ae some external load acts ona beam, the shear force and bending meme r sent beam Due tothe shea fore and bend 7 sy 08 on ye material nding moment. the beam inderzoe “ae tion. The mate of the beam will offer resistance or stresses 222109" a ingest The stresses introduced moment on ‘ = ling stresses. In this chapter, the theory of pure > z. for tresses, nding stress in symmetrical and unsymmetrical beam and composite beams will be discussed. . moment and no shear '0F Ifa length of a beam is subjected to a constant bending ttn hen he Ee Ve beam due to B.M. only et jength ofthe beam is said tobe 9 Pi bending or simple bending The stresses set UP that length of beam are known as bending stresses. t each support ion, The dB and overhanging by same length al ach end of the overhangins port A beam simply supported at A an Shown in Fig. 71 A point load W is applied at eSTRENGTH OF MATERIALS S¥ ; (b) and Fig 7.1 (6) peg and B.M. for the heam are drawn as shown in Oe ree between A and R bathe ; From these diagrams, it is clear that there is no shear he by between A and B is constant j j a constant ben This means that between A and B, the heam is subjected ta ermant bend ay | r , veen A and B is known as purt ™Mple beng only. This condition of the beam between ing Before discussing the theory of theory of simple simple bending, let us see th en . bending. The following are the important assumptions : | 1. The material of the beam is homogeneous* | 2. The value of Young’s modulus of elasticity is the @ assumptions ma and isotropic** same in tension and com Pression bending, 3. The transverse Sections which were plane before remain plane after bend also. 4. The beam is initially straight and all with a common centre of curvature, 5. The radius of curvature is | 6. Each layer of the beam is below it longitudinal filaments bend into Circular are ‘arge compared with the dimensions of th le Cross-sect; free to expand or contract, independently of ion the layer, aboveg, Theory of Simple Bending - This layer has been shortened in formed to the shape B’D’, This layer has been elongated. ‘ome of the layers have been shortened while some of them top and bottom of the beam, there will bea layer which is This layer is known as neutral layer or neutral | wy es | yf \y$ ~~ IN \W-¢ ) (6) After bending -<(6), itis clear that g are elongated. At a level between the neither shortened nor elongated, (a) Before bending Fig. 7.2 “Homogeneous means the material is of ** Isotropic means that the elastic prop. the same kind throughout. erties in all directions are equal.BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS ,. Thia layer in Fig. 7.2 (b) iw ehows or _N. The line of surface " i. 7.2.(b) in shown by N’— N’ and in Fig. 7.2 (a) by N intersection of the neutral layer on a trom aection ofa aa in in as neutral axis (written as NA): - ‘The layers above N — N (or N’ — N’ low, have been N’) have been shortened and those below, have, elongated. Due tothe decrease in lengths of the layers above N- N, these layers will be sul to compressive stresses, Due to the inc Jow N -N, these layers will be subjected to tensile we to the Increase in the lengths of layers below We also see that the top layer has been shortened maximum. As we proceed towards the layer N-N, the decrease in length of the layers decreases, At the layer N -N, there is no change in length. This means the compressive stress will he maximum at the top layer. Similarly the increase in length will be maximum at the bottom layer. As we proceed from bottom layer towards the layer N- N, the increase in length of layers decreases. Hence the amount by which a layer increases or decreases in length, depends upon the position of the layer with respect to N-N. This theory of bending is known as theory of simple bending. Fig. 7.3 (a) shows a small length &x of a beam subjected to a simple bending. Due to the octan of bending, the part of length &x will be deformed as shown in Fig. 7.3 (b). Let A’B’ and C’D’ meet at O. Let R = Radius of neutral layer N’N’ 6 = Angle subtended at O by A’B’ and C’D’ produced. (a) (c) Stress Diagram Fig. 7.3 7.4.1. Strain Variation Along the Depth of Beam. Consider a layer EF at a distance y below the neutral layer NN. After bending this layer will be elongated to E’F’. Original length of layer EF = &. Also length of neutral layer NN = 6x. After bending, the length of neutral layer NN’ will remain unchanged. But length of layer FF will increase. Hence NN = NN=&.STRENGTH OF MATERIALS — aa = Now from Fig. 7.3 (b), NN’ = Rx® Cs Radius of ry and EF = (R+y)*® y) But NIN’ = NN=&e Hence a = Rx i layer EF (+ EF = te Increase in the lnath ofthe age rr ye Rx? =k, = yx8 Strain in the layer EF Inerage in length Original length 6 _yx8 (» EF =o= . TF “x0 f= Rag y As R is constant, hence the ae a layer is proportional to its distance from the neutral The above equation shows the variation of strain along the depth of the beam. The variation t strain is linear. 7.4.2. Stress Variation Let © = Stress in the layer EF E = Young’s modulus of the beam Stress in the layer EF Then © = ‘Strain in the layer EF o o= Bxrt-Exy Since E and R are constant, , therefore stress in any layer is directl: tional to the distance of the layer from the neutral lay i ee eee yer. The equation (7.1) shows t! stress along the depth of the beam. The variation of stress is linear Shows the variation of In the above case, all layers below th ‘ the layers above neutral la od stress distribution. Equation (7.1) can also be written as tral layer are subjected to tensile stresses wheres yer are subjected to compressive stresses. The Fig. 7.3 (c) shows the The neutral axis of any transverse se, i ction of the neutral layer with the transverse San ns : In Art. 7.4, we have seen that if a sect : : ion of ; then the stresses will be compressive at any paint . subj Ve the ney © 089 utral axis and tensile below the beam is defined as the line ofintersesi®” written as NLA. ected to pure sagging momeni a BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS —_ . : neutral axis. There is no stress at the neutral axis, The stress at a distance y from the neutral axis is given by equation (7.1) as E ¢=— R xy. Fig. ecaae the cross-section of a beam. Let N.A. be the neutral axis of the section. Consider a small layer at a distance y from the neutral axis. Let dA = Area of the layer. Now the force on the layer Stress on layer x Area of layer =oxdA E E.,\ = Rxyxda wl) (. o=RX) Total force on the beam section is obtained by integrating the above equation. .. Total force on the beam section E = Se xyxdA = Rly xa (-: Band Ris constant) But for pure bending, there is no forte on the section of the beam (or force is zero). . E al xdA or fy xdA =0 (as cannot be zero Nowy x dA represents the moment of area dA about neutral axis. Hence J y x dA repre- sents the moment of entire area of the section about neutral axis. But we know that moment of any area about an axis passing through its centroid, is also equal to zero. Hence neutral axis coincides with the centroidal axis. Thus the centroidal axis of a section gives the position of neutral axis. 7.5.1. Moment of Resistance. Due to pure bending, the layers above the N.A. are sub- jected to compressive stresses whereas the layers below the N.A. are subjected to tensile stresses. Due to these stresses, the forces will be acting on the layers. These forces will have moment about the N.A. The total moment of these forces about the N.A. for a section is known as moment of resistance of that section. The force on the layer at a distance y from neutral axis in Fig. 7.4 is given by equation (i), as E Force on layer -R xyxdA Moment of this force about N.A. = Force on layer x yTREN, TH OF MATERIALS — it of tan, . m (or momen e) otal moment ofthe forces on the section of the bea 7 Efio = fF xvrnaa= ply «as ilibrium th, x the beam section. For equilibrium the momen Xternal moment applied on xternal bending moment, of d by the section should be equal to the e M- t f y?xdA i ia of the are; But the expression | y? x dA representa the moment of inertia of the area of the Seetig, about the neutral axis. Let thi moment of inertia be /. M_E TOR Let M~ TeSIStANCE offere, Mee x or But from equation (7.2), we have Equation (7.4) is known as bending equation. In equation (7.4), the different quantities are expressed in consistent units as given below : M is expressed in N mm ; J in mm* © 1s expressed in N/mm2 3yinmm and E is expressed in N/mm? ; R in mm,BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS ee “a. rar , | | Stress distribution j A | across a section _ a | om | Fig. 75 — —— Problem 7.1. A steel plate of width 120 mm and of thickness 20 mm is bent into a circular are of radius 10 m. Determine the maximum stress induced and the bending moment which will produce the maximum stress. Take E = 2 x 10° N/mm? Sol. Given : \ Width of plate, 6 = 120mm Thickness of plate, t=20mm 3 3 \ Moment of inertia, 20x og x1otmm! 17> Radius ofcurvature, R=10m=10x 10? mm Young's modulus, E=2x 10° Nimm? Let Snax = Maximum stress induced, and M = Bending moment. Using equation (7.2), mB O=R XY i) Equation (i) gives the stress at a distance y from N.A. Stress will be maximum, when y is maximum. But y will be maximum at the top layer or bottom layer. t 2s t0mm Now equation (i) can be written a8 Snax = RR * Ymax 5 = a x10 = 200 Nimm?. Ans. From equation (7.4), we have M_E rR E 2x 10° \ M= BR XF= Ox qo8 8% 10 = 16x 10°Nmm=16kNm. Ans.OF MAT ARAL + induced in a cast iron pi Problem a € Of o “ey, ~ 2.0 the maximum stres metre when the pipe ig fup, diameter 49 mm, aoe 20 mm and of length 4 Poi, At its ends and tre. carries a point load of 80 N at its cen Sol. Given External dia, D=40mm Internal dia., d=20mm Length, L = 4m =4 x 1000 = 4000 mm Point load, W=80N In case of simply supported beam carrying a point load at the centre, the Maxim, bending moment is at the centre of the beam. (b) Area of cross-section Fig. 7.6 AndmaximumB.M, = we =8x 104Nmm M=8x 10‘Nmm a 7.6 (b) shows the cross- ee of the pipe, Moment of inertia of hollow pi Maximum BM. 2 s F 9000 Nm / = 9000 x 1000 Nmm Now using equation (7.6), we get M = 6,4. 3 9000 x 1000 = 7x a 3x 9000 bs = 3%9000 1000 _ 5 99857 x 108 7x2 b = (1,92857 x 1088 = 12447mm say 124.5mm. Ans. d = 2b=2x124.5=249mm. Ans. Dimension of the section when the beam carries a point load at the centre. B.M. is maximum at the centre and it is equal to Wi when the beam carries a point load at the centre. Mz a L - meen = 18000 Nm = 18000 x 1000 Nmm Snax = 7 N/mm? us «In thi: also d = 2b) and Ze (In this case also d = Using equation (7.6), we get M = OngeZ 22 * 18000 x 1000 = 7x —3~STRENC HH OF MATERIALS 3x 18000 * 1000 _ 5. g5714 x 108 7x2 Es b = (3.85714 x 108)" = 156.82 mm. Ans. and d =~ 2% 156.82 = 919.64 mm. Ans. b3 =Problem 7-10. A rolled steel joist of I section has the dimensions as shown in Pig. (1° This beam of I section carries a u.d.l. of 40 kN/m run ona span of 10m, calculate the maximum stress produced ee bending. Sol. Given : ud.l., w= 40 kN/m = 40000 N/m Span, L = 10m Moment of inertia about the neutral axis _ 200 x 400° — (200 — 10) x 360° * 1200 12 = 1066666666 — 738720000 = 327946666 mm‘ Maximum B.M. is given by, a wx? _ 40000 x 10? 8 8 = 500000 Nm = 500000 x 1000 Nmm = 5x 10®Nmm Now using the relation, paso Ty M 5 o= 7X 8 r Snax = x X Vmax = oe x 200 Ymax = 200 mm) = 304.92N/mm?. Ans.WS, WHETEAS UIC LOWET IAYET IS SUNJELY - Problem 7.15. A cast iron beam is of I-section as shown in Fig. 7.20. The beam ig si supported on a span of 5 metres. If the tensile stress is not to exceed 20 Nimm?, find the Dy | uniformly load which the beam can carry. Find also the maximum compressive stresg fe woven a 4 }e— 80 mm — | 20mm LL _@® | 1 | } 169.34 mm | 200 mm Sol. Given : Length of beam, L=5m Maximum tensile stress, 0, = 20 N/mm? First calculate the C.G. of the section. Let ¥ is the distance of the C.G. from the bottom face. As the section is symmetrical about y-axis, hence ¥ is only to be calculated. y= Aiyi + Anyo + Aayg (A, + Ap + Ag) (160 40). + (200 x20) (40+ 0) Now + (80x 20).(40+ 200+ 7) 160 x 40 + 200 x 20 + 80 x 20——_—eM™_——"“___ ve BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS 128000 + 560000 + 400 400000 1088900 . 6400 + 4000 + 1¢09 - = 99.66 mm N.A. lies at a distance of 90. me the top face. 86 mm from the bottom face or 260 - 90.66 = 169.34 mm from Now mor ment of: ra of the section about N- ‘axis is given by +1, +1, where 1,=M.O.1. otter ange about N.A. = M011. of bottom flange about its 0.4. +A, x (Distance of its C.G. from N.A.)? ~ 160x 40° TT — + 160 x 40 x (90.66 ~ 20)? 853333,.33 + 31954147.84 = 32807481.17 mm* M.O.1. of web about N.A. = M.O.L of web about its C.G. +A, x (Distance of its C.G. from N.A.? 20 x 200° =) + 200 x 20 x (140 - 90.66)? = 13333333.33 + 9737742.4 = 23071075.73 mm* .O.I. of top flange about N.A. = M.OLL of top flange about its C.G. + A, x (Distance of its C.G. from N.A.? I, + 80 x 20 x (250 - 90.66) = 53333.33 + 40622776.96 = 40676110.29 mm* “ I = 32807481.17 + 23071075.75 + 40676110.29 = 96554667.21 mm* For a simply supported beam, the tensile stress will be at the extreme bottom fibre and compressive stress will be at the extreme top fibre. Here maximum tensile stress = 20 N/mm? Hence for the maximum tensile stress, y = 90.66 mm {ie.,y is the distance of the extreme bottom fibre (where the tensile stress is maximum) from the NA] _ 80x20? 1 5 " ela wt lo Using the relation, “7 ~ xT 5 x 96554667.21 ( 90.66 _— = 21300389.85 Nmm Let w = Uniformly distributed load in N/m on the simply supported beam. wl? the centre and equal to —— The maximum B.M. is at 8px 15x10 Nenm = 3125 wv Nmm w*5? Nm= 8 ; oe er ns enn we Equating the two values of M. ve 3125 = 21300 ee Nim. Ans. 9190038985 _ 416.125 Nm w= 9125 Maximum Compressive Stress A Dictanes of extreme top fibre from NA» = 169.34 mm i Using the relation, a " 2130038985 169.34 = 37.357 Nimm? 6. = Ie 9655466721 . han cast il beam is of T-section as shown 1” Fig. 121. The beam , am. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.5 Nin the maximum tensile and maximum compressive stress or Problem 7.16. A simply supported on a span of 8 length on the entire span. Determine Sol. Given : Length, L=8m U.DL., w = 1.5 kN/m = 1500 N/m CG To find the position of the N.A. ion i wantin bgprtions , the C.G. of the section is to be calculated first. The Let y =Di y = Distance of the C.G. of the section from the bottomBENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS _—_— ; _ a 20 80 (100 « 20) x{ 80 +“, | + 80 x 20 y = Ary + Aaye 10% 2 | 2 } 2 A\+A, > (100 @) + (80 x 20) 180000 0 36 _ 180000 + 64000 _ 244000 a7 cen . 2000 + 1600 3600 +. N.A. lies at a distance of 67.77 mm from the bottom face or 100 — 67.77 = 32.23 mm from the top face. Now moment of inertia of the section about N.A. is given by, T=1,+1, where, = M.O.1. of top flange about N.A =M.O1L. of top flange about its €.G. +A, x (Distance of its ©.G. from NA? 100 x 208 = JQ + (100 x 20) x (32.23 - 10)? = 66666.7 + 988345.8 = 1055012. 5 mm‘ 1, = M.O.I. of web about N.A. = M.O.L. of web about its C.G. + A, x (Distance of its C.G. from NA? 20 x 80° = + (80 x 20) x (67. 77 - 40)" = 853333.3 + 1233876.6 = 2087209. 9 mm* I =1, +1, = 1055012.5 + 2087209.9 = 3142222.4 mm‘. Fora simply supported beam, the maximum tensile stress will be at the extreme bottom fibre and maximum compressive stress will be at the extreme top fibre. Maximum B.M. is given by, wxL? _1500x8" =—3 = 12000 Nm = 12000 x 1000 = 12000000 Nmm Now using the relation M_© op o=—x y Ty i (i) For maximum tensile stress, y = Distance of extreme bottom fibre from N.A. = 67.77 mm 12000000 31422224 (ii) For maximum compressive stress, y = Distance of extreme top fibre from N.A. = 32.23 mm M 12000000 = 7 *Y= 31499994 o= x 67,774 258.81 Nimm?, Ans. x 32.23 = 123.08 N/mm”. Ans.hb the last chapter, we have seen that when a part of a beam is subjected to a constant moment and zero shear force, then there will be only bending stresses in the beam The shear stress will be zero as shear stress is equal to shear force divided by the area. As shear force is zero, the shear stress will also be zero. But in actual practice, a beam is subjected to a bending moment which varies from section to section. Also the shear force acting on the beam is not zero. It also varies from section to section. Due to these shear forces, the beam will be subjected to shear stresses. These shear stresses Will be acting across transverse sections of the beam. ‘These transverse shear stresses will produce a complimentary horizontal shear stresses, which will be acting on longitudinal layers of the beam. Hence beam will also be subjected to shear stresses. In this chapter, the distribution of the shear stress across the various sections (such as Rectangular section, Circular section, I-section, T-sections etc.) will be determined. Fig 8.1 (a) shows a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load. For a uniformly distributed load, the shear force and bending moment will vary along the length of the beam, Consider two sections AB and CD of this beam at a distance dx apart. A C ‘Area, A = Area of EFGH Fig. 8.1 _ |STRENGTH OF TERIALS Let at the section AB, F = Shear force M = Bending moment and at section CD, F + dF = Shear force ment. js M+dM = ending pn ofthe section about the neutral axis. 1 = Moment of ion AB at a distance y, from on the section . the 1 it is required to find the shear stress the cross-section of ther, ies Fig. 81 (c) shows the cross-section of the yea nider the part of the beam ab,” let EF be a line at a distance y, from the neutral axis. Now re i be taken Fi the level EF and between the sections AB and CD. This part of a) ae Consider oma of an infinite number of elemental cylinders each of area uch elemental cylinder at a distance y from the neutral axis. dA = Area of elemental cylinder dx = Length of elemental cylinder | y = Distance of elemental cylinder from neutral axis / Let o = Intensity of bending stress* on the end of the elemental cylinder on the section AB . o + do = Intensity of bending stress on the end of the elemental cylinder on the section cD. ; The bending stress at distance y from the neutral axis is given by equation (7.6) as *_e Ty o= mf x TX For a given beam, the bending stress is a function of bending moment and the distancey from neutral axis. Let us find the bending stress on the end of the elemental cylinder at the section AB and also at the section CD. Bending stress on the end of elemental cylinder on the section AB, (where bending moment is M) will be ete ay" _ Similarly, bending stress on the end of elemental cylinder on the section CD, (where — bending moment is M + dM) will be o+do- Ural) , y (+ On section CD, B.M. = M + dM and bending stress = 6+ 40) Now let us find the forces on the two ends of the elemental cylinder. Force on the end of the elemental cylinder on the section AB = Stress x Area of elemental cylinder =oxdA “Bending stresses are acting normal to the cross-section.sFS MSs SHEAR STRESSES IN BEA " — — M ( My =A (0-7 % | Similarly, force on the end of the elemental cylinder on the section CD =(a4do)dA (M +dM) (M+dM) | . xyxdA atda 7 y I At the two ends of the elemental cylinder, the forces are different. They are acting along the same line but are in opposite direction. Hence there will be unbalanced force on the elemental cylinder -, Net unbalanced force on the elemental cylinder (M ) =- ‘aM xy da My cdA a) = My xda The total unbalanced force above the level EF and between the two sections AB and CD be found out by considering all the elemental cylinders between the sections AB and CD and above the level EF (i.e., by integrating the above equation (i)). -. Total unbalanced force dM dM =| T xy xd =F fyxda = any ( fyxdA=Axy) where A=Area of the section above the level EF (or above y,) Area of EFGH as shown in Fig. 8.1 (c) Distance of the C.G. of the area A from the neutral axis. Due to the total unbalanced force acting on the part of the beam above the level EF and between the sections AB and CD as shown in Fig. 8.2 (a), the beam may fail due to shear. Hence in order the above part may not fail by shear, the horizontal section of the beam at the level EF must offer a shear resistance. This shear resistance at least must be equal to total unbalanced force to avoid failure due to shear.STRENC ‘1H OF MATERIALS — . Shear retstenso (or ahe vel BF Shear resistance (or shear force) #t the le Total unbalanced force 2 OM Ay i , I level EF a <= Intensity of horizontal shear a the jovel BF b = Width of beam at the ©. Area on which t is acting = bxdx ».Shear force due to T = Shear stress x Shear area = txbxdx tii . and (iit), we get Equating the two values of shear force given by equations (7”) txbxdx = a xAxy dM , Axy T= "T “ bxdx aM Ay dx “Ixb Ay E aM _ p= Shear force| = PX TG ” dx The shear stress given by equation (8.1)is the horizontal shear stress at the distance y complementary shear, the horizontal shear stress from the neutral axis. But by the principal o 8 is accompanied by a vertical shear stress T of the same quantity. Sometimes A x J is also expressed as the moment of area A about the neutral axis. Note. In equation (8.1), 6 is the actual width at the level EF (Though here 6 is same at all levels, in many cases b may not be same at all levels) and J is the total moment of inertia of the section about N.A. Problem 8.1. A wooden beam 100 mm wide and 150 mm deep is simply supported over a span of 4 metres. If shear force at a section of the beam is 4500 N, find the shear stress ata distance of 25 mm above the N.A. Sol. Given : UU tt Width, = 100 mm f 4°9//\m Depth, d= 150mm 75 rom | Y Ay 25 a Shear force, F=4500N Let t = Shear stress at a distance of 25 mm above the neutral axis. Using equation (8.1), we get St “| Ay ‘T.b where A =Area of the beam above y, = 100 x 50 = 5000 mm? (Shaded area of Fig. 8.2) t=F.SHEAR STRE 5 = Di istance of the C.G. of the area A from neutral axis = 254 5 50m 2 ™m T = M.O11 of the total section ba® 12 _ 100 x 150° = 9 = 28125000 mm* b = Actual width of section at a distance y, from N.A. = 100 m abstituting these values in the above equation (i), we get si _ 4500 x 5000 x 50 = oe = 0.4 Némm?. Ans. 28125000 x 100 problem 8.2. A beam of cross-section of an isoscel of 30 RN at a section where base width = 150 mm and height = 451 (i) horizontal shear stress at the neutral axis, (ii) the distance from the top of the beam where shear stress is ma: (iit) value of maximum shear stress. es triangle is subjected to a shear (0 mm. Determine ximum, and Sol. Given : Shear force at the section, F =30KN = 30,000 N Base width, CD = 150 mm Height, A = 450 mm. 300 mm (i) Horizontal shear stress at the neutral axis | en mm The neutral axis of the triangle is at a distance of 4 from base or a from the apex B. Hence distance of neutral axis from B c Do will be exe = 300 mm as shown in Fig. 8.3 (a). The width of the Fig. 83 (a angles BCD and BNA as section at neutral axis is obtained from similar tri: NA _ 300 cD 450 300 300 _ 300. CD = — x 150 = 100 mm. *. NA = 450 x CD 450 x 150 mm. The shear stress at any section is given by equation (8.1) as Axy = Fx —— -(i) . Txb wher: = Shear stress at the section F = Shear force = 30,000 N hich shear stress is to be obtained A = Area above the axis at w’ f Fig. 8.3 (a)] li.e., shaded area 0!STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _ NAx 800 — 100% 800 _ 5999 mm? : a 2 axi tral axis Y= Distance of the C.G. of the area A from ne ; x 300 = 100 mm M.O.1 of the total section about neutral axis ; , ‘i . \ Base width x Height® (,, BX/" \ ere B= Base Width of Trang "36 36 . . Actual width of the section at which shear stress is to be obtained b NA = 100 mm. Substituting these values in equation (i), we get 0 x 100 t= 30,000 x —15000% 100 Niemen? 160 x *) x 100 36 = 1.185 N/émm*. Ans. (ii) The distance from the top of the beam where shear stress is maximum Let the shear stress is maximum at the section EF at a distance x from the top of the beam as shown in Fig. 8.3 (6). The distance EF is obtained from similar triangles BEF and BCD as " EFL CD ~ 450 x x x EF = — =— <= F 450 xCD 450 150 3° The shear stress at the section EF is given by equa- tion (8.1) as Axy Ixb T= Fx sii) where F = 30,000 N A = Area of section above EF i.e. » Area of shaded triangle BEF EFxx x x - Ht tye («BF 2 Ts Y = Distance of C.G. of the Area A from neutral axisee pra HEAR STRESSES | BEAW I =M. 7 0.1. of ABCD about neutral axis — 150 x 450° 360" b = Width of section EF = *~ 3 Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get mm ax | 300-2 (mae 7 = 0.000396 |’ ail 36 5 (i) 2 = 0,0000395 (s0 : =| For maximum shear stress * =0 2 300-5 x 2e= 0 or 00 = 300 x 3 Cd x= * 5mm. Ans. Hence, shear stress is maximum at a distance of 225 mm from the top of the beam. (ii) Value of Maximum Shear Stress The value of maximum shear stress will be obtained by substituting x = 225 mm in equation (iii). | Maximum shear stress. = 0.000895 (200 x 225 - ix 228°) = 1,383 Nimm?, Ans. The following are the important sections over which the shear stress distribution is to be obtained : 1, Rectangular Section, 2. Circular Section, 3. I-Section, 4, T-Sections, and 5. Miscellaneous Sections. 8.3.1. Rectangular Section. Fig. 8.4 shows a rectangular section of a beam of width b and depth d. Let F is the shear force acting at the section. Consider a level EF at a distance y from the neutral axis. The shear stress at this level is given by equation (8.1) as Ay oP xT Where A = Area of the section above Y (ie., shaded area ABFE)STRENGTH OF MATERIALS m neutral axis ¥ = Distance of the C.G. of area A fro 1 d 1jd wyei Yar 4 23,43) eve 2(G-9) 2904 g72°4 20 2 b = Actual width of the section at the level EF 1 =M.O1L of the whole section about N.A. Substituting these values in the above equation, we get a 1 2) r(g-s}eodle$ bxI F(d?_ 2 -2(2-*] : From equation (8.2), we see that t increases as y decreases. Also the variation of t with respect toy is a parabola. Fig. 8.4 (b) shows the variation of shear stress across the section. Uo At the top edge, y = g and hence Fla (d\|_F t=—]—-]=—| |=— = ala (3) ay *°=° At the neutral axis, y= 0 and hence F(a 9 re Fl[L lL Fe 2r\ 4 2164 _ fd’ __Fa : ar od? : 1-H] a 2 2 F F = 3 tlhe 7}Shear force F Now average shear stress, t= Pa “Area of section bx d Substituting the above value in equation (i), we get t=15xt 0. This stress is also . aon Equation (8.3) gives the shear stress at the neutral axis where y = the maximum shear stress. Tmax = 1-BTang calculated as From equation (8.1), t = i _In this equation the value of Ay can also be given below Ay = Moment of shaded area of Fig. 8.4 (a) about N.A Consider a strip of thickness dy at a distance y from N.A. Let dA is the area of this strip. Then dA = Area of strip = b x dy Moment of the area dA about N.A. =dA.y or yxdA (- dA=bxdy =y x bdy The moment of the shaded area about N.A. is obtained by integrating the above equation between the limits y to é. .. Moment of shaded area about N.A. dh /2 = f yxbxdy y d/2 =o f yxdy (as 5 is constant) y fz] -2 (2)-»* =! 2 2|\2) ~” y But moment of shaded area about N.A. is also equal to Ay __b{d?_ 2 Ay=9 [¢ ” Substituting the value of AY in equation (8.1), we get b(d?_ PX ( 4” _F(@ 4 rT 1x6 “arl4a ” This equation is same as equation (8.2). a lo — *|2 % 1 “< usNO 250° x 100. _ Problem 8.4.4 tim aand ber beam of rect i imp! rted at the ends and i ‘angular section is simply suppo ; 5 cari Pond a the centre of the beam The maninuuey beschng tren 12 Nim? and maximum shearing stress ts I Nimm?, find the ratio of the apan to the depth Sol. Given : Maximum bending stress, Synqx = 12 N/mm? Maximum shear stress, Tmax = 1 N/mm?, Let 6 = Width of the beam, d = Depth of the beam, A L =Span of the beam, W = Point load at the centre. Maximum shear force, Fe g and maximum B.M., Ms a Z a Shear force 2) Wo Now average shear stress, Toug = = Maximum shear stress is given by equation (8.4) Tmax = 1.5 X Toyg we (+ =1, Taug = or Le 15x55 7 Now using bending equation ~|= &ls ol Maximum bending stress, if “oo (4 OG =12) 12 = 15 —> Cr Gnas or beFRENGTH OF MATERIALS WN 4 L LW alts ; “d * hd 3 frm Maton at =2xG Ee 3 =6 Ans in 1.3 m having a crow Problem 8.5. A simply supported wooden beam of spa’ se, 150 mm wide by 250 mm deep carries a point load W at the ae aa permissible Stren on 7Nimm? in bending and 1 Nimm? in shearing. Calculate the safe loa Sol. Given - Span, L=130 mm Width, b= 150 mm Depth, d = 250 mm Bending stress, o=7 N/mm? Shearing stress, t=1 N/mm? Ww Maximum BM. = M= at => Nm = v x 1.3 x 1000 Nmm = 325 WNmm Maximum S.F. = z N. (i) Value of W for bending stress consideration A Using bending equation Mis a Toy where M = 325 WNmm 3 3 p= PE 150x250" _ 395510500 mm! 12 12 o=7 N/mm? d 205 and ye og 125. Substituting these values in the above equation (i ), we get 325W 7 195312500 ~ 125 7x 195312500 = 305x125. = 33653.8 N. (ii) Value of W for shear stress consideration Average shear stress, WwW _ Shear force 2 WwW ww Area” bxd ~ 2x 150% 250SHEAR STRESS! Maximum shear stress ig Riven by equation (8 4 » in ) 3 Tmax = 9% Tang ut y Tax = 1 Némm? 3 Ww iets 2 © 2x 150 x 250 _ 2x 2x 150 x 250 or = = 0000 N Hence, the safe load is minimum of th 39653 safeloed 1033653.8N. Ans. e two values (i.e. 53.8 and 50000 N) of W. Hence 8.3.2. Circular Section. Fig, 8.7 shows a r ] ; cular section ofa beam. Let R is the radius of the circular section of F'is the shear force acting onthe section. Consider a level EF at a distance y from the neutral axis. The shear stress at this level is given by equation (8.1) as _ PxAxy . T= Tb oli) where Ay = Moment of the shaded area about the neutral axis (N.A.) ] = Moment of inertia of the whole circular section b = Width of the beam at the level EF. Consider a strip of thickness dy at a distance y from N.A. Let dA is the area of strip. Then dA = b x dy = EF xdy (2 b=EF) = 2x EBxdy (. EF =2xEB) =2x JR?-y? xdy (« Inrt. angled triangle OBB, side EB = \r-» Moment of this area dA about NA. syxdA —_ zyx2 {R?-9 x (dd =2R?-y? dy) =2y {R?-y? 4. Moment of the whole shaded area about the N.A. is obtaine’ equation between the limits y andR R ay=f ay |R?-»” dy .d by integrating the above 2-f'C® RP -y? ySTRENGTH =TH_OF MATERIAL — a cRIALS ; iffer the integration of the above en ; Mati, ™ Now (~ 2y)j : ; . becomes m: | 278 the differential of (R? — v2). Hene 3/2 _ 2 [uR? Ry"? (R? y2y"?) 3 2 2,99) = 2 (RP yy er 10 —(R?— y?)®?] = 3 Substituting the value of AV in equation (i), we get Fx aR? vy??? Ixb But b = BF =2xEB=2x \R?-y? Substituting this value of } in the above equation, we get t= arr? -y)? op t= 3 —_____ TxayR?-y? BL Equation (8.5) shows that shear stress distribution across a circular section is parabolic Also it is clear from this equation that with the increase of y, the shear stress decreases. 4 y =R, the shear stress, t = 0. Hence, shear stress will be maximum when y = 0 ie., at che neutral axis. At y = 0i.e., at the neutral axis, the shear stress is maximum and is given by F = — R2 Tmax = 37 = ptet 4 D222) But T= Gy Dt= Gq x GR) (@ 1 =~ Rt af t Fx R? 4 F = 7" s- x on 3x Rt 3 aR But average shear stress, = Shear force _ FF “6 Area of circular section 1R? Hence equation (8.6) becomes as, 4 Tmax = 3 * Taug~ 0.9085 Nimm’?. Ane 8.8.8. 1-Section Fig. 8.8 shows the I-section of a beam i tahoe” “~‘“ B= Overall width of the section, D Overall depth of the section. b = Thickness of the web, and d = Depth of web. The shear stress at a distance y from the Ay te Px In this case the shear stress distribution in flange are to be calculated separately. Let us first ¢ flange. (i) Shear stress distribution in the flange . Consider a section at a distance y from N.A. i flange as shown in Fig. 8.8 (c). Width of the section = B N.A,, is given by equation (8.1) as the web and shear stress distribution i, alculate the shear stress distribution, in i is in the Shaded are of lange, A=B(2-y) Distance of the C.G. of the shaded area from neutral axis is given as (. Here width =8) -3(2 =F (Dy , “orl2” Hence, the variation of shear stress (t) with respect to y in the flange is parabolic. It is als clear from equation (8.8) that with the increase of y, shear stress decreases. (a) For the upper edge of the flange, 2 a F|D? (by? He sh " f(D? (py ]_ lence shear stress, Fe (3) .SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS (b) For the lower ed, Re of the flan, ze, Hence F De (4) F(p® a? ‘2 a a) Py 8.9 =a Oa (ii) Shear stress distribution in th — — Consider a section at a distance on a +. 7 z web from the | BZ Mf 2 A | 7} NA. as shown in Fig. 8.9. Width of the section = b. Seen de up of two parts ie., moment of the |°? a2 area .A. plus moment of | rt tae ne NA ofthe shaded area of the | | | t AY = Moment of the flange area about N.A. + moment of the shaded area of web about N.A. _p(2-2)x2(2+2 d 1(d -*(3 2)u3(2+¥) -o(5-»)a(3) | B b(d?_.s =3 wa +2(4 -r'] the shear stress in the web becomes as Hence FxAy __F_ | Bcp-a? b ~ FxAy 2 x/ 2 _d?)+= T= "Txb AF r+ From equation (8.10), it is clear that variation of t with respect toy is parabolic. Also with e increase of y, T decreases. ; se ai,» =O and hence shear sirss it MASI F_[B(p-a+2 & su Fe? d’)+9%4 2_ gq? 2 al __F [Be a) ba Ixb 8 8 At the junction of top of the web and bottom of flange, d y=Q Hence shear stress is given PY” ’ (ay 6 mi F Bp art (2) J 7x6|8 pxBxD-? (8.12) bod gl xb_ — — ; e is shown in Fig. 8.8 (b). The . > e web and fareuptly. Equation (8.9) gives the change’ is considered in the flan STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ~ The shear stress distribution for th Stress at the junction of th eb d ‘ j e flange and the w' jstributio ‘ at the junction of the flange and the web when stress ae distribution is considered in the , hen t the junction changes Abrupy) y equation (8.12) gives the stress at the junction W! a8 al From these two equations it is clear that the stre F BF from — (D2_ d2)to — x — 2?) ay (P P) t0 FX gy (DI d) Problem 8.7, An I-section beam 350 m| f has a web thickness of 10 mm and a flange thickness of 20 mm. If the shear force acting on the section is 40 kN, find the maximum shear stress developed in the I-section Sol. Given : Overall depth, D = 350mm Overall width, B = 150mm mx 150mm Web thickness, 6 = 10mm Flange thickness, = 20mm Depth ofweb, d = 350-(2x 20)=310 mm Shear force on the section, F = 40 kN = 40,000 N. Moment of inertia of the section about neutral axis, 3 3 Is 150x 350° _ 140x310 mm! 12 12 = 535937500 — 347561666.6 = 188375833.4 mm‘. Maximum shear stress is given by equation (8.11) F [eae] \ Fig. 8.10 8 8 40000 ee - 310?) | 10x a imax Tx * [88375833.4 x 10 8 8 0.000021234 2 (122500 - 96100) + 120125| = 13.06 Nimm?, Ans. Alternate Method The maximum shear stress developed in the I-section will be at the neutral axis. This shear stress is given by, 1 PRAXY max Ixb where F = 40,000N A x ¥ = Moment of the area above the neutral axis about the neutral axis = Area of flange x Distance of CG. of the a1 Area Aa rea of flange from neutral axis + of web above neutral axis x Distance of the C.G. of this area from neutral axisSHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS EX 2 2)*(%2x10)«(210,.1) = 3000 x 165 4 a2 Section about neutral axis . (Already ©; 6 = Width of tt 'y Calculated) -f 40,000 x 615195 Varq é 188375833.4 x 19 = 13.06 Nimm?, Ang, tee - fof Problem 8.8, For Problem 8. 7, sketch ‘al Trax — the shear stress distribution across the section Also calculate the total shear force carried by the web. Sol. Given : From problem 8.7, we have X' Bz 150 mm; D=350mm d=310mm; b=10mm F=40000N; [= 188.375 x 10° mm* Tmax = 18.06 N/mm?, Shear stress distribution in the flange The shear stress at the upper edge of the flange is zero. Actually shear stress distribution in the flange is given by equation (8.8) asOS STRENGTH oF MATERIALS Por the upper edge of the flange, D yng , r(p (DY re dD A | 4 a) ala 4 For the lower edge of the upper flange (i0.,) at the jaint of web and flange, d "a Substituting this value in equation (i), we get rip? (dy |_F ( ped’ Trl 4 (3) ai\4 4 -F ip a= — 40000 (3592 3102) ~ 81 8 x 188.375 = 0.7007 N/mm? Shear stress distribution in the web The shear stress is maximum at N.A. and it is given by, Tmax = 13.06 N/mm? (calculated in problem 8 7 The shear stress at the junction of web and flange is given by equation (8.12) as FxB = D? — d?) = rx | 40000 x 150 Sant yy (350? - 310?) = 10.51 Nimm* 8 x 188.375 x 10° x 10 (The shear stress at the junction can also be obtained as equal to B 1 3” 0.7007 = = x 0.7007 = 10.51 N/mm?) Now shear stress distribution which is symmetrical about N.A., can be plotted as shown in Fig. 8.11 (6). The shear stress for web and flange are parabolic. The shear stress at the junction suddenly changes from 0.707 to 10.51 N/mm?, Total Shear force carried by the web Total shear force carried by the web will be equal to the total shear force carried by the I-section minus the total shear force carried by the two flanges. Total shear force carried by the web = Total shear force carried by I-section minus two times the shear force carried by one flange = 40,000 — 2 x Shear force carried by one flange cll To find the shear force carried by one flange, first calculate the shear stress in the flan at a distance ‘y’ from neutral axis. Now consider an elemental strip of flange of thickness ‘dy Then area of strip will be width of the flange x thickness of strip i.e., dA = 150 x dy. Now the shear force carried by the elemental stripBEAMS —_ —_ SHEAR STRESSES IN =SI - hear stress at a distance y in the flange x Area of the strip Total shear force came ‘ar force carried by 310 350 ied by the flange will be obtained by integrating the above equation =— to — from —, to 2 (Le., from 155 to 175) Total shear force carried by one flange 175, = fa. Tx 150 x dy (tit) The value of ‘t’ (i.c. . . Le., shear stress) in the flange at a distance y from neutral axis is given where F = 40,000 : Moment of area of the flange above y, about neutral axis li.e., shaded area of Fig. 8.8 (c) on page 360] o(2-s(2o9 350 150 (7 y)x2(23+ 9) (Here B= 150, D = 350) > = 0,000106 x 150 Sis (30625 - y*) dy 3 175 y = 0.0159 [sos - <| 155 1 r = 0.0159 [sose5.a75 - 155) - gue 155% |—ENCTH 0} ~~ SE MATERIALS _ — = 0.0159 | 612500 * 5350875 - 9723815)] = 0.0159 [612500 - 545166.66] = 1070.61N Substituting this value in equation (i), we get Total shear force carried by web = 40,000 — 2 x 1070.61 = 37858.78 N = 97.858 KN. Ans. 8.3.4. T-Section. The shear stress distribution over a T-section is obtaine din the Manner as over an I-section. But in thia case the position of neutral axis (i.¢., posi ame to be obtained first, ition of , as the section is not symmetrical about x-x axis. The shear stress dicta, © tion diagram will also not be symmetrical, : Problem 8.9. The shear force acting on a section of a beam is 50 kN. The Section of beam is of T-shaped of dimensions 100 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm as shown in Fig. 3 Rn moment of inertia about the horizontal neutral axis is 314.221 x 104 mm‘ Calculate the 4,” Stress at the neutral axis and at the junction of the web and the flange. ” } 67.78 20mm Fig. 8.12 Sol. Given : Shear force, F=650KN = 50000N Moment of inertia about NA., T= 314.221 x 10‘ mmf, First calculate the position of neutral axis. This C.G. of given T-section. The given section is symmetric of the section will lie on Y-Y axis. can be obtained if we know the position" cal about the axis Y-Y and hence the Let 9* = Distance of the C.G. of the section from the top of the flange yte A, yi + Ay Jo (A; + Ay)OE SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS _ (200 20) 10-20 x 80) «(20 + 8°) 2 (100 x 10) +10 « 90) = 20000 + 96000 2000 +1600 = 32:22 Hence, neutral axis will be at adi pre 8120) ata distance of 32.22 mm from the top of the flange as shown stress distribution in the flange ete ae the top edge of the flange, and bottom of the web is zero inge just at the junction of the flange and web is given by, 1a FX AD Txb A= 100 x 20 = 2000 mm? ~ ¥ = Distance of C.G. of the area of flange from N.A. 20 0. = 32.22 - > = 22.22 mm b = Width of flange = 100 mm = 50000 x 2000 x 22.22 _ 7 07 Nimm? 314.221 10" x 100 ~ 7-07 N/mm" Shear stress distribution in the‘web d flange will suddenly The shear stress in the web just at the junction of the web ani 10 increase from 7.07 N/mm? to 7.07 x 2 = 35.35 N/mm2. The shear stress will be maximum at N.A. Hence shear stress at the N.A. is given by Fx Ay T=" Txb where AV = Moment of the above N.A. about NA. = Moment of area of flange about N.A. + Moment of area of web about N.A. = 20 x 100 x (32.22 - 10) + 20 x (32.22 — 10) x = 44440 + 4937.28 = 49377.284 mm? 6=20mm t= 50000 x 49877204 = 39.285 N/mm? 314.221 x 10* x 20 n be drawn as shown in Fig. 8.12 (). tress distribution over miscellaneous sec- tress distribution diagram ca ‘on. Here also the position of neutral axis is Now the shear s 8.3.5. Miscellan Sections. The shear s' tonsa obtained in the Meme manner as over a T-secti Msined first. £ ' arsCC 22—S > STRENGTH OF yy, ATERIALS atan jon with unequal a ee of inertia of the section aboyy yi iso draw the shear stress distrip), 4 ion Problem 8.10. The tn Oe 10. The shear force acting 30 EN. The section is shan on Fig. 8.13. The moment 2.849 x 104. Calculate the shear stress at the N.A. an over the depth of the section [+ 200 mm ———» a Shear force, F=50 KN = 50,000 N Moment of inertia about N.A., T= 2.849 x 108 mm‘. Let us first calculate the position of N.A. This is obtained if we know the position of the C.G. of the given I-section. Let y* is the distance of the C.G. from the bottom face. Then + - Arti + Anye + Agys A+ Ay +g) where A, = Area of bottom flange 180 x 50 = 6500 mm? A, = Area of web = 200 x 50 = 10000 mm? A, = Area of top flange = 200 x 50 = 10000 mm? Y, = Distance of C.G, of A, from bottom face = 2 = 25mm Yq = Distance of C.G. of A, from bottom face =50+ 2 _ 150mm Ys = Distance of C.G. of A, from bottom face 50 = 50 + 200 + “> = 275 mmSHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS ae $$$ yt = 8500 = 25 » 10000 » 150 + 10000 » 275 51 mm 6500 + 10000 + 10000 ane Hence N.A. is at a distance of 166.5 meno bre of 166.51 mm from the bottom face (or 300 166.51 = 133.49 mm fr shear stress distribution @ oe at the extreme edges of the flanges is zero (ii) The shear stress in the upper flange just at the junction of upper flan given by. ge and web is Px Ay Ixb where A = Moment of the area of the upper flange about N.A = Area of upper flange x Distance of the C.G. of upper flange from N.A = (200 x 50) x (133.49 — 25) = 1084900 b = Width of upper flange = 200 mm + =< 50000 x 1084900 2.849 x 108 x 200 (iii) The shear stress in the web just at the junction of the web and t= = 0.9520 N/mm?. upper flange will suddenly increase from 0.952 to 0.952 x “2 = 3.808 Nim’. (iv) The shear stress will be maximum at the N.A. This is given by Fx Ay imax 1X6 where Ay = Moment of total area (about N.A.) about N.A. = Moment of area of upper flange about N.A. + Moment of area of web about N.A. (133.49 — 50) 2 1, = 200 x 50 x (133.49 — 25) + (133.49 — 50) x 50 x = 1084900 + 174264.5 = 1259164.5 and 259164. Snax = 50000 x 12591645 _ 4 4196 Nim’. max 2.849 x 10° x 50 (v) The shear stress in the lower flange just at the. junction of the lower flange and the web is given by F x Ay T=" Txb where Ay = Moment of the area of the lower flange about N.A. = 130 x 50 x (166.51 ~ 25) = 918125 b = Width of lower flange = 130 mm 25 Oe 50000 x 918125" = 1.239 N/mm?. 2.849 x 10° x 130id lower flan, . ion of the web an ge wilt (vi) The sh Vt in the web just at the junction vt) The shear stress in 2 1,239 x 130 _ 3.92 N/mm?. suddenly increase from 1.239 to 50. in Fig. 8.13 (b). ‘The shear stress diagram is shown in Fig. 8