Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals - With Answers (B1)

EASA
Part 66 : Electronics Question
Module 04.(B1) Electronic Fundamentals

386 questions
Contenido
1.1a. Semiconductors ‐ Diodes. ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.1b. Semiconductors ‐ Diodes. ............................................................................................................................... 8
1.2a. Semiconductors ‐ Transistors. ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.2b. Semiconductors ‐ Transistors. ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.3a. Integrated Circuits. ....................................................................................................................................... 19
1.3b. Integrated Circuits. ....................................................................................................................................... 20
2. Printed Circuit Boards. ....................................................................................................................................... 23
3a. Servomechanisms. ........................................................................................................................................... 24
3b. Servomechanisms. ........................................................................................................................................... 33
4. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 40

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Module 02. Electronic Fundamentals Pag. 3

Question Number. 5.
1.1a. Semiconductors Diodes. This is a diagram of.
Opt. A. an SCR.
Question Number. 1.
Opt. B. a TRIAC.
What gives the colour of an LED?. Opt. C. a Schottky diode.
Opt. A. The active element. Correct Answer is. an SCR.
Opt. B. The plastic it is encased in.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. The type of gas used inside it.
Correct Answer is. The active element. Question Number. 6.
Explanation. The active element is the element used Which of the following describes the characteristics of a
in the doping of the semiconductor material. Aircraft Thyristor?.
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 121. Opt. A. High voltage handling.
Question Number. 2. Opt. B. High power handling.
Opt. C. High current handling.
A germanium diode is used for.
Correct Answer is. High current handling.
Opt. A. rectification.
Explanation. A thyristor (such as an SCR) is a high
Opt. B. voltage stabilization.
current switching.
Opt. C. modulation.
Correct Answer is. rectification. Question Number. 7.
Explanation. Germanium diode has the least forward Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
bias voltage drop and is best for rectification. Opt. A. emit light of only one wavelength dependent
Question Number. 3. on type.
Opt. B. have very wide viewing angles.
Why is a diode put in parallel with an LED?. Opt. C. are easily damaged if forward biased b more
Opt. A. To protect it from AC. than 5V.
Opt. B. So it will work only above a certain voltage. Correct Answer is. emit light of only one wavelength
Opt. C. So it will work only below a certain voltage. dependent on type.
Correct Answer is. To protect it from AC. Explanation. NIL.
Explanation. An LED has a high forward bias voltage
Question Number. 8.
drop but is easily damaged when reverse biased. AC is
therefore not good for an LED. In a semiconductor junction diode, electrons are the
minority carriers.
Question Number. 4.
Opt. A. within the P region.
When testing the forward bias of a diode with a Opt. B. within the N region.
multimeter. Opt. C. in both the N and P regions.
Opt. A. the positive lead of the ohmmeter is placed on Correct Answer is. within the P region.
the anode.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. B. it does not matter which terminal the positive
lead of the ohmeter is placed. Question Number. 9.
Opt. C. the positive lead of the ohmmeter is placed on A silicon diode, when compared to a germanium diode
the cathode. has.
Correct Answer is. the positive lead of the ohmmeter is Opt. A. a higher forward bias voltage.
placed on the anode. Opt. B. the same forward bias voltage.
Explanation. To test forward bias, the positive lead of Opt. C. less forward bias voltage.
the multimeter must be placed on the anode. Note: If the Correct Answer is. a higher forward bias voltage.
question says 'moving coil meter' then it would be the
Explanation. Si = 0.6V, Ge = 0.2V. Aircraft
negative lead on the anode, since the negative side of the
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 111.
battery in such a meter is connected to the + lead. Aircraft
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 113. Question Number. 10.
This symbol is.
Opt. A. a transistor.
Opt. B. a diode.
Opt. C. a triac.
Correct Answer is. a diode.
Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 11. Explanation. To forward bias a diode with a
This symbol is. multimeter, the positive lead must be connected to the
anode. Note: If it were a moving coil meter, you must
Opt. A. a photodiode.
connect the negative lead to the anode since the positive
Opt. B. a laser diode.
end of the battery is connected to the negative lead.
Opt. C. an LED.
Correct Answer is. a photodiode. Question Number. 17.
Explanation. The photodiode is used in reverse bias. A thyristor has which of the following?.
The minority current increases when light shines on it. Opt. A. A positive temperature coefficient.
Question Number. 12. Opt. B. High resistance when switched off.
Opt. C. High resistance when switched on.
A zener diode.
Correct Answer is. High resistance when switched off.
Opt. A. allows current to flow in one direction.
Explanation. The thyristor (such as an SCR or
Opt. B. stabilizes voltage at a predetermined level.
TRIAC) is basically a switch which provides a high
Opt. C. acts like a switch.
resistance when switched off.
Correct Answer is. stabilizes voltage at a predetermined
level. Question Number. 18.
Explanation. Zener diodes are usually used in voltage What does the circuit shown do?.
regulator circuits. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Opt. A. Full wave rectifier.
Edition Eismin Page 385. Opt. B. Half wave rectifier.
Question Number. 13. Opt. C. Voltage doubler.
A junction diode. Correct Answer is. Half wave rectifier.
Opt. A. is similar to a vacuum diode but cannot rectify. Explanation. The diagram shows a half wave
Opt. B. has one p-n junction. rectifier. The capacitor is for smoothing the output. A full
Opt. C. can handle only very small currents. wave rectifier requires 4 diodes and a voltage doubler
requires two capacitors.
Correct Answer is. has one p-n junction.
Explanation. NIL. Question Number. 19.
In an LED, what is used to make the colour?.
Question Number. 14.
Opt. A. The plastic lens cover.
Reverse bias.
Opt. B. The electrons.
Opt. A. raises the potential barrier. Opt. C. The doping material.
Opt. B. lowers the potential barrier.
Correct Answer is. The doping material.
Opt. C. greatly increases the majority carrier current.
Explanation. The dopant is what gives the LED its
Correct Answer is. raises the potential barrier. colour.
Explanation. NIL.
An atom with 5 electrons in its outer shell is part of.
A diode connected across a relay coil is used to.
Opt. A. a C type material.
Opt. A. dissipate coil spikes on switch off. Opt. B. a P type material.
Opt. B. allow the coil to energize with only one Opt. C. an N type material.
polarity.
Correct Answer is. an N type material.
Opt. C. cause a delay in switching on.
Explanation. An atom with five electrons in its outer
Correct Answer is. dissipate coil spikes on switch off. shell (pentavalent) will provide an extra free electron and
Explanation. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th make the material an N type. Aircraft Electricity and
Edition Eismin Page 121 reading material. Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 110.
Question Number. 16. Question Number. 21.
To check the forward resistance of a diode with a A thyristor is commonly used for.
multimeter, the lead connected to the positive terminal is
Opt. A. overvolts regulation.
put to the.
Opt. B. voltage regulation.
Opt. A. anode. Opt. C. rectification.
Opt. B. cathode.
Correct Answer is. rectification.
Opt. C. either anode or cathode.
Explanation. A thyristor (especially an SCR) is often
Correct Answer is. anode. used for rectification.

A diode which emits photons when conducting is a. What diode gives off light photons when forward biased.
Opt. A. light emitting. Opt. A. LED.
Opt. B. varactor. Opt. B. Gunn diode.
Opt. C. zener. Opt. C. Schottky diode.
Correct Answer is. light emitting. Correct Answer is. LED.
Explanation. Photons = light, so a diode which emits Explanation. LEDs give off light (photons) when
light is a Light Emitting Diode. forward biased.
The electrodes of an SCR are. The anode of a diode is connected to a +4V DC supply
Opt. A. gate, cathode, anode. and the cathode is connected to a +2V DC supply. The
Opt. B. source, drain, gate. diode is.
Opt. C. anode, cathode, source. Opt. A. forward biased not conducting.
Correct Answer is. gate, cathode, anode. Opt. B. reverse biased not conducting.
Explanation. The electrodes of an SCR are the anode, Opt. C. forward biased conducting.
cathode and the gate. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics Correct Answer is. forward biased conducting.
5th Edition Eismin Page 120. Explanation. Forward bias is anode to cathode. 4V
fwd bias and 2V reverse bias, the diode is 2V fwd bias in
total.
What gives an LED its colour?.
Opt. A. A gas.
Opt. B. The cover. Using electron flow in a diode the current flows from.
Opt. C. Composition and impurity of the compound. Opt. A. Anode to Cathode.
Correct Answer is. Composition and impurity of the Opt. B. Cathode to Base.
compound. Opt. C. Cathode to Anode.
Explanation. It is the doping element which gives an Correct Answer is. Cathode to Anode.
LED its colour. Explanation. ELECTRON FLOW (i.e. American
Question Number. 25. notation) is cathode to anode (against the arrow
direction). Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition
Forward voltage of a silicon diode is. Eismin Page 111.
Opt. A. 1.6V.
Opt. B. 0.6V. Question Number. 30.
Opt. C. 0.2V. When a hole diffuses from the p region to the n region.
Correct Answer is. 0.6V. Opt. A. raises the potential barrier.
Explanation. Si = 0.6V, Ge = 0.2V Aircraft Opt. B. it becomes a minority carrier in the n region.
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 111 Opt. C. lowers the potential barrier.
or 113. Correct Answer is. raises the potential barrier.
Question Number. 26. Explanation. The potential barrier is formed by holes
diffusing from the P region to the N region, (and electrons
What is the typical volts drop across an LED. diffusing from the N region to the P region).
Opt. A. 0.2V.
Opt. B. 0.4V. Question Number. 31.
Opt. C. 1.6V. A junction diode.
Correct Answer is. 1.6V. Opt. A. can handle only small currents.
Explanation. An LED volts drop is typically 1.6 - Opt. B. is similar to a vacuum diode but cannot rectify.
2.4V. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Opt. C. has one p-n junction.
Eismin Page 121. Correct Answer is. has one p-n junction.
Explanation. A junction diode is so named for its one
junction. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition
Eismin Page 111.

A germanium diode. When a diode is forward biased, current flow is mainly
Opt. A. has a lower forward bias voltage than a silicon due to the.
diode. Opt. A. germanium bias junction.
Opt. B. has a higher forward bias voltage than a silicon Opt. B. majority carriers.
diode. Opt. C. minority carriers.
Opt. C. has the same forward bias voltage as a silicon Correct Answer is. majority carriers.
diode. Explanation. Forward bias = majority carriers.
Correct Answer is. has a lower forward bias voltage
than a silicon diode. Question Number. 38.
Explanation. Forward bias voltage of germanium When a diode is forward biased the.
diode = 0.2 V. Silicon diode = 0.6 V. Aircraft Electricity Opt. A. positive lead is connected to both N and P type.
and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 111. Opt. B. positive lead is connected to the N type and
negative to the P type.
Opt. C. positive lead is connected to the P type and
What switches off a thyristor?. negative to the N type.
Opt. A. Reverse bias gate. Correct Answer is. positive lead is connected to the P
Opt. B. Remove the gate voltage. type and negative to the N type.
Opt. C. Remove supply voltage. Explanation. To forward biased, connect Positive to
Correct Answer is. Remove supply voltage. P, Negative to N. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th
Explanation. To switch off a thyristor (such as an Edition Eismin Page 117.
SCR) you must disconnect the supply voltage. Aircraft
The typical voltage drop across an L.E.D is.
Opt. A. 2V.
When an SCR is switched on it has. Opt. B. 4V.
Opt. A. low resistance. Opt. C. 6V.
Opt. B. no change in resistance. Correct Answer is. 2V.
Opt. C. high resistance. Explanation. 2V typical.
Correct Answer is. low resistance.
Explanation. An SCR is basically a switch, which,
when switched on has a low resistance. Aircraft What are the majority carriers for a forward biased PN
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 120. junction device?.
Opt. A. Electrons and holes.
Opt. B. Holes.
What type of pulse is required to switch on an SCR?. Opt. C. Electrons.
Opt. A. Positive. Correct Answer is. Electrons and holes.
Opt. B. Negative. Explanation. Majority carriers are electrons in the N
Opt. C. Positive or negative. material, and holes in the P material.
Correct Answer is. Positive.
Explanation. A positive pulse is required to switch an
SCR on. Germanium in its pure state is.
Opt. A. negatively charged.
Opt. B. neutral.
A piece of pure Germanium. Opt. C. positively charged.
Opt. A. is electrically stable. Correct Answer is. neutral.
Opt. B. has a deficit of electrons. Explanation. Both germanium and silicon are
Opt. C. has an excess of electrons. neutrally charged, even when doped. Aircraft Electricity
Correct Answer is. is electrically stable. and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 110.
Explanation. In a solid piece of semiconductor
material, all the valence electrons are occupied in the
covalent bond. It does not conduct electricity. Aircraft

Question Number. 42. Correct Answer is. A pure material.
Which diode has a lower forward bias voltage?. Explanation. Intrinsic is a pure material.
Opt. A. Silicon. Question Number. 47.
Opt. B. Germanium. The voltage drop of a silicon diode is.
Opt. C. Both have the same forward bias voltage.
Opt. A. 1 V.
Correct Answer is. Germanium. Opt. B. 0.7 V.
Explanation. Silicon about 0.6V, Germanium about Opt. C. 0.3 V.
0.2V. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition
Correct Answer is. 0.7 V.
Eismin Page 111.
Explanation. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th
Question Number. 43. Edition Eismin Page 111.
A Zener diode is used for. Question Number. 48.
Opt. A. voltage stabilisation. A diode is parallel to an LED in an AC circuit to.
Opt. B. rectification.
Opt. C. voltage regulation. Opt. A. provide correct amount of current for LED
when circuit is switched on.
Correct Answer is. voltage regulation. Opt. B. prevent back EMF in the circuit when LED is
Explanation. A Zener diode is used for voltage switched off.
regulation. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Opt. C. protect LED from AC current when switched
Eismin Page 120. on.
Question Number. 44. Correct Answer is. protect LED from AC current when
A thyristor SCR is a. switched on.
Explanation. The negative half cycle of the AC must
Opt. A. bi-directional device.
be bypassed around the LED.
Opt. B. unidirectional device.
Opt. C. multidirectional device. Question Number. 49.
Correct Answer is. unidirectional device. In a forward biased diode, current is carried by.
Explanation. Opt. A. majority carriers.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hb Opt. B. both.
ase/electronic/diac.html#c4 Opt. C. minority carriers.
Question Number. 45. Correct Answer is. both.
What component is used to turn AC to DC?. Explanation. Forward bias is both, reverse bias is
minority carriers only.
Opt. A. Thyristor.
Opt. B. Diode. Question Number. 50.
Opt. C. Transistor. When checking a diode for reverse bias resistance the
Correct Answer is. Diode. positive lead goes to.
Explanation. Although a thyristor (SCR) can be used, Opt. A. anode and negative lead to earth.
a diode is more common. Aircraft Electricity and Opt. B. cathode and negative lead to anode.
Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 113. Opt. C. anode and negative lead to cathode.
Question Number. 45. Correct Answer is. cathode and negative lead to anode.
What component is used to turn AC to DC?. Explanation. Positive lead to cathode.
Opt. A. Thyristor. Question Number. 51.
Opt. B. Diode. Zener diodes are used for.
Opt. C. Transistor.
Opt. A. Current control.
Correct Answer is. Diode. Opt. B. Voltage control.
Explanation. Although a thyristor (SCR) can be used, Opt. C. Temperature control.
a diode is more common. Aircraft Electricity and Correct Answer is. Voltage control.
Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 113.
Explanation. Comment/Reference (if available).
What is an intrinsic material?.
Opt. A. One with added elements.
Opt. B. One with removed elements.
Opt. C. A pure material.

Once started conducting an SCR switches off. 1.1b. Semiconductors Diodes.
Opt. A. only when the anode goes negative to the
cathode. Question Number. 1.
Opt. B. automatically after a specific time. Tunnel diodes have the following characteristics.
Opt. C. only when the anode goes positive to the Opt. A. Heavily doped P-N junction with an extremely
cathode. narrow depletion region.
Correct Answer is. only when the anode goes negative Opt. B. Lightly doped P and N regions and a high
to the cathode. reverse breakdown voltage.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. C. Lightly doped P region, heavily doped N
region and has a fast response time.
Correct Answer is. Heavily doped P-N junction with an
In a forward biased diode, electrons leave the. extremely narrow depletion region.
Opt. A. the anode. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. B. the cathode. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_diode
Opt. C. the doped area.
Question Number. 2.
Correct Answer is. the cathode.
The capacitance of a varactor diode is.
Explanation. explainAnswer[3]="Electrons jump
accross the depletion layer from the Cathode (-ve) to the Opt. A. inversely proportional with reverse bias
Anode (+ve) to recombine with the holes and close the voltage.
depletion layer". Opt. B. a linear function of applied reverse bias
voltage.
Question Number. 54. Opt. C. directly related to the forward bias voltage.
Diodes are. Correct Answer is. inversely proportional with reverse
Opt. A. conductors. bias voltage.
Opt. B. semi-conductors. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. Insulators. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varactor_diode
Correct Answer is. semi-conductors. Question Number. 3.
Explanation. Only answer which is correct in both
A semiconductor doped with an element having a valency
bias configurations.
of 5 will produce.
Question Number. 55. Opt. A. an N type material.
To function, i.e. conduct, a junction diode made of silicon Opt. B. either an N type or a P type depending on what
requires a forward bias of at least. type of semiconductor material is used.
Opt. A. 0.2V. Opt. C. a P type material.
Opt. B. 1.41V. Correct Answer is. an N type material.
Opt. C. 1V. Explanation. Pentavalent materials make an N type
Correct Answer is. 1V. material due to its extra electron. Aircraft Electricity and
Explanation. Silicon diodes require around 0.7V, so a Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 110.
is the closest. Question Number. 4.
Question Number. 56. In a diode clamper, if the resistor is removed making the
What is the average gain of an Op Amp?. time constant equal to C x r where r is the reverse
resistance of the diode, this will ensure a.
Opt. A. 20.
Opt. B. 200,000. Opt. A. long time constant.
Opt. C. 200. Opt. B. short time constant.
Opt. C. Very Long Time Constant.
Correct Answer is. 200,000.
Explanation. NIL. Correct Answer is. long time constant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_amp#DC_behavior Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 5. Explanation. NIL.
PIN diodes are used mainly for. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junction
Opt. A. linear rectifiers. Question Number. 11.
Opt. B. fast switching devices. Avalanche breakdown occurs when.
Opt. C. voltage operated rectifiers.
Opt. A. reverse bias exceeds a certain value.
Correct Answer is. fast switching devices. Opt. B. forward bias exceeds a certain value.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. C. forward current becomes excessive.
Question Number. 6. Correct Answer is. reverse bias exceeds a certain value.
To enable an IMPATT diode to operate correctly, it must Explanation. Reverse biasing a diode will cause
be. avalanche breakdown at a certain value. Aircraft
Opt. A. connected to a resonant circuit.
Opt. B. used in its reverse bias mode. Question Number. 12.
Opt. C. operated in its negative resistance range. If forward bias is increased from zero on a p-n junction, a
Correct Answer is. operated in its negative resistance rapid increase in current flow for a relatively small
range. increase in voltage occurs.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. A. when the flow of minority carriers is sufficient
Question Number. 7. to cause an avalanche breakdown.
Opt. B. when the depletion layer becomes larger than
What type of diode would be used to stop voltage spikes
the space charge area.
across a coil of a relay?.
Opt. C. only after the forward bias exceeds the
Opt. A. Gunn diode. potential barrier.
Opt. B. Double acting diode.
Correct Answer is. only after the forward bias exceeds
Opt. C. Schottky diode. the potential barrier.
Correct Answer is. Double acting diode. Explanation. A forward biased PN junction will
Explanation. NIL. conduct only when the forward bias voltage exceeds the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_stabiliser, junction barrier - i.e Si = 0.6V, Ge = 0.2V.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode
Question Number. 8. A band pass filter excludes frequencies.
What is a schottky diode used for?. Opt. A. below the frequency required only.
Opt. A. Rectification. Opt. B. above and below the frequency required.
Opt. B. Stabilization. Opt. C. above the frequency required only.
Opt. C. Very high frequency applications. Correct Answer is. above and below the frequency
Correct Answer is. Very high frequency applications. required.
Explanation. A schottky diode has very little junction Explanation. A band-pass filter excludes frequencies
capacitance and can be used for very high frequency above and below a particular frequency. Aircraft
switching applications. Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 288.
When a hole diffuses from a p-region to the n-region it. In an unbiased p-n junction, current flow is.
Opt. A. becomes a minority carrier in the n-region. Opt. A. zero, because equal but opposite currents are
Opt. B. lowers the potential barrier. crossing the junction.
Opt. C. raises the potential barrier. Opt. B. zero, because no charges are crossing the
Correct Answer is. raises the potential barrier. junction.
Explanation. This is descriptive of holes crossing the Opt. C. due to the diffusion of minority carriers only.
PN junction to form the depletion layer. Aircraft Correct Answer is. zero, because no charges are
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 111. crossing the junction.
Explanation. NIL.
The junction barrier offers opposition to only.
Opt. A. holes in the p-region.
Opt. B. free electrons in the n-region.
Opt. C. majority carriers in both regions.
Correct Answer is. majority carriers in both regions.

With a small amplitude voltage, what type of diode would If a junction diode is reverse biased too far, the output
you use to produce the output waveform?. current would.
Opt. A. Gunn. Opt. A. reverse direction.
Opt. B. Zener. Opt. B. cease to flow.
Opt. C. Schottky. Opt. C. increase.
Correct Answer is. Schottky. Correct Answer is. increase.
Explanation. The first part of the device is a basic RC Explanation. If a junction diode is reverse biased too
differentiator, providing positive and negative pulses far, it will 'breakdown' and a high current will flow.
from the square wave input. The diode blocks the negative
pulses. Since the amplitude is small, a fast acting diode
with a low forward bias voltage is required. The Schottky When a PN junction is forward biased, it conducts via.
diode fits the bill. Opt. A. intrinsic carrier.
Opt. B. majority carrier.
Opt. C. minority carrier.
What diode is used to stop power spikes in a coil?.
Correct Answer is. majority carrier.
Opt. A. Gunn diode. Explanation. Forward biased - majority carriers.
Opt. B. Schottky diode.
Opt. C. Two directional zener diode. Question Number. 22.
Correct Answer is. Two directional zener diode. In the Zener Diode suppressor shown, point X in respect
Explanation. A two directional zener diode (actually to point Y should be.
2 zener diodes back-to-back) is used to stop power spikes. Opt. A. more Positive.
Opt. B. either positive or negative.
Opt. C. more negative.
What type of diode when forward biased holes and
Correct Answer is. more negative.
electrons recombine producing photons?.
Explanation. A Zener Diode is always wired in
Opt. A. LED. reverse bias. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th
Opt. B. Photodiode. Edition Eismin Page 138.
Opt. C. Gunn.
Correct Answer is. LED. Question Number. 23.
Explanation. The word 'photons' implies light If the reverse bias voltage across a diode is too high.
emission - i.e. a light emitting diode (LED). Opt. A. load current reduces to zero.
Opt. B. load current increases rapidly.
Opt. C. load current reverses.
A zener diode is designed to operate.
Correct Answer is. load current increases rapidly.
Opt. A. below its breakdown voltage. Explanation. If the reverse bias voltage is too high,
Opt. B. either above or below its breakdown voltage. the diode will break down and pass current.
Opt. C. above its breakdown voltage.
Correct Answer is. above its breakdown voltage. Question Number. 24.
Explanation. A zener diode is designed to operate An LED which emits green light uses.
above its breakdown voltage continuously. Aircraft Opt. A. gallium phosphide.
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 120. Opt. B. gallium arsenide.
Opt. C. gallium arsenide phosphide.
Correct Answer is. gallium phosphide.
A triac is a type of.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. thermistor. http://www.oksolar.com/led/led_color_chart.htm
Opt. B. transistor.
Opt. C. thyristor. Question Number. 25.
Correct Answer is. thyristor. An LED which emits red light uses.
Explanation. Thyristors include, SCRs, Triacs and Opt. A. gallium phosphide.
diacs. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Opt. B. gallium arsenide phosphide.
Eismin Page 120. Opt. C. gallium arsenide.
Correct Answer is. gallium arsenide phosphide.
Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 26. therefore the impurity element is a donor of electrons.
A photodiode is operated under. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin
Page 110.
Opt. A. reverse bias conditions.
Opt. B. forward bias conditions. Question Number. 32.
Opt. C. reverse or forward bias conditions. In an electronic circuit, if the anode of a diode is clamped
Correct Answer is. reverse bias conditions. to ground. What is this called?.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. A. A negative clamping circuit.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/ph Opt. B. A negative limiting circuit.
otdet.html#c2 Opt. C. A positive clamping circuit.
Question Number. 27. Correct Answer is. A positive clamping circuit.
To increase capacitance of a varactor diode. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. reverse bias voltage is increased. Question Number. 33.
Opt. B. reverse bias voltage is decreased. To decrease the capacitance of a varactor.
Opt. C. forward bias voltage is decreased.
Opt. A. reverse bias should be decreased.
Correct Answer is. reverse bias voltage is decreased. Opt. B. forward bias should be increased.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. C. reverse bias should be increased.
http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14179/css/14179_13 Correct Answer is. reverse bias should be increased.
1.htm
Explanation. NIL.
The diagram shows a.
A Zener diode is used across the output for a power
Opt. A. voltage doubler. supply circuit to.
Opt. B. half wave rectifier.
Opt. A. give a full wave rectification.
Opt. C. full wave rectifier.
Opt. B. prevent thermal runway.
Correct Answer is. voltage doubler. Opt. C. provide a steady DC voltage output without
Explanation. NIL. falling.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/vol Correct Answer is. provide a steady DC voltage output
doub.html without falling.
Question Number. 29. Explanation. A Zener diode is the main component in
A bi-directional TRIAC has two SCRs connected in. a voltage regulator.
Opt. A. series parallel. Question Number. 35.
Opt. B. inverse parallel. If a diode has gone open circuit in a full wave bridge
Opt. C. parallel series. rectifier, the output frequency ripple is.
Correct Answer is. inverse parallel. Opt. A. the same as the input frequency.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. B. twice the input frequency.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIAC Opt. C. half the input frequency.
Question Number. 30. Correct Answer is. the same as the input frequency.
A thyristor can be forward biased by a. Explanation. A fully serviceable bridge rectifier
produces an output ripple twice the input frequency. If
Opt. A. positive or negative pulse.
one diode goes open circuit, one of the output 'humps'
Opt. B. negative pulse.
drops to zero.
Opt. C. positive pulse.
Correct Answer is. positive pulse. Question Number. 36.
Explanation. Positive pulse only. In a full wave bridge rectifier.
Opt. A. the output is pure DC. Frequency is 0 Hz.
Opt. B. the output frequency is twice the input
N' type materials are doped with. frequency.
Opt. A. acceptors. Opt. C. the output voltage is twice the input voltage.
Opt. B. acceptors and donors. Correct Answer is. the output is pure DC. Frequency is
Opt. C. donors. 0 Hz.
Correct Answer is. donors. Explanation. The output is un-smoothed DC of 2 x
Explanation. N' type materials have excess electrons, input frequency.

After passing through a rectifier, alternating current 1.2a. Semiconductors Transistors.
becomes.
Opt. A. smooth direct current. Question Number. 1.
Opt. B. pulsating direct current. In an NPN transistor the P is the.
Opt. C. square wave form current. Opt. A. collector.
Correct Answer is. pulsating direct current. Opt. B. emitter.
Explanation. Assuming the rectifier does not contain Opt. C. base.
any smoothing circuitry. Correct Answer is. base.
Question Number. 38. Explanation. NPN or PNP, the middle one is always
the Base. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition
A Zener diode usually works.
Eismin Page 116.
Opt. A. only in reverse bias.
Opt. B. at variable voltages. Question Number. 2.
Opt. C. only in forward bias. When compared to a photo diode, a photo transistor.
Correct Answer is. only in reverse bias. Opt. A. is less sensitive to light levels.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. B. responds faster to changes of light.
Opt. C. is slower to respond to changes of light.
Correct Answer is. is slower to respond to changes of
P' type materials require. light.
Opt. A. acceptors. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. B. conductors.
Opt. C. donors. Question Number. 3.
Correct Answer is. acceptors. For correct operation of a transistor, the following
conditions must apply.
Explanation. NIL.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_semiconductor Opt. A. The base-emitter junction must be forward
biased and the base-collector junction must be
Question Number. 40. greater than 0.7 volts.
Which of the following explains how the photodiode Opt. B. For an NPN transistor the base-emitter junction
works?. must be forward biased and for a PNP
Opt. A. Photodiodes are forward biased to conduct transistor the base emitter junction must be
when light falls upon them. reverse biased.
Opt. B. Photodiodes are back biased not to conduct Opt. C. The base-collector junction must be reverse
when light falls upon them. biased and the base-emitter junction must be
Opt. C. Photodiodes are back biased to conduct when forward biased.
light falls upon them. Correct Answer is. The base-collector junction must be
Correct Answer is. Photodiodes are back biased to reverse biased and the base-emitter junction must be
conduct when light falls upon them. forward biased.
Explanation. NIL. Explanation. Eismin Aircraft Electricity and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiodes Electronics 5th Edition page 116.
Question Number. 4.
Current gain in a common emitter amplifier is given the
symbol.
Opt. A. Β.
Opt. B. a.
Opt. C. Hcg.
Correct Answer is. Β.
Explanation. NIL.

When a positive voltage is applied to the base of a In a common collector circuit the output and input are.
normally biased n-p-n common emitter amplifier. Opt. A. in phase.
Opt. A. the collector voltage goes less positive. Opt. B. out of phase by 60°.
Opt. B. the emitter current decreases. Opt. C. out of phase by 90°.
Opt. C. the base current decreases. Correct Answer is. in phase.
Correct Answer is. the collector voltage goes less Explanation. Common collector - output is in-phase
positive. with the input.
Explanation. Sketch the circuit and work it out.
Question Number. 6. For an NPN transistor to conduct the collector circuit has
Which way does conventional current flow in a PNP to be.
junction?. Opt. A. more positive than the base.
Opt. A. Emitter to base. Opt. B. less positive than the emitter.
Opt. B. Collector to base. Opt. C. more positive than the emitter.
Opt. C. Collector to emitter. Correct Answer is. more positive than the base.
Correct Answer is. Emitter to base. Explanation. Sketch an NPN circuit and mark the two
Explanation. Conventional current in a PNP current flows. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th
transistor flows from EMITTER to BASE. Note: In an Edition Eismin Page 116.
NPN transistor it would be collector to emitter.
Question Number. 7. Point X compared to point.
For conduction of a transistor, the emitter junction is. Opt. A. Y is more negative.
Opt. A. forward or reverse as appropriate to the input Opt. B. Z is more positive.
signal. Opt. C. Z is more negative.
Opt. B. reverse biased. Correct Answer is. Z is more positive.
Opt. C. forward biased.
Explanation. NPN transistor. The collector is more
Correct Answer is. forward biased. positive than the base. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics
Explanation. For a transistor to switch on, the 5th Edition Eismin Page 116/117.
base-emitter (or just emitter) junction must be forward
biased. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition
Eismin Page 116. The resistance measured using an AVO between the
Collector and Emitter of a transistor is.
Question Number. 8.
Opt. A. smaller Collector to Emitter.
In a PNP transistor, which way does conventional current Opt. B. same both ways.
flow?. Opt. C. higher Collector to Emitter.
Opt. A. Base to emitter. Correct Answer is. same both ways.
Opt. B. Collector to emitter.
Explanation. Without looking too deeply into it, a
Opt. C. Emitter to collector.
transistor is two diodes back-to-back, so have high
Correct Answer is. Emitter to collector. resistance both ways. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics
Explanation. In a PNP transistor, the main current 5th Edition Eismin Page 119.
flow is Emitter to Collector (reverse of what it is with an
NPN transistor).
A transistor is used in.
Question Number. 9.
Opt. A. current amplifiers.
In a PNP transistor, conventional current will flow when. Opt. B. both current amplifiers and voltage amplifiers.
Opt. A. the emitter is more positive than the base. Opt. C. voltage amplifiers.
Opt. B. the base is more positive than the emitter. Correct Answer is. both current amplifiers and voltage
Opt. C. the collector is more positive than the emitter. amplifiers.
Correct Answer is. the emitter is more positive than the Explanation. A transistor can amplify either current
base. or voltage or both, depending on the configuration (CE,
Explanation. To switch a PNP on, the emitter must be CB, CC).
positive compared to the base (opposite to an NPN).

Under normal operating conditions X will be. 1.2b. Semiconductors Transistors.
Opt. A. negative with respect to Z.
Opt. B. positive with respect to Z. Question Number. 1.
Opt. C. negative with respect to Y. If light entering a photo transistor decreases, the current to
Correct Answer is. positive with respect to Z. the collector.
Explanation. The collector on a NPN transistor is Opt. A. decreases.
more positive than the base and the emitter. Aircraft Opt. B. remains the same.
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page Opt. C. increases.
116/117. Correct Answer is. decreases.
In which direction does the current flow on a PNP Question Number. 2.
transistor when forward biased?. A silicon bi-polar transistor with two depletion zones.
Opt. A. Emitter to base. Opt. A. operates by varying electric fields.
Opt. B. Emitter to collector. Opt. B. is a voltage operated device.
Opt. C. Collector to emitter. Opt. C. consists of 3 slices of semiconductor material.
Correct Answer is. Emitter to collector. Correct Answer is. consists of 3 slices of semiconductor
Explanation. PNP, current (conventional) flows material.
emitter to collector. Explanation. NIL.
With an NPN transistor electrons leave the. How is the amplifier in the diagram shown wired?.
Opt. A. Base. Opt. A. Common base.
Opt. B. Collector. Opt. B. Common emitter.
Opt. C. Emitter. Opt. C. Common collector.
Correct Answer is. Emitter. Correct Answer is. Common emitter.
Explanation. In a NPN electrons (NOT conventional Explanation. NIL.
current) leave at the Emitter.
Question Number. 4.
Question Number. 18. "To decrease the voltage gain of a common emitter
In a transistor, the arrow always points in the direction of. amplifier you would increase the resistance in the."
Opt. A. electron flow. Opt. A. base circuit.
Opt. B. conventional current. Opt. B. emitter circuit.
Opt. C. emitter. Opt. C. collector circuit.
Correct Answer is. conventional current. Correct Answer is. collector circuit.
Explanation. NIL. Explanation. Decreasing the collector resistance (RL)
increases the output voltage of the transistor.
In an NPN transistor the. Question Number. 5.
Opt. A. collector is more positive than the base. The current I/P and O/P waveforms in a common emitter
Opt. B. collector is the same as the base. amplifier are.
Opt. C. emitter is more positive than the base. Opt. A. out of phase.
Correct Answer is. collector is more positive than the Opt. B. in phase.
base. Opt. C. 90° out of phase.
Explanation. NIL. Correct Answer is. out of phase.
In an NPN transistor the.
Opt. A. emitter is more positive than the base.
Opt. B. collector is more positive than the emitter.
Opt. C. emitter is more positive than the collector.
Correct Answer is. collector is more positive than the
emitter.
Explanation. NIL.

Which mode of operation provides the best high Amplifiers may be classified as.
frequency response? Common. Opt. A. voltage amplifiers or power amplifiers.
Opt. A. emitter. Opt. B. voltage amplifiers or impedance amplifiers.
Opt. B. base. Opt. C. common emitter or common collector
Opt. C. collector. amplifiers.
Correct Answer is. base. Correct Answer is. voltage amplifiers or power
Explanation. NIL. amplifiers.
Explanation. Amplifiers are classified as either
Question Number. 7.
voltage or power amplifiers.
A FET when compared to a junction transistor is.
Opt. A. low impedance.
Opt. B. current operated. An amplifier can provide both voltage gain and current
Opt. C. high impedance. gain when it is connected in the.
Correct Answer is. high impedance. Opt. A. common collector configuration.
Opt. B. common emitter configuration.
Explanation. The biggest advantage of a FET is its
Opt. C. common base configuration.
high input impedance.
Correct Answer is. common emitter configuration.
Question Number. 8.
Explanation. Only the common emitter configuration
One characteristic of the emitter follower is. provides both current and voltage gain greater than 1.
Opt. A. low resistance output.
Opt. B. low current amplification.
Opt. C. high voltage amplification. How do you increase voltage gain of an amplifier?.
Correct Answer is. low resistance output. Opt. A. decrease base circuit bias.
Opt. B. decrease input resistance.
Explanation. The emitter follower (common
Opt. C. decrease output resistance.
collector) has the lowest output resistance of all three
configurations. Correct Answer is. decrease input resistance.
Explanation. Amplifier gain = feedback resistance /
Question Number. 9.
input resistance.
An amplifier current gain will be slightly less than 1, but
its voltage gain will be high, if it is connected in the. Question Number. 14.
Opt. A. common base configuration. In the diagram shown, what is resistor R used for?.
Opt. B. common emitter configuration. Opt. A. Amplification.
Opt. C. common collector configuration. Opt. B. Bias.
Correct Answer is. common base configuration. Opt. C. Stabilisation.
Explanation. Only the common base configuration Correct Answer is. Stabilisation.
provides a current gain of less than 1. Explanation. The resister R is used to provide thermal
stabilisation to the transistor by supplying negative
feedback if the quiescent point moves.
The common collector amplifier is sometimes called the
emitter follower circuit because. Question Number. 15.
Opt. A. the emitter voltage follows the collector The input and output signals of a common emitter
voltage. amplifier are.
Opt. B. the emitter current follows the collector Opt. A. in phase.
current. Opt. B. equal.
Opt. C. the emitter voltage follows the base voltage. Opt. C. out of phase.
Correct Answer is. the emitter voltage follows the base Correct Answer is. out of phase.
voltage. Explanation. The common emitter amplifier is the
Explanation. NIL. only configuration which provides an output which is
anti-phase with the input.

Question Number. 16. Opt. C. Base to base.
A transistor is said to be in the quiescent state when. Correct Answer is. Emitter to emitter.
Opt. A. no currents are flowing. Explanation. A push pull amplifier is wired emitter to
Opt. B. it is unbiased. emitter.
Opt. C. no signal is applied to the input. Question Number. 22.
Correct Answer is. no signal is applied to the input. Thermal runaway in a transistor is caused by.
Explanation. The quiescent state of a transistor is
Opt. A. excessive heat causing maximum current flow.
when DC is supplied to the base to bias the transistor. No
Opt. B. excessive heat causing minimum current flow.
signal is applied.
Opt. C. low heat causing minimum current flow.
Question Number. 17. Correct Answer is. excessive heat causing maximum
A common base transistor circuit is so called because. current flow.
Opt. A. the base is common to the emitter and collector Explanation. Thermal runaway is caused by
circuits. excessive temperature creating an increase in current flow
Opt. B. the base region is located between the emitter and hence an increase in temperature etc. etc..
and collector region. Question Number. 23.
Opt. C. the base is n-type material.
An advantage of a common emitter is.
Correct Answer is. the base is common to the emitter
and collector circuits. Opt. A. it has high power gain.
Opt. B. it is a voltage follower.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. it has high voltage gain.
Question Number. 18. Correct Answer is. it has high power gain.
With reference to the circuit shown below, how is the Explanation. Common emitter configuration has a
transistor configured?. high power gain.
Opt. A. Common emitter. Question Number. 24.
Opt. B. Common collector.
Opt. C. Common base. What class of amplifier is biased at cut off?.
Correct Answer is. Common emitter. Opt. A. C.

Opt. B. B.
Explanation. The diagram shows a common emitter
Opt. C. A.
circuit.
Correct Answer is. B.
In the circuit diagram shown, R1 and R2 are used to.
Opt. A. set the transistor gain.
Opt. B. increase the base voltage. When testing a transistor with an ohmmeter, what is the
Opt. C. set the DC bias level. resistance of the emitter/collector?.
Correct Answer is. set the DC bias level. Opt. A. Low resistance both ways.
Opt. B. High resistance one way.
Explanation. The resistors R1 and R2 are to set the
Opt. C. High resistance both ways.
bias level of the transistor, i.e. to put the transistor into
quiescence. Correct Answer is. High resistance both ways.
Explanation. Draw a transistor as 2 back to back
Question Number. 20. diodes and work it out from there (same for PNP as NPN).
In a FET, the junction connections are called. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin
Opt. A. drain, source and gate. Page 119.
Opt. B. drain, collector and junctions. Question Number. 26.
Opt. C. base, collector and emitter.
A transistor at saturation has.
Correct Answer is. drain, source and gate.
Opt. A. low resistance.
Explanation. The leads of a FET are called drain,
Opt. B. zero resistance.
source and gate. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th
Opt. C. high resistance.
Edition Eismin Page 120.
Correct Answer is. low resistance.
Question Number. 21. Explanation. A transistor at saturation is switched on
How is a push-pull transistor arrangement connected?. - therefore has low resistance.
Opt. A. Collector to collector.
Opt. B. Emitter to emitter.

A capacitor-resistor coupled multistage amplifier lets. Resistors and capacitors are used to couple stages of
Opt. A. DC pass only. amplifiers so that.
Opt. B. AC and DC pass to the next stage. Opt. A. only DC can be applied.
Opt. C. AC pass only. Opt. B. only AC can be applied.
Correct Answer is. AC pass only. Opt. C. equal amounts of AC and DC can be applied.
Explanation. A capacitor lets AC pass only. Correct Answer is. only AC can be applied.
Explanation. NIL.
An oscillator operating at its natural frequency has Question Number. 33.
feedback which is. An advantage of a FET when compared to a bi-polar
Opt. A. 90 degrees out of phase. transistor is.
Opt. B. 180 degrees out of phase. Opt. A. the switching time is quicker.
Opt. C. in-phase. Opt. B. the input resistance is higher.
Correct Answer is. in-phase. Opt. C. the input resistance is lower.
Explanation. An oscillator provides positive in-phase Correct Answer is. the input resistance is higher.
feedback to switch itself over. Explanation. A FET has a high input resistance and a
low output resistance.
Which mathematical operation is performed by a Question Number. 34.
modulator amplifier?. The typical bandwidth for an audio frequency amplifier is
Opt. A. Addition. shown by line.
Opt. B. Subtraction. Opt. A. Z.
Opt. C. Multiplication. Opt. B. X.
Correct Answer is. Multiplication. Opt. C. Y.
Explanation. A modulator amplifier is a basic Correct Answer is. X.
input/output amplifier used for amplifying a signal. It Explanation. Audio frequency is typically 15Hz - 20
'multiplies' the input signal by the value of the gain. kHz, so X is the closest.
A JFET is. Where are decoupling capacitors used in digital circuits?.
Opt. A. either of the above depending on resistance in Opt. A. Between pins 1 & 8.
the circuit. Opt. B. Close to the positive pin.
Opt. B. current sensitive. Opt. C. Close to the negative pin.
Opt. C. voltage sensitive. Correct Answer is. Close to the positive pin.
Correct Answer is. voltage sensitive. Explanation. Close' is an important requirement. The
Explanation. A JFET is voltage sensitive, whereas a capacitor has to be as close as possible to the +ve power
normal transistor is current sensitive. Aircraft Electricity supply pin. Answer a) could also be true assuming pin 8 to
and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 119. be ground, but in the real world not all pin 8’s are
negative, especially in DIL packages with more than 8
pins.
Thermal runaway in a transistor refers to.
Opt. A. high current flow when temperature decreases.
Opt. B. low current flow when temperature increases. A Common Collector circuit has the following
Opt. C. high current flow when temperature increases. characteristics.
Correct Answer is. high current flow when temperature Opt. A. Medium Voltage Gain, High Current Gain,
increases. Non-Inverted Output.
Explanation. Thermal runaway is caused by the Opt. B. Low Voltage Gain, High Current Gain,
'negative temperature coefficient' of semiconductors. Inverted Output.
More heat, less resistant, hence more current. More Opt. C. Medium Voltage Gain, Low Current Gain,
current, more heat etc. etc.. Inverted Output.
Correct Answer is. Medium Voltage Gain, High
Current Gain, Non-Inverted Output.
Explanation. Common collector is a voltage follower,
with high current gain.

In a Common Emitter Amplifier RE is used for. In a differential amplifier the term 'common mode
Opt. A. load control. voltage' means.
Opt. B. biasing. Opt. A. output voltage with one input connected to
Opt. C. stabilisation. common ground.
Correct Answer is. stabilisation. Opt. B. output voltage with non-inverting input at 0
Explanation. The emitter resistor is a stabilizing volts.
resistor. Opt. C. output voltage when both inputs have equal
voltages.
Question Number. 38. Correct Answer is. output voltage when both inputs
In the diagram the relationship of the input to the output have equal voltages.
is. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. 180 degrees out of phase.
Opt. B. 90 degrees out of phase.
Opt. C. in phase. In an ideal current amplifier.
Correct Answer is. 180 degrees out of phase. Opt. A. input impedance must be low and output high.
Opt. B. input impedance must be high and output low.
Explanation. A Common Emitter configuration
Opt. C. both input and output impedances must be low.
inverts the signal.
Correct Answer is. input impedance must be low and
Question Number. 39. output high.
The most suitable class of amplifier for a high fidelity Explanation. NIL.
radio transmitter is. http://www.safarix.com/0131470469/ch11lev1sec6
Opt. A. B. Question Number. 45.
Opt. B. C.
In an ideal voltage amplifier.
Opt. C. A.
Opt. A. input impedance must be high and output
Correct Answer is. A.
impedance low.
Explanation. Best amplifier is a Class A.
Opt. B. input impedance must be low and output
Question Number. 40. impedance high.
Which curve is from a Broadband amplifier?. Opt. C. input impedance must be low and output
impedance low.
Opt. A. C.
Opt. B. A. Correct Answer is. input impedance must be high and
Opt. C. B. output impedance low.
Explanation. NIL.
Correct Answer is. A.
http://www.safarix.com/0131470469/ch11lev1sec6
Explanation. NIL.
The term ICE related to transistor in common emitter
A transistor in Common Emitter mode gives. mode means.
Opt. A. high voltage gain only. Opt. A. leakage current flowing between Collector and
Opt. B. high current gain only. Emitter with Base open circuited.
Opt. C. high power gain.
Opt. B. forward current between Collector and Emitter
Correct Answer is. high power gain. with Base connected to signal.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. C. leakage current between Collector and Emitter
with Base connected to ground.
Correct Answer is. forward current between Collector
For a transistor in common emitter mode, the term Hfe
and Emitter with Base connected to signal.
indicates.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. the Voltage gain Vce/Vbe at Ib constant.
Opt. B. the Power gain Pin/Pout.
Opt. C. the current gain Ic/Ib at Vce constant.
Correct Answer is. the current gain Ic/Ib at Vce
constant.
Explanation. NIL.
http://www.vishay.com/brands/measurements_group/gui
de/glossary/commodvt.htm

A common base amplifier has. 1.3a. Integrated Circuits.
Opt. A. high input and high output impedance.
Opt. B. low input and high output impedance. Question Number. 1.
Opt. C. low input and medium output impedance. What are the ideal characteristics of an Op Amp?.
Correct Answer is. low input and high output Opt. A. Infinite gain, infinite input Impedance and
impedance. infinite output impedance.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. B. Infinite gain, infinite input Impedance and zero
http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14180/css/14180_48. output impedance.
htm Opt. C. Low gain, infinite input Impedance and zero
output impedance.
Correct Answer is. Infinite gain, infinite input
The emitter, base and collector currents in a common Impedance and zero output impedance.
emitter circuit, follow ohm's and kirchoff's law, which is.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. Ie = Ic - Ib.
Opt. B. Ib = Ie + Ic. Question Number. 2.
Opt. C. Ie = Ib + Ic. What gate does the following Boolean expression
Correct Answer is. Ie = Ib + Ic. represent F = A.B.C.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. A. AND.
Opt. B. OR.
Opt. C. NOT.
Correct Answer is. AND.
Explanation. NIL.
Question Number. 3.
What gate does the following Boolean expression
represent F = A+B+C.
Opt. A. NOR.
Opt. B. OR.
Opt. C. NOT.
Correct Answer is. OR.
Explanation. NIL.
Question Number. 4.
In an integrated circuit, the components are mounted.
Opt. A. by metal screws.
Opt. B. by metal oxide film.
Opt. C. by means of wires connecting them.
Correct Answer is. by means of wires connecting them.
Explanation. A thin film of aluminium is coated over
the oxide film onto the surface of the IC to make the
conductors.
Question Number. 5.
A non-inverting op-amp.
Opt. A. has an inverting input and a non-inverting
output.
Opt. B. a non-inverting input connection only.
Opt. C. has a non-inverting input and an inverting
output.
Correct Answer is. a non-inverting input connection
only.
Explanation. NIL.

In an operational amplifier, the two input waves are the What does the output voltage of an op-amp depend upon?.
same amplitude, same frequency, but exactly anti-phase. Opt. A. The op amp bandwidth.
What would the output be?. Opt. B. The gain of the op-amp.
Opt. A. Double. Opt. C. The resistors in the circuit.
Opt. B. Zero. Correct Answer is. The resistors in the circuit.
Opt. C. Half. Explanation. The output of an op-amp is controlled
Correct Answer is. Double. by the external resistor circuit.
Explanation. Although the input waves are
anti-phase, the inverter input of the op amp inverts one of
the inputs, so the two waves actually add to each other. What type of gate is an OR gate with both inverted inputs
and inverted outputs?.
Question Number. 7.
Opt. A. NAND gate.
In the following Boolean algebra statement, which gate is Opt. B. NOR gate.
described?. F = A + B + C. Opt. C. AND gate.
Opt. A. And. Correct Answer is. AND gate.
Opt. B. Or. Explanation. An AND gate can be made by inverting
Opt. C. Not. both the inputs and the output of an OR gate.
Correct Answer is. Or.
Explanation. A+B+C represents an OR gate.
Diodes connected in parallel would act like an.
Question Number. 8.
Opt. A. an NAND gate.
"In the Boolean algebra statement below, the gate Opt. B. an AND gate.
described is F = A.B.C." Opt. C. an OR gate.
Opt. A. Nand. Correct Answer is. an AND gate.
Opt. B. And. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. Nor.
Correct Answer is. And. Question Number. 14.
Explanation. A.B.C represents an AND gate. The output of the circuit shown will be.
Opt. A. -15 V.
Question Number. 9.
Opt. B. 0 V.
Infinite gain, infinite input impedance and zero output Opt. C. +30 V.
impedance is characteristic of a.
Correct Answer is. 0 V.
Opt. A. Class B amp. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. B. Class A amp.
Opt. C. Op amp.
Correct Answer is. Op amp.
Explanation. impedance and zero output impedance
are characteristics of the ideal op amp.
What is meant by a bistable circuit?.
Opt. A. The circuit has 2 stable states and will stay in
which one it is put.
Opt. B. The circuit has 1 stable state and it can be
negative or positive.
Opt. C. The circuit has 2 stable states and will stay in
both at the same time.
Correct Answer is. The circuit has 2 stable states and
will stay in which one it is put.
Explanation. A bistable circuit has 2 stable states and
it will be in only one at a time.

Correct Answer is. anticlockwise.
1.3b. Integrated Circuits. Explanation. On an IC the pins are counted
anti-clockwise. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th
Question Number. 1. Edition Eismin Page 140.
The voltage supply to a Complimentary Metal Oxide Question Number. 6.
Semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit must be.
A single integrated circuit Op Amp has how many pins?.
Opt. A. 0 V is 5 V DC.
Opt. A. 7.
Opt. B. 3V to 18V DC.
Opt. B. 8.
Opt. C. 3V to 15V AC.
Opt. C. 4.
Correct Answer is. 3V to 18V DC.
Correct Answer is. 8.
Explanation. NIL.
Explanation. Inverting and non-inverting input,
Question Number. 2. output, positive and negative supply, two offset null
This is a diagram of a. connections (for a potentiometer) plus one leg not used =
8. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin
Opt. A. differentiator.
Page 140.
Opt. B. adder.
Opt. C. integrator. Question Number. 7.
Correct Answer is. differentiator. What is the output of the amplifier shown?.
Explanation. A differentiator uses a resistor in the Opt. A. 5V.
feedback loop across the op amp. Opt. B. 3V.
Opt. C. 0V.
Question Number. 2.
Correct Answer is. 5V.
This is a diagram of a.
Explanation. A basic adding op-amp. 4 + 0 + 1 = 5.
Opt. A. adder.
Opt. B. integrator. Question Number. 8.
Opt. C. differentiator. A logic circuit with more than one gate will have.
Correct Answer is. differentiator. Opt. A. 2 or more outputs.
Explanation. A differentiator uses a resistor in the Opt. B. one of 2 states of logic output.
feedback loop across the op amp. Opt. C. an analogue output.
Question Number. 3. Correct Answer is. one of 2 states of logic output.
This is a diagram of a. Explanation. Logic circuit outputs are either 0 or 1,
regardless of the number of gates in the circuit.
Opt. A. integrator.
Opt. B. adder. Question Number. 9.
Opt. C. differentiator. Components on an integrated circuit are.
Correct Answer is. integrator. Opt. A. on the surface.
Explanation. An integrator has the capacitor in the Opt. B. in the solid.
feedback loop across the op amp. Opt. C. don't need them.
Question Number. 4. Correct Answer is. on the surface.
How are the pins numbered on an op-amp IC?. Explanation. Components on an integrated circuit are
on the surface of the substrate.
Opt. A. from left to right from the dot.
Opt. B. counter clockwise from the dot. Question Number. 10.
Opt. C. clockwise from the dot. A VLS IC has.
Correct Answer is. counter clockwise from the dot. Opt. A. more than 10,000 gates.
Explanation. Pins on an IC are always numbered Opt. B. less than 1000 gates.
counter-clockwise from the dot. Aircraft Electricity and Opt. C. more than 1000 gates.
Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 140. Correct Answer is. more than 10,000 gates.
On an integrated circuit the hole in the top left corner is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration
pin 1. The pins are counted. , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergrated_circuit
Opt. A. clockwise.
Opt. B. from left to right.
Opt. C. anticlockwise.

A momentary input at the reset input of a flip flop will. Op amps use what power supply?.
Opt. A. reset the true output to 0. Opt. A. 26 VAC.
Opt. B. clock in new data from the data inputs. Opt. B. 5-15 VDC.
Opt. C. reset the true output to 1. Opt. C. 26 VDC.
Correct Answer is. reset the true output to 0. Correct Answer is. 5-15 VDC.
Explanation. When the value on reset (R) is 1, the Explanation. Power supplies vary from op-amp to
value of Q is set to 0 and vice versa. op-amp (manufacturer to manufacturer) but most are +/-
5v to +/- 15v.
Which type of flip flop has only 1 data input?. Question Number. 17.
Opt. A. JK. A device which has a high input impedance, low output
Opt. B. D. impedance and high voltage gain is a.
Opt. C. RS. Opt. A. Op-Amp.
Correct Answer is. D. Opt. B. Class A amp.
Explanation. The D type Flip Flop has only 1 input Opt. C. Class B amp.
(besides the clock input). Correct Answer is. Op-Amp.
Explanation. This is the definition of an Op-Amp.
When you use an op amp as a buffer it has. Question Number. 18.
Opt. A. low input impedance and high output In an integrated circuit, the components are mounted by.
impedance. Opt. A. a three dimensional process with no
Opt. B. high input impedance and low output connections between them required.
impedance. Opt. B. wires connecting them using conformal
Opt. C. the same input an output impedance. coating.
Correct Answer is. high input impedance and low Opt. C. metal oxide film etched onto the surface.
output impedance. Correct Answer is. metal oxide film etched onto the
Explanation. An op amp is characterised by its high surface.
input impedance and low output impedance. Aircraft Explanation. All three answers are close to the truth.
Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 288. c) is probably the closest. Aircraft Electricity and
Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 138.
What is required for the switching of a monostable Question Number. 19.
multivibrator?. In an integrated circuit, the components are inserted.
Opt. A. One trigger pulse to both switch on and off. Opt. A. automatically.
Opt. B. One trigger pulse to switch on and two trigger Opt. B. by doping in successive layers.
pulses to switch off. Opt. C. manually.
Opt. C. One trigger pulse to switch on and another to Correct Answer is. by doping in successive layers.
switch off. Explanation. An integrated circuit is produced by
Correct Answer is. One trigger pulse to both switch on masking and doping each P and N component
and off. successively. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th
Explanation. Monostable multivibrators can remain Edition Eismin Page 121.
only in one state permanently. When an external trigger
pulse is applied, the circuit moves from its permanent
stable state then drops back after a short while. In an electronic circuit with an operational amplifier
connected in the push-pull configuration, the circuit.
Opt. A. utilizes both sides of the input signal.
An astable multivibrator is a. Opt. B. decreases impedance.
Opt. A. one which requires no input whatsoever. Opt. C. blocks half of the input signal.
Opt. B. one which requires an input to switch on and Correct Answer is. utilizes both sides of the input
off. signal.
Opt. C. free running vibrator. Explanation. During the positive portion of the AC
Correct Answer is. free running vibrator. input signal, the NPN follower drives the output, and
Explanation. An astable multivibrator flips on/off during the negative half, the PNP drives the output.
continuously providing it has a power supply.

Pin 3 on an op-amp has a + symbol. This designates. The input resistance to an inverting op-amp is 100 Ohms.
Opt. A. positive input DC pin. The feedback resistance is 100 kilohms. What is the
Opt. B. non-inverting input. amplifier gain?.
Opt. C. positive offset null. Opt. A. 1000.
Correct Answer is. non-inverting input. Opt. B. 1/1000.
Explanation. 741 Op-Amp (for example) is the Opt. C. -1000.
non-inverting input. Correct Answer is. -1000.
Explanation. Gain = Feedback/input resistance =
100,000/100 = 1000 (minus because it is inverting).
The semiconductor substrate used in 'chips' is most
commonly. Question Number. 27.
Opt. A. silicon. In an integrated circuit, active, passive and connecting
Opt. B. phiidide. components are.
Opt. C. germanium. Opt. A. connected by fine gold wires.
Correct Answer is. silicon. Opt. B. mounted on the outside of the solid block.
Explanation. Silicon is most commonly used. Opt. C. embedded within the solid block.
Correct Answer is. embedded within the solid block.
Explanation. Hence the term 'integrated circuit'.
An integrated circuit is manufactured by.
Opt. A. doping impurities into layers of intrinsic
material.
Opt. B. etching copper tracks onto an insulating board.
Opt. C. computer hardware, which use individual
circuits on ribbon.
Correct Answer is. doping impurities into layers of
intrinsic material.
Explanation. Aircraft Instruments and Integrated
Systems Pallett Page 149/150.
A monostable vibrator.
Opt. A. is switched on by a trigger pulse then within a
pre-set time will eventually return to its
original state.
Opt. B. uses a trigger pulse to turn on and the same
pulse to turn off.
Opt. C. uses one pulse to turn on and another to turn
off.
Correct Answer is. is switched on by a trigger pulse
then within a pre-set time will eventually return to its
original state.
Explanation. A monostable vibrator is switched on
by a trigger pulse then within a pre-set time will
eventually return to its original state.
The negative feedback for an op-amp integrator is
connected across a.
Opt. A. resistor.
Opt. B. inductor.
Opt. C. capacitor.
Correct Answer is. capacitor.
Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 6.
2. Printed Circuit Boards. On a PCB, a decoupling capacitor is used to get rid of
transient currents between which points?.
Question Number. 1. Opt. A. The electronic circuit and the aircraft ground.
When compared to a system that is constructed on one Opt. B. The negative rail and the rest of the circuit.
board, a modular system using Printed Circuit Boards Opt. C. Interspaced along the circuit.
(PCBs) is. Correct Answer is. Interspaced along the circuit.
Opt. A. harder to fault find. Explanation. The decoupling capacitor decouples the
Opt. B. more expensive for spares. AC signal from the DC quiescent current.
Opt. C. easier to fault find.
Question Number. 7.
Correct Answer is. easier to fault find.
A decoupling capacitor in a PCB is used to.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. minimise transient currents.
Question Number. 2. Opt. B. pass DC only.
A Printed Circuit Board (PCS) is constructed of a plastic Opt. C. pass AC only.
laminate which has bonded to one or both sides. Correct Answer is. pass AC only.
Opt. A. a thin sheet of copper. Explanation. A decoupling capacitor decouples the
Opt. B. various thicknesses of copper. AC from the DC in a signal, and blocks the DC.
Opt. C. a thick sheet of copper.
Question Number. 8.
Correct Answer is. a thin sheet of copper.
What is the base material of a PCB?.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. Insulator.
Question Number. 3. Opt. B. Semiconductor.
How is a PCB protected after manufacture?. Opt. C. Conductor.
Opt. A. By conformal coating. Correct Answer is. Insulator.
Opt. B. With non-conductive varnish. Explanation. Insulator. Aircraft Electricity and
Opt. C. With wax. Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 122.
Correct Answer is. By conformal coating.
Question Number. 9.
Explanation. Although varnish is often used on
In a printed circuit board , the surface resistance testing is.
PCBs, 'conformal coating' is the name of the process
usually applied to aircraft use PCBs. Aircraft Electricity Opt. A. insulation resistance between adjacent printed
and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 120. conductor.
Opt. B. the resistance between the tow inductors.
Question Number. 4. Opt. C. between the board and the conductor.
A multi-layer PCB has. Correct Answer is. insulation resistance between
Opt. A. two or more layers on one or both sides. adjacent printed conductor.
Opt. B. one layer on either side. Explanation. CAIPs MMC/1-1 para 4.1.7.
Opt. C. two or more layers connected in series.
Correct Answer is. two or more layers on one or both
sides. What are printed circuit boards made of?.
Explanation. CAIPs MMC/1-1 Para 15. Opt. A. Fibreglass board coated with copper in which
circuits are etched.
Question Number. 5. Opt. B. Synthetic resin board etched with copper.
When removing a microprocessor. Opt. C. Matrix board with components soldered on.
Opt. A. ensure the power is OFF to avoid static Correct Answer is. Fibreglass board coated with copper
discharge. in which circuits are etched.
Opt. B. no damage is done by static discharge. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. considerable damage can be done by static
discharge.
Correct Answer is. considerable damage can be done by
static discharge.
Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 7.
3a. Servomechanisms. The position feedback from a potentiometer is.
Opt. A. anti-phase.
Question Number. 1. Opt. B. in phase.
The output of a tachogenerator is. Opt. C. 90 degrees out of phase.
Opt. A. proportional to speed of rotation. Correct Answer is. anti-phase.
Opt. B. proportional to position. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. proportional to acceleration.
Question Number. 8.
Correct Answer is. proportional to speed of rotation.
A differential synchro has.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. single phase stator, 2 phase rotor.
Question Number. 2. Opt. B. 3 phase stator, 3 phase rotor.
AC power to a synchro system is supplied to. Opt. C. 3 phase stator, single phase rotor.
Opt. A. torque transmitter only. Correct Answer is. 3 phase stator, 3 phase rotor.
Opt. B. both the torque receiver and torque transmitter. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. torque receiver only.
Question Number. 9.
Correct Answer is. both the torque receiver and torque
transmitter. When a servomotor has stopped, the rate feedback from a
Explanation. NIL. tachogenerator is.
Opt. A. maximum and in phase.
Question Number. 3. Opt. B. maximum and anti-phase.
A differential synchro. Opt. C. zero.
Opt. A. can be used as either a transmitter or a receiver. Correct Answer is. zero.
Opt. B. can only be used as a receiver. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. can only be used as a transmitter.
Correct Answer is. can be used as either a transmitter or
a receiver. A tachogenerator is usually used for.
Explanation. The TDX is a transmitter, the TDR is a Opt. A. angular feedback.
receiver. Opt. B. rate feedback.
Opt. C. position feedback.
Question Number. 4.
Correct Answer is. rate feedback.
A resolver has.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. 3 coils on the rotor and 2 coils on the stator.
Opt. B. 2 coils on the rotor and 3 coils on the stator. Question Number. 11.
Opt. C. 2 coils on the rotor and 2 coils on the stator. Differential synchros have.
Correct Answer is. 2 coils on the rotor and 2 coils on the Opt. A. a transmitter and a receiver.
stator. Opt. B. a transmitter only.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. C. a receiver only.
Question Number. 5. Correct Answer is. a transmitter and a receiver.
The 'null' point on a control synchro is when the two Explanation. See Pallett Aircraft Instruments and
rotors are. Integrated Systems pg 135.
Opt. A. wired in series. Question Number. 12.
Opt. B. at 90° to each other. In a torque synchro system, the power supply is connected
Opt. C. parallel to each other. to.
Correct Answer is. at 90° to each other. Opt. A. the rotor windings of both the transmitter and
Explanation. NIL. receiver.
Opt. B. the stator windings of the transmitter.
Question Number. 6.
Opt. C. the rotor windings of the transmitter only.
The rotor of a desynn indicator is.
Correct Answer is. the rotor windings of both the
Opt. A. an electromagnet. transmitter and receiver.
Opt. B. a permanent magnet. Explanation. Pallett Aircraft Instruments and
Opt. C. an AC magnet. Integrated Systems pg 135. Aircraft Electricity and
Correct Answer is. a permanent magnet. Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 185/6.
Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 13. Explanation. Friction devices are sometimes used to
To reduce overshoot errors in a synchro. increase damping and thus decrease oscillations.
Opt. A. the gain of the amplifier is increased. Question Number. 19.
Opt. B. the system will have velocity feedback. The position feedback signal is.
Opt. C. the system will have position feedback.
Opt. A. phase advanced by 90° with respect to the input
Correct Answer is. the system will have velocity signal.
feedback. Opt. B. in phase with the input demand signal.
Explanation. Velocity feedback is used to reduce Opt. C. in anti-phase with the demand signal.
overshoot and oscillations.
Correct Answer is. in anti-phase with the demand
Question Number. 14. signal.
A synchro transformer is used to. Explanation. The positive feedback must be in
anti-phase if it is to oppose the demand input.
Opt. A. add the output of two synchro transmitters.
Opt. B. derive an error voltage from a synchro Question Number. 20.
transmitter signal and a shaft position. A servo system that overshoots and oscillates is.
Opt. C. obtain a 26 volt AC reference.
Opt. A. under damped.
Correct Answer is. derive an error voltage from a Opt. B. over damped.
synchro transmitter signal and a shaft position. Opt. C. critically damped.
Explanation. Pallett Automatic Flight Control pg
Correct Answer is. under damped.
135.
Explanation. Oscillations are caused by an
Question Number. 15. underdamped system.
Reversal of the complete power to a torque synchro Question Number. 21.
system will.
The power supply to a torque synchro system is connected
Opt. A. displace the receiver rotor by 180o. to.
Opt. B. cause reverse rotation of the receiver rotor.
Opt. A. the transmitter rotor only.
Opt. C. have no effect.
Opt. B. the transmitter stator.
Correct Answer is. have no effect. Opt. C. the transmitter and receiver rotors.
Explanation. Since both rotors are supplied with the
Correct Answer is. the transmitter and receiver rotors.
same AC, reversing the connections to both will have no
Explanation. See Pallett Aircraft |Instruments and
effect.
Integrated Systems pg 135.
The power supply to a torque synchro system is.
In a toroidal resistance transmitter indicator system, the
Opt. A. AC or DC. power supply is connected to.
Opt. B. AC.
Opt. A. the resistor slab.
Opt. C. DC.
Opt. B. the rotor.
Correct Answer is. AC. Opt. C. the brushes.
Explanation. See Pallett Aircraft Instruments and
Correct Answer is. the brushes.
Integrated Systems pg 135.
Explanation. A toroidal resistance indicator is better
Question Number. 17. known as a Desynn indicator.
An open loop system is one which has. Question Number. 23.
Opt. A. no direct feedback loop. When a servo has reached its null and stopped, the
Opt. B. rate feedback loop. velocity feedback is.
Opt. C. position feedback only.
Opt. A. maximum and anti-phase.
Correct Answer is. no direct feedback loop. Opt. B. maximum and in phase.
Explanation. Open loop has no feedback. Opt. C. zero.
Question Number. 18. Correct Answer is. zero.
Mechanical friction in a servo results in. Explanation. Velocity feedback will stop when the
Opt. A. increased inertia. load is at rest.
Opt. B. increased damping.
Opt. C. reduced gain.
Correct Answer is. increased damping.

The primary purpose of rate feedback in a positional servo A resolver synchro output is obtained from a rotor with.
system is to. Opt. A. two coils at 90°.
Opt. A. ensure system linearity. Opt. B. one single coil.
Opt. B. prevent excessive overshoot. Opt. C. three coils at 120°.
Opt. C. ensure minimum response time. Correct Answer is. two coils at 90°.
Correct Answer is. prevent excessive overshoot. Explanation. Pallett Aircraft Instruments and
Explanation. Rate feedback is to prevent excessive Integrated Systems pg 135.
overshoot and oscillation.
Question Number. 25. In a speed control servo system (rate control), the purpose
In an AC rate servo, a steady input will result in the of the tachogenerator is.
servomotor. Opt. A. to make the velocity proportional to servo
Opt. A. rotating to a new datum position. demand.
Opt. B. rotating at a constant speed. Opt. B. to make the deflection proportional to servo
Opt. C. oscillating about a new datum. demand.
Correct Answer is. rotating at a constant speed. Opt. C. to make it run at constant speed.
Explanation. An AC rate servo is designed to rotate a Correct Answer is. to make it run at constant speed.
load (such as a radar dish) at a constant speed continually. Explanation. The tachogenerator is to make the load
run at a constant speed.
In a torque synchro that includes a differential synchro the Question Number. 31.
power supply is connected to. The rotor of a torque synchro indicator is.
Opt. A. all three rotors. Opt. A. supplied with an excitation voltage.
Opt. B. the transmitter and receiver rotors only. Opt. B. connected in series with the transmitter stator
Opt. C. the transmitter rotor only. coil.
Correct Answer is. the transmitter and receiver rotors Opt. C. short circuited.
only. Correct Answer is. supplied with an excitation voltage.
Explanation. See Pallett Aircraft Instruments and Explanation. The excitation voltage is that necessary
Integrated Systems pg 135. to magnetise the rotor.
A differential synchro rotor has. To increase the output of a servo amplifier, it is necessary
Opt. A. three windings. to.
Opt. B. two windings. Opt. A. reduce the tacho feedback.
Opt. C. one winding. Opt. B. increase the position feedback.
Correct Answer is. three windings. Opt. C. increase the tacho feedback.
Explanation. See Pallett Aircraft Instruments and Correct Answer is. reduce the tacho feedback.
Integrated Systems pg 135. Explanation. Tachogenerator feedback opposes the
Question Number. 28. error signal and thus reduces amplifier output.
In a resolver synchro the stator windings are electrically Question Number. 33.
displaced by. Angular displacement of the control coils with respect to
Opt. A. 90°. the reference coils in a two phase induction motor are.
Opt. B. 180°. Opt. A. 90°, 270°.
Opt. C. 120°. Opt. B. 0°, 180°.
Correct Answer is. 90°. Opt. C. 90°, 120°.
Explanation. Pallett Aircraft Instruments and Correct Answer is. 90°, 270°.
Integrated Systems pg 135. Explanation. NIL.

A servomotor having only a tachogenerator as a feedback In a control synchro system the power supply is connected
device will. to the.
Opt. A. vary its speed with input error voltage. Opt. A. transmitter and receiver rotors.
Opt. B. null out at a position dependant upon input Opt. B. transmitter rotor and amplifier.
error voltage. Opt. C. receiver rotor and amplifier.
Opt. C. have a constant speed for any given input Correct Answer is. transmitter rotor and amplifier.
voltage. Explanation. Pallett Aircraft Instruments and
Correct Answer is. have a constant speed for any given Integrated Systems pg 141.
input voltage.
Explanation. With only a tacho feedback it is a rate
servo. Velocity feedback.
Opt. A. opposes the demand input.
Opt. B. assists the demand input.
The null position of a torque synchro system is when. Opt. C. prevents dead space errors.
Opt. A. the TX and TR rotors are parallel to each other. Correct Answer is. opposes the demand input.
Opt. B. the TX and TR rotors are 90° to each other.
Explanation. Velocity feedback is anti-phase to the
Opt. C. the TX and TR rotors are 120° to each other.
demand input and opposes it.
Correct Answer is. the TX and TR rotors are parallel to
each other. Question Number. 41.
Explanation. TX and TR rotors must be parallel to be An increase in velocity feedback will.
at the null position. Opt. A. decrease the speed the load moves.
Question Number. 36. Opt. B. have no effect on speed.
Opt. C. increase the speed the load moves.
An AC tachogenerator stator has.
Correct Answer is. decrease the speed the load moves.
Opt. A. two windings 180° apart.
Explanation. Velocity feedback opposes demand
Opt. B. three windings 120° apart.
input therefore it reduces thew speed the load moves.
Opt. C. two windings 90° apart.
Correct Answer is. two windings 90° apart. Question Number. 42.
Explanation. NIL. Rate feedback can be obtained from a.
Question Number. 37. Opt. A. tachogenerator.

Opt. B. synchro.
When the rotor of an AC tachogenerator is stationary, the
Opt. C. potentiometer.
rotor has.
Correct Answer is. tachogenerator.
Opt. A. no magnetic fields.
Explanation. A tachogenerator produces rate
Opt. B. no circulating currents.
feedback.
Opt. C. low circulating currents.
Correct Answer is. low circulating currents. Question Number. 43.
Explanation. A small amount of residual voltage Positional feedback can be obtained from a.
exists on the output winding of an AC tachogenerator Opt. A. synchro.
when it is stationary. Opt. B. potentiometer.
Question Number. 38. Opt. C. tachogenerator.
A closed loop servomechanism. Correct Answer is. potentiometer.
Explanation. A potentiometer produces positional
Opt. A. must only have position feedback.
feedback.
Opt. B. must have both position and velocity feedback.
Opt. C. can have either position or velocity feedback.
Correct Answer is. can have either position or velocity
feedback.
Explanation. A closed loop servomechanism can
have either position feedback or velocity feedback or
both.

The 'null' point in a control synchro is when the two rotors Positive feedback applied to a servomechanism.
are. Opt. A. increases the response of the system.
Opt. A. at 90° to each other. Opt. B. opposes the demand signal.
Opt. B. wired in series. Opt. C. decreases the response of the system.
Opt. C. parallel to each other. Correct Answer is. increases the response of the system.
Correct Answer is. at 90° to each other. Explanation. Positive feedback will add to the input
Explanation. In a control synchro the null position is of the amplifier and increase the response of the system.
when the rotors are 90 degrees to each other (unlike a
torque synchro where they must be parallel to each other).
A differential synchro rotor consists of.
Opt. A. two windings at 90° apart.
In a control synchro the stator current ceases to flow when Opt. B. one winding parallel to the transmitter rotor.
the. Opt. C. three windings at 120° apart.
Opt. A. CT rotor is at null. Correct Answer is. three windings at 120° apart.
Opt. B. power is removed. Explanation. Pallett Aircraft Instruments and
Opt. C. two rotors are aligned. Integrated Systems pg 143.
Correct Answer is. power is removed.
Explanation. In a control synchro current flows in the
stator lines at all times, regardless of the position of the A differential synchro transmitter used for addition has.
transformer rotor. Opt. A. the TDX S1 and S3 connections cross
connected to the TX.
Opt. B. the TDX S1 and S3 connections cross
In a rate servo (speed control) the signal into the servo connected to the TR.
amplifier is. Opt. C. the TDX R1, R3 and S1, S3 connections cross
Opt. A. input voltage plus position feedback voltage. connected to the TX.
Opt. B. input voltage plus tachogenerator output. Correct Answer is. the TDX R1, R3 and S1, S3
Opt. C. input voltage minus tachogenerator output. connections cross connected to the TX.
Correct Answer is. input voltage minus tachogenerator Explanation. To convert a differential synchro from
output. subtraction to addition you must swap two of the stator
Explanation. In a rate servo the input voltage makes leads AND swap two of the rotor leads at the differential
the load rotate and the tachogenerator output (which is transmitter.
negative feedback) prevents it rotating too fast.
Question Number. 47. Differential transmitters are used to.
To reduce oscillations about a demand position. Opt. A. add or subtract two electrical signals.
Opt. A. the amount of velocity feedback would be Opt. B. add or subtract a mechanical signal to an
increased. electrical synchro signal.
Opt. B. the amount of velocity feedback would be Opt. C. increase the operating speed of the synchro receiver.
decreased. Correct Answer is. add or subtract a mechanical signal
Opt. C. the amount of position feedback would be to an electrical synchro signal.
increased. Explanation. A differential synchro is used to add or
Correct Answer is. the amount of velocity feedback subtract a mechanical signal from an electrical signal
would be increased. derived from the synchro transmitter.
Explanation. If velocity feedback is increased, there
is more opposition to the demand signal and the load will
move slower and oscillations will be reduced. When resolving a Cartesian input to a Polar output.
Opt. A. the outputs are two voltages.
Opt. B. the inputs are a shaft angle and a voltage.
Opt. C. the inputs are two voltages.
Correct Answer is. the inputs are two voltages.
Explanation. Cartesian inputs are the X and Y
coordinates and are represented by two voltages. The
outputs are represented by a voltage and an angular
position.

Question Number. 53. Explanation. A resolver synchro has the windings 90
A resolver synchro output is obtained from a rotor with. degrees apart.
Opt. A. one single coil. Question Number. 59.
Opt. B. two coils at 90° to each other. Torque synchro systems are normally used when the.
Opt. C. three coils at 120° to each other.
Opt. A. system accuracy is of extreme importance.
Correct Answer is. two coils at 90° to each other. Opt. B. mechanical load is high.
Explanation. A resolver synchro has two coils at 90 Opt. C. mechanical load is low.
degrees to each other. Correct Answer is. mechanical load is low.
Question Number. 54. Explanation. A torque synchro is only used for
The output of a resolver synchro is. indication - i.e. the load is low.
Opt. A. dependant upon the position of the rotor only. Question Number. 60.
Opt. B. proportional to the speed of input rotation. What device transfers one energy type to another?.
Opt. C. a function of the rotor position and excitation
Opt. A. Transponder.
voltage.
Opt. B. Transducer.
Correct Answer is. a function of the rotor position and Opt. C. Transmitter.
excitation voltage.
Correct Answer is. Transducer.
Explanation. The output of a resolver synchro is
Explanation. The device that transfers one energy
angular position and a voltage to represent the distance.
type to another is called a transducer. Aircraft Electricity
Question Number. 55. and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Page 171.
The rotor of an autosyn position indicating system is. Question Number. 61.
Opt. A. a permanent magnet. Electrical power is supplied to a synchro rotor.
Opt. B. spring controlled.
Opt. A. through slip rings.
Opt. C. an electromagnet.
Opt. B. through a commutator.
Correct Answer is. an electromagnet. Opt. C. directly.
Explanation. The rotor of an autosyn position
Correct Answer is. through slip rings.
indicating system is an electromagnet.
Explanation. Electrical power is connected to a
Question Number. 56. synchro rotor through slip rings.
The rotor of a magnesyn transmitter is. Question Number. 62.
Opt. A. a permanent magnet. In a synchro resolver, the stator coils are at what angle in
Opt. B. an ac electromagnet. relation to one another?.
Opt. C. a dc electromagnet.
Opt. A. 45 degrees.
Correct Answer is. a permanent magnet. Opt. B. 80 degrees.
Explanation. The rotor of a magnesyn transmitter Opt. C. 90 degrees.
(and receiver) is a permanent magnet.
Correct Answer is. 90 degrees.
Question Number. 57. Explanation. In a synchro resolver the stator coils are
Torque synchro systems are normally used when the. 90 degrees to each other."
Opt. A. system accuracy is of extreme importance. Question Number. 63.
Opt. B. mechanical load is high. An increase in negative feedback to the servo amplifier.
Opt. C. mechanical load is low.
Opt. A. has no effect.
Correct Answer is. mechanical load is low. Opt. B. increases amplifier stability.
Explanation. Torque synchros are used for indication Opt. C. decreases amplifier stability.
only, i.e. when the load is low.
Correct Answer is. increases amplifier stability.
Question Number. 58. Explanation. Negative feedback helps to increase the
In a resolver synchro the stator windings are electrically stability of an amplifier with changes in temperature and
disposed by. the effects of age.
Opt. A. 90°.
Opt. B. 120°.
Opt. C. 180°.
Correct Answer is. 90°.

In a synchro, what is used to convert signals from one The amount of rate feedback from a tachogenerator is.
form to another?. Opt. A. proportional to speed.
Opt. A. Transducer. Opt. B. constant for all servo speeds.
Opt. B. Transmitter. Opt. C. inversely proportional to speed.
Opt. C. Transformer. Correct Answer is. proportional to speed.
Correct Answer is. Transducer. Explanation. A tachogenerator provides feedback
Explanation. A 'transducer' converts one signal type proportional to its rate (speed).
to another. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition
Eismin Page 171.
What control system is used on an input that gives a
Question Number. 65. controlled predetermined output?.
A control surface position feedback signal is. Opt. A. Control Servo.
Opt. A. inversely proportional to surface position. Opt. B. Closed Loop.
Opt. B. proportional to surface position. Opt. C. Open Loop.
Opt. C. non-linear. Correct Answer is. Closed Loop.
Correct Answer is. proportional to surface position. Explanation. Only a closed loop control system can
Explanation. Position feedback is proportional to give a predetermined output.
surface position. Meaning, as control surface deflection
increases, so does the feedback.
Increasing velocity feedback from optimum will give.
Opt. A. faster performance.
A position gyro will provide. Opt. B. sluggish performance.
Opt. A. acceleration feedback. Opt. C. no change on the output.
Opt. B. velocity feedback. Correct Answer is. sluggish performance.
Opt. C. positional feedback. Explanation. Velocity feedback is subtracted from
Correct Answer is. positional feedback. the error signal to reduce the rate of the output.
Explanation. Referring to a 'position gyro' as in
artificial horizon and directional gyro.
A rate control servo system with a steady input voltage
Question Number. 67. will give.
In velocity feedback the signal is. Opt. A. decreasing speed.
Opt. A. out of phase. Opt. B. increasing speed.
Opt. B. in phase. Opt. C. constant speed.
Opt. C. equal to the error signal. Correct Answer is. constant speed.
Correct Answer is. out of phase. Explanation. A rate control system with a steady
Explanation. The velocity feedback must be input voltage will give a constant speed output.
anti-phase with the error signal in order to oppose it (and
thus be negative feedback).
An increase in amplitude of a rate feedback signal will
Question Number. 68. cause.
If velocity feedback in a servo system is above optimum, Opt. A. sluggish servo operation.
this will cause. Opt. B. unstable operation.
Opt. A. no effect. Opt. C. reduced hunting.
Opt. B. sluggish operation. Correct Answer is. reduced hunting.
Opt. C. hunting. Explanation. Rate feedback is to reduce overshoot
Correct Answer is. sluggish operation. and oscillation (hunting), therefore, increasing the
Explanation. Velocity feedback slows down the amplitude (size) of the rate feedback will decrease
operation of the rotor. tendency to hunt.

An increase in negative feedback. What does a resolver do?.
Opt. A. decreases system sensitivity. Opt. A. Adds two signals.
Opt. B. increases system sensitivity. Opt. B. Resolves a movement into sine and cosine
Opt. C. will make the driven device continuously components.
rotate. Opt. C. Resolves a position into sine and cosine
Correct Answer is. decreases system sensitivity. components.
Explanation. Negative feedback (position and/or Correct Answer is. Resolves a position into sine and
rate) increases stability but makes the servo unresponsive cosine components.
to small changes. Explanation. A resolver converts a position from
polar coordinates into cartesian coordinates, and/or vice
versa.
Position feedback is used to.
Opt. A. indicate to the pilot the position of the load.
Opt. B. to prevent control surface oscillations while the If the feedback is ideally damped, the signal will.
surface is being moved. Opt. A. overshoots once and return back.
Opt. C. ensure control surface moves to the demanded Opt. B. not overshoot.
position by the controls. Opt. C. oscillate.
Correct Answer is. ensure control surface moves to the Correct Answer is. overshoots once and return back.
demanded position by the controls. Explanation. NIL.
Explanation. Position feedback is to ensure control
surface moves to (and stops at) the demanded position by
the controls. In a tachogenerator the output voltage is.
Opt. A. inversely proportional to the speed.
Opt. B. zero.
The output from a control transformer is. Opt. C. directly proportional to the speed.
Opt. A. torque. Correct Answer is. directly proportional to the speed.
Opt. B. AC voltage. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. DC voltage.
Correct Answer is. AC voltage. Question Number. 82.
Explanation. The control transformer provides AC The primary purpose of rate feedback in a positional servo
voltage in proportion to the error signal. system is to.
Opt. A. ensure system linearity.
Opt. B. prevent excessive overshoot.
The stator output voltages from a synchro resolver are. Opt. C. ensure minimum response time.
Opt. A. 3 phase. Correct Answer is. prevent excessive overshoot.
Opt. B. AC single phase. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. DC.
Correct Answer is. AC single phase. Question Number. 83.
Explanation. AC single phase from each winding. In a control surface position indicating system the
feedback signal is.
Opt. A. in phase with the control surface position.
A typical use for resolver synchros is. Opt. B. indirectly proportional to the control surface
Opt. A. fly by wire system. position.
Opt. B. engine power instrumentation. Opt. C. proportional to the control surface position.
Opt. C. in compass comparator units. Correct Answer is. proportional to the control surface
Correct Answer is. in compass comparator units. position.
Explanation. A resolver synchro converts Cartesian Explanation. NIL.
coordinates (grid refs) to polar (compass reading) and can
be used to check the accuracy of the compass system.

Synchro systems depend on the principles of. 3b. Servomechanisms.
Opt. A. electromagnetic induction.
Opt. B. capacitive reaction. Question Number. 1.
Opt. C. mutual Inductance. When a servomotor overshoots after a step input and
Correct Answer is. mutual Inductance. oscillates it is.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. A. under damped.
Opt. B. over damped.
Question Number. 85. Opt. C. critically damped.
A piezoelectric crystal is an example of. Correct Answer is. under damped.
Opt. A. an analogue transducer. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. B. a Pneumatic Transducer.
Opt. C. a Electro Acoustic Transducer. Question Number. 2.
Correct Answer is. an analogue transducer. A reduction from the optimum setting of the velocity
feedback in a servo loop could cause.
Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. instability.
Question Number. 86. Opt. B. slow response.
The difference between an open and closed loop is. Opt. C. ow servo gain.
Opt. A. error signal. Correct Answer is. instability.
Opt. B. feedback. Explanation. See Pallett Automatic Flight Control pg
Opt. C. correspondence. 88.
Correct Answer is. feedback.
Question Number. 3.
Explanation. NIL.
The phase difference between the supplies of a two phase
Question Number. 87. induction motor is.
In a Desynn indicator system, where is power supplied Opt. A. 90°.
to?. Opt. B. 180°.
Opt. A. Transmitter and indicator. Opt. C. 0°.
Opt. B. Indicator only. Correct Answer is. 90°.
Opt. C. Transmitter only. Explanation. The phase difference of the two phases
Correct Answer is. Transmitter only. applied to an induction motor is 90°.
Question Number. 88. If the rotor of the receiver in a torque synchro system was
What does the Desynn indicator rotor consist of?. prevented from aligning with the transmitter rotor, then.
Opt. A. Electro magnet. Opt. A. the transmitter rotor will turn to align with the
Opt. B. Permanent Magnet. receiver rotor.
Opt. C. Aluminium cored coil. Opt. B. the receiver will hunt.
Correct Answer is. Permanent Magnet. Opt. C. the receiver will overheat.
Explanation. NIL. Correct Answer is. the receiver will overheat.
Explanation. Current flows in the stator whenever the
rotors are not in correspondence.
Question Number. 5.
An E&I bar output at datum has.
Opt. A. an imbalance of voltages in the secondary
windings.
Opt. B. no induced voltage in the secondary windings.
Opt. C. equal and opposite voltages induced in the
secondary.
Correct Answer is. equal and opposite voltages induced
in the secondary.
Explanation. See Pallett Automatic Flight Control pg
130.

The result of cross connecting two of the transmission A servo system may include a brake, an automatic trim
leads in a torque synchro system and then turning the rotor system is one example where a brake is used. The brake
of the transmitter 60° clockwise would be. is.
Opt. A. the receiver would move 60° clockwise. Opt. A. applied when trimming is complete to prevent
Opt. B. the receiver would move 60° anticlockwise. stabilizer creep.
Opt. C. the receiver would move 120° anticlockwise. Opt. B. applied during trimming to prevent oscillations
Correct Answer is. the receiver would move 60° about the demand position.
anticlockwise. Opt. C. applied during trimming to prevent servo
Explanation. NIL. runaway.
Correct Answer is. applied when trimming is complete
Question Number. 7. to prevent stabilizer creep.
The control windings of a two phase servomotor is Explanation. The trim switch often consists of 2
supplied with AC voltage of. separate switches. One is to release the brake, the other is
Opt. A. variable amplitude, variable phase. to switch on the motor.
Opt. B. variable phase.
Opt. C. constant amplitude.
In a control synchro the stator current ceases to flow
Correct Answer is. variable amplitude, variable phase.
when.
Explanation. The control windings are fed with
variable amplitude AC but the amplitude can be positive Opt. A. the CT rotor is at null.
(in phase) or negative (anti-phase). Opt. B. when power is removed.
Opt. C. when the two rotors are aligned.
Question Number. 8. Correct Answer is. when power is removed.
If the rotor of a control synchro sticks. Explanation. In a control synchro, the stator is
Opt. A. the system hunts. supplied with current at all times, whatever the
Opt. B. the position feedback will oscillate. transformer rotor position.
Opt. C. high current will flow.
Correct Answer is. high current will flow.
The result of reversing the rotor connections to the
Explanation. High current flows in the stators receiver of a torque synchro system is that the rotor
whenever the rotors are not in correspondence. position.
Question Number. 9. Opt. A. is changed by 180°.
With the reversal of the connections to the rotor of the Opt. B. is unchanged.
transmitter of a torque synchro, the position of the Opt. C. is changed by 120°.
receiver rotor will be. Correct Answer is. is changed by 180°.
Opt. A. changed by 120°. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. B. unchanged.
Opt. C. changed by 180°.
A two phase induction motor used in a servomechanism.
Correct Answer is. changed by 180°.
Explanation. NIL. Opt. A. will always require a starter.
Opt. B. runs with no slip.
Question Number. 10. Opt. C. is self starting under light loads.
The application of a 'stick-off' voltage to a control synchro Correct Answer is. is self starting under light loads.
servo system is. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. to overcome the effect of static friction.
Opt. B. to overcome the effect of viscous friction.
Opt. C. to prevent alignment to a false null. A hysteresis servo motor is used in a servomechanism
because.
Correct Answer is. to prevent alignment to a false null.
Explanation. Stick-off voltage is to prevent Opt. A. it has good starting characteristics.
alignment to a false null (i.e. 180 degrees out) when Opt. B. good speed/voltage relationship.
system is switched off. Opt. C. low inertia.
Correct Answer is. it has good starting characteristics.
Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 16. feedback will drive the transformer rotor in the wrong
Reversal of two of the stator connections on a torque direction.
synchro receiver would cause. Question Number. 21.
Opt. A. the transmitter to become the receiver. Velocity lag can be decreased by.
Opt. B. the output to move the same direction as the
Opt. A. keeping the error detector (summing point)
input.
output as low as possible.
Opt. C. the output to move the reverse direction to the
Opt. B. introduction of an integrator.
input.
Opt. C. decreasing the coulomb friction in the system.
Correct Answer is. the output to move the reverse
Correct Answer is. decreasing the coulomb friction in
direction to the input.
the system.
Explanation. NIL.
Explanation. Coulomb friction is one of the things
Question Number. 17. which causes velocity lag.
The output of a tachogenerator should be. Question Number. 22.
Opt. A. exponential. A two phase motor will stop when.
Opt. B. linear.
Opt. A. the control phase is reversed.
Opt. C. sinusoidal.
Opt. B. the reference phase is reversed.
Correct Answer is. sinusoidal. Opt. C. the control phase is zero.
Explanation. The output should be the same Correct Answer is. the control phase is zero.
waveform as the input, i.e. sinusoidal.
Explanation. A two phase motor will stop when the
Question Number. 18. control phase is zero (i.e. no output).
With a constant input to a speed control servo, the servo Question Number. 23.
motor.
A tachogenerator output is.
Opt. A. moves to a certain position.
Opt. A. variable frequency, constant voltage.
Opt. B. moves at a constant speed.
Opt. B. variable frequency, variable voltage.
Opt. C. oscillates, but otherwise does not move.
Opt. C. variable voltage, constant frequency.
Correct Answer is. moves at a constant speed.
Correct Answer is. variable voltage, constant
Explanation. A speed control servo moves the load frequency.
(e.g. a radar dish) at constant speed. Explanation. A tachogenerator output is the same
Question Number. 19. frequency as the input (i.e. constant) but the voltage
Critical damping in a servomechanism is. varies.
Opt. A. the point which allows just one overshoot Question Number. 24.
before the load comes to rest. If two of the stator leads are cross connected in a control
Opt. B. the amount of damping that results in the load synchro system, a 25° clockwise rotation of the input rotor
just not oscillating. would result in the output rotor.
Opt. C. the critical damping required for the optimum Opt. A. moving 180° to rectify the defect.
damping of the servomechanism. Opt. B. moving 25° anticlockwise.
Correct Answer is. the amount of damping that results Opt. C. moving 25° clockwise.
in the load just not oscillating.
Correct Answer is. moving 25° anticlockwise.
Explanation. damping results in the fastest time to
Explanation. Cross connecting two stator leads of a
demand position without any overshoot.
control synchro will make the magnetic field in the
Question Number. 20. receiver rotate in the opposite direction as the transmitter.
Reverse rotation of a control transformer rotor can be Question Number. 25.
caused by.
Damping in a servomechanism is easier to apply if.
Opt. A. connections to the transmitter rotor reversed.
Opt. A. the mechanism is light and has high inertia.
Opt. B. connections between the transformer rotor and
Opt. B. the mechanism is light and has low inertia.
the amplifier reversed.
Opt. C. the mechanism is heavy and has high inertia.
Opt. C. short circuit between two transmission lines.
Correct Answer is. the mechanism is light and has low
Correct Answer is. connections between the inertia.
transformer rotor and the amplifier reversed.
Explanation. Overshoot and oscillation is greatest
Explanation. Reversing the connections to the
when the mechanism is heavy and has a high inertia.
amplifier will make the motor run backwards. Then the

If the electrical connections to the feedback generator in a To reverse the direction of rotation of a two phase
control synchro system were disconnected, the. induction motor.
Opt. A. motor would run in the wrong direction. Opt. A. reverse the polarity of both the control phase
Opt. B. input signal to the amplifier would reduce. and reference phase.
Opt. C. system would tend to oscillate. Opt. B. reverse the polarity of the control phase.
Correct Answer is. system would tend to oscillate. Opt. C. shift the reference by 90°.
Explanation. Feedback from the tachogenerator Correct Answer is. reverse the polarity of the control
prevents overspeed and overshoot, so disconnecting the phase.
feedback will cause the load to overshoot and oscillate. Explanation. To reverse the direction of a two phase
induction motor the control phase must be out of phase
with the reference phase.
An increase in servo amplifier gain.
Opt. A. increases system response.
Opt. B. reduces tendency to hunt. Loss of DC to a servo amplifier causes the motor to.
Opt. C. reduces the speed of the system. Opt. A. reverse.
Correct Answer is. increases system response. Opt. B. stop.
Opt. C. run continuously.
Explanation. Increasing servo-amplifier gain will
make the system respond faster but will also cause it to Correct Answer is. stop.
overshoot and oscillate (hunt). Explanation. Loss of DC to the servo-amplifier will
cause the amplifier to stop working and the motor will
therefore stop running.
The term 'velocity lag' refers to a.
Opt. A. speed error.
Opt. B. acceleration error. An AC servo demand can be converted to drive a DC
Opt. C. position error. motor by the introduction of a.
Correct Answer is. position error. Opt. A. rectifier.
Opt. B. demodulator.
Explanation. Velocity lag is the difference between
Opt. C. modulator.
the demand input and the load position. It is therefore a
position error. Correct Answer is. demodulator.
Explanation. A demodulator differs from a rectifier
in that it can sense the phase of the AC input, and give an
The rotor of an AC tachogenerator. output either positive DC or negative DC accordingly.
Opt. A. rotates at constant speed. This then drives the DC motor in the correct direction.
Opt. B. has skewed slots.
Opt. C. has a copper, brass or aluminium cylinder.
Synchro indicator systems are used when the indication is
Correct Answer is. has a copper, brass or aluminium
required to move.
cylinder.
Explanation. An AC generator rotor is made from a Opt. A. a fraction of the input distance.
diamagnetic material such as copper, brass or aluminium. Opt. B. at the same rate as the input.
Opt. C. slower than the input rate.
Question Number. 30. Correct Answer is. at the same rate as the input.
A servo system with transient negative velocity feedback. Explanation. A synchro indicator moves at the same
Opt. A. is damped with little velocity lag. speed as the input.
Opt. B. is underdamped with high velocity lag.
Opt. C. is damped with high velocity lag.
Correct Answer is. is damped with little velocity lag.
Explanation. Transient velocity feedback is a
variable feedback which can be switched on when the
system is about to overshoot (and anticipates the
overshoot). But it can also be switched off when it is not
required to reduce the velocity lag.

Question Number. 35. Explanation. Automatic Flight Control EHJ Pallett
A linear variable differential transformer is used to Page 91.
measure position feedback where. Question Number. 39.
Opt. A. an output whose phase is related to direction of An LVDT has.
movement and amplitude linear over a wide
Opt. A. an output winding which is wound in series
range.
opposition.
Opt. B. 360° of rotation and high angular accuracy is
Opt. B. an input winding whose voltage will change
required.
with load movement.
Opt. C. is of limited importance but robust
Opt. C. an output winding whose voltage and
construction and reliability is important.
frequency is linear to load angular movement.
Correct Answer is. an output whose phase is related to
Correct Answer is. an output winding which is wound
direction of movement and amplitude linear over a wide
in series opposition.
range.
Explanation. An LVDT has an output winding which
Explanation. An LVDT measures position and
is wound in series opposition.
provides a different phase according to the direction of
movement. Question Number. 40.
Question Number. 36. To convert a differential synchro from subtraction to
addition you would.
A low frequency sinusoidal input will cause a closed loop
servomechanism load to. Opt. A. change over two rotor and two stator
connections.
Opt. A. move backwards and forwards at the input
Opt. B. change over all three stator windings.
frequency.
Opt. C. reverse the reference phase supply.
Opt. B. move backwards and forwards at the input
frequency. Correct Answer is. change over two rotor and two stator
Opt. C. move to a demand position with no overshoot. connections.
Correct Answer is. move to a demand position with no Explanation. To convert a differential synchro from
overshoot. subtraction to addition you must swap two of the rotor
leads AND swap two of the stator leads.
Explanation. A closed loop servo mechanism
(whatever frequency) will move to the demand position Question Number. 41.
with no or minimal overshoot. In general the accuracy of a synchro system increases if
Question Number. 37. the.
If a servo amplifier is suffering from drift. Opt. A. stator current is low.
Opt. B. rotor current is high.
Opt. A. the load would move to a new position,
Opt. C. stator current is high.
proportional to the drift and then return back to
the datum position. Correct Answer is. stator current is low.
Opt. B. the load would move to a new position, Explanation. The synchro system is only accurate
proportional to the drift and stay there. when the two rotors are in correspondence. At this time
Opt. C. the load would oscillate about the datum the stator current is zero.
position.
Correct Answer is. the load would move to a new
The induced signal in the output coils of the magnesyn
position, proportional to the drift and stay there.
system.
Explanation. If a servo amplifier suffers from drift
(e.g. due to age or temperature), the load will move to a Opt. A. de-saturates the soft iron core.
new position and stop when the position feedback cancels Opt. B. is of a value of 800 Hz.
Opt. C. damps the pointer oscillations.
out the drift signal.
Correct Answer is. is of a value of 800 Hz.
Explanation. A signal from the permanent magnet
In a transient velocity feedback circuit, the tachogenerator flux is induced every time the soft iron comes out of
output is summated with the demand voltage. saturation. Therefore, if the supply is 400 Hz the induced
Opt. A. at all times when the load is moving. signal is 800 Hz.
Opt. B. only when the load is speeding up or slowing
down.
Opt. C. only when the load is slowing down.
Correct Answer is. only when the load is speeding up or
slowing down.

The direction of the induced (secondary) magnetic field in In a synchro system, if two stator lines are crossed the
a synchro transmitter. receiver will.
Opt. A. in the same direction as the primary field. Opt. A. be 180° out.
Opt. B. is in the opposite direction to the primary field. Opt. B. not be affected.
Opt. C. is 90° to the primary magnetic field. Opt. C. reverse direction.
Correct Answer is. is in the opposite direction to the Correct Answer is. reverse direction.
primary field. Explanation. If two stator lines are crossed the
Explanation. The rotor of a synchro transmitter receiver will reverse in direction.
induces a current into the stator coils. The stator coils
produce a magnetic field which opposes the field in the
rotor which created it. (Similar to the secondary field of a In an E and I signal generator at datum, the voltage on the
transformer). secondary windings.
Opt. A. is zero.
Opt. B. is maximum.
The cogging effect in synchros is rectified by. Opt. C. are equal and opposite.
Opt. A. using an elliptical cog. Correct Answer is. are equal and opposite.
Opt. B. skewing the rotor.
Explanation. Since an EandI bar transformer
Opt. C. using carbon brushes.
secondary winding is wound in series opposition, at
Correct Answer is. skewing the rotor. datum the voltage in the secondary windings will be equal
Explanation. The cogging effect in a synchro is and opposite and cancel.
prevented by skewing (or twisting) the rotor.
Question Number. 45. In a synchrotel, the.
Reversal of the power supply to either the transmitter or Opt. A. stator coil is fixed and the rotor coil moves.
the receiver of a torque synchro system would. Opt. B. rotor coil and stator coil is fixed.
Opt. A. make the receiver rotor rotate in the opposite Opt. C. rotor coil is fixed and the stator coil moves.
direction. Correct Answer is. rotor coil and stator coil is fixed.
Opt. B. cause a 180° displacement between the
Explanation. Aircraft Instruments and Integrated
transmitter and the receiver.
Systems Pallett Page 149/150.
Opt. C. have no effect on the indication, but would
cause a heavy current to flow. Question Number. 50.
Correct Answer is. cause a 180° displacement between An E&I transformer out of datum has.
the transmitter and the receiver. Opt. A. equal and opposite voltages in each windings.
Explanation. Reversal of the power supply to either Opt. B. unequal and opposite voltages in both
the transmitter or the receiver will cause a 180 degree windings.
displacement of the receiver rotor. Opt. C. no voltage in either winding.
Question Number. 46. Correct Answer is. unequal and opposite voltages in
both windings.
The purpose of a flywheel incorporated in a synchro is to.
Explanation. Off datum, the E&I transformer has
Opt. A. increase the driving force.
unequal and opposite voltages in the windings (and hence
Opt. B. prevent insect ingress.
an output).
Opt. C. prevent oscillations.
Correct Answer is. prevent oscillations. Question Number. 51.
Explanation. The purpose of a flywheel on a synchro When is maximum voltage induced into the rotor of a
is as part of a eddy current (coulomb friction) damping control synchro transformer?.
mechanism. Opt. A. 90 degrees (null position).
Opt. B. 0 degrees.
Opt. C. When spinning fast.
Correct Answer is. 0 degrees.
Explanation. NIL.

To check the output of a synchro stator it would be Torque synchro receiver bearing friction will cause.
preferable to use. Opt. A. improved accuracy.
Opt. A. a Valve Voltmeter. Opt. B. misalignment.
Opt. B. a Cambridge Bridge. Opt. C. hunting.
Opt. C. an Avometer. Correct Answer is. misalignment.
Correct Answer is. a Valve Voltmeter. Explanation. Bearing friction will cause the delicate
Explanation. Since the synchro stator output is a very rotor to stop before the desired position.
low voltage, a high impedance multimeter would be used.
Since this is not an answer provided the most sensitive of
the three is the Valve Voltmeter. A control synchro system pointer is.
Opt. A. actuated by a permanent magnet.
Opt. B. displaced by the torque of the stator.
Synchro capacitors are connected into synchro systems to. Opt. C. motor driven.
Opt. A. act as spark suppression due to wear of the slip Correct Answer is. motor driven.
rings. Explanation. The receiver of a control synchro is
Opt. B. increase the accuracy of the control synchro. effectively a slow speed synchronous motor.
Opt. C. minimize the torque synchro stator current at
null. Question Number. 59.
Correct Answer is. increase the accuracy of the control A D.C. signal converted to a phase sensitive A.C. is.
synchro. Opt. A. modulation.
Explanation. Synchro capacitors increase the Opt. B. demodulation.
accuracy of the synchro system. Opt. C. phase conversion.
Question Number. 54. Correct Answer is. modulation.
In a slab desynn transmitter the. Explanation. DC to phase sensitive AC =
'modulation'.
Opt. A. pick-offs form part of the circuit resistance.
Opt. B. pick-offs rotate on the slab resister. Question Number. 60.
Opt. C. pick-offs are connected to a spark suppressor. The rotor coil of a synchrotel.
Correct Answer is. pick-offs rotate on the slab resister. Opt. A. rotates only when a current flows in it.
Explanation. The pick-offs rotate on the slab resistor. Opt. B. rotates.
Aircraft Electricity and Electronics 5th Edition Eismin Opt. C. is stationary.
Page 352. Correct Answer is. is stationary.
If, in a servo system, the amplitude from the feedback Question Number. 61.
system is below normal, the servo will.
The purpose of synchro capacitors in a differential
Opt. A. be sluggish in operation. synchro transmission system.
Opt. B. oscillate.
Opt. A. reduce stator circuit impedance.
Opt. C. be overdamped.
Opt. B. to reduce stator current.
Correct Answer is. oscillate. Opt. C. reduce rotor current.
Explanation. The feedback system is designed to Correct Answer is. to reduce stator current.
prevent overshoot and oscillation (hunting).
Explanation. Synchro capacitors reduce stator current
Question Number. 56. and make the synchro system more accurate.
A desynn instrument has a positive regular increasing Question Number. 62.
error, you would adjust.
The purpose of a flywheel in a synchro receiver indicator
Opt. A. lever length. is to.
Opt. B. lever angle and lever length.
Opt. A. increase driving torque.
Opt. C. lever angle.
Opt. B. prevent spinning or oscillation.
Correct Answer is. lever angle. Opt. C. encourage spinning.
Explanation. NIL. Correct Answer is. prevent spinning or oscillation.
Explanation. The flywheel is coupled to some form
of brake (e.g. magnetic) to reduce oscillations.

A linear variometer is. The output of a control transformer is made.
Opt. A. a special synchro giving ac output proportional Opt. A. phase and amplitude sensitive by direction and
to shaft angle. magnitude of the transmitter rotor movement
Opt. B. a special auto transformer for synchro system respectively.
power supplies. Opt. B. phase and amplitude sensitive by magnitude
Opt. C. an alternative term for a desynn system. and direction of the transmitter rotor
Correct Answer is. a special synchro giving ac output movement respectively.
proportional to shaft angle. Opt. C. phase sensitive by transmitter rotor excitation
Explanation. A linear variometer is a device which and amplitude sensitive by direction of
gives an output voltage directly proportional to angle transmitter rotor movement.
when coupled to a gyro (for example). Correct Answer is. phase and amplitude sensitive by
direction and magnitude of the transmitter rotor
Question Number. 64. movement respectively.
In a synchrotel the rotating winding is. Explanation. Phase provided by TX rotor direction,
Opt. A. the stator. amplitude provided by TX rotor displacement
Opt. B. rotor. (magnitude).
Opt. C. neither.
Correct Answer is. neither.
The letter 'B' following the identification code on the case
Explanation. This is a trick question, because a of a synchro denotes.
synchrotel has NO rotating winding. Aircraft Instruments
Opt. A. that the synchro is second hand.
and Integrated Systems Pallett Page 149/150.
Opt. B. the modification status.
Question Number. 65. Opt. C. that the stator is rotatable.
The receiver rotor in a torque synchro system oscillates Correct Answer is. that the stator is rotatable.
over an arc of approx 75 degrees. The probable cause is. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. A. one stator line open circuit. http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14187/css/14187_18.
Opt. B. two stator lines reversed. htm
Opt. C. short circuit between two stator lines.
Correct Answer is. one stator line open circuit.
TX is the abbreviation for a.
Explanation. A 'possible' symptom of a stator line
Opt. A. torque transmitter.
open.
Opt. B. control transformer.
Question Number. 66. Opt. C. torque receiver.
Synchro capacitors are fitted. Correct Answer is. torque transmitter.
Opt. A. to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. B. to provide critical damping.
Opt. C. to make additional damping features
unnecessary. TR is the abbreviation for a.
Correct Answer is. to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Opt. A. transmitter Resolver.
Opt. B. torque receiver.
Explanation. Synchro capacitors reduce stator current
Opt. C. torque synchro.
and make the synchro system more accurate.
Correct Answer is. torque receiver.
Explanation. NIL.
When a synchro system is in correspondence, its
transmitter and receiver.
Opt. A. are in phase.
Opt. B. are anti-phase.
Opt. C. are at 90° to each other.
Correct Answer is. are in phase.
Explanation. NIL.

Question Number. 6.
4. On a torque synchro, the AC power supply is applied to.
Opt. A. the rotors of both the transmitter and the
Question Number. 1. receiver.
The reference phase to a synchro is. Opt. B. the rotor of the transmitter only.
Opt. A. 50 Hz. Opt. C. the stators of both the transmitter and the
Opt. B. 28 VDC. receiver.
Opt. C. 400 Hz. Correct Answer is. the rotors of both the transmitter and
Correct Answer is. 400 Hz. the receiver.
Explanation. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics, TK Explanation. NIL.
Eismin Page 353. Question Number. 7.
Question Number. 2. The Characteristic Curve of a transistor is plotted on axis
In rate feedback, when the motor has reached the of.
commanded position, the output will be. Opt. A. base current against Vec.
Opt. A. maximum and in-phase with the input. Opt. B. collector current against Vbe.
Opt. B. maximum and out-of-phase with the input. Opt. C. collector current against Vec.
Opt. C. zero. Correct Answer is. collector current against Vec.
Correct Answer is. zero. Explanation. NIL.
Explanation. Assuming it is a position servo, not a http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~jcgl/Scots_Guide/info/co
rate servo (but all three answers are incorrect if it is a rate mp/active/BiPolar/bpcur.html
servo). Question Number. 8.
Question Number. 3. Amplifier output characteristics are defined by.
What power is required for a desynn indicator system?. Opt. A. the collector resistance.
Opt. A. DC. Opt. B. the effect of the load resistor.
Opt. B. AC 400 Hz. Opt. C. the configuration of the transistor.
Opt. C. AC 50 Hz. Correct Answer is. the configuration of the transistor.
Correct Answer is. DC. Explanation. NIL.
Question Number. 4. What Type of Diode is this?.
What material would have 3 electrons in the outermost Opt. A. Varactor Diode.
orbit?. Opt. B. Double Acting Diode.
Opt. A. Majority Carrier material. Opt. C. Shottky Diode.
Opt. B. The donor to an N-Type semi-conductor Correct Answer is. Shottky Diode.
material. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. The acceptor to a P-Type semi-conductor http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/var
material. actor.html
Correct Answer is. The acceptor to a P-Type Question Number. 10.
semi-conductor material.
A device which provides cheap and convenient variable
Explanation. NIL.
power supply is a.
Question Number. 5. Opt. A. Diac.
a microprocessor on a PCB. Opt. B. Variac.
Opt. A. is not easily damaged by static-electricity. Opt. C. Triac.
Opt. B. is easily damaged by static-electricity if Correct Answer is. Variac.
mishandling. Explanation. NIL.
Opt. C. is only easily damaged by static-electricity if http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer
removed from teh PCB.
Correct Answer is. is easily damaged by
static-electricity if mishandling.
Explanation. NIL.

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Correct Answer is. Common emitter. Opt. A. C.

Question Number. 37. Opt. A. tachogenerator.

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