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–
–
• → + H+ →
• → + OH − ⇌ 𝑲
A B Ac Bc.
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26/07/2022
pH = −Log H + 𝛾H+
pOH = −Log OH − 𝛾OH−
𝐩𝐇 + 𝐩𝐎𝐇 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟓
~ pHc = −Log H + pOHc = −Log OH −
𝐩𝐇𝐜 + 𝐩𝐎𝐇𝐜 = 𝟏𝟒
𝐾W = H + OH − 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH− = 1.01158 × 10−14 a 25 ℃
https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_dissociation.html#prod
•
H2 O(l)
NaOH ac Na+ ac + OH − (ac) H2 O(l)
H2 O(l)
Ca(OH)2 ac Ca2+ ac + 2 OH − (ac)
https://www.unf.edu/~michael.lufaso/chem2046H/2046chapter16.pdf
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26/07/2022
H + ~𝐶HX OH − ~𝐶MOH
^_^
H + ~ OH − ,
′ 𝐾W
HX HX ⟶ H + X + − 𝐾W =
𝛾H+ 𝛾OH−
′
H+ 2
− 𝐶HX H + − 𝐾W = 0.
0.050 𝑀
KNO3 0.030 𝑀 HCl 0.020 𝑀
′
a) A μ = 0.050 M, 𝛾H+ = 0.86, 𝛾OH− = 0.81, 𝐾W = 1.447028 × 10−14 .
H+ 2 − 0.050 H+ − 1.447028 × 10−14 = 0, H + = 0.050 𝑀,
𝐩𝐇𝐜 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟏 𝐩𝐇 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟕
b) ^_^. 𝐩𝐇𝐜 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝐩𝐇 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒
0.0010 𝑀 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
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26/07/2022
′
• MOH OH − 2
− 𝐶MOH OH − − 𝐾W = 0.
MOH ⟶ M+ + OH− M(OH)2 −2𝐶M(OH)2
0.0010 𝑀
Como 𝐾W =
+
H OH − 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH− ,
′ 𝐾W
⟶ 𝐾W = 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH−
+ −
= H OH ,
HA ⇌ H + + A−
H + A− (𝛾H+ ) 𝛾A−
𝐾a =
HA 𝛾HA
′
𝐾a
+ −
H3 O+ A− (𝛾H3 O+ ) 𝛾A−
HA + H2 O ⇌ H3 O + A 𝐾a = = 1.8 × 10−5
HA 𝛾HA
p𝐾a = −Log 𝐾a , 𝐾a = 10−p𝐾a
𝐾a 𝐾a
−
HA ⇌
𝐾
A AcOH ⇌ AcO−
𝐾b
− +
b
𝐾a 𝐾b = 𝐾W
NaCH3 COO → CH3 COO + Na
CH3 COO− + H2 O ⇌ HCH3 COO + OH −
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26/07/2022
𝑲𝐚
𝐾a 𝐾b = 𝐾W
https://www.unf.edu/~michael.lufaso/chem2046H/2046chapter16.pdf
𝑲𝐚
NH4 Cl → NH4+ + Cl−
NH4+ ⇌ NH3 + H+
𝐾w
𝐾a NH4+ =
𝐾b NH3
𝑲𝐚
10
5
26/07/2022
′
𝐇𝐀: H + 3 + 𝐾a′ H + 2 − 𝐾a′ 𝐶HA + 𝐾W ′
H + − 𝐾a′ 𝐾W = 0.
HA H+ 2
+ 𝐾a′ H + − 𝐾a′ 𝐶HA = 0.
BH + 𝐶BH+ 𝐶HA , 𝐾a′ BH +
CH3 COOH 0.050 𝑀
11
𝐇𝐀 𝐁𝐇 +
HA D2A, 6) ▪
Monoprotic acid:
▪ Please type in the Ka:
E means *10 to the power of: Ka => 4,70E-08
HA ⇌ A−
pKa => 7,33
HA H+ 1
16931
6,817469
𝛼HA = = +
𝐶HA H + 𝐾a′
0,8
fraction
0,6
A− 𝐾a′ 0,4
𝛼A− = = +
𝐶HA H + 𝐾a′ 0,2
𝐾a′
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
≡ 𝐾a . pH
12
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26/07/2022
𝐾a′
A− = 𝐶𝛼A− 𝛼A− = +
H + 𝐾a′
pH, 𝛼𝑖 , 𝑖 = 𝐶𝛼𝑖 .
H+
𝛼HA = +
HA = 𝐶𝛼HA H + 𝐾a′
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSu8oSJ1yRtocoVBvxyViymR5-nW1Hj_OWxzLgC-EfOccC33dru
0.010 𝑀 p𝐾a = 8.63
https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/vector-ballandstick-model-organic-compound-260nw-1561819639.jpg
5.315
13
B
OH − 3
+ 𝐾b′ OH − 2
− 𝐾b′ 𝐶B + 𝐾W
′
OH − − 𝐾b′ 𝐾W
′
= 0.
14
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26/07/2022
B OH − 2
+ 𝐾b′ OH − − 𝐾b′ 𝐶B = 0.
A− 𝐶A− 𝐶B , 𝐾b′ A−
(𝑑 = 0.919 g/mL
𝛾𝑖 = 1 p𝐾a =
10.64
11.593
15
𝐾b = 1.74 × 10−5
B + H2 O ⇌ BH + + OH−
BH + OH − (𝛾BH+ ) 𝛾OH− p𝐾b = −Log 𝐾b ,
𝐾b = 𝐾b = 10−p𝐾b
B 𝛾B
𝐾b′ NH4 Cl → NH4+ + Cl− 𝐾a NH4+ =
𝐾w
𝐾b NH3
NH4+ ⇌ NH3 + H +
16
8
26/07/2022
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-
biological/section_18/02cb1e806545bf68e43667f0328fd0e3.jpg
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-
biological/section_18/1df63f393b037a4eb6b053d88245a280.jpg
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18
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26/07/2022
𝑲𝐚 𝑲𝐛
19
20
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26/07/2022
B A−
B + H2 O ⇌ BH + + OH −
B A− + H2 O ⇌ HA + OH −
NH3 + H2 O ⇌ NH4 + + OH − CH3 COO− + H2 O ⇌ CH3 COOH + OH −
▪
𝐾b′
𝛼BH+ =
OH − + 𝐾b′
H+
= +
H + 𝐾a′ +
H
OH −
𝛼B =
OH− + 𝐾b′
𝐾a′
= +
H + 𝐾a′
21
→ 𝑲′
22
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26/07/2022
Mg ClO4 2 0.025 𝑀
H+ 2
+ 𝐾a′ H + − 𝐾a′ 𝐶HA = 0 H + = 2.3774 × 10−6 𝑀,
→ = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟒 = − log H + 𝛾H+ = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟑
23
OH− 3
+ 𝐾b′ OH− 2
− 𝐾b′ 𝐶B + 𝐾W
′
OH− − 𝐾b′ 𝐾W
′
= 0,
𝐾W
OH − = 9.51405 × 10−7 𝑀, → H + = = 1.52 × 10−8 𝑀
OH− 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH−
= 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟑
OH − 2
+ 𝐾b′ OH − − 𝐾b′ 𝐶B = 0 OH − = 9.437 × 10−6 𝑀, → = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝟒
24
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26/07/2022
OH − = 9.51405 × 10−7 𝑀
https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1181809414
https://www.wolframalpha.com/widgets/view.jsp?id=
3f4366aeb9c157cf9a30c90693eafc55
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