You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage I on

pages 2 and 3.

Bovids

A The family of mammals called bovids belongs to the Artiodactyl class, which also includes giraffes.
Bovids are highly diverse group consisting of 137 species, some of which are man’s most important
domestic animals.

B Bovids are well represented in most parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian islands, but they are by far
the most numerous and diverse in the latter Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large
groups with complex social structures. Although bovids have adapted to a wide range of habitats,
from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species favour open grassland, scrub or
desert. This diversity of habitat is also matched by great diversity in size and form: at one extreme is
the royal antelope of West Africa, which stands a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the other, the
massively built bisons of North America and Europe, growing to a shoulder height of 2.2m.

C Despite differences in size and appearance, bovids are united by the possession of certain common
features. All species are ruminants, which means that they retain undigested food in their stomachs,
and regurgitate it as necessary. Bovids are almost exclusively herbivorous: plant-eating “incisors: front
teeth herbivorous.

D Typically their teeth are highly modified for browsing and grazing: grass or foliage is cropped with
the upper lip and lower incisors** (the upper incisors are usually absent), and then ground down by the
cheek teeth. As well as having cloven, or split, hooves, the males of ail bovid species and the females
of most carry horns. Bovid horns have bony cores covered in a sheath of horny material that is
constantly renewed from within; they are unbranched and never shed. They vary in shape and size:
the relatively simple horns of a large Indian buffalo may measure around 4 m from tip to tip along the
outer curve, while the various gazelles have horns with a variety of elegant curves.

E Five groups, or sub-families, may be distinguished: Bovinae, Antelope, Caprinae, Cephalophinae and
Antilocapridae. The sub-family Bovinae comprises most of the larger bovids, including the African
bongo, and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle. Unlike most other bovids they are all non-territorial. The
ancestors of the various species of domestic cattle banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo are generally
rare and endangered in the wild, while the auroch (the ancestor of the domestic cattle of Europe) is
extin

F The term ‘antelope 1 is not a very precise zoological name _ it is used to loosely describe a number
of bovids that have followed different lines of development. Antelopes are typically long-legged, fast-
running species, often with long horns that may be laid along the back when the animal is in full flight.
There are two main sub-groups antelope: Hippotraginae, which includes the oryx and the addax, and
Antilopinae, which generally contains slighter and more graceful animals such as gazelle and the
springbok. Antelopes are mainly grassland species, but many have adapted to flooded grasslands:
pukus, waterbucks and lechwes are all good at swimming, usually feeding in deep water, while the
sitatunga has long, splayed hooves that enable it to walk freely on swampy ground.
G The sub-family Caprinae includes the sheep and the goat, together with various relatives such as
the goral and the tahr. Most are woolly or have long hair. Several species, such as wild goats, chamois
and ibex, are agile cliff 一 and mountain-dwellers. Tolerance of extreme conditions is most marked in
this group: Barbary and bighorn sheep have adapted to arid deserts, while Rocky Mountain sheep
survive high up in mountains and musk oxen in arctic tundra.

H The duiker of Africa belongs to the Cephalophinae sub-family. It is generally small and solitary,
often living in thick forest. Although mainly feeding on grass and leaves, some duikers – unlike most
other bovids -are believed to eat insects and feed on dead animal carcasses, and even to kill small
animals.

I The pronghorn is the sole survivor of a New World sub-family of herbivorous ruminants, the
Antilocapridae in North America. It is similar in appearance and habits to the Old World antelope.
Although greatly reduced in numbers since the arrival of Europeans, and the subsequent enclosure of
grasslands, the pronghorn is still found in considerable numbers throughout North America, from
Washington State to Mexico. When alarmed by the approach of wolves or other predators, hairs on
the pronghorn’s rump stand erect, so showing and emphasising the white patch there. At this signal,
the whole herd gallops off at speed of over 60 km per hour.

Ruminant (adj) Độ ng vậ t nhai lạ i

Undigested food Thứ c ă n chưa đượ c tiêu hoá
Regurgiate (v) Nô n ra
Herbivorous (adj) Độ ng vậ t ă n cỏ
Splayed hooves (n) Vó bẹt
Swampy ground (n) Nên đấ t sình lầ y
Solitary (adj) Đơn độ c/ thích mộ t mình
Predator (n) Thú să n mồ i
Gallop (n)/(v) Phi nướ c đạ i
Rump (n) Phầ n mô ng
Non-territorial (adj) Khô ng cố định ở 1 lã nh địa

Questions 1-3
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1 Bovids mostly inhabit

A Africa.

B Eurasia.

C Southeast Asia.

D South America.

2 What are the most favorable locations for the existence of bovids?
A tropical forests

B wetlands

C mountains

D open grassy areas

3 What is the common feature of idle bovid species?

A Their horns are short.

B They store food in the body.

C They have upper incisors.

D Their hooves are undivided.

Questions 4 – 8
Look at the following characteristics (Questions and the list of sub-families below).

Match each characteristic with the correct;

Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

4 can survive in harsh habitats.

5 move at a high speed.

6 origins of modern ox and cow.

7 does not defend a particular area of land.

8 sometimes take small animals as their food supply.

A Bovinae

B Antelope

C Caprinae

D Cephalophinae

Questions 9-13
Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9 What is the smallest species of Bovids?

10 Which member of Bovinae has died out?

11 What helps sitatunga move quickly on swampy lands?

12 Where can Barbary sheep survive?

13 What is the only survivor of Antilocapridae?

Giả i thích:

Sau khi đọc list of sub-families -> ta thấy từ đoạn E, tác giả phân nhóm cho 4 nhóm này.

4. can endure very harsh environments (nhóm này sống ở môi trường cực kì bất lợi)

* harsh environment = extreme conditions (arid desert…)

-> đoạn G

5. includes the ox and the cow (nhóm này bao gồm bò đực và bò nhà)

* domestic cattle

-> đoạn E

6. may supplement its diet with meat (nhóm này có khẩu phần ăn đi kèm với thịt)

* “eat insects and feed on dead animals/ kill small animals” = diet with meat

-> đoạn H

7. can usually move at speed

* “fast-running species” = move at speed

-> đoạn F
8. does not defend a particular area of land

* “non-territorial”: phi lãnh thổ-> đoạn E

 Do literate women make better mothers? 
 
Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their
mothers can read and write. Experts In public health accepted this idea decades ago, but until now no
one has been able to show that a woman's ability to read in Itself Improves her children’s chances of
survival. 
 
Most literate women learnt to read In primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education
may simply indicate her family’s wealth or that It values Its children more highly. Now a long-term study
carried out In Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult
women, who would otherwise have remained Illiterate, has a direct effect on their children’s health and
survival. 
 
In 1979, the government of Nicaragua established a number of social programmes, including a National
Literacy Crusade. By 1985, about 300,000 Illiterate adults from all over the country, many of whom had
never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers. 
 
During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American
Institute of Health In Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican
Institute of Health Interviewed nearly 3,000 women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, some
during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all. The women were asked how many
children they had given birth to and how many of them had died In Infancy. The research teams also
examined the surviving children to find out how well-nourished they were. 
 
The Investigators' findings were striking. In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of
Illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births. At this point In their lives, those
mothers who later went on to learn to read had a similar level Of child mortality (105/1000). For women
educated in primary school, however, the Infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per
thousand. 
 
In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended, the infant mortality figures for those who
remained illiterate and for those educated In primary school remained more or less unchanged. For
those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an
impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still Illiterate. The children of the newly-
literate mothers were also better nourished than those of women who could not read. 
 
Why are the children of literate mothers better off? According to Peter Sandiford of the Liverpool School
of Tropical Medicine, no one Knows for certain. Child health was not on the curriculum during the
women’s lessons, so fie and his colleagues are looking at other factors. They are working with the same
group of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals and
clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more
quickly, or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children. 
 
The Nicaraguan study may have important implications for governments and aid agencies that need to
know where to direct their resources. Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that female
education, at any age, is "an important health intervention in its own right’. The results of the study lend
support to the World Bank's recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should be
increased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child health. 
 
'We’ve known for a long time that maternal education is important,’ says John Cleland of the London
School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. ‘But we thought that even if we started educating girls today,
we'd have to wait a generation for the pay off. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass
that.' 
 
Cleland warns that the Nicaraguan crusade was special in many ways, and similar campaigns elsewhere
might not work as well. It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediate
impact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less
successful. 'The crusade was part of a larger effort to bring a better life to the people,’ says Cleland.
Replicating these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development workers. 
 
Questions 1-5 
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below. 
 
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 
 
NB You may use any letter more than once. 
 
The Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to teach large numbers of illiterate 1 ................................ to
read and write. 
 
Public health experts have known for many years that there is a connection between child health and
2 ................................ 
 
However, it has not previously been known whether these two factors were directly linked or not. 
 
This question has been investigated by 3 ................................ in Nicaragua. 
 
As a result, factors such as 4 ................................ and attitudes to children have been eliminated, and it has
been shown that 5 ................................can in itself improve infant health and survival. 
 
 
A child literacy  F maternal literacy 
   
B men and women  G adults and children 
   
C an international research team  H paternal literacy 
   
D medical care  I a National Literacy Crusade 
   
E mortality  J family wealth 
 
 
Questions 6-11 
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? 
 
In boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet, write    . 
 
YES    if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer 
 
NO    if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer 
 
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 
 
  
 
6  
    About a thousand of the women interviewed by the researchers had learnt to read when they were
children. 
 
7  
    Before the National Literacy Crusade, illiterate women had approximately the same levels of infant
mortality as those who had learnt to read in primary school. 
 
8  
    Before and after the National Literacy Crusade, the child mortality rate for the illiterate women stayed
at about 110 deaths for each thousand live births. 
 
9  
    The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change
in infant mortality levels. 
 
10  
    The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade had the lowest rates of child
mortality. 
 
11  
    After the National Literacy Crusade, the children of the women who remained illiterate were found to
be severely malnourished. 
 
Questions 12-13 
Choose TWO letters, A-E. 
 
Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet. 
 
Which TWO important implications drawn from the Nicaraguan study are mentioned by the writer of the
passage? 
 
 
 
A  It is better to educate mature women than young girls. 
 
B  Similar campaigns in other countries would be equally successful. 
 
C  The effects of maternal literacy programmes can be seen very quickly. 
 
D  Improving child health can quickly affect a country’s economy. 
 
E  Money spent on female education will improve child health. 
Key:
Passage: Do literate women make better mothers? 
1. B
2. F
3. C
4. J
5. F
6. NOT GIVEN
7. NO
8. YES
9 YES
10. NO
11. NOT GIVEN
12. C/E
13. C/E

Passage: The truth about lying

14 C
15 E
16 F
17 D
18 B
19 C
20 A
21 A
22 B
23 gesture
24 details
25 stage
26 still