The Effect of Pets On Mental Health of BNCHS Students During The COVID 19 Pandemic Besin Fernandez Inguito Obrial Paqueo 1

Effects of Pet Ownership on Mental Health of BNCHS Students
during the COVID-19 Pandemic
A Research Proposal presented to the

Faculty of Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE)
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School (BNCHS)
Bayugan City Division
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

RESEARCH 10
Researchers:
Ray Justin C. Besin
Ed Althea A. Fernandez
Zyd Epefany C. Inguito
Conrad Dominique Z. Obrial
Zildjian Kaye Paqueo
Grade 10 – Einstein
Research Adviser
Vincent Butch S. Embolode, LPT
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT I
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of the Study 1
1.3 Theoretical Framework 2
1.4 Conceptual Framework 2
1.5 Problem Statement 3
1.6 Research Hypotheses 3
1.7 Objective 4
1.8 Purpose of the Study 4
1.9 Significance of the Study 4
1.10 Scope and Limitation 5
1.11 Definition of Terms 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Review of Related Literature 7
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 11
3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Research Design 11
3.3 Research Instrument 11
3.4 Research Procedure 12
3.5 Research Locale 12
3.6 Validation 12
i
3.7 Data Collection Technique 13
3.8 Sample Size and Sampling Technique 13
3.9 Data Analysis 13
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 15
4.1 Introduction 15
4.2 Respondents 15
4.3 The Level of Depressive Symptoms 17
4.4 The Level of Positive Emotion 18
4.5 Significant Difference in the level of Depressive Symptoms 18
4.6 Significant Difference in the level of Positive Emotion 21
4.7 Pet’s effect on Mental Health 22
4.8 Summary 25
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27
5.1 Introduction 27
5.3 Conclusion 27
5.4 Recommendations 27
References: 29
Appendix 34
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Average responses of part II of the survey 17
Table 2: Average responses of part III of the survey 18
Table 3: Difference in mental health status between Pet Owners and Non-pet Owners 18
Table 4: Results showing if respondents are depressed during the pandemic 19
Table 5: Results showing if respondents are feeling lonely during the pandemic 19
Table 6: Results showing if respondents are feeling hopeless during the pandemic 20
Table 7: Results showing if respondents are feeling sad during the pandemic 20
Table 8: Results showing if respondents are feeling anxious during the pandemic 20
Table 9: Results showing if respondents feel joy during the pandemic 21
Table 10: Results showing if respondents feel happy during the pandemic 21
Table 11: Results showing if respondents feel positive during the pandemic. 22
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework 2
Figure 2: Gender of all respondents 15
Figure 3: Pet ownership of the respondents 16
Figure 4: Genders of pet owners 16
Figure 5: Genders of non-pet owners 17
Figure 6: Responses for “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my emotions” 22
Figure 7: Responses for “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my joy during the pandemic” 23
Figure 8: Responses for “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my happiness during the pandemic” 23
Figure 9: Responses for “My pet(s) affect(s) my positivity during the pandemic” 24
Figure 10: Responses for “My pet(s) help(s) me cope emotionally with the Covid-19 situation” 24
Figure 11: Responses for “Do you recommend having a pet during the pandemic?” 25
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very grateful to God Almighty for, without His graces
and blessing, this study would not have been possible.
Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and

support are extended to the following persons who in one way or another
have contributed to making this study possible.
Mr. Vincent Butch S. Embolode, teacher, for his support, advice,

guidance, valuable comments, suggestions, and provisions, that benefited
him much in the completion and success of this study who gave his love,
care, and shelter in doing this research. Sharing his knowledge helped in the
analysis of data and its statistical computations. We are very thankful for
having such a good teacher like him.
To teachers, Mrs. Marivic Mahinay, Mrs. Elmarie D. Dominguito, and

Mrs. Josephine C. Besin for letting us know the corrections and the grammar
of our thesis journey.
Our study wouldn’t be possible without the help of the doctors/ nurses/
psychiatrist/ psychologist Dr. David Puder, Dra. Josephine A. Panis, and Dra.
Malou N. Litera.
To our research members, Ray Justin C. Besin, Ed Althea A.

Fernandez, Zyd Epefany C. Inguito, Conrad Dominique Z. Obrial, and Zildjian
Kaye Paqueo, for helping and making the hard work for this research paper.
And lastly, to the people who doubted our capacities which have
served as our inspiration to pursue our dreams. This study wouldn’t be
possible without your love, care and support. No words can express how
much we want to thank you!
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ABSTRACT
The adverse impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on mental

health and well-being has been witnessed globally. In two sample groups, we
analyze the differences that may exist between pet vs. not-pet owners in
terms of their well-being and their mental health during the COVID-19
pandemic. The impact of pet ownership on levels of loneliness, hopelessness,
sadness, anxiousness, joy, happiness, and positivity was examined in a
sample of 125 pet owners and 35 non-pet owners of BNCHS students. The
researchers then administered survey questionnaires following the Likert
Scale with 5 as strongly agree and 1 as strongly disagree. Once the results
were gathered, it was then analyzed using a t-test assuming unequal
variance. It is shown in this study that pet owners have a lower level of
depressive symptoms than non-pet owners. Pet owners also have a higher
level of positive emotion than non-pet owners. The majority of the pet owners
from BNCHS suggest that their pets positively affect their mental health. This
research concludes that pet owners from BNCHS prove that owning a pet can
help their mental health.
I
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter explores the background of the study, theoretical

framework, conceptual framework, problem statement, research hypotheses,
objective, the purpose of the study, the significance of the study, scope and
limitations, and definition of terms.
1.2 Background of the Study
The Philippines is one of the high-risk countries for the COVID-19

epidemic, which has caused widespread dread, anxiety, and concern among
the public. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a
pandemic on March 11, 2020, impacting numerous nations worldwide (Tria,
2020). To comply with President Rodrigo Duterte's direction that schools
postpone classes until the vaccine is ready, DepEd formally declared that
schools must suspend all face-to-face learning activities and suddenly shift to
different types of online learning.
As high school students adjust to distance learning and teaching, the

strain and learning weight of adopting a new method of delivery has a
significant psychological impact on their lives. It appears in some research
that pets somehow influence changes in one’s, specifically their owners,
mental health. Pets are known for being a great source of emotional support.
They are also known to "provide a sense of companionship and security"
(Nagendrappa et al., 2020, p. 1). Moreover, other studies also indicate that
they help ease loneliness and depression (Krause-Parello et al., 2019).
Having a pet has been reported to provide health benefits (Rijken & Beek,
2011), with data indicating that dogs can positively influence individuals.
Gaining a positive mood and decreasing anxiety because of pets could show
people that it can be a positive influence to have responsibility for a pet.
Pets are an important component of daily living. Understanding the

impact of pets on human mental health and wellness, particularly during
periods of prolonged social isolation, is vitally important to see if animals can
be used in mental health and wellbeing prevention, recovery, and intervention
programs. This research also aims to know the effect of pet ownership on the
mental health of the students in BNCHS during CVID-19
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During the Covid-19 pandemic, BNCHS students were asked about
owning a pet or what are the changes of owning a pet during COVID-19
pandemic and the impact of pets on their mental health and well-being. To
know whether pet ownership significantly influences psychological wellbeing,
depression, anxiety, coping self-efficacy, and positive and negative emotions.
This study will be able to give information about the benefits of pet ownership
as well as educate both non-pet owners and pet owners. Some individuals are
unaware of the benefits of keeping pets, and it will also assist others in
learning about pet ownership.
1.3 Theoretical Framework
Human-Animal Bond Theory
The human-animal relationship theory, which emphasizes the

advantages of companion animals, served as the major conceptual foundation
for this study (Walsh, 2009). This theory presented evidence that pet
ownership is associated with beneficial physiological indicators such as
reduced blood pressures, serum triglycerides, and cholesterol levels (Walsh,
2009). According to Walsh (2009), pets can heal through various relationship
advantages such as stress reduction, loyalty, companionship, comfort,
security, and unconditional love. Individuals who come into contact with
animals have lower blood pressure, lower reported anxiety and an overall
sense of well-being. According to research, when youngsters witness the
behavior of animals, they acquire more caring behavior, which may help them
become better parents to their children (Beetz et al., 2012). People in the
presence of animals are frequently regarded to be happier and healthier than
those who are not (Saunders et al., 2017). The current study's prediction that
physical indicators of blood pressure and heart rate will decrease faster when
a dog is accessible to relieve stress was supported by the human-animal
bond theory.
1.4 Conceptual Framework
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
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1.5 Problem Statement
This study aims to determine the effects of having pets on Bayugan

National Comprehensive High School students amidst the COVID-19
pandemic. In this regard, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of depressive symptoms of pet owners and non-pet

owners of Bayugan National Comprehensive High School students?
2. What is the level of positive emotions of pet owners and non-pet

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of depressive symptoms

between pet owners and non-pet owners among students in Bayugan
National Comprehensive High School during the COVID-19 pandemic?
4. Is there a significant difference in the level of positive emotions

between pet owners and non-pet owners among a sample of Bayugan
National Comprehensive High School students during the COVID-19
pandemic?
5. Can pets positively affect the mental health of Bayugan National

Comprehensive High School students?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
Based on the foregoing research problems, the researchers formulated

the following hypothesis:
Alternative Hypothesis:
Ha: There is a significant difference in the level of depressive symptoms

National Comprehensive High School.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the level of positive emotions

National Comprehensive High School students.
Ha: Pets can positively affect the mental health of Bayugan National
Comprehensive High School students.
Null Hypothesis
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H0: There is no significant difference in the level of depressive symptoms
National Comprehensive High School.
H0: There is no significant difference in the level of positive emotions

H0: Pets cannot positively affect the mental health of Bayugan National
Comprehensive High School students.
1.7 Objective
1. To identify the level of depressive symptoms of pet owners and non-pet

owners of Bayugan National Comprehensive High School students.
2. To identify the level of positive emotions of pet owners and non-pet

3. To determine if there is a significant difference in the level of

depressive symptoms between pet owners and non-pet owners among
students in Bayugan National Comprehensive High School during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
4. To determine if there is a significant difference in the level of positive

emotions between pet owners and non-pet owners among a sample of
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School students during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
5. To find out if pets positively affect the mental health of Bayugan

1.8 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of the study is to determine whether owning pets affects
the mental health of students at BNCHS during COVID-19 and to measure the
closeness between the owners (students) and their pets.
1.9 Significance of the Study
This study was conducted to be able to give information about the effect
of pets on mental health.
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People. This study will be able to provide information regarding the benefits of
owning pets and will educate those non-pet owners and pet owners. Some
people don't even know the benefits of owning pets.
Psychologist. This study can give more information to educate psychologists

about the effects of pets on mental health and can give more reasons for
psychologists to recommend owning pets.
People suffering from mental health problems. This study can help people
suffering from mental health problems by giving more evidence and
information about the effects of pets.
Future researchers. This study can help to give more informational data for
future researchers. And they can use this as a guide to validate or invalidate
these types of studies.
Students. This study can create an alternative to deal with mental health
problems. This study can also be a guide in helping students in their future
studies.
1.10 Scope and Limitation
This study focuses on the effects of pets on the mental health of the
students of BNCHS during the COVID-19. By identifying the level of positive
emotion and level of depressive symptoms. This study limits conducting an
online survey exclusively to those BNCHS students due to the pandemic.
This study does not include scanning the respondents’ brains via MRI or
CT scans to determine the level of positive emotion and depressive
symptoms.
The researchers aim to compare the result of the survey which is to inform
us how pets may affect the mental health of students.
1.11 Definition of Terms
The following definitions of terms were used for the purposes of the study:
Mental health - Our emotional, psychological, and social well-being all play a
part in our mental health. It influences how we think, feel, and act. It also
impacts how we deal with stress, engage with others, and make decisions.
Covid-19 - The letters 'CO' represent corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease.
Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or
'2019-nCoV.' A coronavirus-caused acute respiratory infection in humans,
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capable of causing severe symptoms and, in some cases, death, particularly
in the elderly and those with underlying health issues.
Pet Owners - a person who owns a pet.
Non-pet Owners - a person who doesn’t own any pet.
A human-animal bond - is a mutually beneficial and dynamic interaction

between humans and other animals impacted by actions beneficial to both
parties' health and well-being.
Level of positive emotions - the level of emotion such as pleasure, joy,

pleasant or desirable situational reactions ranging from curiosity and
satisfaction to love, but separate from pleasurable sensation and
undifferentiated positive affect.
Level of depressive symptoms - the level of symptoms such as being

depressed, lonely, hopeless, sad, and anxious.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, related literature and studies, which are based on some
studies in this area, are combined to relate to the present study and provide a
solid basis.
2.2 Review of Related Literature
CoronaVirus (Covid-19)
The coronavirus disease, also known as COVID-19, is caused by an

identified coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. The World Health Organization
first became aware of this novel virus on December 31, 2019, after receiving a
report of a group of cases of 'viral pneumonia' in Wuhan, People's Republic of
China.
As of October 24, 2021, the DOH recorded 2.8 million active cases, 2.7
million recoveries, and 41,793 deaths in the Philippines. The 60-69-year-old
age group was the most affected (27%) of the total 41,793 verified deaths,
followed by the 70-79-year-old age group (22%), and the 50-59-year-old age
group (19%). The NCR accounted for 24% of the total number of deaths
recorded, followed by Central Luzon (13%), Calabarzon (12%), Central
Visayas (10%), and Western Visayas (7%). As of October 24, 2021, the DOH
has recorded a total of 27,213 healthcare workers who tested positive for
COVID-19. There have been 26,900 (98.8 %) recoveries, 106 (0.4 %) deaths,
and 207 (0.7 %) ongoing cases. There were 87 (42.0%) mild cases, 59
(28.5%) asymptomatic cases, 27 (13.0%) severe cases, 25 (12.1%) moderate
cases, and 9 (4.3%) critical cases among the 207 active cases.
The COVID-19 epidemic, as well as the ensuing economic downturn,

have had a significant impact on many people's mental health and created
additional challenges for those who already suffer from mental illness and
drug use problems. During the pandemic, almost 4 in 10 individuals in the
United States experienced symptoms of anxiety or depression, a percentage
that has remained essentially steady. Young adults have faced several
pandemic-related consequences, such as university closures and income
loss, which may have contributed to poor mental health. During the pandemic,
a higher-than-average proportion of young adults (aged 18–24) experienced
anxiety and/or depressive symptoms (56%) (Panchal et al., 2021).
Mental Health Issues
Anxiety
Anxiety is one of the issues that people face. It is present in everyone

since it is related to a person's bodily life. Anxiety is an issue in the real world,
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in daily life. It can happen in the home, for example, when children disagree
with their father or during an interview.
According to (Khoshaim et al., 2020) study, 21.5 % (86), 8.8 % (35),

and 4.3 % (17) of the respondents reported: "minimal to moderate," "marked
to severe," and "most extreme" anxiety, respectively during COVID 19. A
recent study also discovered that 18% of participants (both with and without a
prior psychiatric diagnosis) who had a COVID-19 diagnosis were later
diagnosed with a mental health problem, such as anxiety or mood disorders
(Taquet et al., 2021).
Depression
At some point in their lives, everyone encounters sadness and

unhappiness. Clinical depression, on the other hand, is more powerful and
lasts longer than normal sadness or loss, and it interferes with a person's
ability to engage in everyday activities. Depression symptoms include: loss of
interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, significant changes in
appetite (either significantly reduced or increased), sleep problems (either
sleeping too much or sleeping too little), fatigue, a sense of worthlessness or
hopelessness, difficulties concentrating and making decisions, and suicidal
thoughts.
Feeling depressed is natural during this period of canceled events and

social isolation, and most of us are struggling to maintain a cheerful attitude.
However, depression is more than just feeling down or having a terrible day. A
youngster who looks to be in a bad mood, feeling hopeless and unable to
enjoy anything, may be suffering from depression and may need to be treated
to recover (Miller, n.d.).
According to a Boston University study published in the medical journal

The Lancet Regional Health, depression rates increased during the first year
of the epidemic. Before the epidemic, around 8% of adults in the United
States were depressed. However, in a study of 1,161 people conducted
between March and April 2020, that figure increased to 28%. When the same
people were polled a year later, the percentage increased to 32% (Stieg,
2021).
Human-animal Bond
The human-animal bond is often described as a mutually beneficial

relationship between animals and humans that influences the health and
well-being of both. According to Wood (2021), that bond has only gotten
stronger over the years, and pets have increasingly played more prominent
roles in households. The intense daily stressors placed on the individuals
have led to more recognized cases of depression and anxiety, and people are
turning to pets for relief. Some pets are even classified as "emotional support"
animals. And during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a greater need
for emotional support in recent years.
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Since March of 2020, people have retreated into their homes having
fewer human interactions and spending most of their days alone and
confined. Many are revolving around their homes and immediate family.
Those who didn’t have time for their pets before the pandemic are now finding
that they do not only have the time but also need some companionship
(Wood, 2021).
The human-animal bond has existed for a long time than most people
realize. Archaeological evidence of domestic wolves was found in human
settlements dating back at least 14,000 years ago. It is believed that because
people and animals both needed food, shelter, and safety, they found comfort
in one another and lived alongside (Serpell, 1986).
Pet Domestication
Many people go about their days without considering their interactions

with domesticated animals: their pets, the meat they ate for lunch, or the
horse they rode on the beach. Yet animal domestication played a significant
role in their lives (Lear, 2012). "Domestication history is interesting since it
altered the course of human history. Animal domestication was significant
enough to occur in several locations and for various species rather than just
once," stated Kim Worley.
Humans and dogs, in particular, have a long history together, dating

back 10,000 to 15,000 years (Fitzgerald, 1986). Scientists believe dogs have
domesticated 14,000 years ago after discovering a dog jawbone in Iraq.
Although wolves and dogs are close relatives, scientists can identify and
distinguish the skeletal elements because wolf heads grow larger as they
mature, whereas dog heads maintain juvenile characteristics (Lear, 2012).
According to Fitzgerald (1986), the Canis lupus presumably served early
humans as a hunter, a guard, an alarm giver, herder, companion, and
occasionally dinner.
Cats have their origins of domestication more recently, which may be

why they are less servile than dogs. And there aren’t any good records of
domesticated cats earlier than 1500 BC (Fitzgerald, 1986).
Effects of Pets on Mental Health
Pets are an important component of daily living. Understanding the

impact of pets on human mental health and wellbeing, particularly during
periods of prolonged social isolation, is critical in determining whether animals
may be included in mental health and wellbeing preventive, recovery, and
therapeutic programs (Grajfoner et al., 2021).
The therapeutic role that pets can play in mental health is becoming
more recognized (Brooks et al., 2018) Pet ownership creates a special bond
that benefits many parts of a person's life, including mental health and
companionship (Headey & Grabka, 2011). Aside from being amusing and
providing a sense of friendship, having a pet in your home may have some
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magical effects on the health of its owners. A pet can help to alleviate anxiety
and improve social connections. Previous research has shown that having a
pet has an impact on mental health, as it helps to modulate mental illness and
improve the outcomes of many mental diseases such as depression.
Declaring the advantages of pet ownership and addressing its effects on
many elements of health provides for a greater understanding of pets' role in
improving our mental health (Hussein et al., 2021).
Having a pet provides an opportunity to improve one's health. A pet

can serve as a motivator for exercise, as well as a source of stress relief and
an external focus of attention. Pets can provide physical contact and comfort,
as well as reduce loneliness and depression while encouraging an active
lifestyle. The advantages of having a pet align with Healthy People 2000's
health promotion and disease prevention goals. These objectives include
boosting physical exercise and fitness, as well as improving mental health and
preventing mental diseases. A holistic understanding of our patients and
ourselves is facilitated by assessing pet ownership and discussing potential
health advantages (Jennings, 1997).
According to the Australian Medical Journal. They used data from a

nationwide probability survey (the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study; n
= 13,347) to address the methodological flaws of prior investigations. They
look at the demographics and personalities of pet owners in New Zealand,
see if they cluster by pet type, and see if pet ownership and pet kind are
linked to health and happiness metrics. The majority of participants (61.6
percent) said they had a pet, and they found six different types of pet
ownership clusters. They discovered no significant changes in self-esteem,
life happiness, or psychiatric distress between pet owners and non-owners.
They discovered no significant changes in self-esteem, life happiness,
psychological discomfort, or self-reported health between pet owners and
non-owners. Pet owners, on the other hand, were more likely than
non-owners to report depression and anxiety diagnoses. Although the link
between pet ownership and depression diagnoses was found to be consistent
across the six pet ownership clusters, the results revealed that cat ownership
was related to the highest rates of anxiety (Fraser et al., 2020).
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the study's research methodology, which

includes the research design, research instrument, research procedure,
research locale, validation, data collection technique, sample size and
sampling technique, and data analysis.
3.2 Research Design
This research study followed the quantitative approach, the descriptive

research design using the survey method. Descriptive research is a type of
research used to explain the characteristics of a population. It gathers
information that is used to answer a variety of what, when, and how inquiries
about a certain population or group (Descriptive Research Studies | Research
Connections, n.d.). According to (Hale, 2011), there are 3 basic types of
descriptive research methods which are the observational method, case study
method, and survey method. In this study, the researchers used the survey
method.
3.3 Research Instrument
The instrument that was used in this study is a survey questionnaire

that was created by the researchers and distributed using Google Forms. The
survey was created based on related studies and the researchers’ ideas. The
survey is a 19-item questionnaire that consists of five (5) parts.
Part I of the survey determines the name, gender, if the respondents
are pet owners or not, and what pet they have. Part I also consists of the
introduction from the researchers to the respondents. Part I is Appendix A
introduction and questions 1 to 3.
Part II consists of questionnaires that determine the level of depressive
symptoms. In part II the researchers used the Likert scale. Part II is Appendix
A questions 4 to 9.
Part III consists of questionnaires that determine the level of positive
emotions of the respondents. In part III the researchers used the Likert scale.
Part III is Appendix A questions 10 to 12.
Part IV consists of questionnaires that are specifically for pet owners.
In part IV the researchers used the Likert scale. Part IV is Appendix A
questions 13 to 18.
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Part V consists of a question if the respondents recommend having
pets or not. Part V is Appendix A question 19.
3.4 Research Procedure
The research procedure is presented in steps that the researchers’

followed in conducting this study.
Step 1: Make a survey
Step 2: Check the survey for mistakes and find professionals to
validate the survey
Step 3: Rewrite the survey in google forms
Step 4: Find BNCHS students to answer the survey
Step 5: Wait until you achieved the goal number of responses
Step 6: After collecting the responses, transfer the data in Excel
Step 7: separate the responses of the pet owners and non-pet owners
Step 8: Compute the data
Step 9: Make interpretations
Step 10: Write the results and discussions in the research paper
Step 11: Make a conclusion based on the results of the survey
3.5 Research Locale
This research study was conducted at Bayugan National

Comprehensive Highschool (BNCHS), a public comprehensive high school in
Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur. The respondents that were surveyed in this
study were all students from BNCHS. The researchers choose the BNCHS for
their research locale because of convenience.
3.6 Validation
The researchers asked for help and assistance from teachers and
professionals to check the appropriateness and grammar of the survey. The
survey was checked by Vincent Butch S. Embolode, a research teacher from
BNCHS. The survey was also checked by Marivic Mahinay, Elmarie D.
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Dominguito, and Josephine C. Besin who are English teachers from
ADSPILS. The researchers also asked healthcare professionals such as
David Puder, Josephine A. Panis, And Malou N. Litera for content validation.
Their validation and feedback can be seen at Appendix B
3.7 Data Collection Technique
This study has used a five-point Likert scale on most questions of the
survey. 1 being Strongly Disagree and 5 as Strongly Disagree. This study has
used a survey method for data collection through an online survey using
google forms.
3.8 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
According to Wikipedia contributors (2022), Bayugan National

Comprehensive High School (BNCHS) has a population of around 6,000
students. To collect respondents for this research study, simple random
sampling and convenience sampling methods are used. The sample size was
calculated where the confidence level is 90%, the margin of error is 5%, and
the population proportion is 50%. Therefore, the researchers needed a
sample size of 261 students. However, the researchers were only able to
collect a total of 160 responses because that was the best the researchers
could do. The sample size was calculated on:
https://www.calculator.net/sample-size-calculator.html.
3.9 Data Analysis
After the researchers collected the survey results, it was gathered and
analyzed. The responses were separated into two (2) groups: Pet owners and
Non-pet owners. The responses to the questions that use the Likert system
were changed from:
● Strongly Disagree to 1
● Somewhat Disagree to 2
● Neutral to 3
● Somewhat Agree to 4
● Strongly Agree to 5
After changing the Likert choices to numbers, we then calculated those

who needed to be calculated using T-test Assuming Unequal Variance. The
questions that were answered with a yes or no statement were tallied by the
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researchers and were presented in a pie graph form. For the rest of the
question, it was calculated by determining the average.
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will present the data acquired as well as the results of
statistical analysis and findings interpretation. These will be presented in
tables, pie graphs, etc.
4.2 Respondents
The respondents of the survey were all students from Bayugan

National Comprehensive Highschool (BNCHS). The survey of the study
collected a total of 165 responses. Responses that have mistakes or that are
inconsistent were removed. Making the total responses into 160.
Figure 2: Gender of all respondents
As shown in figure 2: there are 96 (60%) females, 44 (27.5%) males,

and 20 (12.5%) rather not disclose of the 160 respondents.
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Figure 3: Pet ownership of the respondents
As shown in figure 3, there are 125 (78.1%) pet owners and 35 (22.4%)
non-pet owners from the 160 responses.
Figure 4: Genders of pet owners

As shown in figure 4, out of the 125 pet owners, 79 (63.2%) are female,
34 (27.2%) are male, and 12 (9.6%) rather not disclose.
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Figure 5: Genders of non-pet owners
As shown in figure 5, out of the 35 non-pet owners, 17 (48.6%) are

female, 10 (28.6%) are male, and 8 (22.9%) rather not disclose.
4.3 The Level of Depressive Symptoms
Table 1: Average responses of part II of the survey

Questionnaire Pet Owner Average Non-pet Owner Average
“I have changes in 3.944 4.428571429

mental health when the
pandemic started”
“I feel depressed during 3.48 4.17142857

the pandemic” (feeling
sadness, emptiness,
hopelessness,
anxiousness, etc.)
“I feel lonely during 3.304 4.142857143

the pandemic”
“I feel hopeless during 3.04 3.942857143

the pandemic”
“I feel sad during the 3.336 4.228571429

pandemic”
17
“I feel anxious during 3.464 3.628571429
the pandemic”
AVERAGE 3.428 4.090476191
It is shown in table 1 the average response to every question in part II

of the survey. Part II of the survey consists of questions that ask about
depressive symptoms. The average of the average responses from the pet
owners is 3.428 and the average of the average responses from the non-pet
owners is 4.090476191.
4.4 The Level of Positive Emotion
Table 2: Average responses of part III of the survey

Questionnaire Pet Owner Average Non-pet Owner
Average
“I feel joy (inner feeling) 3.288 2.485714286

during the pandemic”
“I feel happy (outward 3.224 2.657142857

expression) during the
pandemic”
“I feel positive during 3.224 2.22851429

the pandemic”
AVERAGE 3.245333333 2.457123811
It is shown in table 2 the average response to every question in part III

of the survey. Part III of the survey consists of questions that ask about the
level of positive emotions of the respondents. The average of the average
responses from the pet owners is 3.245333333 and the average of the
average responses from the non-pet owners is 2.457123811.
4.5 Significant Difference in the level of Depressive Symptoms
Table 3: Difference in mental health status between Pet Owners and Non-pet Owners
Respondents Mean SD df t-stat P(T<=t) two-tail
Pet Owner 3.944 0.978 59 -2.799 .007
Non-Pet Owner 4.429 0.884 59 -2.799 .007

t(59) = -2.799, p =.007
18
There was a significant difference in the responses of pet owners (M =
3.944, SD = 0.978) and non-pet owners (M = 4.429, SD = 0.884) conditions;
t(59) = -2.799, p =.007.
It is shown in table 3 that there is a significant difference between the

pet owners and the non-pet owners at p = .007. Since the t Stat is
-2.79855797 it implies that the non-pet owners tend to agree more in having
changes in mental health during the pandemic.
Table 4: Results showing if respondents(PetOwner, Non-pet Owner) are depressed

during the pandemic
Pet Owner 3.48 1.147 61 -3.461 .001
Non-Pet Owner 4.171 1.014 61 -3.461 .001

t(61) = -3.461, p = .001

t(61) = -3.461, p = .001.

-3.460744452 it implies that the non-pet owners tend to agree more about
feeling depressed during the pandemic.
Table 5: Results showing if respondents(PetOwner, Non-pet Owner) are feeling

lonely during the pandemic
Pet Owner 3.304 1.233 62 -3.984 .0002
Non-Pet Owner 4.143 1.061 62 -3.984 .0002

t(62) = -3.984, p = .0002
t(62) = -3.984, p = .0002.

feeling lonely during the pandemic.
19
Table 6: Results showing if respondents(PetOwner, Non-pet Owner) are feeling
hopeless during the pandemic
Pet Owner 3.04 1.260 56 -3.863 .0003
Non-Pet Owner 3.943 1.211 56 -3.863 .0003

t(56) = -3.863, p = .0003

t(56) = -3.863, p = .0003.

feeling hopeless during the pandemic.
Table 7: Results showing if respondents(PetOwner, Non-pet Owner) are feeling sad

during the pandemic
Pet Owner 3.336 1.170 64 -4.579 .00002
Non-Pet Owner 4.229 0.973 64 -4.579 .00002

t(64) = -4.579, p = .00002

t(64) = -4.579, p = .00002.

feeling sad during the pandemic.
Table 8: Results showing if respondents(Pet Owner, Non-pet Owner) are feeling

anxious during the pandemic
Pet Owner 3.464 1.161 52 0.71 .48
Non-Pet Owner 3.629 1.239 52 0.71 .48

t(52) = 0.71, p =.48
20
t(52) = 0.71, p =.48.
It is shown in table 8 that there is no significant difference between the

pet owners and non-pet owners, t(52) = 0.71, p = .48, despite the pet owner
having (M = 3.464, SD = 1.054) and the non-pet owners having (M = 3.629,
SD = 1.140). These results show that there is no difference between the
responses of the pet owners and non-pet owners in this question.
4.6 Significant Difference in the level of Positive Emotion
Table 9: Results showing if respondents(Pet Owner, Non-pet Owner) feel joy (inner
feeling) during the pandemic
Pet Owner 3.288 0.940 49 3.947 .0003
Non-Pet Owner 2.486 1.095 49 3.947 .0003

t(49) = 3.947, p =.0003

t(49)= 3.947, p =.0003.

3.947277312, it implies that pet owners tend to be more joyful than non-pet
owners during the pandemic.
Table 10: Results showing if respondents(Pet Owner, Non-pet Owner) feel happy
(outward expression) during the pandemic
Pet Owner 3.224 0.999 56 3.04 .0004
Non-Pet Owner 2.657 0.968 56 3.04 .0004

t(56) = 3.04, p =.0004
There was a significant difference in the responses of pet owners (M
= 3.224, SD = 0.999) and non-pet owners (M = 2.657, SD = 0.968) conditions;
t(56)
= 3.04, p =.0004.

21
3.039670491, it implies that the pet owners tend to be happier than non-pet
owners during the pandemic.
Table 11: Results showing if respondents(Pet Owner, Non-pet Owner) feel positive
during the pandemic.
Pet Owner 3.224 1.054 51 4.64 .00002
Non-Pet Owner 2.229 1.14 51 4.64 .00002

t(51) = 4.64, p = .00002

t(51)= 4.64, p =2.46.

pet owners and the non-pet owners at p = 2.46 Since the t Stat is
4.640981388, it implies that pet owners tend to feel more positive than
non-pet owners during the pandemic.
4.7 Pet’s effect on Mental Health
Figure 6: Responses for the question “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my emotions”
As shown in figure 6, 58 (46.4%) respondents chose Strongly Agree,

38 (30.4%) respondents chose Somewhat Agree, and 20 (16.0%)
22
respondents chose Neutral. This graph shows that the majority of the
respondents (76.8%) agree that their pets positively affect their emotions.
Figure 7: Responses for the question “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my joy during the
pandemic”

respondents (78.4%) agree that their pets positively affect their joy during the
pandemic.
Figure 8: Responses for the question “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my happiness
during the pandemic”
23
respondents (76.8%) agree that their pets positively affect their happiness
during the pandemic.
Figure 9: Responses for the question “My pet(s) affect(s) my positivity during the
pandemic”

respondents chose Neutral. This graph implies that the majority of the
respondents (72.8%) agree that their pets affect their positivity during the
pandemic.
Figure 10: Responses for the question “My pet(s) help(s) me cope emotionally with the
Covid-19 situation”
24
respondents chose Neutral. This graph implies that the majority of the
respondents (71.2%) agree that their pets help them cope emotionally with
the COVID-19 situation.
Figure 11: Responses for the question “Do you recommend having a pet during the
pandemic?”
In figure 11, all of the respondents were asked if they would

recommend having a pet during the pandemic. 123 (76.9%) said yes, 30
(18.8%) said maybe, and 7 (4.4%) said no.
4.8 Summary
The findings of the study were summarized according to the problem of

the statement stated in chapter 1.
4.8.1 What is the level of depressive symptoms of pet owners and

non-pet owners of Bayugan National Comprehensive High School
students?
The average of the average responses of the pet owners in part II of

the survey is 3.428, which is located in neutral. This means that their average
answer about having depressive symptoms is neutral. Meanwhile, the
average of the average responses of non-pet owners is 4.090. Which is
located in the somewhat agree level. This means that the average answer of
non-pet owners about having depressive symptoms is somewhat agree.
25
4.8.2 What is the level of positive emotions of pet owners and non-pet
The average of the average responses of the pet owners in part III of
the survey is 3.245, which is located in neutral. This means that their average
answer about their level of positive emotion is neutral. Meanwhile, the
average of the average response of non-pet owners is 2.457. Which is located
in the somewhat disagree level. This means that the average answer of
non-pet owners about their level of positive emotion is somewhat disagree.
4.8.3 Is there a significant difference in the level of depressive

symptoms between pet owners and non-pet owners among students in
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School during the COVID-19
pandemic?
Most of the questions in part II of the survey concluded that there is a

significant difference and non-pet owners tend to agree more about having
depressive symptoms. Excluding the question “I feel anxious during the
pandemic”, where there is no significant difference between pet owners and
non-pet owners.
4.8.4 Is there a significant difference in the level of positive emotion

National Comprehensive High School during the COVID-19 pandemic?
All of the results in part III of the survey suggest that there is a
significant difference between pet owners and non-pet owners where pet
owners tend to have a higher level of positive emotion than non-pet owners.
4.8.5 Can pets positively affect the mental health of Bayugan National
Comprehensive High School students?
Based on the survey of this study, the majority of pet owners agree that
their pets positively affect their emotions, joy, happiness, positivity, and help
them cope emotionally with the COVID-19 situation. 123 out of 160
respondents recommended having pets or owning a pet during the COVID-19
pandemic.
26
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter includes the summary of findings that the researchers

have analyzed, the conclusion, and the recommendations for future research.
5.2 Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed the whole system

worldwide, starting from the economic aspect down to the mental health of
every individual. Hence, coping with day-to-day stress and anxiety has been a
big problem for many. Through the years, pets have been used as a tool in
order to minimize illness and early health deterioration because of their
companionship and support.
It is shown in this study that pet owners have a lower level of

depressive symptoms than non-pet owners. Pet owners also have a higher
level of positive emotion than non-pet owners. The majority of the pet owners
from BNCHS suggest that their pets positively affect their mental health. This
research concludes that pet owners from BNCHS prove that owning a pet can
help their mental health.
5.3 Recommendations
The researchers presented some elements that they wished that they
could’ve done or changed in this study.
1. Having an equal amount of pet owners and non-pet owners. For

the sake of convenience, having less gap between the two groups, and
because it is easier, it's not hard to determine the difference between
the two variables.
27
2. Using phq-9 for measuring the level of depressive symptoms and
positive emotion. To easily gather the data. And Is well-validated and
documented in a variety of populations.
28
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Appendixes:
Appendix A
Survey
Introduction:
Dear respondents, we are conducting a study about “The Effects of Pet
Ownership on Mental Health of Bayugan National Comprehensive High
School Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic." We are thankful for your
assistance with our study. Please read the questions carefully and answer
truthfully. Thank you
Name: (optional)
1. Gender
Option 1 - Male
Option 2 - Female
Option 3 - Rather not disclose
2. Do you have a pet?

Option 1 - Yes
Option 2 - No
3. If you have a pet, what kind of pet do you have?

Option 1 - Cat
Option 2 - Dog
Option 3 - Bird
Option 4 - Others
Option 5 - I don't have a pet
4. “I have changes in mental health when the pandemic started”

Option 1 - Strongly disagree
Option 2 - Somewhat disagree
Option 3 - Neutral
Option 4 - Somewhat agree
Option 5 - Strongly agree
5. “I feel depressed during the pandemic”

(feeling sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, anxiousness,
etc.)

Option 3 - Neutral
6. “I feel lonely during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
34
7. “I feel hopeless during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
8. “I feel sad during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
9. “I feel anxious during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
10. “I feel joy (inner feeling) during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
11. “I feel happy (outward expression) during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
12. “I feel positive during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
13. ‘‘I am close with my pet(s)’’

Option 3 - Neutral
35
14. “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my emotions”

Option 3 - Neutral
15. “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my joy during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
16. “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my happiness during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
17. “My pet(s) affect(s) my positivity during the pandemic”

Option 3 - Neutral
18. “My pet(s) help(s) me cope emotionally with the Covid-19 situation”
Option 3 - Neutral
19. Do you recommend having a pet during the pandemic?

Option 1 - Yes
Option 2 - No
Option 3 - Maybe
36
Appendix B
Feedback Paper
The purpose of this paper is to record and list the feedback, suggestions, and
opinions of the people we have enquired regarding our survey questionnaire about
“The Effects of Pet Ownership on Mental Health of Bayugan National Comprehensive
High School Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic.”
English Teachers:
Marivic Mahinay:
● Q3 option 2 – change option 2 to “no”

● Q4 option 3 – change option 4 to “others”
● Q12 to Q15 – ok
● Q18 to Q20 – ok
Elmarie D. Dominguito:
● “The word COVID-19 is so redundant; you have already put it in the

instructions so it is possible to eradicate it in each statement”
● No problem with the grammar
Josephine C. Besin:
● Remove or Change Q20 option 3

● “Be specific as possible”
● “delikado mana inyong "i feel depressed" kay basin wakabalo ang
respondents unsa ang feeling of being depressed. sakit man gud na, dili
feeling. mas maayu guro kung inyo i specify: anxious ba, stressed, etc.”
● “Walay period inyo sentences each item”
● “Ang verb sab butngi og /s”
Doctors/ Nurses/ Psychiatrist/ Psychologist:
David Puder:
● “Looks good. You could do a phq-9 to get a number for their depression”
Josephine A. Panis:
37
● “This survey is just so timely in this time of pandemic... We can see
adolescents that took care of their pets. Instead of going to malls, they spend
a lot their time in caring and playing with their pets that made their mental
state so relaxed despite all the things happening around the globe.”
Malou N. Litera:
● “All students of BNCHS? From grade 7 to grade 12?”

● Q7 – “depressive symptoms”?? please specify
● Q8 – “depressed”?
Appendix C
Letter for Validation
38

The Effect of Pets On Mental Health of BNCHS Students During The COVID 19 Pandemic Besin Fernandez Inguito Obrial Paqueo 1

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Effects of Pet Ownership on Mental Health of BNCHS Students

during the COVID-19 Pandemic

A Research Proposal presented to the

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

1.2 Background of the Study 1

1.3 Theoretical Framework 2

1.4 Conceptual Framework 2

1.5 Problem Statement 3

1.6 Research Hypotheses 3

1.8 Purpose of the Study 4

1.9 Significance of the Study 4

1.10 Scope and Limitation 5

1.11 Definition of Terms 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.2 Review of Related Literature 7

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 11

3.2 Research Design 11

3.3 Research Instrument 11

3.4 Research Procedure 12

3.5 Research Locale 12

3.8 Sample Size and Sampling Technique 13

3.9 Data Analysis 13

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 15

4.3 The Level of Depressive Symptoms 17

4.4 The Level of Positive Emotion 18

4.5 Significant Difference in the level of Depressive Symptoms 18

4.6 Significant Difference in the level of Positive Emotion 21

4.7 Pet’s effect on Mental Health 22

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27

Table 1: Average responses of part II of the survey 17

Table 2: Average responses of part III of the survey 18

Table 4: Results showing if respondents are depressed during the pandemic 19

Table 9: Results showing if respondents feel joy during the pandemic 21

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework 2

Figure 2: Gender of all respondents 15

Figure 3: Pet ownership of the respondents 16

Figure 4: Genders of pet owners 16

Figure 5: Genders of non-pet owners 17

Figure 6: Responses for “My pet(s) positively affect(s) my emotions” 22

Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and

Mr. Vincent Butch S. Embolode, teacher, for his support, advice,

To teachers, Mrs. Marivic Mahinay, Mrs. Elmarie D. Dominguito, and

To our research members, Ray Justin C. Besin, Ed Althea A.

The adverse impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on mental

This chapter explores the background of the study, theoretical

1.2 Background of the Study

The Philippines is one of the high-risk countries for the COVID-19

As high school students adjust to distance learning and teaching, the

Pets are an important component of daily living. Understanding the

1.3 Theoretical Framework

Human-Animal Bond Theory

The human-animal relationship theory, which emphasizes the

1.4 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

This study aims to determine the effects of having pets on Bayugan

1. What is the level of depressive symptoms of pet owners and non-pet

2. What is the level of positive emotions of pet owners and non-pet

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of depressive symptoms

4. Is there a significant difference in the level of positive emotions

5. Can pets positively affect the mental health of Bayugan National

1.6 Research Hypotheses

Based on the foregoing research problems, the researchers formulated

Ha: There is a significant difference in the level of depressive symptoms