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–
–

• → + H+ →
• → + OH − ⇌ 𝑲

A B Ac Bc.

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pH = −Log H + 𝛾H+
pOH = −Log OH − 𝛾OH−
𝐩𝐇 + 𝐩𝐎𝐇 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟓
~ pHc = −Log H + pOHc = −Log OH −
𝐩𝐇𝐜 + 𝐩𝐎𝐇𝐜 = 𝟏𝟒
𝐾W = H + OH − 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH− = 1.01158 × 10−14 a 25 ℃
https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_dissociation.html#prod

𝐾ap > 𝐾W 𝐾ap < 𝐾W

𝐾ap ~𝐾W

•
H2 O(l)
NaOH ac Na+ ac + OH − (ac) H2 O(l)
H2 O(l)
Ca(OH)2 ac Ca2+ ac + 2 OH − (ac)

https://www.unf.edu/~michael.lufaso/chem2046H/2046chapter16.pdf

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H + ~𝐶HX OH − ~𝐶MOH
^_^
H + ~ OH − ,

′ 𝐾W
𝐾W =
• HX 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH−
′
HX ⟶ H+ + X − H+ 2
− 𝐶HX H+ − 𝐾W = 0.
1.0 × 10−8 𝑀 KNO3 0.050 𝑀
−8
HCl 1.0 × 10 𝑀 2

𝐇+ 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝐇+ −

0.050 𝑀

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• MOH OH− 2 ′
− 𝐶MOH OH− − 𝐾W = 0.
MOH ⟶ M+ + OH − M(OH)2 −2𝐶M(OH)2
0.0010 𝑀

Como 𝐾W = H + OH − 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH− ,

′ 𝐾W
⟶ 𝐾W = = H + OH − .
𝛾H+ 𝛾OH
−

1.0 × 10−8 𝑀

HA ⇌ H + + A−
H + A− 𝛾H+ 𝛾A−
𝐾a =
HA 𝛾HA
′
𝐾a

+ −
H3 O+ A− 𝛾H3 O+ 𝛾A−
HA + H2 O ⇌ H3 O + A 𝐾a = = 1.8 × 10−5
HA 𝛾HA
p𝐾a = −Log 𝐾a , 𝐾a = 10−p𝐾a
𝐾a 𝐾a
−
HA ⇌
𝐾
A AcOH ⇌ AcO−
𝐾b
b
𝐾a 𝐾b = 𝐾W
− +
NaCH3 COO → CH3 COO + Na
CH3 COO− + H2 O ⇌ HCH3 COO + OH −

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𝑲𝐚

𝐾a 𝐾b = 𝐾W

https://www.unf.edu/~michael.lufaso/chem2046H/2046chapter16.pdf

𝑲𝐚
NH4 Cl → NH4+ + Cl−
NH4+ ⇌ NH3 + H +
𝐾w
𝐾a NH4+ =
𝐾b NH3

𝑲𝐚

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𝐾b = 1.74 × 10−5

B + H2 O ⇌ BH + + OH−
BH + OH − 𝛾BH+ 𝛾OH− p𝐾b = −Log 𝐾b ,
𝐾b =
B 𝛾B 𝐾b = 10−p𝐾b
𝐾b′
𝐾w
NH4 Cl → NH4+ + Cl− NH4+ ⇌ NH3 + H + 𝐾a NH4+ =
𝐾b NH3

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https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-
biological/section_18/02cb1e806545bf68e43667f0328fd0e3.jpg

https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-
biological/section_18/1df63f393b037a4eb6b053d88245a280.jpg

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NaCH3 COO ⇌ CH3 COO− + Na+

CH3 COO− + H2 O ⇌ HCH3 COO + OH −
HCH3 COO ⇌ CH3 COO−

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𝑲𝐚 𝑲𝐛

𝐾a 𝐾b = 𝐾W

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HA BH +
▪
HA D2A, 6) Please type in the Ka:
Monoprotic acid:
HA ⇌ A−
E means *10 to the power of: Ka => 4,70E-08

▪
pKa => 7,33

H+
16931
1 6,817469

𝛼HA = +
H + 𝐾a′
0,8

𝐾a′
fraction

0,6

𝛼A − = + 0,4

H + 𝐾a′ 0,2

𝐾a′ ≡ 𝐾a . 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH

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A− = 𝐶𝛼A−
𝐾a′
𝛼A− = +
H + 𝐾a′

pH, 𝛼𝑖 , 𝑖 = 𝐶𝛼𝑖 .
HA = 𝐶𝛼HA H+
𝛼HA = +
H + 𝐾a′

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSu8oSJ1yRtocoVBvxyViymR5-nW1Hj_OWxzLgC-EfOccC33dru
https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/vector-ballandstick-model-organic-compound-260nw-1561819639.jpg

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′ ′
HA H+ 3
+ 𝐾a′ H + 2
− 𝐾a′ 𝐶HA + 𝐾W H + − 𝐾a′ 𝐾W = 0.

HA H+ 2
+ 𝐾a′ H+ − 𝐾a′ 𝐶HA = 0.
BH + 𝐶BH+ 𝐶HA , 𝐾a′ BH +
CH3 COOH 0.050 𝑀

3.033

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𝐶HA = 0.050 𝑀 𝐶HA = 0.0050 𝑀

p𝐾a 𝛼A− 𝛼A−

▪ CHA H+
▪ H+ 𝐾a γ = 1, 𝐾a′ = 𝐾a ) αA−

0.010 𝑀 p𝐾a = 8.63 5.315

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B A−
B B + H2 O ⇌ BH + + OH − A− + H2 O ⇌ HA + OH −
NH3 + H2 O ⇌ NH4 + + OH − CH3 COO− + H2 O ⇌ CH3 COOH + OH −

▪
𝐾b′
𝛼BH+ =
OH − + 𝐾b′
H+
= +
H + 𝐾a′ +
− H
OH
𝛼B =
OH − + 𝐾b′
𝐾a′
= +
H + 𝐾a′

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B OH − 3
+ 𝐾b′ OH − 2
− 𝐾b′ 𝐶B + 𝐾W
′
OH − − 𝐾b′ 𝐾W
′
= 0.

B OH − 2
+ 𝐾b′ OH − − 𝐾b′ 𝐶B = 0.
A− 𝐶A− 𝐶B , 𝐾b′ A−
𝑑 = 0.919 g/mL
(𝛾𝑖 = 1) p𝐾a = 10.64 CH3 NH2

11.593

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H + A− 𝛾H+ 𝛾A− 𝐾a HA AcOH, HOCl, HCN,

HA + H2 O ⇌ H + + A− 𝐾a = 𝐾a′ HA = HBrO, HNO2 , HF,
HA 𝛾HA 𝛾H+ 𝛾A− BzOH, SaOH
Na𝐀𝐜𝐎, Na𝐎𝐂𝐥, K𝐂𝐍,
HA OH − 𝛾OH− 𝐾b A− 𝛾A− Na𝐁𝐫𝐎, Na𝐍𝐎𝟐 , Na𝐅,
−
A + H2 O ⇌ HA + OH −
𝐾b A = − 𝐾b′ −
A =
𝐾W
A− 𝛾A− 𝛾OH− K𝐁𝐳𝐎, Na𝐒𝐚𝐎
𝐾b A− =
𝐾a HA
BH+ OH− 𝛾BH+ 𝛾OH− 𝐾b B NH3 , CH3 NH2 ,
B + H2 O ⇌ BH + + OH − 𝐾b = 𝐾b′ B = C6 H5 NH2
B 𝛾B 𝛾BH+ 𝛾OH−

B H+ 𝛾H+ 𝐾a BH + 𝛾BH+ 𝐍𝐇𝟒 Cl, 𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐍𝐇𝟑 Br,

BH + ⇌ B + H + 𝐾a BH + = 𝐾a′ BH = +
BH+ 𝛾BH+ 𝛾H+ 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟓 𝐍𝐇𝟑 NO3
𝐾W
𝐾a BH+ =
𝐾b B

→ 𝑲′

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Mg ClO4 2 0.025 𝑀 11.587

NH4 Cl 0.010 𝑀
−9.24
𝐾a = 10 5.623 , 5.662
NH3 H+ 𝛾H+
NH4 Cl → NH4 + Cl− NH4 + ⇌ NH3 + H+
+
𝐾a = NH4 + 𝛾NH +
+ 4
a) A 𝜇 = 0.010 𝑀, 𝛾H+ = 0.914, 𝛾OH− = 0.900, 𝛾NH4 + = 0.898 → 𝐾a′ NH4 =
𝐾a 𝛾NH4 + /𝛾H+ = 5.6537 × 10−10
′ 2 𝐾W′
𝐾W H=+ + 𝐾 H + =−1.2
𝛾H+ 𝛾aOH−
𝐾a′254 0−14
𝐶HA×=10 H+ = 2.3774 × 10−6 𝑀,
→ = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟒 = − log H + 𝛾H+ = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟑

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p𝐾a HNO2 = 3.25

HNO2 OH − 𝛾OH−
KNO2 → K + + NO2 − NO2 − + H2 O ⇌ HNO2 + OH − 𝐾b =
NO2 − 𝛾NO2−
425.5 mg 1g 1 mol
𝐶NO2− = 𝐶B = × 1000 mg × 85.10379 g = 0.050 𝑀 = 𝜇.
0.1000 L

𝐾b NO2 − = 𝐾W /𝐾a = 1.7925 × 10−11 .

A 𝜇 = 0.050 𝑀, 𝛾H+ = 0.86, 𝛾OH− = 0.81, 𝛾NO2 − = 0.805 →

OH − 3
+ 𝐾b′ OH − 2
− 𝐾b′ 𝐶B + 𝐾W
′
OH − − 𝐾b′ 𝐾W
′
= 0,
𝐾W
OH − = 9.514 × 10−7 𝑀, → H+ = = 1.52 × 10−8 𝑀
OH− 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH−

= 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟑

OH − 2
+ 𝐾b′ OH − − 𝐾b′ 𝐶B = 0 OH − = 9.437 × 10−6 𝑀, → = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝟒

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OH − = 9.514 × 10−7 𝑀
https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1181809414
https://www.wolframalpha.com/widgets/view.jsp?id=
3f4366aeb9c157cf9a30c90693eafc55

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