern citizenship by birth, namely: ‘= Jus Sanguinis ~ relationship by blood is the basis of the acquisition of citizenship under this rule. The children follows the citizenship of both oftthe parents or one of them. This is ‘the predominating principle In the Phil "© Jus Soli or Jus Loci = place of birth as the basis for acquiring citizenship under this rule. Ways of Naturalization = By the judgement of the Court ~ the foreigner who wants to, become a Filipino citizen must first apply for naturalization with the proper Regional Trial Court. He ‘must have all the qualifications as provided by law and must comply with all the procedures and conditions prescribed. By direct act of Congress ~ in this case, Congress simply legislate a law granting citizenship to a foreigner ‘Acquiring Citizenship through Suffrage is the right and obligation to vote in the election of the government officers and in the decision of public question submitted to the people. Scope of Suffrage Election ~ refers to the selection, by which people serves as the electorate, of persons as candidates for a fixed period Recall ~it is a means by which local officials ‘may be removed from office even before the expiration of their term of office by a votes of the residents. + Plebiscite ~ itis a type of election wherein the people render decisions to accept or reject certain amendments to the Constitution. * Referendum ~ itis a process wherein a law or part of a law passed by the legislature or local legislative body is submitted to the people for their approval or rejection ‘Initiative — it is a process whereby the people are given the opportunity to directly propose or enact laws. ‘Who may exercise Suffrage? Under the Constitution, Filipino citizens can exercise this right as long as they comply with the following requirements: + Atleast 18 years of age * Not disqualified by law *Aresident in the country or atleast one year = Aresident ofthe place where they intend to vote for at least 6 months, immediately preceding the election. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT ‘© Legislative Power ~ the authority under the Constitution to make laws and to alter them. ‘The Composition of Philippine Congress a. The Senate- the upper house of the Congress. It is consists of 24 senators. The Constitution limits the term of a senator tono more than 2 terms. b. The House of Representatives- The lower house of the Congress. The 1987 Constitution states that members of House of Representative shall be composed of not more than 250 members, unless otherwise fixed by the law, ‘THE SENATE * Composition and Election ~it is composed of 24 senators who are elected at large by qualified voters as may be provided by law. * Term of Office - six (6) years * Qualifications of a Senator 1) A natural born citizen of the Philippines. 2) at last 35 years of age on the date of the election day 3) Able to read and write 4) registered voter 5) A resident of the Philippines for not less than two (2) years immediately proceeding the election day ‘THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES * Composition and election/selection ~ composed of not more than 250 members popularly known as Congressmen elected from legislative or congressional districts and through party-list system 16‘= Term of Office - three (3) years + Qualifications of a Representative 1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines. 2. At least 25 years of age on the election day 3. Able to read and write 4. Except. for —_partyslist representative, a registered voter 5. A resident thereof, for a period of rot less than one (1} year preceding the election day STEPS IN THE PASSAGE OF THE BILL 1. First reading 2. Referral to appropriate committee 3, Second reading 4, Debates 5, Printing and distribution 6. Third reading 7. Referral to the other House 8, Submission to join bicameral committee 9. Submission to the President EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines Section 2. No person may be elected as President unless he is natural born citizen of the Philippines © Qualifications of the President and Vice President 1 Natural born citizen of the Philippines 2. Registered voter 3. Able to read and write 4. At least 40 years of age 5. Resident of eh Philippines for at least'10 years Powers of the President, = Power of, Appointment- the president appoints members of the Constitutional Commissions, ambassadors, other public ‘ministers and consuls, or officers of the AFP. = Power of Executive Clemency- the power to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons. > Pardon — an act of grace proceeding from the President that exempts the individual on whom it is bestowed, from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed > Reprieve — the postponement of the sentence imposed to a lesser punishment. > Commutation — the reduction of the sentence imposed to a lesser punishment. > Amnesty — an act of mercy from the President with the consent of Congress granted to certain classes of persons who have committed crimes, JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. ‘* Meaning of Judicial Power ~ is the power to apply the law to contests and disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the state and private person or between individual litigants in case properiy brought before the judicial tribunal Section 4, The SUPREME COURT shall be composed of the Chief Justice and 14 Associated Justices. It may sit en bane or in its discretion, in divisions of three, five, seven members. Any vacancy shall be filled ‘within 90 days from the occurrence thereof. Term of Office- Members of the Supreme Court have no fixed term of office. They hold office during good behavior until they reach 70 years old or become incapacitated to perform their duties. Que ications: {La natlral born citizen of the country 2. at least 40 years old atthe time of appointment 3. must have been for 15 years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the country, 4, Must bea person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independence. ‘Special Courts, 1, Court of Tax Appeals- it has exclusive jurisdiction over taxes eases appealed by private citizens and ‘commercial firms 2. The Sandiganbayan- a special anti-graft court, it decides cases involving graft and corruption by ‘government officials and employees 3. The Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)- investigates cases of graft and corruption in government; it acts as prosecutor in bringing graft cases before the Sandiganbayan. ‘CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION ‘¢ Independent Provisions ‘* Independent Constitutional Bodies - The Three Constitutional Commissions are: 1. Commission on Civil Service- © the central personnel agency of the government whose primary goal is to professionalize the Philippine service system by setting standards and enforcing laws and rules governing the selection, utilization, training and discipline of civil servants 2. Commission on Audit ¢ has the responsibility of _ ensuring transparency and accountability in government service, particularly in the use of public funds 3. Commission on Election ‘+ created for the purpose of ensuring free and honest elections and protecting the popular will of the people as expressed in the ballot wvLOCAL GOVERNMENT Local Government Units in the Philippines Barangay ‘© the basic unit of the government ‘© tis made up of at least 2,000 inhabitants. It functions as the primary planning and basic services delivery unit. ‘© Headed by punong barangay who heads the sangguniang barangay Cities and Municipalities ‘© Composed of several barangays © Cities- must have an annual income of at least P20 million, a land area of at least 50 square kilometers and a population of not less than 150,000 inhabitants. ‘Types of cities in the country 41. Highly urbanized city- one that's independent from the province 2. Component city: one which is under the supervision of the province 3. Independent component city- one attached to a province but whose residents cannot vote for provincial official ‘* Municipalities- must have an annual income! of atleast P2.5 million but not more than P20 million, a land area off at least 2.5 square kilimeters, and a population off at least 25,000 inhabitants. Province Consists of cities afid municipalities Has an area of at least 2,000 square kilometers with @ population of at least 250,000 inhabitants. SOCIOLOGY Is thé scientific study ofhuman societies and social behavior. Origins of Sociology: ‘= Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and suggested the use of positivism— applying the scientific approach to the social ‘world—but he did not utilize this approach himself Herbert Spencer, another social philosopher, viewed societies as evolutionary, coined the term the survival of the fittest, and became known for social Darwinism. Karl Marx, founder of the conflict perspective, believed that class conflict—the struggle between the proletariat and the bbourgeoisie—was the key to human history. = Emile Durkheim studied the social factors ‘that underline suicide and found that the level of social integration, the degree to which people are tied to their social group, ‘was a key social factor in suicide. Central to his studies was the idea that human behavior cannot be understood simply in individual terms but must be understood within the larger social context in which it occurs. * Max Weber defined religion as a central force in social change; for example, Protestantism encourages greater economic development and was the central factor in the rise of capitalism in some countries. ‘Components of Culture a. Non-material culture 1.) Social Norms ~rules or expectation that define what is acceptable or require in a social situation a) Folkways- commonly known as customs, traditions and conventions of society b) Mores- special —folkways which are important to the welfare of the people and their cherished values ) Laws. formalized forms norms enacted by people who are vested by political and legal authorities designated by the government 2)Values — abstract standards that persist overtime ‘and serve as guides to what is ight and proper for people in society 3.) Knowledge: the total range of what hhas been learned or perceived a true: This could be natural, supernatural, and magic knowledge. bb. Material culture (Product of technology ) 1) Artifact: simple tools to computer 2. Characteristics of Culture a. Culture is learned by individuals as the result of belonging to some particular group b. Culture is shared among members of agroup c. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation d. Culture is dynamic. it is constantly changing fe. Culture is diverse. Every culture is different from other cultures Attitude Towards Cultural Variation 1, Ethnocentrism- refers to the tendency to assume ‘that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others 2. Xenocentrism- the belief that the products, styles or ideas of one’s culture are inferior to other cultures 3. Cultural Relativism. refers to viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. How Culture is Transmitted 1, Enculturation- the process of learning culture of one’s own group 2. Acculturation- the process of learning some new traits from another culture 3. Assimilation- term used for a process in which an individual entirely loses any awareness of his/her 18previous group identity and takes on the culture and attitude of another group Social structurethe way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. Sotial interaction- the process by which people act and react in relation to others. Elements of Social Structure 1. Statuses 2. Social Roles 3.Groups 4, Social Institutions Status-a social position that a person holds 1. Ascribed Status -a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life. 2. Achieved Status -a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort 3, Status set-refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time. 4. Master Status- A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position within a society. Status role-A set of expectations for people who ‘occupy a given social position orstatus. 1. Role set-refers to nuffiber of roles attached to a single status. 2. Role conflict- as conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses. Group-Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis. 1 Primary and secondary groups 2. In-groups and out-groups 3.Reference groups "Primary groups-refer to a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation x. Family, closed friends, street gang, barkada Secondary Groups: refers to formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. Ex. Environmental units, political parties, religious organizations, business corporation, = Imgroup: Any group or category to which people feel they belong, = Out-group- A group or category to which people feel they do not belong. Reference group-Any group that individual use as a standard in evaluating themselves and their own behavior. Social Stratification * Is a hierarchy of positions with regard to economic production which influences the social rewards to those in the position, * Refers to the hierarchichal arrangements of dividuals into divisions of power and wealth within a society. ‘Types of Social stratification 1. Open system- status is achieved through ‘merit and effort. This is sometimes known as meritocracy. 2. Closed system. status is ascribed rather than achieved., i.e., determined at_birth-and people are locked down into their parents social position. 1. Primitive communalism- characterized by high degree of sharing and minimal social inequality. 2. Slavery-involves great social inequality and the ownership of some person by others. 3. Caste- in) which an individual is permanently assigned to’a status based on his or her parents’ status, = Brahman-priests ‘© Kshatriyas- warriors, royalty,and administrators + Vaishyas-producers, merchants, farmers, artisans, ‘| Shudras- peasants and unskilled workers. + Untouchables 4. Estate system in which peasants are required by law to work land owned by the noble class in exchange for food and protection from outside attacks. Social Mobility- the movement of a person from one status to another, either between generations or ‘within a person's adult career. Social Institutions "An interrelated system of social roles and norms organized about the approval of an important social need or function. = The family, mass media, the government, school, economy and religion are the major institutions 41. Family Functions of Family ‘A. Reproduction 198B. Security ‘© Matrilocal- the married couple resides with or near the parents of the wife. ‘© Bilocal- the married couple resides D. Assignment of Status alternately with either of their parents. ‘+ Neolocal- the couple resides in a new place, independent from either the parents of the €. Socialization Classification of family according to: 1. Pattern of Mate Selection husband or the parents of the wife + Endogamy- these are sets of norms United Nations specifying that people marry within their Gun groups, such as their race, tribe and The United Nations isan international organization She of sovereign states established to help preserve ee, international peace and to foster international Sem cooperation | addressing the social and economic © afarmer marries another farmer problems that plague the human polity ‘* Exogamy- these are set of norms specifying Official Language: Chinese, Arabic, Russia, Spanish, that people marry outside their group or English French between two individuals who do not belong to the same group. Established: October 24, 1945 2. Number of Spouse/s Pattern ‘What is structure of United Nation = Monogamy- refers to the marriage of one ‘male and one female. = Polygamy: refers to the marriage between tone person of one sex anda minimum of two persons of the other sex. ¥ Polyandry- refers to the marriage of fone woman to tivo or more men. ¥ Polygyny- refers to the marriage of lone man to two or more women. 1, The General Assembly ~ it is the principal organ of the UN because it gather all the UN's members in a plenary assembly. 2. The Security Council’ = this organ is considered the executive body of the UN as it is primarily responsible for the maintenance of Intemational peace and seciirity, it attend to armed conflicts and international disputes and establishes 3. According to Internal Organization peacekeeping forces charged to get the various parties in conflict to start seriously negotiating an end to it: . The Secretariat ~ it is regarded as the administrative body of the UN. The Secretary general, who heads the organ and is = Nuclear-a family.éomposed of husband, wife, and children. a Extended. when in additional to the nuclear unit, grandparents, uncles, and cousins, are considered members of the family. appointed by the general assembly upon the areca vercent recommendation ofthe Security Counc, Is the chief administrator of the organization. = Patrilineal- when family members trace 4, The International Court of Justice ~ this is their relationships and affilations with the the principal judicial organ of the UN. itis paternal side. composed of 15 members appointed by the * Matrilineal- when family members trace general assembly upon the recommendation their relationships and affiliations with the of the security council, to serve for 8 years maternal side. This court hears cases involving conflicts + ilatera- when family members trace their between states that are referred tot relationships. and affiliations with both 5. The Economic and Socal Council-ths isthe parents UN organ most involved in development programs involving social, humanitarian, and 5. According to Power/ Authority economic activities. Its main function is “to ‘= Patriarchal- the father or grandfather has make or initiate studies and reports with the authority and dominates the household. respect to international economic, social, = Matriarchal- the mother or grandmother cultural, health... Issues and to make has the authority and dominates the recommendations to the General Assembly household. and its specialized agencies.” ‘= Egalitarian- both the husband and wife 6. The Trusteeship Council ~ this council is exercise equal amount of power/authority. intended to supervise the development of self-government in former colonial territories. In short, it is created to prepare ‘© Patrilocal- the married couple resides with territories for independence. It directly oor near the parents of the husband. 6. According to Residence Pattern 20administers states that cannot function ‘without outside help. Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) = Also knawn as Bangkok Declaration + August 8, 1967 - Five Leaders; Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand ‘Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ~ Founding members were: Australia, Brunel, Canada, Chil, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and United States - Founded: 1989, - Peru, Russia, and Vietnam joined the organization in 1998 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) - The alliance was founded on September 8, 1954, = The founding members of SEATO were ‘Australia, France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States ~ Alliance was intended to prevent the spread of communism = By mutual contest, the alliance disbanded on June 30, 1977. Geography GEOGRAPHY — coffies from the Greek wards: geo and graphia.Literally, geography means éarth descriptions - A-science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth’s surface. (Merriam Webster) - Itis the collectionlof facts intended to give a complete picture of a,continent, a state or region. (James and Rubenstein, 1989). Imaginary Lines Latitudes Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator Arctic circle Antarctic Cirle Longitude Prime Meridian International date Line Grid Latitude = Imaginary lines that runs from east to west lor west to east, it also measures distance from north to south or south to north between two parallels Tropic of Cancer = The parallel of latitude 23'*26 north of equator Tropic of Capricorn = The parallel of latitude 23°26 south of equator Equator = Aglimaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and consulting the parallel of latitude 0 Arctic Circle + Isthe most northerly of the five major circles, of latitude that mark maps of the Earth; the parallel of latitude that runs 66*33'44’ north oF equator Antarctic Circle = Most southerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the earth, the parallel of latitude that runs 66*33'44’ south of the equator, Longitude = Imaginary lines that runs from north to south or south to north, it also measures distance from east to west or west to east between the meridians. Prime Meridians = The earth’s zero of longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich, England. International Date Line (IDL) + Arbitrary line approximately along the 180* meridian designated as the place where each calendar begins Grids - Imaginary line on maps define the coordinate system, and are numbered to provide a unique reference to features and any of a series of numbered horizontal and perpendicular lines that divide a map into squares, Cardinal Direction - N,S,EW 2Intermediate Direction ~ NE,SE,NW,SW Types of maps according to usage: ~ Political map = Physical map = Economic map = Climate map WORLD GEOGRAPHY (Biggest to Smallest) = Asia ~ Africa ~ North America ~ South America = Antarctica - Europe - Australia 5 major oceans ~ Pacific (north and south Pacific) = Atlantic (north and south Atlantic) = Indian ocean = Southern ocean - Arctic ocean World Facts Largest Country ~ Russia Largest City ~ Tokyo, Japan Greatest Archipelago — Indonesia. Largest Peninsula ~ Arabian Pehinsula Largest Sea - Mediterranean Sea Largest River — Amazon River Largest Desert=Sahara Desert Largest Island~ Greenland Longest Mountain Range ~Andes Mountains Largest Bay ~ Bay of Bengai Deepest Trench ~ Mariana Trench Longest River — Nile River Largest Gulf ~ Gulf of Mexico Largest Lake ~ Caspian Sea Philippine Geography The Philippines, found in the Western Pacific Ocean hhas an Astronomical location 4*23-21*25N latitude and 116*-127°E longitude. Its located in the southern portion of Asia. Its relative locations: Taiwan on the north, south China Sea and Vietnam on the west, Pacific ocean on the east, Celebes sea and Indonesia on the south, ‘and Malaysia and Singapore on the Southwest. Philippines is composed of 7,641 islands with a total land area of 300,000 square kms. Manila is the capital city. 3 groups of islands: Luzon (141,395 sq.km), Mindanao (101,999 sq. km) and Visayas (56, 606 sq.km) Yami Isle is the northernmost point which is 78 miles fro Taiwan, Saluag Isle is the southernmost point only 34 miles each of Borneo 18 Regions = Region 1- tlocos Norte = Region 2~ Cagayan Valley = Region 3—Central Luzon = Region 4=CALABARZON = MIMAROPA - Southwestern Tagalog Region = [Region 5 ~ Bicol Region = | Region 6 ~ Western Visayas = | Region 7 ~ Central Visayas = Region 8 ~ Eastern Visayas ~ Region 9 ~ Zamboanga Peninsula = Region0— Northern Mindanao + Region 11 Davao Region = Region 12 ~ SOCCSKSARGEN Region 13 ~ Caraga = Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) = National Capital Region (NCR) - Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) >) Region 18- Negros Island Region May 29, 2015: Negros Island Region (NIR) created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region Vil transferred to form new Region. July 17, 2016: Republic act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region (MIMAROPA Region) from the former Region IV-B (in effect merely a renaming and discontinuation of the “Region IV-8" designation since no boundary changes were involed} The Philippine is a rugged land of mountains and plains, bays, and lakes, rivers and waterfalls, valleys and volcanoes. Itirregular coastline stretches 10850 status miles twice as long as the coastline of the United states. Mt. Apo is the mountain with 9600 feet high. Philippine Deep is the lowest spot in the Philippines situated off the pacific coast of the archipelago. ‘San Juanico Strat is the narrowest strat in the word Central Plain in Luzon is the “Rice Granary of the Philippines. Rio Grande De Cagayan or Cagayan River is the Largest river in the country 2Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the country. Jose Rizal ‘© Taft Commission chose Rizal out of several {reat Filipinos as the number one hero of his people © Republic Act 1425 ~ the Rizal Law authored by Senator Claro M. Recto signed on June 12, 1956, © Jose Protacio Realonda Alonso Mercado Rizal “A child of a good family” = born on June 19, 1861, between 11 and 12 in the evening, a few days before the full moon. = baptized on June 22, 1861 by Fr. Rufino Collanes, while Fr. Pedro Casahas stood as his godfather. |. JOSE RIZAL'S GENEALOGY A. Genealogy ~ study of ancestry and family histories by genealogist. Bd se Ancestry 1. Domingo Lam-co — Rizal's paternal ancestor, native of the Chinchew district in, China, baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday on June 1697. ii, Inez dela Rosa - wife of Lam-co, half of Lam-co's age. Her parents were Agustin Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela. . Mercado Clan i. Francisco Mercado y Chinco ~ Rizal's father, @ prosperous landowner, sugar and rice planter, of Chinese-Filipino descent, -born on April 18, 1818 in Bihan and lived to be 80 years‘old the youngest in a family of 13 siblings. A well-educated farmer who studied Latin and philosophy at Colegio de San Jose in Manila ~ his parents were Captain Juan Mercado (gobernadorcillo of mayor of Bintan) and Cirila Alejandra. D. Alonso Clan Teodora Alonso Rizal's mother, one of the most-highly educated woman in the Philippines, an llocano-Tagalog-Chinese-Spanish descent, possibly even having Japanese blood. born on November 14, 1827 and lived to be 84 years old. Studied in Colegio de Santa Rosa, gifted woman with insights into literature, art, ‘music and other forms of Filipino culture. ~ daughter of Brigada de Quintos E, Claveria List = Royal Decree of 1849, a new family name was adopted upon the order of Governor General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua. Issued on November 21, 1849 wherein the list of approved family names can be referred from the Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos”. zal, a shortened form of Spanish word “second crop", seemed suited to Family of farmers. Originated from the word Ricial, which literally means rice field. F. Siblings - Jose was the 7* of 11 children and younger of the 2 boys. 1. Saturnina — oldest, married to Manuel Hidalgo and published Pascual H. Poblete’s Tagalog translation of the Noli Me Tangere. 2. Paciano ~ oldest boy, 10 years older than Jose, a Major General in the revolutionary army and married Severina Decena. 3. Narcisa - known as Doha Sisa and can recite from ‘memory all the poems of Jose Rizal married Antonio Lopez. 4, Olympia ~ married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in Manila 5. Lucia ~ married Mariano Herbosa who died in cholera arid was denied a Christian burial 6. Maria ~ married Daniel Faustino Cruz, the only sister of Rizal who lived up to 1950's. 7. Jose— aur national hero. ‘8. Concepcion ~ known as Concha who died at age of 3. 9. Josefa ~a spinster. 10, Trinidad — also’a spinster. 11. Soledad — youngest and married Pantaleon Quintero, Studied at La Concordia College where she ‘and Leonor Rivera where classmates. G. Hereditary Influences i, Father ~ profound sense of self-respect, habit of independent thinking and love for work. i, Mother ~ scientific ability, religious nature) spirit of self-sacrifice and passion for arts and literature. i. Malayan Ancestors ~ love for freedom, Innate desire to travel and his indomitable courage. iv. Chinese Ancestors - serious nature, ‘frugality, patience and love for children, \. Spanish Ancestors ~ elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult and gallantry to ladies, I RIZAL’S EARLY CHILDHOOD |. At age 3 ~ learned alphabet and prayers, from his mother Teodora, his first teacher. Other early teachers were Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua and Leon Monroy who gave Jose introductory lessons in Latin. He was called “Ute” by his brother and sisters and “Pepe” or “Pepito” by ‘townspeople in Calamba. ‘At age 5 ~ read although not fluently, the Spanish Family bible called historia sagrada, i. At age 7 — wrote a comedy which highlighted his literary talent for the local fiesta and was rewarded 2 pesos. Iv, Atage 8 wrote the poem "Sa Aking mga Kababata’. v. At age 9 — wrote a poem “Mother's birthday”. Sent to a boy's school in Bifian and his teacher was Dr. Justiniano Aquino Cruz. Il RIZAL’S FORMATIVE YEARS ‘A. Years in Ateneo 23i. June 10, 1872, Paciano accompanied Jose to matriculate at the Ateneo de Municipal Manila. Fr. ‘Magin Ferrando the registrar refused Jose to admit for two reasons (a) he was late for registration and (b) he appeared sickly and undersized for his age. Upon the intercession of Manuel Xerez-Burgos, nephew of Fr. Burgos, he was admitted in Ateneo. Students in Ateneo is divided into 2 ‘empires to fight for academic supremacy the Roman and Carthaginian and Jose became the “Emperor of Carthaginian’. Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas is the first foreign book Jose read. iv. Travels in the Philippines by Or. Feodor Jagor that criticized Spanish regime in the Philippines. It is the book that intrigued Jose and inspired to educate his countrymen. v. Remembered as an ofl creative scholar and a natural leader. vi. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sancher is Jose's teacher in Ateneo B. Rizal's Writings i. A La Juventud Filipina (To the Philippine Youth) - won a special prize in poetry when Jose was stillin Ateneo. li, Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light) = poem Jose wrote while he was in Ateneo which suggested that education is an integral part of national character. ii, Alianza intima la religion ¥la educacion (The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Education) in which Jose expressed the importance of religion in education and to him, education without God is not true education. iv. A la Virgen Maria (To the 1" sad poem Jose wrote. v. Al Nii Jesus (To the Child Jesus) ~an ode to Jesus was’short and consisted of 8 verses Only classified as octava real Vi. In Memory of my Village ~ Jose recalled his joyous days’of his childhood in Calamba. vii. Council of the Gods an allegory that was awarded as 1 place in a competition however, decision was reversed. 8B. Years in UST - enrolled as a philasophy and medical student. He did not shine in UST and failed to obtain high academic records. inal_ thinker, jn Mary) IV. JOURNEY TO MADRID I. May 3, 1882 Jose secretly left the country aboard SS. Salvadora. He enrolled medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882 with Professor Marquis Busto. He studied painting and sculpture at the Academy of San Carlos ‘and drawing at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando with Professor Haes. li, Freemasonry - 2 worldwide fraternity where Jose was a member in the Acacia lodge No. 9 and his symbolic name was Dimasalang Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and The Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue inspired Jose to fight for the Filipinos. iv, They Ask Me For Verses ~ a poem Jose wrote when his mother ask him to write a poetry. A poem that is Jose’s product of all the melancholy of his aching soul v. Hymn to Work ~ a song Jose wrote when he was asked to write a song to celebrate the raising of Lipa, Batangas, into a villa, V. THE SCHOLAR’S JOURNEY from Madrid he went to Paris in 1885 and continued his medical studies under the famed French ophthalmologist Dr. Louis de Wecker. li, Jose wanted to perfect the German method of diagnosis so he opted to continue studying in Gerrmany. He had a special training under Dr. Otto Becker. |. Jose attended lecture courses in the old University of Heidelberg for months only. He lived with Dr. Karl(Ullmer with whom he took delightful walks every afternoon. Iv, Jose continued to write Noli and finished it on Berlin on February 22, 1887. Maximo Viola helped Jose in the printing of the book and one of its first copies was sent to Ferdinand Blumentritt. ¥. On July 5, 1887 he took a ship from Marseilles and) started his journey back to the Philippines. VI RIZAL'S ROMANCES A. Miss I. also known as Segunda Katigbak, his first Jove, i, Jose met Miss K when he was ‘accompanied by his friend, Mariano Katigbak when he visited his maternal grandmother. She was also a close friend of Olimpia (Jose's sister) in school at La Concordia College. li a fixed marriage was arranged between her and Manuel Luz B. Leonor Rivera| Jose's cousin from Camiling and also a La Concordian. A daughter of Antonio Rivera, his uncle in whose house Jose lived during his junior year at ust. li, engaged with Jose but married another man Henry Kipping. Jose’s great love. . Gertrude Beckett i. blue-blooded Englishwoman who was the oldest daughter of London church organist in whose house Rizal lodged when he went to visit London. D. Josephine Bracken = 3 19 year old lady Rizal met in Dapitan. Jose wanted to marry her but because of church requirements they just simply lived together. = Jose called her his “wife” and “dulce estrangera”. = married to a Filipino named Vicente Abad and died in Hong Kong due to tuberculosis, E. Consuelo Ortia y Perez ~ a daughter of a liberal minded Spanish official who once served in Manila during the Spanish era. It was just a casual relationship. F.0SeiSan 24= daughter of a Japanese nobleman who had a brief affair with Rizal when she was 23 and Rizal was 27. Her real name was Seiko Us G. Suzanne Jacoby ~a Belgian woman Jose met when he stayed with the Jacoby’s. One of the contributing factors that led Jose to continue writing EI Filibusterismo. H. Nelly Boustead - intellectual, sure of herself, attractive and serious with her religious belief. Jose almost married her when he knew Leonor Rivera's love affair. Rizal's Novels 1. Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) ‘© Story of Philippine condition during the last decades of Spanish rule ‘* Inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin ‘© Dr, Maximo Viola- savior of Noli Me Tangere ‘+ Elias and Salome- deleted chapter of Noli ‘© 64 chapters usterismo © Dedicated to GomBurza Valentin Ventura- savior of El Fil Ghent, Belgium © 38 chapters 3. Makamisa Rizal's unfinished tagalog navel) written ina light sarcastic style and is incomplete for only two chapters arefinished. pitan © Unfinished nével, written in ironic Spanish. He wrote it\during his exile in Dapitan to depictthe town life and customs. “Therefore, | tell you, whatever you ask for in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours.” Mark 11:24 ‘Stay positive, work hard and make it happen” Congratulations in advance LPTs! 25