Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBJECT 3
Rural Electrification, Agricultural Processing, Ag. Structures and Allied Subjects (34%)
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
3. What energy generating plant does not use turbine for power generation?
4. From the BiGSHOW acronym of renewable energy coverage, what “Bi” stands for?
1. Aerogenerator, covered lagoon biodigester and minihydro energy projects are evaluated for
financial feasibility. Only one feasible project can be funded. Each project needs PHP 30M
investment. The financial internal rate of returns are 11%, 8% and 9%, respectively. Annual
discount plus inflation rate is 12%. Which of the 3 projects shall be implemented?
2. An Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) project was evaluated for financial
feasibility. At 12% annual discount rate, it has the following feasibility indicators: net present
value of 2.5 billion pesos and internal rate of return of 60%. If annual discount rate drops to
10%, will the project still be feasible?
A. No B. Yes C. Maybe D. Insufficient data to determine
Answer: B (if it is feasible at 12% discount rate, the more it will be feasible at 10%)
2
ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL – Easy Questions
1. What part of solar module should be included such that solar charging is continuous at
slower rate even when partially shaded by trees?
Answer: B
Answer: A
Answer: C
Answer: B
Answer: D
Answer: A
Answer: D
8. To automate control of irrigation dam gates, what switch is useful in the instrumentation?
Answer: A
9. A switch for automatic starting of pumps with sealed water tank in drip irrigation systems.
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WIND POWER – Easy Questions
Answer: C
Answer: A
Answer: B
Answer: C
Answer: A
6. What wind energy resource is located about 10-16 km from Earth surface with velocity over
150 kph?
Answer: C
Answer: B
8. What tail type of multi-bladed windpump is more effective for windy areas?
Answer: A
4
WIND POWER – Moderate Questions
Answer: D
Answer: D
Answer: C
4. In windmill design, what should be the average rotor blade twist angle in degrees to have a tip
speed ratio of 1:1?
A. 30 B. 45 C. 60 D. 75
Answer: B
5. If typical overall efficiency of savonius windmills is 7-10%, what is the typical overall
efficiency of aerogenerators?
Answer: D
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WIND POWER – Difficult Questions
1. If a multi-bladed windpump has a tip-speed ratio of 1:1, what windspeed is needed to have its
rotor tip move at 3 m/s?
Answer: B
Solution:
2. A 6-bladed windmill with 8 meters rotor diameter and 45 degrees twist angle is to be
modified due to insufficient starting torque. What should be done?
A. Increase blades B. Decrease blades C. Increase twist angle D. Decrease twist angle
3. A windmill with 6 meters rotor diameter, 5 cm pump diameter and 2 cm crank arm is to be
modified due to low volumetric efficiency. What should be done?
A. Enlarge rotor B. Reduce rotor C. Elongate crank arm D. Enlarge pump diameter
Answer: C (since elongating crank arm increases pump stroke and volumetric efficiency)
4. A 3-bladed 40-meter tall aerogenerator with 20 meters rotor radius designed for 6 m/s wind
can’t rotate. Average windspeed at rotor center is 5.5 m/s. Which part needs to be increased?
Answer: D (windspeed is higher at higher elevation; increasing rotor radius will severely
affect twist angle of entire blade & tip-speed ratio; aerogenerators have no crank arm)
1. What is the electrical energy consumption of a 15-kw vermi cast production shredder
plugged in a 220-volt source if it requires 2 hours to shred 1.5 tonnes of farm waste?
Solution:
Ec = PcTo / Wi
= 15 kw (2 h) / 1,500 kg
= 0.02 kwh/kg
6
SOLAR POWER – Easy Questions
1. Which battery is designed for slow charging and slow discharging?
Answer: C
Answer: D
A. Silicon B. Boron C. Equal silicon and boron D. Silicon with little boron
Answer: D
Answer: B
2. In a sunny 12:00 noon in the Philippines, what is the likely voltage reading of solar battery
charger when no battery is being charged?
Answer: A
3. At 8:00 P.M. in the Philippines, what is the likely voltage reading of a solar home system
when all loads are turned on?
Answer: D
7
HYDRO POWER – Easy Questions
Answer: B
2. Under Philippine classification, what is the maximum power rating for microhydro?
A. 25 kw B. 50 kw C. 75 kw D. 100 kw
Answer: D
Answer: A
Answer: C
3. The rotating part in geothermal power plants which drives the generator.
Answer: C
1. The operating principle of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system resembles a
Answer: D
2. In Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system, what causes fluid flow which passes
through the turbine?
Answer: B
Answer: D
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2. AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING
A. EASY
1. Industrial bottling of virgin coconut oil prints a batch number. What is the main purpose of
this batch number?
Answer: B
B. MODERATE
1. A 2.4-tonne capacity Jatropha oil expeller was loaded full with dried Jatropha seeds in 4
minutes. It produced 600 kg of crude oil in 2 hours. What is its crude oil production rate?
Answer: A
Solution:
2. A Jatropha oil expeller was loaded with 2.1 tonnes dried Jatropha seeds. It produced 600 kg
of crude oil in 3 hours. What is its Jatropha cake production rate?
Answer: B
Solution:
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C. DIFICULT
1. A 20-tonne capacity coconut oil expeller was loaded full with grated copra. It produced 8,000
kg of crude oil in 20 hours. What is the copra cake production rate of the machine at 98%
cake collection efficiency?
Answer: C
Solution:
Pcake = [(Wt. of copra input - Wt. of crude oil collected )/ Total time] x Eff
= [(20,000 kg - 8,000 kg) /20 h] x 0.98
= 588 kg/h
2. How many tonnes of agricultural waste is needed annually to optimally operate a 26-ampere
6-kw vermi cast production shredder having a capacity of 0.25 tonne of waste per hour? It
optimally operates 16 hours daily during the 3-month peak sunny months and 8 h/day at 26
days/month for the rest of the year.
Answer: A
Solution:
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3. AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
Answer: D
2. In lateral and sub-lateral irrigation canals where the available roadway width is 3 meters, the
carriageway and shoulder, respectively, of the farm-to-market road shall be
Answer: C
3. In main irrigation canals where the available roadway width is 6 meters, the shoulder and
carriageway, respectively, of the farm-to-market road shall be
Answer: B
4. For gravel and bituminous farm-to-market roads, the minimum slope from the centerline
towards the ditch shall be
A. 1% B. 2% C. 3% D. 5%
Answer: C
5. For concrete farm-to-market roads, the maximum slope from the centerline towards the ditch
shall be
A. 5% B. 3% C. 2.5% D. 1.5%
Answer: D
6. For farm-to-market roads constructed along the main, lateral and sub-lateral irrigation canals,
the run:rise side slope of the earth embankment shall be
Answer: A
7. In farm-to-market roads, the minimum radius of curvature for flat, rolling and mountainous
terrains, respectively, shall be
A. 75, 50 & 5 m B. 150, 100 & 50 m C. 500, 150 & 50 m D. 600, 200 & 100 m
Answer: C
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8. In a bituminous farm-to-market road, what course is the third layer from the top?
Answer: B
9. As an engineer, what thickness of the Portland cement concrete pavement will you use in a
two-lane farm-to-market road?
A. 10 cm B. 15 cm C. 20 cm D. 25 cm
Answer: C
10. In concrete farm-to-market road construction, what plus or minus in thickness variation will
you allow in the Portland cement concrete pavement?
A. 10 mm B. 20 mm C. 30 mm D. 40 mm
Answer: B
11. As a minimum, all culverts and storm drains used in relation with farm-to-market roads
should be designed using a storm of two-year return period and duration of
Answer: D
12. Culverts and storm drains have ideal slope of 2-4 %. What is the absolute minimum slope for
culverts and storm drains?
Answer: A
13. In concrete farm-to-market road design, what class A concrete thickness will you use in
triangular concrete-lined ditch?
A. 10 cm B. 15 cm C. 20 cm D. 25 cm
Answer: B
14. In concrete farm-to-market road design, what wall thickness will you use in rectangular
grouted riprap ditch?
A. 10 cm B. 15 cm C. 20 cm D. 25 cm
Answer: D
15. As a contractor, what project management amount in terms of estimated direct cost
percentage will you charge aside from the 10-15 % profit in farm-to-market road projects?
A. 5 % B. 7.5 % C. 10 % D. 12 %
Answer: A
12
IRRIGATION STRUCTURES – Easy Questions
1. The standard diameter of both vertical and horizontal reinforcing bars in open channel
construction.
A. 8 mm B. 10 mm C. 12 mm D. 16 mm
Answer: B
Answer: A
A. 10 cm B. 20 cm C. 30 cm D. 50 cm
Answer: B
4. In open channel design, what is the standard concrete wall thickness of lateral trapezoidal
open channel?
A. 5 cm B. 10 cm C. 15 cm D. 20 cm
Answer: C
5. The standard gage number of G.I. tie wire for open channel construction.
A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 16
Answer: D
6. In class A, B or C concrete, how many cubic meters of sand should be mixed to produce 1
cubic meter of concrete?
Answer: B
7. In open channel construction, how many 40-kg bags of cement are needed per cubic meter of
concrete?
A. 12 B. 9 C. 7.5 D. 6
Answer: B
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IRRIGATION STRUCTURES – Moderate Questions
1. In open channel construction, how many 40-kg bags of cement are needed for a 10-km lateral
channel if it requires 0.6 cubic meter concrete per linear meter? Use 5% safety factor.
Answer: D
Solution:
2. How many truck loads of sand are needed for 25-km main irrigation canal requiring 3.5 cubic
meters concrete per linear meter? 1 truck load is 2.5 cubic meters. Use 5% safety factor.
Answer: C
Solution:
Truck loads = Safety factor x Cu.m. sand/cu.m. concrete x Trucks/cu.m. x Concrete volume
= 1.05 x 0.5 cu.m./cu.m. x 1 truck load/2.5 cu.m. x (3.5 cu.m/m x 25,000 m)
= 18,375 truck loads
3. Estimate the truck loads of gravel needed for an 8-km main irrigation canal requiring 4 cubic
meters concrete per linear meter. 1 truck load is 2.5 cubic meters. Use 6% safety factor.
Answer: B
Solution:
Truck loads = Safety factor x Cu.m. gravel/cu.m. concrete x Trucks/cu.m. x Concrete volume
= 1.06 x 1 cu.m./cu.m. x 1 truck load/2.5 cu.m. x (4 cu.m/m x 8,000 m)
= 13,568 truck loads
4. How much should be budgeted for cement for 20-km irrigation canal if it requires half cubic
meter concrete per linear meter and cement costs Php200/bag? Use 5% safety factor.
Answer: C
Solution:
Budget = Safety factor x Bags cement/cu.m. concrete x Concrete volume x Unit Cost
= 1.05 x 9 bags/cu.m. x (0.5 cu.m/m x 20,000 m) x Php 200
= Php 18,900,000
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IRRIGATION STRUCTURES – Difficult Questions
1. Give cement budget estimate for 20-km canal requiring 2/3 cubic meter concrete per linear
meter. Cement costs Php200/bag while transport costs Php 10/bag. Use 5% safety factor.
Answer: D
Solution:
Budget = Safety factor x Bags cement/cu.m. concrete x Concrete volume x Unit Cost
= 1.05 x 9 bags/cu.m. x (0.667 cu.m/m x 20,000 m) x (Php 200 + Php 10)
= Php 26,473,230
2. A gravity dam weighing 65,000 tonnes is to be constructed with length along dam axis of 1
km and base of 100 meters. What should be the minimum soil bearing stress? Use factor of
safety against sinking of 2.
Answer: B
Solution:
Sinking Factor of safety = Min. defensive bearing stress/Offensive bearing stress
Min. def. stress = Sinking FS x Offensive Stress, Offensive stress = Weight/Area
= 2 x (65,000 tonnes / (1,000 m x 100 m)
= 1.3 tonnes/square meter
3. A 1-meter thick trapezoidal section of a concrete dam has resisting moment about the dam
toe of 300,000 tonne-meters. The water exerts 4,050 tonnes horizontally at 30 meters above
the dam toe. What is the factor of safety against overturning?
Answer: A
Solution:
Overturing Factor of Safety = Resisting moment/Overturning moment
= 300,000 /(4050 x 30)
= 2.47
4. A concrete dam with 50,000 sq.m. submerged vertical upstream wall is to be constructed
against a 546 tonnes/sq.m. average water pressure. Coefficient of friction at dam base is 0.8.
What should be the minimum dam weight? Use factor of safety against sliding of 2.
Answer: A
Solution:
SlidingFactor of Safety = Min. defensive horizontal force/Offensive horizontal force
Min. defensive force = Coef. of friction x Weight = FS x Offensive force
Weight = FS x Offensive force / Coef. of friction
Weight = 2 x (546 tonnes/sq.m. x 50,000 sq.m.) / 0.8
Weight = 68,250,000 tonnes
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4. WASTE MGT. & CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
A. EASY QUESTIONS
1. The amount paid to project owners from CDM fund for carbon emission reduction projects.
A. Carbon credit value B. Emission value C. Carbon trading value D. None of the above
Answer: A
Answer: B
3. Best kind of biogas plant for large animal farms having effluents with low solid content.
Answer: C
4. Plastic sheet for constructing balloon and bed lining in covered lagoon biogas plants.
Answer: C
5. By how many times is methane destructive to the environment than carbon dioxide?
Answer: C
Answer: B
7. When using covered lagoon biodigester, what is approximate methane content in biogas?
Answer: C
8. What is the minimum methane content of biogas in order to operate biogas-fueled generators?
9. When using 1:1 water-manure ratio, what is the approximate methane content of biogas?
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B. MODERATE QUESTIONS
1. Determine the daily biogas consumption in cubic meters of an industrial boiler using 10 units
of 50-cm gas burner 8 hours a day. The consumption of each gas burner is 1.2 cu.m./hour.
A. 9.6 B. 96 C. 120 D. 80
Answer: B
Solution:
C = NBT
where C= Consumption, N = No. of units, B = biogas consumption of device, T = Time
2. Estimate the biogas production in cubic meters per day from a large balloon type digester
using 1:1 water-manure ratio. The source farm has 1,000 heads of porkers of mixed ages. Use
a retention period of 30 days. The mean daily manure production of porkers is 2.2 kg/head
while the specific gas production for 30-day manure retention period is 0.063 m3/kg.
Answer: C
Solution:
P = NMG
where P = biogas production potential, N = No.of heads, M = manure production,
G = Specific gas production of the manure for a specific retention period
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C. DIFFICULT QUESTIONS
1. How many heads of breeding cattle are needed as source of manure to generate 75 m3 of
biogas a day if the retention period is 25 days and water-manure ratio is 1:1. The mean daily
manure production of breeding cattle is 13 kg/head while its specific gas production for 25-
day manure retention period is half of that of chicken dung.
Answer: B
Solution:
N = P/(MG)
where N = No. of heads, C = biogas production, M = manure production,
G = Specific gas production of the manure for a specific retention period
2. In the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), how much will the project owner of a new
covered lagoon biodigester receive annually from CDM fund for the first 10 years if his
biodigester produces 7,000 tonnes of methane and 3,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year.
Assume that the current carbon credit costs US$10 per tonne of carbon equivalent.
Answer: D
Solution:
REFERENCES:
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