Ebook Chemistry For Today General Organic and Biochemistry Hybrid Edition 8Th Edition Seager Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Chemistry for Today General Organic
and Biochemistry Hybrid Edition 8th

Edition Seager Solutions Manual
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Chapter 9: Acids, Bases, and Salts
CHAPTER OUTLINE
9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 9.7 Properties of Bases
9.2 The Brønsted Theory 9.8 Salts
9.3 Naming Acids 9.9 The Strengths of Acids and
9.4 The Self‐Ionization of Water Bases
9.5 The pH Concept 9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts
9.6 Properties of Acids 9.11 Titration Calculations 9.13 Buffers
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Write reaction equations that illustrate Arrhenius acid‐base behavior. (Section 9.1; Exercise 9.2)
2. Write reaction equations that illustrate Brønsted acid‐base behavior, and identify Brønsted acids and
bases from written reaction equations. (Section 9.2; Exercises 9.6 and 9.10)
3. Name common acids. (Section 9.3; Exercise 9.22)
4. Do calculations using the concept of the self‐ionization of water. (Section 9.4; Exercises 9.28 a & b,
and 9.30 a & b)
5. Do calculations using the pH concept. (Section 9.5; Exercises 9.36 and 9.40)
6. Write reaction equations that illustrate the characteristic reactions of acids. (Section 9.6; Exercise 9.50)
7. Write reaction equations that represent neutralization reactions between acids and bases. (Section
9.7; Exercise 9.60)
8. Write reaction equations that illustrate various ways to prepare salts, and do calculations using the
concept of an equivalent of salt. (Section 9.8; Exercises 9.68 and 9.74)
9. Demonstrate an understanding of the words weak and strong as applied to acids and bases. (Section
9.9; Exercise 9.86)
10. Demonstrate an understanding of the titration technique used to analyze acids and bases. (Section
9.10; Exercise 9.92)
11. Do calculations related to the analysis of acids and bases by titration. (Section 9.11; Exercises 9.98 and
9.100 a)
12. Explain the concept of salt hydrolysis, and write equations to illustrate the concept. (Section 9.12;
Exercise 9.108)
13. Explain how buffers work, and write equations to illustrate their action. (Section 9.13; Exercise 9.116)
LECTURE HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. Hand out some pH paper in class and have the students test various household products or foods at
home for their degree of acidity or basicity. This information could then be discussed in class after a
few days. The pH of some household products, such as cleaning agents, could be related to their
function. Various foods, e.g., fruit juices or dairy products should show certain characteristic pH
values. Some of these materials could be brought to class or the laboratory and the pH determined
more accurately with a pH meter.
2. Have the students look up first aid procedures for dealing with the accidental ingestion or skin contact
with strong acids and bases. Note any trends in the type of first aid measures or the types of antidotes
that might be useful with certain acids and bases.
3. A pH meter with a large visible readout could be brought to class and the pH of various types of
solutions could be demonstrated to the students. The hydrolysis of a number of different salts to
produce acidic or basic solutions could be easily shown. The ability of buffer solutions to resist a
201
202 Chapter 9
change in pH brought about by the addition of strong acids or bases could also be demonstrated as
well as the limited capacity of any buffer.
4. When describing buffer solutions, be sure that the student understands how a buffer works by
reacting with strong acids or bases. Write the equations for these reactions and explain why the pH
change is much less in the presence of the buffer, using the concepts of equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s
principle already developed. The calculation of the pH value of buffer solutions can be done without
resorting to the Henderson‐Hasselbach equation. Simply write the expression for the Ka or Kb and
plug in the values of the concentrations for everything except the H+ or OH concentrations and then
solve for these concentrations. For example, if the Ka of acetic acid is 1.8 x 10‐5, then the H+
concentration is determined as follows for a buffer solution which is 0.20 molar in sodium acetate and
0.40 molar in acetic acid.
Ka = 1.8 x 10‐5 = [H+][OAc‐]/[HOAc] = [H+][0.20]/0.40
Solve for the [H+], and convert to pH.
SOLUTIONS FOR THE END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES

THE ARRHENIUS THEORY (SECTION 9.1)
+ ‐
9.1 a. HI HI (aq) → H (aq) + I (aq)
+ ‐
b. HBrO HBrO (aq) → H (aq) + BrO (aq)
+ ‐
c. HCN HCN (aq) → H (aq) + CN (aq)
+ ‐
d. HClO2 HClO2 (aq) → H (aq) + ClO2 (aq)
+ ‐
;9.2 a. HBrO2 HBrO2 (aq) → H (aq) + BrO2 (aq)
‐ ‐ + 2‐
b. HS HS (aq) → H (aq) + S (aq)
+ ‐
c. HBr HBr (aq) → H (aq) + Br (aq)
+ ‐
d. HC2H3O2 HC2H3O2 (aq) → H (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)
+ ‐
9.3 a. CsOH Arrhenius base CsOH (aq) → Cs (aq) + OH (aq)
b. CH3NH2 not an Arrhenius base
c. NH3 not an Arrhenius base
2+ ‐
d. Ca(OH)2 Arrhenius base Ca(OH)2 (aq) → Ca (aq) + 2 OH (aq)
+ ‐
9.4 a. LiOH Arrhenius base LiOH (aq) → Li (aq) + OH (aq)
b. C2H5NH2 not an Arrhenius base
2+ ‐
c. Sr(OH)2 Arrhenius base Sr(OH)2 (aq) → Sr (aq) + 2 OH (aq)
d. NaNH2 not an Arrhenius base
THE BRØNSTED THEORY (SECTION 9.2) Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases

+ ‐
9.5 a. HBr (aq) + H2O (l) S H3O (aq) + Br (aq) HBr, H3O
+
H2O, Br
‐
‐ ‐
b. H2O (l) + N3 (aq) + S HN3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HN3 N3 , OH
‐ ‐
+ ‐
c. H2S (aq) + H2O (l) T H3O (aq) + HS (aq) H2S, H3O
+
H2O,HS
‐
2‐ ‐ ‐
d. SO3 (aq) + H2O (l) S HSO3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HSO3
‐
SO3 , OH
2‐ ‐
Acids, Bases, and Salts 203
Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases
+ ‐
e. HCN (aq) + H2O (l) T H3O (aq) + CN (aq) HCN, H3O
+
H2O, CN
‐
Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases

‐ + 2‐
;9.6 a. HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) S H3O (aq) + C2O4 (aq) ‐
HC2O4 , H3O+ H2O, C2O4
2‐
+ ‐
b. HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) T H3O (aq) + NO2 (aq) HNO2, H3O
+
H2O, NO2
‐
3‐ 2‐ ‐
c. PO4 (aq) + H2O (l) S HPO4 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HPO4
2‐ 3‐
PO4 , OH
‐
‐ +
d. H2SO3 (aq) + H2O (l) T HSO3 (aq) + H3O (aq) H2SO3, H3O
+
H2O, HSO3
‐
‐ ‐
e. F (aq) + H2O (l) S HF (aq) + OH (aq) H2O, HF ‐
F , OH
‐
Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs

‐ + ‐ ‐ 2‐
9.7 a. HBr and Br , H3O and H2O d. H2O and OH , HSO3 and SO3
‐ ‐ ‐ +
b. H2O and OH , HN3 and N3 e. HCN and CN , H3O and H2O
‐ +
c. H2S and HS , H3O and H2O
Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs

‐ 2‐ + ‐ +
9.8 a. HC2O4 and C2O4 , H3O and H2O d. H2SO3 and HSO3 , H3O and H2O
‐ + ‐ ‐
b. HNO2 and NO2 , H3O and H2O e. H2O and OH , HF and F
2‐ 3‐ ‐
c. HPO4 and PO4 , H2O and OH
‐ +
9.9 a. HI (aq) + H2O (l) U I (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
b. HBrO (aq) + H2O (l) U BrO (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
c. HCN (aq) + H2O (l) U CN (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ 2‐ +
d. HSe (aq) + H2O (l) U Se (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
;9.10 a. HF (aq) + H2O (l) U F (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
b. HClO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO3 (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ +
c. HClO (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO (aq) + H3O (aq)
‐ 2‐ +
d. HS (aq) + H2O (l) U S (aq) + H3O (aq)
Conjugate Base
‐ 2‐ +
9.11 a. HSO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U SO3 (aq) + H3O (aq) SO3
2‐
2‐ 3‐ +
b. HPO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U PO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) PO4
3‐
‐ +
c. HClO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO3 (aq) + H3O (aq) ClO3
‐
+ +
d. CH3NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) U CH3NH2 (aq) + H3O (aq) CH3NH2
‐ +
e. H2C2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) U HC2O4 (aq) + H3O (aq) HC2O4
‐
204 Chapter 9
Conjugate Base
‐ 2‐ +
9.12 a. HSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U SO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) SO4
2‐
+ +
b. CH3NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) U CH3NH2 (aq) + H3O (aq) CH3NH2
‐ +
c. HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U ClO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) ClO4
‐
+ +
d. NH4 (aq) + H2O (l) U NH3 (aq) + H3O (aq) NH3
‐ +
e. HCl (aq) + H2O (l) U Cl (aq) + H3O (aq) Cl
‐
Conjugate Acid
‐ ‐
9.13 a. NH2 (aq) + H2O (l) U NH3 (aq) + OH (aq) NH3
2‐ ‐ ‐
b. CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U HCO3 (aq) + OH (aq) HCO3
‐
‐ ‐
c. OH (aq) + H2O (l) U H2O (aq) + OH (aq) H2O
+ ‐
d. (CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) U (CH3)2NH2 (aq) + OH (aq) (CH3)2NH2
+
‐ ‐
e. NO2 (aq) + H2O (l) U HNO2 (aq) + OH (aq) HNO2
Conjugate Acid
‐ ‐
9.14 a. HCO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U H2CO3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2CO3
2‐ ‐ ‐
b. S (aq) + H2O (l) U HS (aq) + OH (aq) HS
‐
‐ ‐
c. HS (aq) + H2O (l) U H2S (aq) + OH (aq) H2S
‐ ‐
d. HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) U H2C2O4 (aq) + OH (aq) H2C2O4
‐ ‐
e. HN2O2 (aq) + H2O (l) U H2N2O2 (aq) + OH (aq) H2N2O2
Missing Formula
+ ‐
9.15 a. HI (aq) + ? → H3O (aq) + I (aq) H2O (l)
+ ‐
b. NH3 (l) + ? → NH4 (aq) + NH2 (aq) NH3 (l)
‐ +
c. H2C2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) → ?+ HC2O4 (aq) H3O (aq)
+ ‐
d. H2N2O2 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq)+ ? HN2O2 (aq)
+ 2‐ ‐
e. ? + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + CO3 (aq) HCO3 (aq)
Missing Formula
‐ + 2‐
9.16 a. H2AsO4 (aq) + ? → NH4 (aq) + HAsO4 (aq) NH3 (aq)
+ ‐
b. C6H5NH2 (aq) + ? → C6H5NH3 (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)
2‐ ‐ ‐
c. S (aq) + H2O (l) → ? + OH (aq) HS (aq)
+ ‐
d. (CH3)2NH (aq) + ? → (CH3)2NH2 (aq) + Br (aq) HBr (aq)
‐ 2‐ +
e. H2PO4 (aq) + CH3NH2 (aq) → HPO4 (aq) + ? CH3NH3 (aq)
Acid Base Equation

+ ‐
9.17 a. HOCl H2O HOCl (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + OCl (aq)
+ ‐
b. HClO4 NH3 HClO4 (aq) + NH3 (aq) → NH4 (aq) + ClO4 (aq)
Acid Base Equation
‐ ‐ ‐
c. H2O NH2 H2O (l) + NH (aq) → NH3 (aq) + OH (aq)
2
‐ ‐ ‐
d. H2O OCl H2O (l) + OCl (aq) → HOCl (aq) + OH (aq)
‐ ‐ + 2‐
e. HC2O4 H2O HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + C2O4 (aq)
Acid Base Equation

‐ ‐ 2‐ +
9.18 a. HS NH3 HS (aq) + NH3 (aq) → S (aq) + NH4 (aq)
‐ ‐ ‐
b. H2O ClO3 H2O (l) + ClO3 (aq) → HClO3 (aq) + OH (aq)
‐ ‐ ‐
c. H2O NH2 H2O (l) + NH2 (aq) → NH3 (aq) + OH (aq)
2‐ 2‐ 3‐ +
d. HBO3 H2O HBO3 (aq) + H2O (l) → BO3 (aq) + H3O (aq)
+ ‐
e. HNO2 NH3 HNO2 (aq) + NH3 (aq) → NH4 (aq) + NO2 (aq)
NAMING ACIDS (SECTION 9.3)

9.19 HF (aq) = hydrofluoric acid
9.20 HCN (aq) = hydrocyanic acid
9.21 a. H2Se (aq) hydroselenic acid c. H2SO4 sulfuric acid

b. HClO3 chloric acid d. HNO3 nitric acid
;9.22 a. H2Te (aq) hydrotelluric acid c. H2SO3 sulfurous acid

b. HClO hypochlorous acid d. HNO2 nitrous acid
9.23 H3C6H5O7 = citric acid
9.24 H2C4H4O4 = succinic acid
9.25 chromic acid = H2CrO4
9.26 carbonic acid = H2CO3
THE SELF‐IONIZATION OF WATER (SECTION 9.4)

+ ‐
9.27 [H3O ] Calculation [OH ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = −7
= 1.0 × 10 −7 M
a. 1.0 x 10‐7 1.0 × 10 1.0 x 10‐7 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 3.125 × 10 −12 M
b. 3.2 x 10‐3 3.2 × 10 −3 3.1 x 10‐12 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 2.12766 × 10 −4 M
c. 4.7 x 10 ‐11 4.7 × 10 −11 2.1 x 10‐4 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 8.3333 × 10 −15 M
d. 1.2 1.2 8.3 x 10‐15 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 2.325581 × 10 −13 M
e. 0.043 0.043 2.3 x 10‐13 M
206 Chapter 9
+ ‐
9.28 [H3O ] Calculation [OH ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 2.27 × 10 −13 M
;a. 0.044 0.044 2.3 x 10‐13 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 7.6923 × 10 −11 M
;b. 1.3 x 10‐4 1.3 × 10 −4 7.7 x 10‐11 M
−14
1.0 × 10
[OH − ] = = 1.1494 × 10 −12 M
c. 0.0087 0.0087 1.1 x 10‐12 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[OH − ] = = 1.2658 × 10 −5 M
d. 7.9 x 10‐10 7.9 × 10 −10 1.3 x 10‐5 M
−14
1.0 × 10
[OH − ] = −2
= 3.03 × 10 −13 M
e. 3.3 x 10‐2 3.3 × 10 3.0 x 10‐13 M
‐ +
9.29 [OH ] Calculation [H3O ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.0 × 10 −7 M
a. 1.0 x 10‐7 1.0 × 10 −7 1.0 x 10‐7 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.923077 × 10 −11 M
b. 5.2 x 10‐4 5.2 × 10 −4 1.9 x 10‐11 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.01 × 10 −5 M
c. 9.9 x 10‐10 9.9 × 10 −10 1.0 x 10‐5 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.0869565 × 10 −13 M
d. 0.092 0.092 1.1 x 10‐13 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 2.70270 × 10 −15 M
e. 3.7 3.7 2.7 x 10‐15 M
‐ +
9.30 [OH ] Calculation [H3O ]
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = −5
= 1.449275 × 10 −10 M
;a. 6.9 x 10 ‐5 6.9 × 10 1.4 x 10‐10 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 1.35135 × 10 −13 M
;b. 0.074 0.074 1.4 x 10‐13 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 2.0408 × 10 −15 M
c. 4.9 4.9 2.0 x 10‐15 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = = 5.88235 × 10 −12 M
d. 1.7 x 10‐3 1.7 × 10 −3 5.9 x 10‐12 M
1.0 × 10 −14
[H 3 O + ] = −9
= 1.0869565 × 10 −6 M
e. 9.2 x 10 ‐9 9.2 × 10 1.1 x 10‐6 M
9.31 9.27 9.29

‐ +
a. [OH ] = 1.0 x 10‐7 M neutral [H3O ] = 1.0 x 10‐7 M neutral
‐ +
b. [OH ] = 3.1 x 10‐12 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.9 x 10‐11 M basic
‐ +
c. [OH ] = 2.1 x 10 M ‐4 basic [H3O ] = 1.0 x 10 M ‐5 acidic
‐ +
d. [OH ] = 8.3 x 10 M ‐15 acidic [H3O ] = 1.1 x 10 ‐13 M basic
‐ +
e. [OH ] = 2.3 x 10 ‐13 M acidic [H3O ] = 2.7 x 10 ‐15 M basic
9.32 9.28 9.30
‐ +
a. [OH ] = 2.3 x 10 ‐13 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.4 x 10‐10 M basic
‐ +
b. [OH ] = 7.7 x 10 ‐11 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.4 x 10 ‐13 M basic
‐ +
c. [OH ] = 1.1 x 10 ‐12 M acidic [H3O ] = 2.0 x 10 ‐15 M basic
‐ +
d. [OH ] = 1.3 x 10 M ‐5 basic [H3O ] = 5.9 x 10 ‐12 M basic
‐ +
e. [OH ] = 3.0 x 10‐13 M acidic [H3O ] = 1.1 x 10‐6 M acidic
THE pH CONCEPT (SECTION 9.5)

9.33 a. pH = 10 basic c. pH = 7.3 basic
b. pH = 4 acidic d. pH = 6 acidic
9.34 a. pH = 4.7 acidic d. pH = 11 basic

b. pH = 8.8 basic e. pH = 5.9 acidic
c. pH =1.5 acidic
9.35 a.
+
[H ] = 1.0 x 10‐5 pH = − log [1.0 × 10 −5 ] = 5.00 acidic
b.
‐
[OH ] = 6.0 x 10‐3 pH = 14 − ( − log [6.0 × 10 −3 ]) = 11.78 basic
−14
c.
+
[H ] = [OH ]
‐
pH = − log [ 1.0 × 10 ] = 7.00 neutral
−4
d.
+
[H ] = 9.0 x 10 ‐4 pH = − log [9.0 × 10 ] = 3.05 acidic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 3.0 x 10‐9 pH = 14 − ( − log [3.0 × 10 ]) = 5.48 −9
acidic
;9.36 a.
+
[H ] = 4.1 x 10‐9 pH = − log [4.1 × 10 −9 ] = 8.39 basic
b.
‐
[OH ] = 9.4 x 10‐4 pH = 14 − ( − log [9.4 × 10 ]) = 10.97 −4
basic
1.0×10 −14
c.
‐
[OH ] = 10 [H ]
+ pH = − log [ 10 ] = 7.50 basic
−2
d.
+
[H ] = 2.3 x 10‐2 pH = − log [2.3 × 10 ] = 1.64 acidic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 5.1 x 10‐10 pH = 14 − ( − log [5.1 × 10 −10
]) = 4.71 acidic
9.37 a.
+
[H ] = 3.7 x 10‐4 pH = − log [3.7 × 10 −4 ] = 3.43 acidic
−8
b.
+
[H ] = 7.4 x 10‐8 pH = − log [7.4 × 10 ] = 7.13 basic
c.
+
[H ] = 1.9 x 10 ‐10 pH = − log [1.9 × 10 −10 ] = 9.72 basic
d.
‐
[OH ] = 1.3 x 10‐1 pH = 14 − ( − log [1.3 × 10 −1 ]) = 13.11 basic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 6.8 x 10‐7 pH = 14 − ( − log [6.8 × 10 ]) = 7.83 −7
basic
9.38 a.
+
[H ] = 2.2 x 10‐3 pH = − log [2.2 × 10 −3 ] = 2.66 acidic
b.
+
[H ] = 3.9 x 10 ‐12 pH = − log [3.9 × 10 −12 ] = 11.41 basic
c.
+
[H ] = 7.5 x 10 ‐6 pH = − log [7.5 × 10 −6 ] = 5.12 acidic
d.
‐
[OH ] = 2.5 x 10‐4 pH = 14 − ( − log [2.5 × 10 ]) = 10.40 −4
basic
e.
‐
[OH ] = 8.6 x 10‐10 pH = 14 − ( − log [8.6 × 10 −10 ]) = 4.93 acidic
208 Chapter 9
9.39 a. pH = 4.45 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.45 = 3.5 × 10 −5 M
b. pH = 13.12 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −13.12 = 7.6 × 10 −14 M
c. pH = 7.73 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.73 = 1.9 × 10 −8 M
;9.40 a. pH = 9.27 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −9.27 = 5.4 × 10 −10 M
b. pH = 2.55 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.55 = 2.8 × 10 −3 M

⎡ H + ⎤ = 10 −5.42 = 3.8 × 10 −6 M
c. pH = 5.42 ⎣ ⎦
9.41 a. pH = 8.00 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −8.00 = 1.0 × 10 −8 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

10 −8.00
= 1.0 × 10 −6 M
b. pH = 6.15 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.15 = 7.1 × 10 −7 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

10 −6.15
= 1.4 × 10 −8 M
c. pH = 1.30 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −1.30 = 5.0 × 10 −2 M ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

10 −1.30
= 2.0 × 10 −13 M
9.42 a. pH = 3.95 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.95 = 1.1 × 10 −4 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

10 −3.95
= 8.9 × 10 −11 M
b. pH = 4.00 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.00 = 1.0 × 10 −4 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

10 −4.00
= 1.0 × 10 −10 M
c. pH = 11.86 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −11.86 = 1.4 × 10 −12 M ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

10 −11.86
= 7.2 × 10 −3 M
9.43 a. Blood, pH = 7.41 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.41 = 3.9 × 10 −8 M basic

b. Gastric juice, pH = 1.60 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −1.60 = 2.5 × 10 −2 M acidic
c. Urine, pH = 5.93 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −5.93 = 1.2 × 10 −6 M acidic
d. Saliva, pH = 6.85 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.85 = 1.4 × 10 −7 M acidic
+ −7.85 −8
e. Pancreatic juice, pH = 7.85 ⎡⎣ H ⎤⎦ = 10 = 1.4 × 10 M basic
9.44 a. Bile, pH = 8.05 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −8.05 = 8.9 × 10 −9 M basic

b. Vaginal fluid, pH = 3.93 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.93 = 1.2 × 10 −4 M acidic
c. Semen, pH = 7.38 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.38 = 4.2 × 10 −8 M basic
d. Cerebrospinal fluid, pH = 7.40 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.40 = 4.0 × 10 −8 M basic
e. Perspiration, pH = 6.23 ⎡⎣H ⎤⎦ = 10
+ −6.23
= 5.9 × 10 −7
M acidic
9.45 a. Milk, pH = 6.39 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.39 = 4.1 × 10 −7 M acidic

b. Coffee, pH= 5.10 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −5.10 = 7.9 × 10 −6 M acidic
c. Orange juice, pH = 4.07 ⎡⎣H ⎤⎦ = 10
+ −4.07
= 8.5 × 10 M −5
acidic
+ −2.65
d. Vinegar, pH = 2.65 ⎡⎣ H ⎤⎦ = 10 = 2.2 × 10 −3 M acidic
9.46 a. Soft drink, pH = 2.91 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.91 = 1.2 × 10 −3 M acidic

b. Tomato juice, pH= 4.11 ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.11 = 7.8 × 10 −5 M acidic
c. Lemon juice, pH = 2.32 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.32 = 4.8 × 10 −3 M acidic

d. Grapefruit juice, pH = 3.07 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.07 = 8.5 × 10 −4 M acidic
PROPERTIES OF ACIDS (SECTION 9.6)

9.47 a. ( 750 mL )( 0.5 M ) = ( Vc ) ( 3 M ) ⇒ Vc = 125 mL
I would add approximately 625 mL of water to a 1 L graduated cylinder, then dilute up
to the 750 mL mark with 3 M sulfuric acid. I would make sure to stir the solution.
b. ( 200 mL )( 0.1 M ) = ( Vc ) ( 6 M ) ⇒ Vc = 3.33 mL

I would measure 3.33 mL of NaOH in a 10‐mL graduated cylinder, then pour it into a
250 mL beaker. I would add water to the 200 mL mark on the beaker and make sure to
stir the solution.
c. (1.0 L )(1 M ) = ( Vc ) (18 M ) ⇒ Vc = 0.0556 L = 55.6 mL

I would add approximately 0.9 L of water to a 1 L graduated cylinder, then add 56 mL
glacial acetic acid (measured in a 100‐mL graduated cylinder), stir the solution, dilute up
to the 1 L mark with water, and stir the final solution.
9.48 a. ( 2 L )( 3.0 M ) = ( Vc ) ( 6 M ) ⇒ Vc = 1 L
I would add approximately 1 L of water to a 2 L graduated cylinder, then dilute up to
the 2 L mark with 6 M nitric acid. I would make sure to stir the solution.
b. ( 500 mL )(1.5 M ) = ( Vc ) (15 M ) ⇒ Vc = 50 mL

I would add approximately 450 mL of water to a 500 mL graduated cylinder, then dilute
up to the 500 mL mark with 15 M aqueous ammonia. I would make sure to stir the
solution.
c. ( 5 L )( 0.2 M ) = ( Vc ) (12 M ) ⇒ Vc = 83 mL
I would add approximately 4.9 L of water to a 5 L graduated cylinder, then dilute up to
the 5 L mark with 12 M hydrochloric acid. I would make sure to stir the solution.
+ ‐
9.49 a. HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + NO3 (aq)
b. 2 HNO3 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca(NO3)2 (aq)
c. 2 HNO3 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
d. 2 HNO3 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + CO2 (g)
e. HNO3 (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + KNO3 (aq) + CO2 (g)
f. 2 HNO3 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
+ 2‐
;9.50 a. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq)
b. H2SO4 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + CaSO4 (aq)
c. H2SO4 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + MgSO4 (aq)
d. H2SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CuSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g)
e. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 KHCO3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + K2SO4 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
f. H2SO4 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + MgSO4 (aq)
210 Chapter 9
*M = molecular equation, **TIE = total ionic equation, ***NIE = net ionic equation
9.51 a. + ‐ +
TIE**: H (aq) + NO3 (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq) + NO3 (aq)
‐
+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq)
b. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq)
2+ ‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq)
c. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq)
2+ ‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq)
d. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + CO2 (g)
2+ ‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + CO2 (g)
e. + ‐ +
TIE**: H (aq) + NO3 (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + K (aq) + NO3 (aq) + CO2 (g)
‐
+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + K (aq) + CO2 (g)
f. + ‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq)
2+ ‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq)
9.52 a. + 2‐ +
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2‐
+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O (aq)
b. + 2‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2+ 2‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + Ca (aq)
c. + 2‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2+ 2‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + Mg (aq)
d. + 2‐ 2+
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g)
2‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + CuCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + Cu (aq) + CO2 (g)
e. + 2‐
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 KHCO3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + 2 K (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
+ 2‐
+ +
NIE***: H (aq) + KHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + K (aq) + CO2 (g)
f. + 2‐ 2+
TIE**: 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2‐
+ 2+
NIE***: 2 H (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + Mg (aq)
9.53 a. 2 HCl (aq) + BaO (s) → H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq)

b. 2 HCl (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq)
c. 2 HCl (aq) + BaCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g)
d. 2 HCl (aq) + Ba(HCO3)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
e. 2 HCl (aq) + Ba (s) → H2 (g) + BaCl2 (aq)
9.54 a. 2 HCl (aq) + MgO (s) → H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq)

b. 2 HCl (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq)
c. 2 HCl (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g)
d. 2 HCl (aq) + Mg(HCO3)2 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
e. 2 HCl (aq) + Mg (s) → H2 (g) + MgCl2 (aq)
9.55 a. M*: Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ 2‐ 2+ 2‐
TIE**: Zn (s) + 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) → Zn (aq) + SO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Zn (s) + 2 H (aq) → Zn (aq) + H2 (g)
b. M*: Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ ‐ 2+ ‐
TIE**: Mg (s) + 2 H (aq) + 2 Cl (aq) → Mg (aq) + 2 Cl (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Mg (s) + 2 H (aq) → Mg (aq) + H2 (g)
c. M*: Ca (s) + 2 HC2H3O2 (aq) → Ca(C2H3O2)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ ‐ 2+ ‐
TIE**: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) + 2 C2H3O2 (aq) → Ca (aq) + 2 C2H3O2 (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) → Ca (aq) + H2 (g)
9.56 a. M*: Sn (s) + H2SO3 (aq) → SnSO3 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ 2‐ 2+ 2‐
TIE**: Sn (s) + 2 H (aq) + SO3 (aq) → Sn (aq) + SO3 (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Sn (s) + 2 H (aq) → Sn (aq) + H2 (g)
b. M*: 3 Mg (s) + 2 H3PO4 (aq) → Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 H2 (g)

+ 3‐
TIE**: 3 Mg (s) + 6 H (aq) + 2 PO4 (aq) → Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 H2 (g)
+ 3‐
NIE***: 3 Mg (s) + 6 H (aq) + 2 PO4 (aq) → Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 H2 (g)
c. M*: Ca (s) + 2 HBr (aq) → CaBr2 (aq) + H2 (g)

+ ‐ 2+ ‐
TIE**: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) + 2 Br (aq) → Ca (aq) + 2 Br (aq) + H2 (g)
+ 2+
NIE***: Ca (s) + 2 H (aq) → Ca (aq) + H2 (g)
PROPERTIES OF BASES (SECTION 9.7)

9.57 a. M*: RbOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → RbCl (aq) + H2O (l)
+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: Rb (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + Cl (aq) → Rb (aq) + Cl (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
b. M*: RbOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) → RbNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: Rb (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + NO3 (aq) → Rb (aq) + NO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
c. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Rb2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 Rb (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) → 2 Rb (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
9.58 a. M*: RbOH (aq) + HBr (aq) → RbBr (aq) + H2O (l)
+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: Rb (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + Br (aq) → Rb (aq) + Br (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
b. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H2SO3 (aq) → Rb2SO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 Rb (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + SO3 (aq) → 2 Rb (aq) + SO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
212 Chapter 9
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
c. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H3PO3 (aq) → Rb2HPO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 Rb (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + HPO3 (aq) → 2 Rb (aq) + HPO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
9.59 a. M*: KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → KHSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: K (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + HSO4 (aq) → K (aq) + HSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
b. M*: 2 KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 K (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + SO4 (aq) → 2 K (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
c. M*: KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → KH2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: K (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + H2PO4 (aq) → K (aq) + H2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
;9.60 a. M*: 2 KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → K2HPO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
+ ‐ + 2‐ + 2‐
TIE**: 2 K (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 H (aq) + HPO4 (aq) → 2 K (aq) + HPO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
b. M*: 3 KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → K3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

+ ‐ + 3‐ + 3‐
TIE**: 3 K (aq) + 3 OH (aq) + 3 H (aq) + PO4 (aq) → 3 K (aq) + PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
c. M*: KOH (aq) + H2C2O4 (aq) → KHC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

+ ‐ + ‐ + ‐
TIE**: K (aq) + OH (aq) + H (aq) + HC2O4 (aq) → K (aq) + HC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ +
NIE***: OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O (l)
SALTS (SECTION 9.8) Cations Anions

+ ‐
9.61 a. LiCl Li Cl
2+ ‐
b. Cu(NO3)2 Cu 2 NO3
2+ 2‐
c. SrSO4 Sr SO4
+ 3‐
d. K3PO4 3K PO4
+ 2‐
e. K2HPO4 2K HPO4
2+ 2‐
f. CaCO3 Ca CO3
Cations Anions
2+ ‐
9.62 a. CuCl2 Cu 2 Cl
+ 2‐
b. (NH4)2SO4 2 NH4 SO4
+ 3‐
c. Li3PO4 3 Li PO4
2+ 2‐
d. MgCO3 Mg CO3
Cations Anions
2+ ‐
e. Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca 2 C2H3O2
+ ‐
f. KNO3 K NO3
Cations Base Anions Acids

+ ‐
9.63 a. LiCl Li LiOH Cl HCl
2+ ‐
b. Cu(NO3)2 Cu Cu(OH)2 2 NO 3 HNO3
2+ 2‐
c. SrSO4 Sr Sr(OH)2 SO 4 H2SO4
+ 3‐
d. K3PO4 3K KOH PO 4 H3PO4
+ 2‐
e. K2HPO4 K KOH HPO 4 H3PO4
2+ 2‐
f. CaCO3 Ca Ca(OH)2 CO 3 H2CO3
Cations Base Anions Acids

2+ ‐
9.64 a. CuCl2 Cu Cu(OH)2 2 Cl HCl
+ 2‐
b. (NH4)2SO4 2 NH 4 NH3 or NH4OH SO 4 H2SO4
+ 3‐
c. Li3PO4 3 Li LiOH PO 4 H3PO4
2+ 2‐
d. MgCO3 Mg Mg(OH)2 CO 3 H2CO3
2+ ‐
e. Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca Ca(OH)2 2 C2H3O 2 HC2H3O2
+ ‐
f. KNO3 K KOH NO 3 HNO3
Δ
9.65 a. Plaster of Paris = CaSO 4 ⋅ H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → CaSO 4 (s) + H 2 O (g)
CaSO4 · H2O
1.0 mol Plaster of Paris ( 1 mole H 2 O
1 mole Plaster of Paris )( 18.0 g H2 O
1 mole H2 O ) = 18 g H O 2
b. Gypsum = CaSO4 · 2 H2O Δ

CaSO 4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → CaSO 4 (s) + H 2 O (g)
1.0 mol Gypsum ( 2 moles H 2 O
1 mole Gypsum )( 18.0 g H 2 O
1 mole H 2 O ) = 36 g H O 2
Both of these reactions will produce anhydrous CaSO4 as well as water. For every mole of
Plaster of Paris, 1 mole of water is released. For every mole of gypsum, 2 moles of water are
released.
9.66 a. Epsom salt = MgSO4 · 7H2O Δ

MgSO 4 ⋅ 7 H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → MgSO 4 (s) + 7 H 2 O (g)
1.0 mol Epsom salt ( 7 moles H2 O
1 mole epsom salt )( 18.0 g H2 O
1 mole H 2 O ) = 1.3 × 10 2
g H2 O
b. Borax = Na2B4O7 · 10H2O Δ
Na 2 B4 O7 ⋅ 10 H 2 O (s) ⎯⎯ → Na 2 B4 O7 (s) + 10 H 2 O (g)
1.0 mol Borax ( 10 moles H2 O
1 mole borax )( 18.0 g H 2 O
1 mole H2 O ) = 1.8 × 10 2
g H2 O
Both of these reactions will produce anhydrous salts as well as water. For every mole of
Epsom salt, 7 moles of water are released. For every mole of borax, 10 moles of water are
released.
Acid Solid
9.67 a. CuCl2 HCl CuO
b. MgSO4 H2SO4 MgCO3
c. LiBr HBr LiOH
214 Chapter 9
Acid Solid
;9.68 a. Mg(NO3)2 HNO3 MgCO3
b. CaCl2 HCl CaO
c. Rb2SO4 H2SO4 RbHCO3
9.69 a. 2 HCl (aq) + CuO (s) → H2O (l) + CuCl2 (aq)

b. H2SO4 (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + MgSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g)
c. HBr (aq) + LiOH (s) → H2O (l) + LiBr (aq)
9.70 a. 2HNO3 (aq) + MgCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
b. 2 HCl (aq) + CaO (s) → H2O (l) + CaCl2 (aq)
c. H2SO4 (aq) + 2 RbHCO3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + 2 CO2 (g) + Rb2SO4 (aq)
9.71 a. KNO3 1 eq KNO3 = 1 mole KNO3

b. Li2CO3 1 eq Li2CO3 = 0.5 moles Li2CO3
c. SrCl2 1 eq SrCl2 = 0.5 moles SrCl2
9.72 a. CaCl2 1 eq CaCl2 = 0.5 moles CaCl2

b. Cu(NO3)2 1 eq Cu(NO3)2 = 0.5 moles Cu(NO3)2
c. CrCl3 1 eq CrCl3 = 0.33 moles CrCl3
9.73 a. 0.10 mol KI 0.10 mol KI ( 1 eq. KI

1 mole KI ) = 0.10 eq KI
0.10 mol KI ( )( ) = 1.0 × 10
1 eq. KI 1000 meq 2
1 mole KI 1 eq.
meq KI
b. 0.25 mol MgCl2

(
0.25 mol MgCl 2
2 eq. MgCl 2
1 mole MgCl 2 ) = 0.50 eq MgCl 2
0.25 mol MgCl ( ) ( ) = 5.0 × 10

2 eq. MgCl 2 1000 meq 2
2 1 mole MgCl 2 1 eq.
meq MgCl 2
c. 4.73 x 10‐2
mol AgNO3
4.73 × 10 −2 mol AgNO3 ( 1 eq. AgNO 3
1 mole AgNO 3 ) = 4.73 × 10 eq AgNO −2
3
4.73 × 10 −2 mol AgNO3 ( 1 eq. AgNO 3

1 mole AgNO 3 )(1000 meq
1 eq. ) = 47.3 meq AgNO 3
;9.74 a. 0.22 mol ZnCl2

(
0.22 mol ZnCl 2
2 eq. ZnCl 2
1 mole ZnCl 2 ) = 0.44 eq ZnCl 2
0.22 mol ZnCl ( ) ( ) = 4.4 × 10

2 eq. ZnCl 2 1000 meq 2
2 1 mole ZnCl 2 1 eq.
meq ZnCl 2
b. 0.45 mol CsCl 0.45 mol CsCl ( 1 eq. CsCl

1 mole CsCl ) = 0.45 eq CsCl
0.45 mol CsCl ( )( ) = 4.5 × 10
1 eq. CsCl 1000 meq 2
1 mole CsCl 1 eq.
meq CsCl
c. 3.12 x 10‐2
mol Fe(NO3)2
3.12 × 10 −2 mol Fe ( NO 3 )2( 2 eq. Fe ( NO 3 )2
1 mole Fe ( NO 3 )2 ) = 6.24 × 10 eq Fe ( NO )
−2
3 2
3.12 × 10 −2 mol Fe ( NO ) ( 3 2
2 eq. Fe ( NO 3 )2
1 mole Fe ( NO 3 )2 ) ( ) = 62.4 meq Fe ( NO )
1000 meq
1 eq. 3 2
9.75 a. 5.00 g NaCl ( 1 mole NaCl
58.5 g NaCl )( 1 eq NaCl
1 mole NaCl ) = 8.55 × 10 eq NaCl −2
5.00 g NaCl ( )( )( ) = 85.5 meq NaCl

1 mole NaCl 1 eq NaCl 1000 meq
58.5 g NaCl 1 mole NaCl 1 eq.
b. (
5.00 g NaNO 3
1 mole NaNO 3
85.0 g NaNO 3 )( 1 eq NaNO 3
1 mole NaNO 3 ) = 5.88 × 10 eq NaNO −2
3
5.00 g NaNO ( )( )( ) = 58.8 meq NaNO

1 mole NaNO 3 1 eq NaNO 3 1000 meq
3 85.0 g NaNO 3 1 mole NaNO 3 1 eq. 3
c. (
5.00 g Na 3 PO 4
1 mole Na 3 PO 4
164 g Na 3 PO 4 )( 3 eq Na 3 PO 4
1 mole Na 3 PO 4 ) = 9.15 × 10 eq Na PO
−2
3 4
5.00 g Na PO ( )( )( ) = 91.5 meq Na PO

1 mole Na 3 PO 4 3 eq Na 3 PO 4 1000 meq
3 4 164 g Na 3 PO 4 1 mole Na 3 PO 4 1 eq. 3 4
d. 5.00 g MgSO 4 ⋅ 7 H 2 O ( 1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O

246 g MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O )( 2 eq MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O
1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O ) = 4.07 × 10 eq MgSO ⋅ 7 H O −2
4 2
⋅7 H O( )( )( ) = 40.7 meq MgSO ⋅ 7 H O

1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 2 eq MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 1000 meq
5.00 g MgSO 4 2 246 g MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 1 mole MgSO 4 ⋅7 H 2 O 1 eq. 4 2
9.76 a. (
5.00 g Na 2 CO 3 ⋅ 10 H 2 O
1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O
286 g Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O )( 2 eq Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O
1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O ) = 3.50 × 10 eq Na CO ⋅ 10 H O −2
2 3 2
5.00 g Na CO ⋅ 10 H O ( )( )( ) = 35.0 meq Na CO ⋅ 10 H O

1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 2 eq Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 1000 meq
2 3 2 286 g Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10 H 2 O 1 eq. 2 3 2
5.00 g CuSO ⋅ 5 H O ( )( ) = 4.00 × 10 eq CuSO ⋅ 5 H O

1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O 2 eq CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O
b. −2
4 2 250 g CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 4 2
5.00 g CuSO ⋅ 5 H O ( )( )( ) = 40.0 meq CuSO ⋅ 5 H O

1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O 2 eq CuSO 4 ⋅5 H 2 O 1000 meq
4 2 250 g CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 1 mole CuSO 4 ⋅ 5 H 2 O 1 eq. 4 2
c. (
5.00 g Li 2 CO 3
1 mole Li 2 CO 3
73.9 g Li 2 CO 3 )( 2 eq Li 2 CO 3
1 mole Li 2 CO 3 ) = 1.35 × 10 eq Li CO
−1
2 3
5.00 g Li CO ( )( )( ) = 135 meq Li CO

1 mole Li 2 CO 3 2 eq Li 2 CO 3 1000 meq
2 3 73.9 g Li 2 CO 3 1 mole Li 2 CO 3 1 eq. 2 3
d. (
5.00 g NaH 2 PO 4
1 mole NaH 2 PO 4
120 g NaH 2 PO 4 )( 1 eq NaH 2 PO 4
1 mole NaH 2 PO 4 ) = 4.17 × 10 eq NaH PO
−2
2 4
5.00 g NaH PO ( )( )( ) = 41.7 meq NaH PO

1 mole NaH 2 PO 4 1 eq NaH 2 PO 4 1000 meq
2 4 120 g NaH 2 PO 4 1 mole NaH 2 PO 4 1 eq. 2 4
9.77 250 mL i.c. fluid ( 1L

1000 mL )( 45.1 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole MgCl 2
2 eq MgCl 2 ) = 5.64 × 10 moles MgCl −3
2
250 mL i.c. fluid (

1L
1000 mL )( 45.1 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole MgCl 2
2 eq MgCl 2 )( ) = 0.537 g MgCl
95.3 g MgCl 2
1 mole MgCl 2 2
9.78 150 mL i.c. fluid ( 1L

1000 mL )( 133 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole K 2 SO 4
2 eq K 2 SO 4 ) = 9.98 × 10 moles K SO −3
2 4
150 mL i.c. fluid (

1L
1000 mL )( 133 meq
1L )( 1 eq
1000 meq )( 1 mole K 2 SO 4
2 eq K 2 SO 4 )( ) = 1.74 g K SO
174.27 g K 2 SO 4
1 mole K 2 SO 4 2 4
THE STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES (SECTION 9.9)

9.79 strong acid : HB (aq) + H 2 O (l) → H 3 O + (aq) + B− (aq)
mod erately strong acid : HB (aq) + H 2 O (l) S H 3 O + (aq) + B− (aq)
weak acid : HB (aq) + H 2 O (l) T H 3 O + (aq) + B− (aq)
9.80 (weakest) acid B < acid A < acid C < acid D (strongest)
The smaller the Ka, the weaker the acid. The larger the Ka, the stronger the acid.
216 Chapter 9
9.81 (weakest) H3BO3 < H2CO3 < HC2H3O2 < HNO2 (strongest)
9.82 a. (weakest) acid B < acid A < acid C< acid D (strongest)
b. (weakest) base D < base C < base A< base B (strongest)
The smaller the Ka, the weaker the acid and the stronger the conjugate base. The larger
the Ka, the stronger the acid and the stronger the conjugate base.
9.83 a. HBrO +
HBrO (aq) W H (aq) + BrO (aq)
‐
⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ BrO− ⎤⎦
Ka =
[ HBrO]
b. H2SO3 +
H2SO3 (aq) W H (aq) + HSO3 (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡HSO 3 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[H2 SO3 ]
c. ‐ ‐ +
HSO3 (aq) W H (aq) + SO3 (aq)
2‐
⎡H + ⎤ ⎡SO 3 2 − ⎤
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ − ⎦
HSO3
⎡⎣HSO3 ⎤⎦
d. H2Se +
H2Se (aq) W H (aq) + HSe (aq)
‐
⎡H + ⎤ ⎡HSe − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[H2 Se ]
e. H3AsO4 +
H3AsO4 (aq) W H (aq) + H2AsO4 (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡ H 2 AsO 4 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[H3 AsO4 ]
9.84 a. HNO2 +
HNO2 (aq) W H (aq) + NO2 (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡ NO 2 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[HNO2 ]
b. HCO3
‐ ‐ +
HCO3 (aq) W H (aq) + CO3 (aq)
2‐
⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ CO 3 2 − ⎤⎦
Ka =
⎡⎣HCO 3 − ⎤⎦
c. ‐ ‐ +
H2PO4 (aq) W H (aq) + HPO4 (aq)
2‐
⎡H + ⎤ ⎡HPO 4 2 − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
H2PO4
⎡⎣H 2 PO4 − ⎤⎦
d. ‐ ‐ +
HS (aq) W H (aq) + S (aq)
2‐
⎡H+ ⎤ ⎡S 2 − ⎤
K a = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣− ⎦
HS
⎡⎣HS ⎤⎦
e. HBrO +
HBrO(aq) W H (aq) + BrO (aq)
‐
⎡ H + ⎤ ⎡ BrO − ⎤⎦
Ka = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
[ HBrO ]
9.85 (weakest acid) HC < HA < HB (strongest acid)

All of these solutions have the same concentration of acid; therefore, each pH value reflects
the H+ concentration and the degree of dissociation of these acids—the higher the degree of
dissociation, the lower the pH value and the stronger the acid.
;9.86 The 20% acetic acid solution is the weak acid solution. It is a weak acid because acetic acid
does not completely dissociate.
The 0.05 M HCl is a dilute strong acid solution. If someone wanted this solution instead, they
should use the term “dilute.”
9.87 H 3 AsO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) S H 3 O + (aq) + H 2 AsO 4 − (aq)
H 2 AsO 4 − (aq) + H 2 O (l) R H 3 O + (aq) + HAsO 4 2 − (aq)
HAsO 4 2 − (aq) + H 2 O (l) T H 3 O + (aq) + AsO 4 3 − (aq)
3‐
The strongest Brønsted base corresponds to the weakest Brønsted acid; therefore, AsO4 is the
strongest Brønsted base. The weakest Brønsted base corresponds to the strongest Brønsted
‐
acid; therefore, H2AsO4 is the weakest Brønsted base.
ANALYZING ACIDS AND BASES (SECTION 9.10)

9.88 A titration is performed to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting a measured
volume of the solution with another solution of known concentration.
9.89 When the pH of an acid is measured with a pH meter, the actual [H+] present in the solution
at that instant is measured. When a titration is performed, the [H+] present in the solution
before the titration was performed is determined.
9.90 a. The endpoint of a titration occurs when an indicator changes color. The equivalence point
of a titration is the point at which the unknown solution has completely reacted with the
known solution. The resulting mixture from the titration will have a specific pH at the
equivalence point. If the indicator selected changes color at the same pH as the pH of the
resulting mixture, the endpoint and the equivalence point will be the same.
b. If the indicator selected changes color at a different pH than the pH of the mixture that
results from the titration, then the endpoint and the equivalence point will not be the
same.
9.91 a. HCl + NaOH → H 2 O + NaCl

1.00 L ( 0.200 moles HCl
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HCl ) = 0.200 moles NaOH
b. HNO 3 + NaOH → H 2 O + NaNO 3
500 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.150 moles HNO3
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HNO3 ) = 0.0750 moles NaOH
;9.92 a. HBr + NaOH → H 2 O + NaBr
250 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.400 moles HBr
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HBr ) = 0.100 moles NaBr
b. HClO 4 + NaOH → H 2 O + NaClO 4
750 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.300 moles HClO 4
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HClO 4 ) = 0.225 moles HClO 4
TITRATION CALCULATIONS (SECTION 9.11)

9.93 a. 2 NaOH (aq) + H2MoO4 (aq)→ Na2MoO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
b. NaOH (aq) + HMnO4 (aq)→ NaMnO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
c. 3 NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq)→ Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
9.94 a. 2 NaOH (aq) + H2CrO4 (aq)→ Na2CrO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. NaOH (aq) + HClO3 (aq)→ NaClO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
218 Chapter 9
c. 3 NaOH (aq) + H3AsO3 (aq)→ Na3AsO3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
9.95 a. 2 HCl (aq) + Cd(OH)2 (aq)→ CdCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. 3 HCl (aq) + Cr(OH)3 (s)→ CrCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
c. 2 HCl (aq) + Fe(OH)2 (aq)→ FeCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
9.96 a. 2 HCl (aq) + Sr(OH)2 (aq)→ SrCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. 3 HCl (aq) + Ni(OH)3 (s)→ NiCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
c. 2 HCl (aq) + Zn(OH)2 (s)→ ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
9.97 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O

29.8 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.0210 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole HCl
1 mole NaOH ) = 0.0250 M HCl
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
;9.98 H 2 C 2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O 4
43.88 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.1891 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole H2 C 2 O 4
2 mole NaOH ) = 0.1660 M H C O
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 2 4
9.99 a. NaOH + HCl → H 2 O + NaCl

20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.180 moles HCl
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HCl )( 1 L NaOH
0.120 moles NaOH )( 1000 mL
1L ) = 30.0 mL NaOH
b. 2 NaOH + H 2 SO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.180 moles H2 SO 4
1L )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H2 SO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 60.0 mL NaOH
c. NaOH + HCl → H 2 O + NaCl
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.100 moles HCl
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HCl )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 16.7 mL NaOH
d. 3 NaOH + H 3 PO4 → 3 H 2 O + Na 3 PO4
20.00 mL ( 10.0 g H 3 PO 4
250 mL )( 1 mole H3 PO4
98.00 g H3 PO 4 )( 3 moles NaOH
1 mole H3 PO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 204 mL NaOH
e. 2 NaOH + H 2 MoO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 MoO4
20.00 mL ( 0.150 moles H2 MoO4
500 mL )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H2 MoO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 100. mL NaOH
f. 2 NaOH + H 2 MoO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 MoO4
20.00 mL ( 0.215 moles H 2 MoO 4
1 mole H 2 MoO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 102 mL NaOH
9.100 ;a. NaOH + HClO4 → H2 O + NaClO 4
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.200 moles HClO 4
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HClO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 33.3 mL NaOH
b. 2 NaOH + H 2 SO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.125 moles H2 SO 4
1L )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H 2 SO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 41.7 mL NaOH
c. 4 NaOH + H 4 P2 O6 → 4 H 2 O + Na 4 P2 O6
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.150 moles H4 P2 O6
1L )( 4 moles NaOH
1 mole H4 P2 O6 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 100. mL NaOH
d. 3 NaOH + H 3 PO 4 → 3 H 2 O + Na 3 PO4
20.00 mL ( 0.120 moles H3 PO4
1 mole H 3 PO 4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 120. mL NaOH
e. 2 NaOH + H 2 SO4 → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4
20.00 mL ( 6.25 g H2 SO 4
250 mL )( 1 mole H 2 SO4
98.09 g H 2 SO 4 )( 2 moles NaOH
1 mole H 2 SO4 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 85.0 mL NaOH
f. NaOH + HClO 3 → H 2 O + NaClO 3
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.500 moles HClO 3
1L )( 1 mole NaOH
1 mole HClO 3 )( 1 L NaOH
1L ) = 83.3 mL NaOH
9.101 a. HI + NaOH → H 2 O + NaI
27.15 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.250 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole HI
1 mole NaOH ) = 0.272 M HI
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
b. H 2 SO 4 + 2 KOH → 2 H 2 O + K 2 SO4
11.12 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.109 moles KOH
1L )( 1 mole H2 SO4
2 moles KOH ) = 0.0303 M H SO
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 4
c. HCl + NaOH → H 2 O + NaCl

18.40 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.0250 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole HCl
25.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
9.102 a. H 2 SO 4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 SO4
29.88 mL ( 1L
1L )( 1 mole H2 SO 4
2 moles NaOH ) = 3.50 M H SO
5.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 4
b. HC 2 H 3 O 2 + KOH → H 2 O + KC2 H 3 O2
35.62 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.250 moles KOH
1L )( 1 mole HC2 H3 O 2
1 mole KOH ) = 0.891 M HC H O
10.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 3 2
c. HCl + NaOH → H 2 O + NaCl

20.63 mL ( 1L
1L )( 1 mole HCl
10.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
9.103 a. H 2 C2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O4
27.86 mL ( 1L
1L )( 1 mole H 2 C2 O 4
2 moles NaOH ) = 0.00348 moles H C O 2 2 4
220 Chapter 9
b. H 2 C2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O 4
27.86 mL ( 1L
1L )( 1 mole H2 C2 O 4
2 moles NaOH ) = 0.174 M H C O
20.00 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) 2 2 4
c. H 2 C2 O4 + 2 NaOH → 2 H 2 O + Na 2 C2 O4
27.86 mL ( 1L
1L )( 1 mole H 2 C2 O 4
2 moles NaOH )( 90.04 g H2 C 2 O 4
1 mole H2 C2 O 4 ) = 0.313 g H C O2 2 4
9.104 benzoic acid + NaOH → H2 O + sodium benzoate

46.75 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.1021 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole benzoic acid
1 mole NaOH ) = 0.004773175 moles benzoic acid
0.5823 g benzoic acid
= 122.0 mole
g
0.004773175 moles benzoic acid

or
0.5823 g benzoic acid
= 122.0 mole
g
46.75 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )( 0.1021 moles NaOH
1L )( 1 mole benzoic acid
1 mole NaOH )
HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS OF SALTS (SECTION 9.12)
9.105 The hydrolysis of NH4Cl produces an acidic solution because it is a salt that could be
produced by the reaction of a strong acid and a weak base.
NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) → NH4Cl (aq)
Upon dissolving, the salt releases the cation from a weak base and an anion from a strong
acid.
NH4 Cl (s) ⎯⎯⎯H O
→ NH 4+ (aq) + Cl − (aq) 2
The cation from the weak base will react with water to produce H3O+ ions, which cause the
solution to be acidic.
NH+4 (aq) + H2 O (l) R NH3 (aq) + H 3 O+ (aq)
9.106 Na2CO3 is a salt that could be produced by the reaction of a strong base (NaOH) and a weak
acid (H2CO3). The hydrolysis of Na2CO3 produces an alkaline solution.
9.107 a. K2SO3 K2SO3 could be formed from KOH and H2SO3. The pH is greater than 7
because KOH is a strong base and H2SO3 is a weak acid.
2‐ ‐ ‐
SO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U HSO3 (aq) + OH (aq)
b. LiNO2 LiNO2 could be formed from LiOH and HNO2. The pH is greater than 7
because LiOH is a strong base and HNO2 is a weak acid.
‐ ‐
NO2 (aq) + H2O (l) U HNO2 (aq) + OH (aq)
c. Na2CO3 Na2CO3 could be formed from NaOH and H2CO3. The pH is greater than 7
because NaOH is a strong base and H2CO3 is a weak acid.
2‐ ‐ ‐
CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) U HCO3 (aq) + OH (aq)
d. CH3NH3Cl CH3NH3Cl could be formed from CH3NH2 and HCl. The pH is less than 7
because CH3NH2 is a weak base and HCl is a strong acid.
+ +
CH3NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) U CH3NH2 (aq) + H3O (aq)
;9.108 a. NaOCl NaOCl could be formed from NaOH and HOCl. The pH is greater than 7
because NaOH is a strong base and HOCl is a weak acid.
‐ ‐
OCl (aq) + H2O (l) U HOCl (aq) + OH (aq)
b. NaCHO2 NaCHO2 could be formed from NaOH and HCHO2. The pH is greater than
7 because NaOH is a strong base and HCHO2 is a weak acid.
‐ ‐
CHO2 (aq) + H2O (l) U HCHO2 (aq) + OH (aq)
c. KNO3 KNO3 could be formed from KOH and HNO3. The pH equals 7 because
KOH is a strong base and HNO3 is a strong acid.
d. Na3PO4 Na3PO4 could be formed from NaOH and H3PO4. The pH is greater than 7
because NaOH is a strong base and H3PO4 is a weak acid.
3‐ 2‐ ‐
PO4 (aq) + H2O (l) U HPO4 (aq) + OH (aq)
9.109 strong acid + NaOH → H 2 O + neutral salt

weak acid + NaOH → H 2 O + basic salt
The chemist reacted both acid solutions with the appropriate amount of NaOH to reach the
equivalence point. That means, that the acid solutions have reacted completely and formed
aqueous salt solutions. The aqueous salt solution produced by the reaction of a strong acid
with NaOH, a strong base, will have a neutral pH. The aqueous salt solution produced by the
reaction of a weak acid with NaOH, a strong base, will have a basic pH. Measuring the pH
values of the aqueous salt solutions will allow the chemist to determine which solution
contained strong acid A and which solution contained weak acid B.
9.110 More than one indicator should be available in the laboratory because the pH at the
equivalence point of a titration will vary depending on the salt produced by the reaction. Not
all indicators change color at the same pH. Each indicator has its own unique pH range over
which its color changes.
9.111 (lowest pH) NaH2PO4 < Na2HPO4 < Na3PO4 (highest pH)
For a triprotic acid, like H3PO4, the strength of the acid decreases with each successive loss of
‐ 2‐
a H+. That is, H3PO4 is a stronger acid than H2PO4 , which is a stronger acid than HPO4 . That
means that the corresponding conjugate bases increase in strength with each successive loss of
‐ 2‐
a H+. That is, H2PO4 is a weaker conjugate base than HPO4 , which is a weaker conjugate
3‐ ‐
base than PO4 . The weakest conjugate base (H2PO4 ) will react with a strong base, like
3‐
NaOH, to form the salt (NaH2PO4) with the lowest pH. The strongest conjugate base (PO4 )
will react with a strong base, like NaOH, to form the salt with the highest pH (Na3PO4).
BUFFERS (SECTION 9.13)

9.112 2‐ + ‐
HPO4 (aq) + H3O (aq) U H2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
‐ ‐ 2‐
H2PO4 (aq) + OH (aq) U HPO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
9.113 +
NH3 (aq) + H (aq) U NH4 (aq)
+
+ ‐
NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) U NH3 (aq)
222 Chapter 9
Yes, a mixture of ammonia and ammonium chloride could behave as a buffer when dissolved
in water. The ammonia would react with acid to produce ammonium ions and the
ammonium ions would react with base to produce ammonia.
9.114 ‐ +
HCO3 (aq) + H (aq) U H2CO3 (aq)
The bicarbonate ion reacts with the excess hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid, which
combats acidosis.
pH = 3.74 + log (1) = 3.74

(1)
9.115
;9.116 a. pH = 3.85 + log (0.1) = 3.85

(0.1)
pH = 3.85 + log (1) = 3.85

(1)
b.
c. The solution in part b has greater buffer capacity than the solution in part a because the
higher concentration of the buffer components will allow it to react with larger added
amounts of acid or base.
9.117 Acetic acid and its conjugate base would make the best buffer with a pH of 5.00. The pKa for
acetic acid is 4.74, which is the closest to 5.00 of the choices given. A buffer has the greatest
buffering capacity if the pH it is required to maintain is equal to its pKa.
pH = 4.74 + log (0.40) = 4.54

(0.25)
9.118 a.
pH = 7.21 + log (0.10) = 7.81

(0.40)
b.
pH = 7.00 + log (1.50) = 6.12

(0.20)
c.
pH = 12.66 + log (0.33) = 12.86

(0.52)
9.119 a.
pH = 3.33 + log (0.029) = 3.68

(0.065)
b.
pH = 10.25 + log (0.50) = 9.73

(0.15)
c.
[HPO4 2 − ] [HPO4 2 − ] [HPO 4 2 − ]

9.120 7.65 = 7.21 + log [H PO −
]
⇒ 0.44 = log [H PO −
]
⇒ [H 2 PO 4 − ]
= 100.44 = 2.8
2 4 2 4
The concentration of Na2HPO4 has to be 2.8 times the concentration of NaH2PO4.
9.121 To increase the pH of a buffer, more conjugate base needs to be added. To raise the pH of a
citric acid‐citrate buffer from 3.20 to 3.35, add more sodium citrate to the solution.
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
9.122 Cl − (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) → HCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
+
- H O H
Cl + H Cl H O H
+
H
The chloride ion is a Brønsted base because it is a proton acceptor. The hydronium ion is a
Brønsted acid because it is a proton donor. An alternative way to look at this is reaction is
that the chloride ion has a pair of electrons that it can donate to one of the hydrogen atoms in
the hydronium ion in order to form a covalent bond and HCl. The electron pair donor
(chloride ion) is acting as a base. The electron pair acceptor (hydronium ion) is acting as an
acid.
9.123 HA (aq) + H 2 O (l) R H 3 O + (aq) + A − (aq)

⎡⎣ H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = 2.63% × 0.150 M = 0.003945
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = − log ( 0.003945 ) = 2.404
9.124 K w = ⎡⎣H 3 O+ ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ K w = 5.5 × 10 −14 at 50°C and for water, ⎡⎣H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦
2
5.5 × 10 −14 = ⎡⎣H 3 O+ ⎤⎦
⎡⎣H 3 O+ ⎤⎦ = 5.5 × 10 −14
pH = − log ⎡⎣H 3 O + ⎤⎦ = − log ( )

5.5 × 10 −14 = 6.63
9.125 2 Na (s) + 2 H 2 O (l) → H 2 (g) + 2 NaOH (aq)

When sodium metal reacts with water, a basic solution is produced because one of the
products is aqueous sodium hydroxide, which is a strong base.
ALLIED HEALTH EXAM CONNECTION

9.126 An acid is a substance that dissociates in water into one or more (a) hydrogen ions and one or
more anions.
9.127 A base is a substance that dissociates in water into one or more (d) hydroxide ions and one or
more cations.
9.128 Alkaline solutions contain (c) more OH‐ ion than H+ ion.
9.129 (b) H2CO3/OH‐ are not an acid/conjugate base pair.
9.130 The formula for the hydronium ion is (c) H3O+.
9.131 (b) Blood has a pH closest to 7.
9.132 Dissolving H2SO4 in water creases an acid solution by increasing the (c) hydrogen ions.
9.133 When a solution has a pH of 7, it is (d) neutral.
9.134 A common detergent has a pH of 11.0, so the detergent is (c) alkaline.
9.135 In a 0.001 M solution of HCl, the pH is (d) 3.
9.136 The pH of a blood sample is 7.40 at room temperature. The pOH is therefore (a) 6.60 (pOH =
14‐7.40).
224 Chapter 9
9.137 As the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution decreases, (b) the pH numerically
increases.
9.138 Blood with a pH of 7.4 indicates that the blood sample is (d) weakly basic.
9.139 Atmospheric moisture (H2O) combines with oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (CO2, NO3,
and SO2) to produce (b) acid rain.
9.140 (d) HC2H3O2 is likely to taste sour because it is an acid.
9.141 (a) Na2CO3 is classified as a salt.
9.142 A substance that functions to prevent rapid, drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by
changing strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases is called a (b) buffer.
9.143 (c) HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O represents a neutralization reaction.
9.144 (c) 2 HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 → 2 H2O + Mg(NO3)2 is a neutralization reaction.
9.145 When titrating 40.0 mL of 0.20 M NaOH with 0.4 M HCl, the final volume of the solution is (c)
60 mL when the sodium hydroxide is completely neutralized.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
⎛ 0.20 moles NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole HCl ⎞⎛ 1000 mL HCl ⎞
40.0 mL NaOH ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 20.0 mL HCl
⎝ 1000 mL NaOH ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole NaOH ⎠⎝ 0.40 moles HCl ⎠
40.0 mL NaOH + 20.0 mL HCl = 60.0 mL solution
9.146 When titrating 50 mL of 0.2 M HCl, (c) 20 mL of 0.5 M NaOH is needed to bring the solution
to the equivalence point.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
⎛ 0.20 moles HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL NaOH ⎞
50 mL HCl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 20.0 mL NaOH
⎝ 1000 mL HCl ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole HCl ⎠ ⎝ 0.50 moles NaOH ⎠
CHEMISTRY FOR THOUGHT

9.147 H2SO4 was manufactured in lead‐lined chambers because lead does not react with sulfuric
acid.
9.148 A saturated solution of solid Ca(OH)2 in water has a [OH‐] of only 2.50 x 10‐2 M, and yet
Ca(OH)2 is a strong base. Ca(OH)2 has limited solubility in water; however, it is a hydroxide
of a group IIA(2) metal which is defined to be a strong base because it dissociates completely
when dissolved to form a solution. In other words, the small amount which is dissolved
dissociates completely.
9.149 If a solution of weak acid is being titrated with a strong base, then at the point in the titration
that is half way to the equivalence point, half of the weak acid remains and half of the weak
acid has already reacted to produce the conjugate base. Consequently, the pH is equal to the
pKa at this point in the titration because the concentration of the weak acid and its conjugate
base are equal.
(2.48×10 −3 )
9.150 a. 2.61 = pK a + log (0.0975)
pK a = 4.20
K a = 10 −4.20 = 6.2 × 10 −5
(6.93×10 −5 )
b. 4.16 = pK a + log (0.200)
pK a = 7.62
K a = 10 −7.62 = 2.4 × 10 −8
3.55 = pK a + log
(0.000284)
c. (0.150)
pK a = 6.27
K a = 10 −6.27 = 5.4 × 10 −7
9.151 Ketchup does not spoil because it is acidic. The acid present inhibits bacterial growth, as does
the large concentration of sodium chloride present.
9.152 When marble reacts with HCl, carbon dioxide gas is produced. Marble structures exposed to
acid rain will eventually deteriorate as the marble reacts with acid to produce a soluble salt
(CaCl2), water, and carbon dioxide.
9.153 Magnesium has the most vigorous reaction with HCl, followed by zinc, and then iron. The
result would be similar if sulfuric acid were used in place of HCl because the metals are
reacting to the presence of hydrogen ions. Both HCl and sulfuric acid are strong acids that
completely dissociate when dissolved in water to produce hydrogen ions and their respective
conjugate bases. The same molarity of sulfuric acid produces twice the concentration of H3O+
ions, so if the concentration of the acids were the same the rate of reaction would be greater
with sulfuric acid.
9.154 Phenolphthalein would not be a useful indicator to differentiate between two solutions with
pH values of 5 and 7 because it is clear at both of those pH values. The color change in
phenolphthalein occurs between pH 8 and 9.
Methyl red changes from red to orange around pH 6 and would be a useful indicator to
differentiate between solutions with pH values of 5 and 7.
Bromothymol blue changes from yellow to blue around pH 7 and would be a useful indicator
to differentiate between solutions with pH vales of 5 and 7.
9.155 The pH reading of the meter at the equivalence point in a titration will not read 7.00 for
reactions between weak acids and strong bases or strong bases and weak acids. The salts
produced by these reactions will produce basic and acidic solutions, respectively. For
example, if hydrochloric acid (strong acid) reacted with ammonia (weak base), the solution
would have a pH less than 7.00 at the equivalence point because the salt formed in the
reaction will produce an acidic solution.
226 Chapter 9
9.156 The Na+ ion is the cation from a strong base; therefore, it does not hydrolyze. Two other ions
that would have behaved like the Na+ ion are Li+ and Rb+ (any group IA or IIA metal ion
could have been selected).
9.157 The observation that the color of the buffered solutions (containing an indicator) did not
change after the addition of acid or base indicates that the pH of the buffered solutions did
not change significantly when acid or base was added. Notice that the color of the unbuffered
solutions (containing an indicator) did change when acid or base was added. In acidic
solutions, the universal indicator is orange‐red. In basic solutions, the universal indicator is
violet. The colors of the indicator under these conditions were determined by looking at the
color of the unbuffered solutions containing this indicator after acid (HCl) or base (NaOH)
was added.
EXAM QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following substances could behave as an Arrhenius base?
a. Na2CO3 b. Na3PO4 c. K2S d. KOH
Answer: D
2. According to the Arrhenius theory, what is produced when an acid dissolves in water?
a. H+ b. OH‐ c. H3O+ d. NH
Answer: A
3. In the Brønsted theory, both acids and bases are defined in terms of how substances lose or gain:
a. OH‐. b. H3O+. c. H+. d. Cl‐.
Answer: C
4. Identify the Brønsted acid(s) in the following reaction. HIO3 + H2O R H3O+ + IO
a. HIO3 b. HIO3 and H3O+ c. H2O d. H2O and HIO3
Answer: B
5. Identify the Brønsted base(s) in the following reaction. N + H2O R HN3 + OH‐
a. H2O and HN3 c. N and OH‐
b. N and HN3 d. H2O

Answer: C
6. What is the function of H2C6H5O in the first ionization of citric acid?
H3C6H5O7→H+ + H2C6H5O
a. The ion serves as an Arrhenius acid in this reaction.
b. The ion serves as an Arrhenius base in this reaction.
c. The ion serves as the conjugate base of the acid, H3C6H5O7.
d. The ion serves as the conjugate acid of the base, H3C6H5O7.
Answer: C
7. Which of the following is present in pure water?

a. H3O+ c. H2O
b. OH‐ d. more than one response is correct
Answer: D
8. Which of the following statements is true for neutral solutions in which water is the solvent?
a. Neutral solutions contain no H3O+ ions.
b. Neutral solutions contain no OH‐ ions.
c. Neutral solutions contain H3O+ and OH‐ ions in equal concentrations.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: C
9. An aqueous solution is found to have a molar OH‐ concentration of 3.2 × 10‐5. The solution would be
classified as:
a. acidic. c. neutral.
b. basic. d. canʹt be classified
Answer: B
10. What volume of 6.0 M HNO3 would be needed to make 500 mL of 0.50 M solution?
a. 6 mL b. 417 mL c. 42 mL d. 6 liters
Answer: C
11. What are the missing products in the following reaction when it is written as a molecular equation?
2HBr + SrCO3→_____ + _____ + H2O
a. SrBr2 + CO2 b. SrBr2 + HCO c. Sr2 + H2CO3 d. HBr + CO2

Answer: A
12. In the following reaction, all substances are soluble, and all dissociate except H2O. Identify the
spectator ions. HCl + KOH→KCl + H2O
a. H+ and OH‐ b. K+ and Cl‐ c. H+ and K+ d. Cl‐ and OH‐
Answer: B
13. Which of the following is a property of acid solutions?

a. sour taste c. change red litmus to blue
b. slippery feel d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A
228 Chapter 9
14. Many cleaning agents contain bases because bases react with:
a. fats or oils. c. salts.
b. glass. d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A
15. The cation (positive ion) in a salt can come from:

a. an acid. c. either an acid or a base.
b. a base. d. water.
Answer: B
16. What salt would be produced by the reaction of H2SO4 with LiHCO3?
a. Li2S b. LiSO4 c. Li2SO4 d. Li2CO3
Answer: C
17. Some salts isolated by evaporation retain water which is called:

a. water of hydration. c. hydronium.
b. hydroxide. d. crystallized water.
Answer: A
18. What is the pH of a solution for which [H+] = 1.0 × 10‐3?

a. 5.00 b. 3.00 c. ‐5.00 d. ‐9.00
Answer: B
19. The molar concentration of OH in a water solution is 1.0 × 10‐9. What is the pH of the solution?
a. 9.00 b. 5.00 c. > 9.00 d. < 5.00
Answer: B
20. The molar concentration of H+ ions in a solution is 5.8×10‐9. What is the pH of the solution?
a. 9.00 c. between 8.00 and 9.00
b. 5.80 d. between 9.00 and 10.00
Answer: C
21. A solution for which [OH‐] = 3.0 × 10‐10 is classified as:

a. acidic. c. neutral.
b. basic. d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A
22. A solution has a pH of 11.60. What is the value of [H+]?
a. 2.5 × 10‐4 b. 4.0 × 10‐3 c. 4.0 × 10‐11 d. 2.5 × 10‐12
Answer: D
23. A solution has a pH of 8.72. What is the value of [H+]?

a. 5.2 × 10‐6 b. 1.9 × 10‐9 c. 5.2 × 10‐8 d. 1.9 × 10‐5
Answer: B
24. A higher pH corresponds to:
a. a higher [H+]. c. no change in [H+].
b. a lower [H+]. d. a lower [OH‐].
Answer: B
25. Identify the substance with the lowest pH.

a. orange juice c. baking soda, NaHCO3
b. household ammonia d. milk
Answer: A
26. Which of the following is a weak acid?

a. HNO3 b. HCl c. H2CO3 d. H2SO4
Answer: C
27. The classification of an acid or base as weak or strong is based upon:

a. the solubility of the acid or base.
b. the extent of dissociation of the acid or base.
c. the concentration of acid or base in solution.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: B
28. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, undergoes three acid reactions. Which of the three acids is the weakest?
a. H3PO4 c. HPO
b. H2PO d. more than one response is correct

Answer: C
29. The procedure commonly used to determine the amount of base in a solution by adding a measured
quantity of acid is called:
a. dissociation. b. titration. c. ionization. d. normalization.
Answer: B
30. When an acid is analyzed by adding a measured quantity of base, the point at which all the acid has
reacted is correctly called:
a. the equivalence point. c. the endpoint.
b. the neutral point. d. the analysis point.
Answer: A
31. A 25.00 mL sample of hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, is titrated with 0.0512 M NaOH solution. The
volume of NaOH solution required is 21.68 mL. What is the molarity of the HCl solution?
a. 0.0444 b. 0.0590 c. 0.0295 d. 0.0148
Answer: A
230 Chapter 9
32. How many equivalents are contained in 0.25 moles of H2SO4?
a. 0.25 c. 0.50
b. 0.13 d. impossible to say
Answer: C
33. A 25.00 mL sample of H2SO4 acid solution requires 17.35 mL of 0.118 M NaOH for titration. What is
the molarity of the acid solution?
a. 0.0819 M b. 0.164 M c. 0.0409 M d. 0.236 M
Answer: C
34. Which of the following salts would produce a basic solution (pH higher than 7) upon being dissolved
in pure, distilled water?
a. NaCl b. Na2CO3 c. Mg(NO3)2 d. NH4Cl
Answer: B
35. If a solution of acetic acid (a weak acid) is titrated with NaOH solution, what will be the pH at the
equivalence point?
a. higher than 7 c. equal to 7
b. lower than 7 d. canʹt be predicted
Answer: A
36. Antacids contain a substance that neutralizes hydrochloric acid. Which of the following is a candidate
for use as an antacid?
a. Al(NO3)3 b. MgCl2 c. Al2(SO4)3 d. MgCO3
Answer: D
37. What would be the pH of a solution of NH4Cl in pure water?

a. higher than 7 c. equal to 7
b. lower than 7 d. canʹt be predicted
Answer: B
38. In a buffer solution made up of equal concentrations of acetic acid and sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2,
which component is used to buffer against added OH‐?
a. C2H3O2 b. Na+ c. OH‐ d. HC2H3O2
Answer: D
39. Which of the following mixtures would represent a buffer?

a. sodium chloride/hydrochloric acid
b. sodium sulfate/sulfuric acid
c. sodium formate/formic acid
d. none of these
Answer: C
40. The term “strong acid” refers to:
a. the number of hydrogens attached to the acid molecule.
b. the speed at which it will dissolve metal.
c. if it will cause burns to the skin.
d. the ability of the acid to dissociate completely in solution.
Answer: D
41. A patient comes to you suffering from a battery acid burn (sulfuric acid). What is the best thing to use
to neutralize the acid, while you continue to run cool water over the affected area?
a. a 1 M sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH)
b. a 1 M sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO3)
c. a 1 M acetic acid solution (CH3COOH)
d. a 1 M carbonic acid solution (H2CO3)
Answer: B
42. A reaction in which an acid and a base react completely, leaving only a salt and water, is referred to as
a:
a. hydrolysis reaction. c. oxidation reaction.
b. neutralization reaction. d. none of the above
Answer: B
43. The buffer capacity is the amount of _______ that can be absorbed without causing significant
changes in pH.
a. acid c. base
b. neither acid nor base d. both acid and base
Answer: D
44. What is the pKa of an acid with a Ka of 1.82 x 10‐5?

a. 4.74 c. 9.26
b. ‐4.74 d. ‐9.26
Answer: A
45. When a strong acid is added to ammonia and mixed, which of the following would not be produced?
a. conjugate acid c. salt
b. conjugate base d. water
Answer: D
46. Which of the following would you expect to be a weak electrolyte?

a. acetic acid c. tap water
b. sodium acetate d. more than one answer is correct
Answer: A
TRUE‐FALSE
1. The salt of a strong acid and a weak base will give an acidic solution.
Answer: T
232 Chapter 9
2. Sodium nitrate in water will produce a basic solution.
Answer: F
3. Ammonium chloride in water will produce an acidic solution.

Answer: T
4. The salt of a strong acid with a strong base could behave as a buffer.
Answer: F
5. A mixture of a weak base and its salt could behave as a buffer.

Answer: T
6. NaH2PO4 alone in an aqueous solution could behave as a buffer.

Answer: T
7. NaCl is an example of a good buffer.

Answer: F
8. Nitric acid, HNO3, is a weak acid.

Answer: F
9. Most acids are weak acids.

Answer: T
10. KOH is a strong base.

Answer: T
11. A Brønsted base is a proton donor.

Answer: F
12. The major difference between the Arrhenius Theory and the Brønsted/Lowry Theory is that there is
no hydrogen in the Brønsted/Lowry Theory.
Answer: F
13. According to the Brønsted/Lowry Theory, a conjugate pair is composed of a Brønsted acid and a
Brønsted base.
Answer: T
14. Solutions with a pH less than 7.00 are basic.

Answer: F
15. The reason pure water has a pH of 7 is that there is the same concentration of hydrogen and
hydroxide ions on the self‐ionization of water.
Answer: T
16. The pH of a solution of baking soda, NaHCO3, would be expected to be above 7.

Answer: T
17. The pH of household ammonia is expected to be above 7 because household ammonia is a solution of
NH4OH.
Answer: T
18. When an inorganic acid and an inorganic base, as defined by Arrhenius, react, the products are salt
and water.
Answer: T
19. The goals of an acid/base titration is to reach neutrality.

Answer: F
20. The pH of blood must remain stable between 7.35 and 7.45. One of the blood components is the
bicarbonate ion, HCO . Bicarbonate takes part in the two reactions shown below:
2
H2CO3(aq) R H+(aq) + HCO (aq) HCO R H+(aq) + CO (aq)
This set of equations indicates that the system is a good candidate to act as a buffer system used to
hold the pH of blood reasonably stable.
Answer: T
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XVIII.
RELICS OF THE ARK.
We have already seen that Berosus relates how in his time portions
of the ark were removed, and used as amulets. Josephus says that
remains of the ark were to be seen at his day upon Ararat; and
Nicolas of Damascus reports the same. S. Epiphanius writes: “The
wood of the ark of Noah is shown to this day in the Kardæan (Koord)
country.”[261] And he is followed by a host of fathers. El Macin, in his
History of the Saracens, relates that the Emperor Heraclius visited
the relics after he had conquered the Persians, in the city of Thenia,
at the roots of Ararat. Haithon, the Armenian, declares that upon the
snows of Ararat a black speck is visible at all times: this is Noah’s
ark.[262] Benjamin of Tudela, in his Itinerary, says that all the wood
was carried away by the Caliph Omar, in A.D. 640, and was placed by
him in a temple or mosque he erected in an island formed by the
Tigris. One of the beams is shown in the Lateran at Rome. In 1670,
Johann Jansenius Strauss ascended to a hermit’s cell on the side of
Ararat, to bind up the cœnobite’s leg which was broken. The hermit’s
cell, said Strauss, was five days’ journey up the mountain, athwart
three clouds, and above a region of intolerable cold, in a calm warm
atmosphere. From the account of the hermit, Herr Strauss learnt that
the old man had dwelt there twenty-five years, and that he had felt
there neither rain nor winds. On the top of the mountain, fifteen
Italian miles from the cell, through the clear air, was distinguishable
the great vessel grounded in the snow. The hermit had reached it,
and of one of its planks had cut a cross, which he exhibited to the
German traveller.
In the town of Chenna, in Arabia Felix, says the traveller Prévoux, is
a large building, said to have been erected by Noah; and a large
piece of wood is exhibited through an iron grating, which is said to
have formed a portion of his ark. There is also to be seen at Chenna
a well, said to have been dug by the patriarch Jacob, of which the
water is icy cold.
The Armenians say that a certain monk, Jacob, once ascended
Ararat, and carried off a fragment of the ark, which he made
afterwards into a cross, and this is preserved amongst the sacred
relics of Etchmiadzin. When the Persian king, Abassus the Great,
sent to inquire about the ark, the monks replied that it was in vain for
him to attempt to reach it, on account of the precipices and glaciers,
and innumerable difficulties of the way.[263]
XIX.
CERTAIN DESCENDANTS OF HAM.
We shall follow certain Mussulman traditions for what follows. Ad,

son of Amalek, therefore grandson of Ham, established himself in
Arabia, where he became chief of the tribe of the Adites. He fell into
idolatry. He had two sons named Schedad and Schedéd, who
reigned over numerous subjects—one for two hundred and fifty, the
other for three hundred years. They built a superb city, where houses
were of sumptuous magnificence; the like of this city was never seen
before, nor will be seen again. This city vanished when the tribe of
the Adites was exterminated; as we shall relate when we give the
legends attaching to Heber. The commentators of the Koran tell
marvels of this wondrous city.
Under the Khalifate of Moawiyah, first of the Ommiades, an Arab of
the desert, named Kolabah, going in quest of his camel in the plain
of Aden, lighted on the gate of a beautiful city. He went in, but, being
filled with fear, he did not remain there more time than sufficed for
him to collect some of the stones of the street, and then he returned.
His neighbours, to whom he relates his adventure, repeated it to the
Khalif, who ordered Kolabah to be brought before him. The Arab
related frankly what he had seen, but Moawiyah would not give
credence to the marvellous tale, till he had consulted his learned
men, and especially the illustrious Al-Akhbar, who assured him that
the story of the poor Arab was worthy of all trust, for the city he had
seen was none other than that built by Schedad, son of Ad, in the
land of the Adites in which Aden is situated; and that, as the pride of
this prince knew no bounds, God had sent His angel to destroy all
the inhabitants, and conceal their splendid city from the eyes of men,
to be revealed only at intervals, that the memory of God’s judgment
might not fade out of men’s minds.
Schedad had a son named Dhohak, of whom strange tales are told.
He knew magic, and gained the sovereignty over the entire universe;
and he kept his subjects in terror by excessive cruelty. In the
Caherman-Nâmeh it is related that the Devil, satisfied with his
proceedings, offered him his services gratuitously, and they were
cheerfully accepted. The ferocity of the tyrant increased, he skinned
men alive, impaled and crucified them on the slightest charges.
After having served him five years, the Evil One thus addressed him:
“Sire! for many years I have been thy faithful attendant, neither have
I received of thee any recompense. Now I beseech of thee one
favour—that I may kiss thy shoulders.”
This favour was readily granted. Dhohak himself plucked off his
mantle to facilitate the kiss.
But no sooner had the Devil applied his lips to the two shoulders of
the tyrant, than two serpents, which could not be plucked off,
fastened there and began to gnaw his flesh.
Tabari says that the king bore on his shoulders two frightful ulcers or
cancers, resembling serpents’ heads, sent him by God as a
punishment for his crimes. These cancers caused him such acute
agony, that he shrieked night and day. No one was able to provide a
remedy or to abate the torment.
One night when he was asleep, some one appeared to him in a
dream, and said, “If you desire your ulcers to give less pain, apply to
them human brains.”
Next day, Dhohak awoke and ordered two men to be brought before
him; he slew them, cut open their skulls, extracted the brains and
applied them to his cancers. The relief was instantaneous, and
Dhohak felt, for the first time for many days, some hours of repose.
After this, every day two men were killed to form poultices for his
ulcers. During the two hundred latter years of the life of Dhohak, the
prisons were emptied to satisfy his requirement for fresh brains; and
when no more criminals could be procured, it was made a tribute for
his kingdom to render to him two men, each day, to be immolated to
soothe his pain.
Now there was at Ispahan a blacksmith, named Kaveh, who had two
beautiful sons, whom he loved more dearly than his own life. One
day they were seized, carried before the king, and his shoulders
were poulticed with their brains.
Kaveh was at work at his anvil when the news of the slaying of his
sons reached him. He deserted his anvil; and uttering a piercing cry,
he rushed into the streets, with his leathern apron before him, bitterly
lamenting his loss, and calling for vengeance on the monarch. The
people crowded about him, they plucked off his leather apron, and
converted it into a standard.
The crowd gathered as it advanced. From every street men flowed to
join the army, and shortly the blacksmith found himself at the head of
a hundred thousand men.
They marched to Demavend, where was the palace of the tyrant.
And Kaveh, before attacking it, thus addressed his soldiers, “I am not
one to lead you against a king; you need a king to make war against
a king.”
“Well,” said his followers, “we elect you to be our king.”
“I am but a simple blacksmith, and am not fit to rule,” answered
Kaveh, “but there is a royal prince named Afridoun, the son of
Djemschid, who has fled from the cruelty of Dhohak: choose him.”
They agreed. The prince was found and invested with the
sovereignty; then a battle was fought, and Dhohak’s army was
routed, and the tyrant was slain.
When Afridoun mounted the throne, he named Kaveh governor of
Ispahan. And when Kaveh was dead, the king asked his children to
give him their father’s leathern apron. Then, having obtained it, he
placed it among his treasures, and whenever he went to battle he
attached the smith’s apron to a tall staff, and marched under that
banner against his enemies.
In after years, this leathern apron was studded with precious stones,
till Omar, despising it, ordered the old piece of leather to be burnt;
but Yezdeguerd had already robbed it of its gems.[264]
Afridoun exercised the sovereignty during two hundred years. He
was the first to study astronomy, and he founded the science of
medicine. He was the first king to ride on an elephant. He had three
sons, Tur, Salm, and Irad. He loved the third son, Irad, more than the
two elder, and he gave him the sovereignty over Irad, Mosul, Koufa,
and Bagdad.
After the death of Afridoun, Tur and Salm marched against Irad,
defeated him and killed him, saying: “Our father has divided his
inheritance unjustly. He has given to Irad the best portion, the centre
of the world; as for us, we are cast out to its extremities.”
On the death of Tur and Salm, the crown left this family, and passed
to a king named Cush, who was of the sons of Ham, the son of
Noah. Cush reigned forty years. After him Canaan ascended the
throne. Cush and Canaan worshipped idols. It is said that Nimrod
was the son of Canaan. When Canaan died, Nimrod succeeded him.
Nimrod had a vizir named Azar (Terah), son of Nahor, son of
Sarough (Serug), who was sixth in generation from Noah. This Azar
was the father of Abraham, the friend of God.
From the time of the Deluge to the time of Abraham was three
thousand years. During that period, there was no prophet save Hud
(Eber), who was sent to the Adites, and Saleh, who was sent to the
Thamudites.
We shall relate the history of Hud and of Saleh, and then return to
that of Nimrod.[265]
XX.
SERUG.
“And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat Peleg.
“And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Reu. And Reu lived two and
thirty years, and begat Serug. And Serug lived thirty years, and
begat Nahor.”[266]
Serug is said to have discovered the art of coining gold and silver
money. In his days men erected many idols, into which demons
entered and wrought great signs by them. Samiri was king of the
Chaldees, and he discovered weights and measures and how to
weave silk, and also how to dye fabrics. He is related to have had
three eyes and two horns.
At the same time Apiphanus was king of Egypt. He built a ship, and
in it made piratical descents upon the neighbouring people living on
the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. He was succeeded by
Pharaoh, son of Saner, and the kings after him assumed his name
as their title.[267]
Nahor was the son of Serug. In the twenty-fifth year of his life, Job
the Just underwent his trial, according to the opinion of Arudha the
Canaanite. At that time Armun, king of Canaan, built the two cities
Sodom and Gomorrah, and called them after the names of his two
sons; but Zoar he named after his mother. At the same time, Murk or
Murph, king of Palestine, built Damascus.[268]
XXI.
THE PROPHET EBER.
“Unto Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of
Japheth the elder, even to him were children born.
“The children of Shem;—Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud,
and Aram.
“And the children of Aram;—Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash.
“And Arphaxad begat Salah; and Salah begat Eber.”[269]
According to some Mussulman writers, Oudh (Lud), the son of
Shem, had a son named Ad; but, according to others, Ad was the
son of Aram, son of Shem.
The tribes of Ad and Thamud lived near one another in the desert of
Hedjaz, in the south of Arabia. The land of the people of Ad was
nearer Mecca than the valley of Hidjr, and the valley of Hidjr is
situated at the extremity of the desert on the road to Syria.
Never in all the world were there such great and mighty men as the
Adites. Each of them was twelve cubits high, and they were so
strong that if any of them stamped on the ground he sank up to his
knees.
The Adites raised great monuments in the land which they inhabited.
Wherever these Cyclopean edifices exist, they are called by the
Arabs the constructions of the Adites.
God ordered the prophet Hud (Eber) to go to the Adites and preach
to them the One true God, and turn them from idolatry. But the
Adites would not hearken to his words, and when he offered them
the promises of God, they said, “What better dwellings can He give
us than those which we have made?” And when he spoke to them of
God’s threatenings, they mocked and said, “Who can resist us who
are so strong?”
For fifty years did the prophet Hud speak to the Adites, and their
reply to his exhortations is preserved in the Koran, “O Hud, you
produce no evidence of what you advance; we will not abandon our
gods because of your preaching. We mistrust your mission. We
believe that one of our gods bears a hatred against you.”
Hud replied, “I take God to witness, and you also be witnesses, that I
am innocent of your polytheism.”[270]
The words of the Adites, “We believe that one of our gods bears a
hatred against thee,” signified that they believed one of their gods
had driven him mad.
During the fifty years that Hud’s mission lasted, the Adites believed
neither in God nor in the prophet, with the exception of a very few,
who believed in secret.
At the end of that time God withheld the rain from heaven, and
afflicted the Adites with drought. All the cattle of Ad died, and the
Adites fainted for lack of water. For three years no rain fell.
Hud said to the Adites, “Believe in God, and He will give you rain.”
They replied, “Thou art mad.” But they chose three men to send to
Mecca with victims; for the infidels believe in the sanctity of Mecca,
though they believe not in the One true God.
But Eber said, “Your sacrifices will be unavailing, unless you first
believe.”
The three deputies started for Mecca with many camels, oxen, and
sheep, as sacrifices. And when they reached Mecca they made
friends with the inhabitants of that city, and were received with
hospitality. They passed their days and nights in eating and drinking
wine, and in their drunkenness they forgot their people, and the
mission on which they had been sent. The inhabitants of Mecca
ordered musicians to sing the afflictions of the Adites, to recall to the
envoys the purpose of their visit. Then Lokman and Morthed, two of
the deputies, declared to Qaïl, the third, that they believed in Allah;
and they added, “If our people had believed the words of the prophet
Hud, they would not have suffered from drought,” and Lokman and
Morthed were not drunk when they said these words.
Qaïl replied, “You do not partake in the affliction of our nation. I will
go myself and will offer the victims.”
He went and led the beasts to the top of a mountain to sacrifice
them, and turning his face to heaven, he said, “O God of heaven,
hearken unto my prayer, and send rain on my poor afflicted people.”
Instantly there appeared three clouds in the blue sky: one was red,
one was black, the third was white; and a voice issued from the
clouds, saying, “Choose which shall descend upon thy people.”
Then Qaïl said within himself, “The white cloud, if it hung all day over
my nation, would not burst in rain; the red cloud, if it hung over them
night and day, would not drop a shower; but the black cloud is heavy
with water.” So he chose the black cloud.
And a voice cried, “It is gone to fall upon thy people.”
Qaïl returned full of joy, thinking he had obtained rain; but that cloud
was big with the judgments of God. Qaïl told what he had done to his
companions, Lokman and Morthed, but they laughed at him.
Now the cloud, when it arrived over the land of Ad, was
accompanied by a wind. And the Adites looked up rejoicing, and
cried, “The rain, the rain is coming!”
Then the cloud gaped, and a dry whirlwind rolled out from it, and
swept up all the cattle that were in the land, and raised them in the
air, spun them about, and dashed them lifeless on the ground.
But the Adites said, “Fear not; first comes wind, then comes rain.”
And they rushed out of their houses into the fields. Hud thought they
were coming forth to ask his assistance; but they sought him not.
Then the whirlwind caught them up and cast them down again. Now
each of these men was like a palm-tree in stature, and they lay
shattered and lifeless on the sand.
Hud was saved, along with those who had believed his word.
Now when the envoys at Mecca heard what had befallen their
people, they went all three to the summit of the mountain, and
Lokman and Morthed said to Qaïl, “Believe.” But he answered,
raising his face and hands to heaven: “O God of heaven, if thou hast
destroyed my people, slay me also.”
Then the whirlwind came, and rushed on him, and caught him up
and cast him down, and he was dead.
But Lokman and Morthed offered their sacrifice, and a voice from
heaven said, “What is your petition?”
Lokman answered: “O Lord, grant me a long life, that I may outlive
seven vultures.” Now a vulture is the longest-lived of all birds; it lives
five hundred years.
And the voice replied, “However long thy life may be, death will close
it.”
Lokman said, “I know; that is true.”
Then his prayer was granted. And Lokman took a young vulture and
fed it for five hundred years, and it died; then he took a second, and
at the expiration of five hundred years it died also; and so on till he
had reached the age of three thousand five hundred years, and then
he died also.
Morthed made his request, and it was, “O Lord, give me wheat
bread,” for hitherto in Ad he had eaten only barley bread. So Allah
gave Morthed so much wheat, that he was able to make bread
thereof all the rest of his life.
Hud lived fifty years with the faithful who had received his doctrine,
and his life in all was one hundred and fifty years. The prophet Saleh
appeared five hundred years after Hud; he was sent to the
Thamudites.[271]
But there is another version of the story given by Weil.
Hud promised Schaddad, king of the Adites, a glorious city in the
heavens, if he would turn to the true God. But the king said, “I need
no other city than that I have built. My palace rests on a thousand
pillars of rubies and emeralds; the streets and walls are of gold, and
pearl, and carbuncle, and topaz; and each pillar in my house is a
hundred ells long.”
Then, at Hud’s word, God let the city and palace of Schaddad fade
away like a dream of the night, and storm and rain descended, and
night fell, and the king was without home in the desert.[272]
Of Lokman we must relate something more. He was a great prophet;
some say he was nephew of Job, whose sister was his mother;
others relate that he was the son of Beor, the son of Nahor, the son
of Terah.
One day, whilst he was reposing in the heat of the day, the angels
entered his room and saluted him, but did not show themselves.
Lokman heard their voices, but saw not their persons. Then the
angels said to him,—
“We are messengers of God, thy Creator and ours; He has sent us
unto thee to announce to thee that thou shalt be a great monarch.”
Lokman replied, “If God desires what you say, His will can
accomplish all things, and doubtless He will give me what is
necessary for executing my duty in that position in which He will
place me. But if He would suffer me to choose a state of life, I should
prefer that in which I now am,”—now Lokman was a slave,—“and
above all would I ask Him to enable me never to offend Him; without
which all earthly grandeur would be to me a burden.”
This reply of Lokman was so pleasing to Allah, that He gave him the
gift of wisdom to such a degree of excellence, that he became
capable of instructing all men; and this he did by means of a great
multitude of maxims, sentences, and parables to the number of ten
thousand, each of which is more valuable than the whole world.[273]
When Lokman did not know anything with which others were
acquainted, he held his tongue, and did not ask questions and thus
divulge his ignorance.
As he lived to a great age, he was alive in the days of King David.
Now David made a coat of mail, and showed it to Lokman. The sage
had seen nothing like it before, and did not know what purpose it
was to serve, but he looked knowing and nodded his head. Presently
David put the armour upon him, and marched, and said, “It is
serviceable in war.” Then Lokman understood its object; so his
mouth became unsealed and he talked about it.
Lokman used to say, “Silence is wisdom, but few practise it.”[274]
Thalebi relates, in his Commentary on the Koran, that Lokman was a
slave, and that having been sent along with other slaves into the
country to gather fruit, his fellow-slaves ate them, and charged
Lokman with having done so. Lokman, to justify himself, said to his
master, “Let every one of us slaves be given warm water to drink,
and you will soon see who has been the thief.”
The expedient succeeded; the slaves who had eaten the fruit
vomited it, and Lokman threw up only warm water.
The same story precisely is told of Æsop.
Lokman is always spoken of as black, with thick lips. He is regarded
by the Arabs much as is Bidpay by the Indians, and Æsop by the
Europeans, as the Father of Fable.
XXII.
THE PROPHET SALEH.
The prophet Saleh was the son of Ad, son of Aram, son of Shem,
and is not to be confused with Saleh, son of Arphaxad.
The Mussulmans say that he was sent to convert the Thamudites.
The Thamudites were in size and strength like their brethren the
Adites, but they inhabited the rocks, which they dug out into
spacious mansions. They had in the midst of their land an unfailing
supply of sweet and limpid water. They were idolaters. Saleh came
armed with the command of Allah to these men, and he preached to
them that they should turn from the worship of stocks and stones to
that of the living God who made them.
Now Saleh had been born among the Thamudites, but he had never
been an idolater. When he was young, the natives of the land had
laughed at him, and said, “He is young and inexperienced; when he
is old, and has grown wiser, he will adore our gods.”
When Saleh grew old, he forbade the Thamudites to worship idols,
and he spoke to them of the true and only God.
But they said, “What miracle can you work, to prove that your
mission is from God?”[275]
Then he said, “Oh, my people, a she-camel that shall come from
God shall be to you for a sign. Let her go and eat on the earth, and
do her no injury, that a terrible retribution fall not upon you.”[276]
Now Saleh had asked them what miracle they desired, and they had
answered, “Bring out of the rock a camel with red hair, and a colt of a
camel also with red hair; let them eat grass, and we will believe.”
Saleh said to them, “What you ask is easy,” and he prayed.
Then the rock groaned and clave asunder, and there came out a
she-camel with her foal, and their hair was red, and they began to
eat grass.
Then the Thamudites exclaimed, “He is a magician!” and they would
not believe in him.
The camel went to the perpetual fountain, and she drank it up, so
that from that day forward from their spring they could get no water,
and they suffered from thirst.
The Thamudites went to Saleh and said, “We need water!”
Saleh replied, “The fountain shall flow one day for you, and one day
for the camel.”
So it was agreed that the camel should drink alternate days with the
people of the land, and that alternate days each should be without
water whilst the other was drinking.
Then Saleh said, for he saw that the people hated the camel and her
foal, “Beware that you slay not these animals, for the day that they
perish, great shall be your punishment.”
The she-camel lived thirty years among the Thamudites, but God
revealed to Saleh that they were bent on slaying the camel, and he
said, “The slayer will be a child with red hair and blue eyes.”
Now the Thamudites ordered ten midwives to attend on the women
in their confinement, and if a child were born with the signs indicated
by the prophet, it was to be destroyed instantly.
Nine children had thus been killed, and the parents conceived a
deadly animosity against Saleh the prophet, and formed a design to
slay him.
One of the chiefs among the Thamudites had a son born to him with
red hair and blue eyes, and the nurses would have destroyed it, but
the nine men spake to the father of the child, and they banded
together, and saved the infant.
Now when this child had attained the age of eleven, he became
great and handsome; and each of the parents whose children had
been put to death, when he saw him, said, “Such an one would have
been my son, had not he been slain at the instigation of Saleh.” And
they combined to put the prophet to death. They said among
themselves, “We will kill him outside the city, and returning, say we
were elsewhere when he was murdered.”
Having formed this project, they left the city and placed themselves
under a rock, awaiting his exit from the gates. But God commanded
the rock, and it fell and crushed them all.
Next day their corpses were recovered, but the Thamudites were
very wroth, and said, “Saleh has slain our children, and now he slays
our men;” and they added, “We will be revenged on his camel.”
But no one could be found to undertake the execution of this deed,
save the red-haired child. He went to the fountain where the camel
was drinking, and with one kick he knocked her over, and with
another kick he despatched her.
But the foal, seeing the fate of her mother, ran away, and the boy
with the red hair and blue eyes ran after her.
Saleh, seeing what had taken place, cried, “The judgment of God is
about to fall.”
The people were frightened, and asked, “What shall we do?”
“The judgment of God will not fall as long as the colt remains among
you.”
Hearing this, the whole population went in pursuit of the young
camel. Now it had fled to the mountain whence it had sprung, and
the red-haired boy was close on its heels. And when the young
camel heard the shouting of the inhabitants of the city, and saw the
multitude in pursuit, it stood before the rock, turned round, uttered
three piercing cries, and vanished.
The Thamudites arrived and beat the rock, but they could not open
it. Then said Saleh, “The judgment of God will fall; prepare to receive
it. The first day your faces will become livid, the second day they will
become black, and the third day red.”
Things happened as Saleh had predicted. And when the signs befel
them which Saleh had foretold, they knew that their end was near.
The first day they became ash pale, the second day coal black, and
the third day red as fire, and then there came a sound from heaven,
and all fell dead on the earth, save Saleh and those who believed in
him; these heard the sound, but did not perish.
By the will of God, when the people were destroyed, one man was
absent at Mecca; the name of this man was Abou-Ghalib. When he
knew what had befallen his nation, he took up his residence in
Mecca; but all the rest perished, as it is written in the Koran, “In the
morning they were found dead in their houses, stretched upon the
ground, as though they had never dwelt there.”
From Saleh to Abraham there was no prophet. At the time of that
patriarch there was no king over all the earth. The sovereignty had
passed to Canaan, the son of Cush, the son of Ham, who was the
son of Noah.[277]
The camel of the prophet Saleh was placed by Mohammed in the
heavens, together with the ass of Balaam, and other favoured
animals.
Now wonderful as is this story, it is surpassed by that related by
certain Arabic historians of the mission of Saleh. This we proceed to
give.
Djundu Ibn Omar was king of the Thamudites, a people numbering
seventy thousand fighting men. He had a palace cut out of the face
of a rock, and his high priest, Kanuch Ibn Abid, had one likewise.
The most magnificent building in the city was a temple which
contained the idol worshipped by the people. This idol had the head
of a man, the neck of a bull, the body of a lion, and the feet of a
horse. It was fashioned out of pure gold, and was studded with
jewels.
One day, as Kanuch, the high priest, was worshipping in the temple,
he fell asleep, and heard a voice cry, “The truth will appear, and the
madness will pass away.” He started to his feet in alarm, and saw
the idol prostrate on the floor, and its crown had fallen from its head.
Kanuch cried out for assistance, and fled to the king, who sent men
to set up the image, and replace on its head the crown that had
fallen from it.
But doubt took possession of the heart of Kanuch; he no longer
addressed the image in prayer, and his enthusiasm was at an end.
The king observed this, and sent two vizirs with orders to imprison
and execute him. But Allah struck the vizirs with blindness, and he
sent two angels to transport Kanuch to a well-shaded grotto, well
supplied with all that could content the heart of man.
As Kanuch was nowhere to be found, the king appointed his
kinsman Davud to be high priest. But on the third day he came to the
king to announce to him that the idol was again prostrate.
The monarch set it up once more, and Eblis, entering the image,
spoke through its mouth, exhorting all men to beware of novel
doctrines which were about to be introduced.
Next feast-day Davud was about to sacrifice two oxen to the idol,
when one of them opened its mouth, and thus addressed him:—
“Will you sacrifice creatures endued with life by the living God to a
mass of lifeless metal? O God, do Thou destroy this sinful nation!”
And the oxen broke their halters, and ran away.
Horsemen were deputed to pursue and capture them, but they
escaped, for Allah screened them.
But God in His mercy resolved to give the Thamudites another
chance of repenting of their idolatry.
Raghwah, Kanuch’s wife, had shed incessant tears since the
disappearance of her husband. Allah dispatched a bird out of
Paradise to guide her to the grotto of Kanuch.
This bird was a raven; its head was white as snow, its back was
green as emerald. Its feet were purple; its beak of heaven’s blue. Its
eyes were gems; only its body was black, for this bird did not fall
under the curse of Noah, as it was in Paradise.
It was midnight when the raven entered Raghwah’s dark chamber,
where she lay weeping on a carpet; but the glory of its eyes illumined
the whole room, as though the sun had suddenly flashed into it.
Raghwah rose from her place, and gazed in wonder on the lovely
bird, which opened its beak and said, “Arise and follow me! God has
seen thy tears, and will reunite thee to thy husband.”
Raghwah followed the raven, which flew before her, and with the
light of its eyes turned the night into day. The morning star had not
risen, when they stood before Kanuch’s grot. Then cried the raven,
“Kanuch, open to thy wife!” and so vanished.
Nine months after that Raghwah had rejoined her husband, she bore
him a son, who was the image of Seth, and had on his brow the
prophetic light; and Kanuch, in the hope of drawing him to the
knowledge of the true God and to a pious life, gave him the name of
Saleh (The Blessed).
Not long after Saleh’s birth, Kanuch died; and the raven of Paradise
returned to the grotto to lead back Saleh to his own people.
Saleh grew in beauty and strength, to the admiration of his mother
and all who saw him.
A war was being waged between the descendants of Ham and the
Thamudites, and the latter had lost many battles and a large portion
of their army, when Saleh suddenly appeared in the battle-field at the
head of a few friends, and, by his personal heroism, turned the tide
of victory, and routed the enemy.
This success drew upon him the gratitude and love of the people, but
the envy of the king was kindled, and he sought the life of the young
prophet. But as often as assassins were sent by the king to take his
life, their arms shrivelled up, and were only restored at the
intercession of Saleh. These circumstances tended to increase and
confirm the number of his adherents, so that he was able to build a
mosque, and occupy with worshippers of the true God one whole
quarter of the city.
But one day the king surrounded the mosque with his troops, and
threatened Saleh and his followers with death if they would not work
a miracle to prove their worship to be the true one.
Saleh prayed, and instantly the leaves of the date-tree that stood
before the mosque were transformed into serpents and scorpions,
which fell over the king and his soldiers; whilst two doves, which
dwelt on the terrace of the mosque, sang aloud, “Believe in Saleh,
he is a prophet and messenger of God!”
But Saleh was moved with compassion when he saw the anguish of
those who had been bitten by the scorpions and vipers, and he
prayed to God, and the noxious reptiles were transformed back
again into date-leaves, and those who had been stung were made
whole. Nevertheless the king hardened his heart, and continued to
worship false gods.
When Saleh saw the impenitence of the Thamudites, he besought
God to destroy them; but an angel appeared to him in a cave, and
sent him to sleep for twenty years.
When he woke he betook himself towards the mosque he had built,
never doubting that he had slept but a single night. The mosque was
gone, his friends and adherents were dead or dispersed, a few
remained, but they were old, and he hardly recognized them. Falling
into despair, the angel Gabriel came to him and said,—
“Thou wert hasty in desiring the destruction of this people, therefore
God hath withdrawn from thy life twenty years, which He has taken
from thee in sleep. Now He sends thee precious relics wherewith to
establish thy mission, to wit, Adam’s shirt, Abel’s sandals, Seth’s
overcoat, Enoch’s seal ring, Noah’s sword, and Hud’s staff.”
Next day, as the king Djundu with his brother Schihab, and the
priests and the princes of the people, formed a procession to an idol
temple near the town, Saleh ran before the procession, entered the
temple, and stood in the door.
“Who art thou?” asked the king in astonishment: for he did not
recognize Saleh, so greatly had God changed him in his sleep of
twenty years.
He answered: “I am Saleh, the messenger of the only God, who
preached to you twenty years ago, and showed to you many signs

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Chemistry for Today General Organic

and Biochemistry Hybrid Edition 8th

LECTURE HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS

SOLUTIONS FOR THE END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES

THE BRØNSTED THEORY (SECTION 9.2) Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases

Brønsted Acids Brønsted Bases

Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs

Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs Conjugate Acid‐Base Pairs

Acid Base Equation

Acid Base Equation

NAMING ACIDS (SECTION 9.3)

9.20 HCN (aq) = hydrocyanic acid

9.21 a. H2Se (aq) hydroselenic acid c. H2SO4 sulfuric acid

;9.22 a. H2Te (aq) hydrotelluric acid c. H2SO3 sulfurous acid

9.23 H3C6H5O7 = citric acid

9.24 H2C4H4O4 = succinic acid

9.25 chromic acid = H2CrO4

9.26 carbonic acid = H2CO3

THE SELF‐IONIZATION OF WATER (SECTION 9.4)

9.31 9.27 9.29

THE pH CONCEPT (SECTION 9.5)

9.34 a. pH = 4.7 acidic d. pH = 11 basic

9.39 a. pH = 4.45 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.45 = 3.5 × 10 −5 M

b. pH = 13.12 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −13.12 = 7.6 × 10 −14 M

c. pH = 7.73 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.73 = 1.9 × 10 −8 M

;9.40 a. pH = 9.27 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −9.27 = 5.4 × 10 −10 M

b. pH = 2.55 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.55 = 2.8 × 10 −3 M

9.41 a. pH = 8.00 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −8.00 = 1.0 × 10 −8 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

b. pH = 6.15 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.15 = 7.1 × 10 −7 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

c. pH = 1.30 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −1.30 = 5.0 × 10 −2 M ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

9.42 a. pH = 3.95 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.95 = 1.1 × 10 −4 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

b. pH = 4.00 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −4.00 = 1.0 × 10 −4 M ⎡⎣ OH − ⎤⎦ = 10 −14

c. pH = 11.86 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −11.86 = 1.4 × 10 −12 M ⎡⎣OH − ⎤⎦ = 10−14

9.43 a. Blood, pH = 7.41 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −7.41 = 3.9 × 10 −8 M basic

9.44 a. Bile, pH = 8.05 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦ = 10 −8.05 = 8.9 × 10 −9 M basic

9.45 a. Milk, pH = 6.39 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.39 = 4.1 × 10 −7 M acidic

9.46 a. Soft drink, pH = 2.91 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.91 = 1.2 × 10 −3 M acidic

c. Lemon juice, pH = 2.32 ⎡⎣ H + ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.32 = 4.8 × 10 −3 M acidic

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS (SECTION 9.6)

b. ( 200 mL )( 0.1 M ) = ( Vc ) ( 6 M ) ⇒ Vc = 3.33 mL

c. (1.0 L )(1 M ) = ( Vc ) (18 M ) ⇒ Vc = 0.0556 L = 55.6 mL

b. ( 500 mL )(1.5 M ) = ( Vc ) (15 M ) ⇒ Vc = 50 mL

9.53 a. 2 HCl (aq) + BaO (s) → H2O (l) + BaCl2 (aq)

9.54 a. 2 HCl (aq) + MgO (s) → H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq)

9.55 a. M*: Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

b. M*: Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

c. M*: Ca (s) + 2 HC2H3O2 (aq) → Ca(C2H3O2)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

9.56 a. M*: Sn (s) + H2SO3 (aq) → SnSO3 (aq) + H2 (g)

b. M*: 3 Mg (s) + 2 H3PO4 (aq) → Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 H2 (g)

c. M*: Ca (s) + 2 HBr (aq) → CaBr2 (aq) + H2 (g)

PROPERTIES OF BASES (SECTION 9.7)

b. M*: RbOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) → RbNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

c. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Rb2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H2SO3 (aq) → Rb2SO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

c. M*: 2 RbOH (aq) + H3PO3 (aq) → Rb2HPO3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

b. M*: 2 KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

c. M*: KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → KH2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

b. M*: 3 KOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → K3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

c. M*: KOH (aq) + H2C2O4 (aq) → KHC2O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

SALTS (SECTION 9.8) Cations Anions

Cations Base Anions Acids

Cations Base Anions Acids