GS4 Final

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS
INSIGHTSIAS
IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

MAINS MISSION - 2022
GS- IV
MARCH 2022
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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing
is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.
Table of Contents
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. ........................................................ 6
How has ethics promoted your individual happiness and growth? Explain with personal examples
(150 Words) .................................................................................................................................. 6
What are the factors on which morality of the human action depends upon? (150 words) ............ 7
What do you understand environmental ethics? Explain its importance as a branch of ethics in
contemporary times. (150 words) .................................................................................................. 9
If we can uphold pluralism, responsibility, and fairness, then the ethics in international relations
will transform from a normative theory to a practising principle. Elaborate. (150 words)............. 14
What do you understand by conflict of interest in public service? How can it be overcome? (150
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 15
What do you understand by popular morality? Explain how it affects constitutional rights. (150
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values. ......................................... 19
“Feelings can’t be ignored, no matter how unjust and ungrateful they seem”- Anne Frank (150
Words) ........................................................................................................................................ 19

“A humane approach can solve insurmountable problems where all other measures have failed”.
Elaborate (150 Words ) ................................................................................................................ 20
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) ....................................................................... 21
Distinguish between attitude and behaviour. Is actual behaviour always aligned to attitude? (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 24
There exists a lot of hesitancy among people regarding organ donation. What methods can be
used to persuade people to donate organs post death to save precious lives? (150 words) ......... 26
History shows that the mitigation and cessation of unjust practices ultimately comes from the
assertion of core values of humanity. Explain with examples. (150 words) ................................... 32
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker
sections. .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Elaborate on the importance of impartiality as a core value of civil service. (150 Words) ............. 36
Neutrality is an essential ingredient of civil service in a democratic setup for the integrity and the
efficiency of administration. Comment. (150 words) .................................................................... 38
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. ......................................... 42
Examine the relevance of Rawls’ theory of justice in the present day. (150 word) ........................ 42
The middle path is the core of Buddha’s teaching and can be adopted in all walks of life. Elaborate
with examples. (250 words) ......................................................................................................... 44
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns
and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as
sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and
moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; ........................... 45
Moral norms are aspirational and prescriptive rather than functional and descriptive. Critically
analyse. (150 words) .................................................................................................................... 45
Ethics does its work in international relations by granting and withdrawing legitimacy. Discuss.
(150 words) ................................................................................................................................. 47
Case Studies on above issues. .......................................................................................................... 48
A young man from a scheduled caste community educated in Oxford University under state
scholarship and currently working under Google wants to visit a temple in his locality as part of his
marriage rituals. Historically, upper-caste leaders have prohibited their community from doing so.
The groom has sought his District Collector’s help. ...................................................................... 48
You are a no-nonsense, honest officer. You have been transferred to a remote district to head a
department that is notorious for its inefficiency and callousness. You find that the main cause of
the poor state of affairs is the indiscipline of a section of employees. They do not work themselves
and also disrupt the workings of others. You first warned the troublemakers to mend their ways or
else face disciplinary action. When the warning had little effect, you issued a show cause notice to
the ringleaders. As a retaliatory measure, these troublemakers instigated a woman employee

amongst them to file a complaint of sexual harassment against you with the Women’s
Commission. The Commission promptly seeks your explanation. The matter is also publicized in
the media to embarrass you further. Some of the options to handle this situation could be as
follows:........................................................................................................................................ 50
One of the scientists working in the R&D laboratory of a major pharmaceutical company discovers
that one of the company’s bestselling veterinary drugs has the potential to cure a currently
incurable liver disease which is prevalent in tribal areas. However, developing a variant of the drug
suitable for human being entailed a lot of research and development having a huge expenditure
to the extent of Rs. 50 crores. It was unlikely that company would recover the cost as the disease
was rampant only in poverty stricken areas having very little market otherwise. ......................... 52
Suppose you are an officer in-charge of implementing a social service scheme to provide support
to old and destitute women. An old and illiterate woman comes to you to avail the benefits of the
scheme. However, she has no documents to show that she fulfils the eligibility criteria. But after
meeting her and listening to her you feel that she certainly needs support. Your enquirers also
show that she is really destitute and living in a pitiable condition. You are in a dilemma as to what
to do. Putting her under the scheme without necessary documents would clearly be violation of
rules. But denying her the support would be cruel and inhuman. ................................................ 54


Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.
How has ethics promoted your individual happiness and growth? Explain with personal
examples (150 Words)
Introduction
Ethics is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to
do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics are
the principles that guide us to make a positive impact through our decisions and actions.
Body
Ethical values such as compassion, empathy, integrity, neutrality are time-tested values. Even if
there is difficulty in following the path of morality initially, once a person treads the path, there
cannot be any looking back. Gandhiji never gave up on his principles of truth and non-violence and
was even ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of it. ‘
For me, as a civil servant, empathy is one of the most important virtues. Civil servants have
interface to public and the only way to solve their problem is to put oneself in the shoes of the
people. From the personal archive of anecdotes, one such instance is memorable. Once an individual
came to the office to get certain authorisations redeemed, because of which he was being harassed
by another department. Unfortunately, he had lost original license to return and redeem it. It was an
old file and my predecessors had not made an effort to find the file from records room and extract
the copy to cross verify. On being newly appointed, this case was reassigned to me. I ensured that
the file was traced, and personally supervised the clerical staff to bring it to closure after appropriate
permissions.
It is necessary to constantly examine one’s standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-
founded. Ethics also means, then, the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our
moral conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to
standards that are reasonable and solidly-based.
Conclusion
Thus, just by doing our work, ethically and with integrity there can be tremendous personal growth
as well as individual happiness. We live in a society and we are co-dependent on the people in the
society. If everyone individual is ethical, then he or she is respecting the rights of others to live in the
society and co-exist peacefully. Thus, ethics not only creates an order but also guides in very difficult
circumstances as well.
What are the factors on which morality of the human action depends upon? (150
words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: A Practical Approach to Ethics Integrity and Aptitude by D.K Balaji.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write in detail about the determinants of Morality of human action.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by saying that Human action is not at free will but determined by various factors.
Body:
Describe how morality of a person’s action varies situationally. Mention various determinants such as
object, circumstances such as person/place/time involved and intention(malafide/bonafide) with an
example each.
Use a flow chart for better presentation of the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying that there are many obstacles that a person with a fixed moral construct must go
through, which may change his action altogether.
Introduction
Morality concerns the fundamental reason why some actions are good and others are evil. It is a test
to find out what acts are good and what acts are evil. It is a search for criteria to assess the goodness
or badness of human action. There are several schools of thought on this issue.
Body:
Analysing the morality of the human act is said to be a complex enterprise since it is affected by so
many conditions which are within and without. Most of the moralists agree that to judge the
goodness or badness of any particular human act, three elements must be weighed from whi
ch every act derives its morality. They are: the Object of the act, the Circumstances surrounding
the act, and the End or Intention that the one performing the act has in mind.
 Object:
o It is that which the action of its very nature tends to produce.
o Or in other words it refers to the effect which an action primarily and directly
causes.
o It is necessarily the result of the act without taking into account the circumstances
or the end.
o For example the object of setting fire to hut of a slum-dweller is to burn whereas the
end might be revenge.

o The object is usually regarded as the primary

factor for moral judgement of a human
o From the viewpoint of object an act is generally classified as morally good, bad
or indifferent.
o For a morally good act, the object of it must be good
 Circumstances:
o These include all the particulars of the concrete human action which are capable of
affecting its morality.
o They
are such things as the person involved, the time, the place, the occasion, whi
ch are distinct from the object, but can change or at times even completely a
lter its moral
o Circumstances can make an otherwise good action better for e.g. giving food to a
person who is almost dying of
o They can make good an act which is otherwise indifferent, for g. sitting with a
person who is feeling lonely.
o But they can also make worse an act which is evil in its
object for g. robbing a beggar from his/her only meal of the day.
o Since all human actions occur in a particular context i.e. at a certain time and at a
certain place, the circumstances must always be considered in evaluating the moral
quality of any human act.
 Intent:
o The
end or intention of a human act is the purpose that prompts one to perform
such an
o Every human act, no matter how trivial, is done with
some It is the reason for which the agent performs a particular act.
o It is the effect that the agent subjectively wills in his/her
o At times it can so happen that the intention of the agent coincides with the object of
the human act, for e.g. offering a glass of water to a thirsty person to quench thirst.
o However at other times both of them might be
o For g. a captured spy may commit suicide in order to safeguard the secrets of
the country.
o A human act to be morally good the agent or doer must have a good intention—he
must want to accomplish something that is good in one way or another.
o The end too can affect the morality of the human act just as circumstances do.

o A good intention can make better an act which is good in its object, for e.g. helping a
poor person to start a small business with the intention of making him independent.
o Also the end can worsen an act which is already evil in its object, for e.g. killing the
father, who is the only breadwinner in the family, so that his children might be on
the street.
o To a great extent many of the actions that we do which otherwise

might be indifferent morally in themselves, but they receive their moral qualit
y from the intention behind them.
According to the moralists a human act is said to be morally good when it is good in its object,
circumstances and also in the intention, for it is believed that an action is good when each
of these three factors is conformed to order (Bonum ex integra causa). If even one of these
determinants is contrary to order, the action will be bad, at least in part (Malum ex quocum
que defectu).
Conclusion:
Ethics, whether in an entire society, or in a social sub-system, evolves over a long period of time.
Different institutions impact the ethical behaviour of individuals in different manner. Thus, value-
based education, good governance, self-realization, just laws, code of ethics and code of
conducts are essential to build an ethically just society and state.
What do you understand environmental ethics? Explain its importance as a branch of

ethics in contemporary times. (150 words)
Why the question:
To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the
twenty first century.
Directive word:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Introduction:
Start by describing the anthropocentric nature of the discourse of ethics. Only recently the focus has
shifted to environmental ethics.
Body:
Mention the implications of neglect of the environment, varied cultural beliefs surrounding it, the
western ideology that environment is for human disposal without regard to the future generations,
concept of sustainable development, associating rights of environment to preservation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying that environmental ethics is more relevant now than ever in the context of
climate change.
Introduction

Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relation of human beings and the
environment and how ethics play a role in this. Environmental ethics believe that humans are a
part of society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and animals. These items are
a very important part of the world and are considered to be a functional part of human life. Thus, it
is essential that every human being respect and honour this and use morals and ethics when dealing
with these creatures.
Body
Importance of environmental ethics in current times
 The main focus of Ethics has been human rights since time immemorial. However, with
industrial revolution and increased globalization and burgeoning population, the negative
externalities of growth and development are seen on the environment.
 Present human interference with the non-human world is excessive, and the situation is
rapidly worsening.
 The recently released Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)reveals how human-caused
emissions are altering our planet and what that means for our collective future.
 Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation,

threat of extinction of species are few of the issues from which our planet is suffering.
 New dynamic issues like Environmental Refugees and climate migrants has been on the rise
across the planet.
 Thus, now it’s time to focus on the rights of the environment and its constituent beings
other than humans.
 Environmental ethics, concerned with the issue of responsible personal conduct with respect
to natural landscapes, resources, species, and non-human organisms. It is a cluster of beliefs,
values and norms regarding how humans should interact with the environment.
How Environmental ethics helps in today’s times
 Strengthens Human-environment relationship:
o Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the

world; what constitutes a good life or a good society; and who, where, or what
merits moral standing.
o Thus, it brings us closer and the help us understand the relationship and strengthens
the relationship.
 Environmental Justice to all:

o People living in the economically-advanced sections/ parts use greater amount of
resources and energy per individual and also waste more resources. This is at the
cost of poor people who are resource-deprived.
o Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental

degradation among different regions. For instance, island countries of tropical
region share the most impacts of Climate Change while contributing least to it.
 Focuses on vulnerable sections:
o Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries.
o Moreover, the poor and weaker sections of society are disproportionately affected
by negative effects of climate change.
 Sustainable living and development:
o Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation
o It will help spread awareness among people and thus protect the environment and
reminds us of the moral obligation to preserve environment for the future
generations to come through regulated use of environment
 Focus on Biocentrism:
o Every entity that share the Earth with us have a right to live with dignity and share
the Earth’s resources and living space. Humans have no right to reduce this richness
and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
o Animal welfare is relevant to environmental ethics because animals exist within the
natural environment and thus form part of environmentalists’ concerns.
o It sustains other species as well which is moral responsibility of one species i.e.
humankind towards all others.
 Helps overcome Anthropocentric approach of development:
o Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely

to human beings.
o Thus, an anthropocentric ethic claims that only human beings are morally
considerable in their own right, meaning that all the direct moral obligations we
possess, including those we have with regard to the environment, are owed to our
fellow human beings.
 To tackle global issues:
o Pandemics like Ebola, Zika, MERS, SARS etc. had alerted human species about the
imbalance in relation between humans and Environment.
o Ignorance causing Covid-19 pandemic has almost stopped the world for human
species and has nudged humans to introspect on their relationship with
environment.
Human values needed for better environmental ethics:

Human actions and decision-making choice depend on human values. Strong values always help
reduce the confusion. If these are coherent with the surrounding environment nature and wildlife,
then it will certainly be helpful for sustainable development.
 Empathy: without empathy for all lives, there will always be selectiveness and selfishness
among humans towards different lives. Value of Nurturing and protecting biodiversity.
Making way for flora and fauna to co-exist with us.

 Love: love transcends only human-human interaction. It’s also between other lives and
nature’s beauty.
 Sustainable development: Saving resources for future generation .That is to stop over
exploitation of resources specially exhaustible and non-renewable resources.
 Control over mining, deforestation in the name of “development”
 Minimalistic living: Sacrificing certain comforts for protecting environment. Example-

reduction in use of polluting vehicles for good of all, carpooling, using public transport.
Conclusion
We must realize the biggest value that Earth belongs not only to humans but to other biodiversity
too. Further, protecting this environment for future generation becomes our responsibility as part of
environmental ethics.
Do you think it is ethical to use falsehood to do something good? Debate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Directive:
Debate – Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your argument by citing
relevant research but also remember to point out any flaws and counter- arguments as well.
Conclude by stating clearly how far you agree with the original proposition.
Introduction:
Define as to what constitutes a falsehood which has good outcome with an example.
Body:
In the first part, examine the nature of white lies and analyse the concept using various ethical
theories and thinkers. Give examples to substantiate your arguments.
In the next part, give situations where it would be okay to use white lies and situations where white
lies would not be right.
Conclusion:
Pass a balanced judgement that usage of white lies is based on situation but all lies are a form of
deception. It would not be okay to justify white lies ethically unless there exist extra-ordinary
circumstances.
Introduction
Ethics provide accountability between the public and the administration especially in the
government service. White Lie is a form of deception about a small or unimportant matter that
someone expresses to avoid hurting another person. For E.g.: Telling your mother that her food is
delicious when you really don’t like the food.
Body
White Lies are sometimes justified:
Consequentialists state that lying to get a better harmonious and productive outcome is justified. In
some situations, lying might be the ethically better choice. Many of these situations occur in daily

life, and many of us resort to telling “white lies” to navigate these situations. Since they concern
trivial matters and are usually well-intentioned, perhaps some white lies are justified.
 Upholding Social Norm: our motivation for lying in one situation might differ from our
motivation in another. For example, some situations involve social rituals such as answering
“fine” when someone asks how you are. Even on bad days, most people elect to tell that
white lie because their motivation is to uphold social norms. The decision to answer “fine”
when you are not actually feeling fine might also be justified by the culturally shared
understanding that asking “How are you?” functions mostly as a greeting.
 Respecting feelings and sensitivities of others: If a mother asks a son, does she look old,
even if she does, her son will oblige by saying no.
 Protecting lives of Individuals: If Nazi soldiers asked a family hiding Jews during World War
II if they were in fact hiding Jews, the right response would obviously be to lie. In such a
case, lying to save a life is a higher virtue than truth-telling.
o According to a study published by University of Massachusetts, most people cannot

go 10 minutes in a conversation without lying. Yet, at the same time, most people
would prefer not to be deceived themselves.
White Lies are not justified:
Deontologists base their moral thinking on general universal laws, and not on the results of
particular acts. Hence regardless of outcome, lying in essence is a wrong act.
 Moreover, Telling Trivial Lies Makes It Easier To Lie More Often: if a person gets comfortable
telling small untruths she/he will eventually tell larger untruths. Integrity and ethical
behaviour requires telling the truth at all times.
 For E.g. : Gandhiji, started lying about going out with friends, then went on to lie about
eating meat, then he lied about smoking, then he lied about stealing gold from his own
house. After which his spirit awakens his conscience and he vows never to lie again. As per
“My Experiments with Truth”.
 Telling Trivial Lies Can Damage the Reputation of Our Business, organisation and cause Trust
Deficit: Because if the lie is discovered at later point, it permanently stays as blot in
memories of masses.
 For E.g.: Volkswagen emission scandal, when they expressed white lies to protect integrity of
organisation and later got penalised and lost their trust among people.
Conclusion
As Buddha had stated, telling truth is essential but telling unkind truth is uncalled for. Incentives and
rewards rewires brain to tell the truth and develop conscience. Proactively generating ethical
literacy among all about the challenges of lying and providing ways to deal with lying. These can help
reduce the falsehood even in times of grave danger.

If we can uphold pluralism, responsibility, and fairness, then the ethics in international
relations will transform from a normative theory to a practising principle. Elaborate.
(150 words)
Why the question:
To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the
twenty first century.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Introduction:
Start by describing the ethical issues in international relations.
Body:
Write about as to how ethics in international relations remain a theory as they are seldom
implemented in practice. Substantiate with examples.
Next, write about how pluralism, responsibility and fairness can make a difference in transforming
ethic in international relations. Link these to recent happenings across the world.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning the need of uphold ethics in international relations.
Introduction
Ethical questions are central to the study of international relations, as it is a field of study concerned
with war and peace, trade and production, and law and rights. Yet, a persistent conventional wisdom
suggests ethics are marginal to international relations.
Realism, the dominant perspective in global politics, assumes that international relations are
fundamentally conflictual and guided by national self-interest rooted in power. According to this
tradition, morality is not an essential consideration in governmental action. Rather, what motivates
and guides diplomats are the vital interests of states. Eg: Chinese conduct in South-China Sea,
Galwan valley clash, and the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine are guided by narrow self-interest
rather than fairness or morality.
Body
According to Thucydides, “Strong do what they can and weak suffer what they must”. This quote
summarizes the relation between states in the international context. Hans Morgenthau, a noted
Realist scholar said that nations do not give heed to universal acceptance of their action or judge
their moves through a moral lens. National interest reigns supreme. Like, how man is a self-centric
being, even nations are inward looking. Ultimately all nations look for national interest.
Eg: USA-China Trade war was detrimental to global trade, but the two nations still retaliated
economically to show their hegemonic tendencies and power.
Another example is China’s policy of aggression against its smaller neighbours like Vietnam,
Philippines, Taiwan. Its claim to south china sea is refuted by all, yet China’s heft had subdued them
all. Pakistan’s policy of state sponsored terrorism against India tells us that there is no morality in
international relations.

The United Nations failed to intervene effectively in the Syrian war and Yemen civil war because
the nations involved, especially the P5 had divergent interest. And neither of them thought from
humanitarian perspective or moral perspective with respect to human rights. This shows that,
nations were acting selfishly for materialist gains in middle-east.
Ensuring pluralism, responsibility and fairness
 Rights and Responsibilities: The UN Peackeeping mission is based on the principle of

universal peace. This is the responsibility of the Security Council and all the nations to
maintain universal peace. India believes in this ideology and has been the largest cumulative
troop contributing nation.
 Equality: Ethics aim at “Peaceful World”, “Respect for All” & “Equality” while forming
international organizations, declarations & forums. E.g.: The demand for equality in IMF &
UNO shows the demand of adhering to ethics in a way.
 Resolving Tensions: Ethics helps to avoid the “Ego Clash” & “Ideological Clash” between two
or more nations. For instance, the disruption between India & Pakistan relations can be
avoided if both take a decision based on ethics.
 Solidarity: Natural disasters and refugee crisis situations require a more compassionate view
of the global community. These are not isolated events and rather, the duty of every global
citizen to help in the times of crisis. g.- Aid during natural disasters (Nepal earthquake)
 Human rights: Adherence to human rights is vital after the Decalaration of Human Rights in
the UN Charter. Eg- lack of ethics in the international relation has been the cause of wars &
genocide many times in history (Rwanda and Burundi) and also like the first world war.
Conclusion
Nations view their foreign policy as zero-sum game which leads to narrow thinking and destructive
consequences. Morality must play a role in every aspect of human life, including international
relations. International ethic is not just an ethic of some leading country, it is not simply an ethic of a
powerful country having obligations towards others, because of the power they have over others.
International ethics may be elaborated as, that which enables one to participate more actively in
shaping and building good international community. Human rights and their dignity can be protected
only when relations between nations become ethical and moral.
What do you understand by conflict of interest in public service? How can it be

overcome? (150 words)
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of
‘abstract Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question: To write about the way to overcome conflict of interest.s
Introduction:
Write about how there is a conflict of interest between private and public relationships during day-
to-day administrative work.
Body:
Bring out the various facets of integrity, impartiality and nonpartisan ship, objectivity, dedication to
public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections that an
administrator must consider before taking any actions in case of conflict.

Mention certain principles, theories and benchmarks one can take the right decision especially when
faced with a conflict or dilemma.
Conclusion:
Complete by summarizing the need for doing the right thing especially for those who are in power.
Introduction
“conflict of interest” involves a conflict between the public duty and private interests of a p
ublic official, in which the public official has private-capacity interests which could improperly
influence the performance of their official duties and responsibilities.
Body
In such a situation, judgement of an individual could be impaired. A conflict of interest can exist in
many different situations. Conflict of interest is seen as a moral issue and not strictly a legal one
accompanied by criminal culpability in India so it is hardly surprising that blatant violations are
virtually seen every day.
Example: a public official whose personal interests conflict with his/her professional position.
Instances of the largest shareholder appointing himself as CEO, deciding his salary and then
appointing his son to a key post and higher royalties to the parent company are some of the serious
conflict of interest issues in India which don’t receive necessary attention.
A judge giving judgement in a case involving his own family member is a case of conflict of interest.
Public servants faces Conflict of Interest due to the nature of their work-
 Personal vs Professional
o This is the most common type of conflict of interest arising due to the conflict
between personal and professional life.
o Say, if a public servant is in charge of giving out contracts for a certain project and
one of the applicant is relative or friend.
 Conflicting Responsibility
o Sometimes public servants are given additional charge, which might sometimes
create a conflict of interest with the original line of duty.
 Conflicting Organisations
o Sometimes public servants are part of two separate organisations with apparently
conflicting objectives and this might put them in certain conflict of interest.
o Many public servants also volunteer for NGOs during their service. NGOs and
governmental organisation sometimes come at odds with each other.
Getting into a situation of conflict of interest is sometimes unavoidable and not a crime in itself if
properly handled:
 Transparency
o Declaring one’s conflict of interest to the concerned authorities is the best way.
o It helps civil servant to come clean and concerned authorities can decide further.

 Assure integrity
o The concerned authority should be assured of integrity and willingness to serve no

matter what the decision is made on the declaration.
 Maintain objectivity
o If given the chance to continue working on that case, work with objectivity.
 Reduce discretion and codify procedure
o There is a need for legislation to make non-disclosure of a conflict of interest

punishable.
o A private member’s bill (The Prevention and Management of Conflict of Interest Bill,
introduced in 2012), the legislation ought to cover all arms of governance, including
the judiciary, the legislature and the executive.
o The recommendation of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Department

of Personnel and Training, calling for early retirement if interested in post-
retirement private service is established, needs to be implemented, besides
increasing the mandatory cooling period to five years so that no undue influence can
be exerted by the retired bureaucrat.
o Also, the reasons for declining their requests for joining such firms need to be laid
out clearly, to limit political concerns.
o An open, public data platform enlisting all post-retirement appointments of civil

servants will increase transparency
Conclusion
The priority must be to frame a modern law relating to conflict of interest, along the lines of what
exists in the statute of the other countries like the United States and also ensure them to their work
ensures ethical governance.
What do you understand by popular morality? Explain how it affects constitutional

rights. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Why the question:
Directive word:
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Introduction:
Start by elaborating on the concept of popular morality.
Body:
Write about aspects such as what is accepted within the realms of popular morality, is it static and
based on cultural notions and dictums. Cite examples
Influence of popular morality on constitutional rights – both positive and negative impact –
substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating that popular morality must be in consonance with constitutional rights.
Introduction
Popular morality refers to norms and values that are acceptable by majority of the populace in a
particular place or region. There may be a significant number of people who may have different
practices, yet the societal practice would be that of the majority. Eg: Wearing hijab by minority
community leading to clashes in Karnataka.
Body
Popular morality affecting Constitutional Rights
Sometimes popular morality may overshadow individual rights and even Constitutional rights. For
instance, entry into Sabarimala temple was upheld for women of all ages, but yet those women
who tried to enter were assaulted and needed police protection. This Supreme Court judgement was
not acceptable by the people.
The very purpose of fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution is to place the subject of an
individual’s liberty and dignity beyond the reach of majoritarian governments. This is so that
constitutional morality can assure the rights, among others, of “discrete and insular” minorities.
Popular morality sometimes aims to mainstream the majority culture. For example, the ban on
LGBTQ and criminalisation of their relations for many hundred years is a case in point. No
government would legalize such courtships as they lack gumption and fear losing vote banks. Hence
Courts had to step up to protect rights of LGBTQ.
Even today the Dalit community is being segregated and discriminated against. This goes
against Article 17 and Article 14 that stands for equality. Cases of Dalit groom not allowed to ride a
horse for baraat, Dalit women being raped shows the atrocities of majority over Dalits. Sometimes
popular morality can lead to violence.
Conclusion
The government in power must balance the competing needs of legal development and the
satisfaction of popular justice concerns. In a conservative society like that of India, behaviour nudge
can lead to acceptance of minority norms and value. Live and Let Live must become a practice. As a
society we must embrace popular morality while giving space for dissonance, so that we become a
generally tolerant society.

Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in
inculcating values.
“Feelings can’t be ignored, no matter how unjust and ungrateful they seem”- Anne
Frank (150 Words)
Introduction
Humans tend to seek solutions to problems like climate change, terrorism, poverty etc which is
both macro and micro, simple and complex through a short-term, external perspective that doesn’t
obligate individual participation.
In the West, the dominant approach to tackling the challenges we face has been to amputate
emotion from our decision-making whenever possible and instead opt for cold, technical solutions.
This hyper-rational perspective is at least as old as Aristotle, who described passions as capricious,
dangerous roadblocks on the path to becoming fully human.
Body
Being rational is good because emotions can be exploited. Lynch mobs and market bubbles can
occur when our emotions run away with themselves and feelings spread like contagions through
crowds. Propagandists can exploit our emotions to stir up loyalty among their supporters and
belligerence towards outsiders.
However, lynch mobs and market bubbles can occur when our emotions run away with themselves
and feelings spread like contagions through crowds. Propagandists can exploit our emotions to stir
up loyalty among their supporters and belligerence towards outsiders.
Emotions provide us with quintessential information about what’s important and what to do next
and how to do it and who to do it with. For instance, emotions and feelings can also prevent war
and begin a war. For the good of the humanity, there wasn’t a major war in Europe for 80
years. However, against good rationale, Russia-Ukraine war still happened.
Humanity is in a period of great upheaval. For people and organisations attempting to thrive in this
tumultuous time, old mindsets and approaches no longer work. To create a better future where
everyone can flourish, leaders and organisations need to find ways to engage and encourage
emotions more fully.
Conclusion
Emotions can be geared toward long-term thinking and behaviour and are essential to the
evaluation of simulated possible futures, known as “pragmatic prospection”.
If we are to truly shift course, to make individual commitments that allow us to build better futures,
we need to find ways of using emotion to our advantage. For as Anne Frank said, “…feelings can’t
be ignored, no matter how unjust or ungrateful they seem.” They are and will always be a part of
us and we need to learn how to leverage them for the betterment of ourselves and the generations
to come.

“A humane approach can solve insurmountable problems where all other

measures have failed”. Elaborate (150 Words )
Why the question:
To write about tackling problems through a humane approach.
Introduction:
Begin by addressing what humane approaches are.
Body:
First, with examples mention how other means have failed in addressing various problems prevalent
in society as whole. E.g. World Wars, Covid crisis etc.
Next, list down steps that how humane approach has helped in tackling this in a much more
understanding manner.
Conclusion:
Conclude by suggesting measures to make these measures more robust and effective.
Introduction
The phenomenon we are facing daily is the “lack of humanity”, which is causing problems for the
whole world. The meaning of humanity is a collection of positive traits that humans should have in
them. These traits or qualities include kindness, compassion, honesty, courage, tolerance towards
differences, empathy, respect, integrity, thoughtfulness, etc.
If humane approach instead of man’s greed had been more dominant, then this world would
not have grave history of colonialism, imperialism, slavery, apartheid or even the two world
wars that shook this world. If humane approach was indeed taken, Russia would not wage a war
over Ukraine and would prefer diplomacy over violence.
Body
Humane approach solves insurmountable problems
 Unites all humans: Humans from different parts of the world follow different religions and
cultures. It means they follow different rituals, have different religious and cultural values.
These differences can create a gap among humans in different parts of the world. However,
the language of humanity is one force that can unite humans despite their differences.
 Ensures Peace: One of the factors of humanity is to be tolerant towards those who share
different opinions and backgrounds. When we tolerate the differences, there is less chaos in
the world, and less chaos means the lack of destruction and establishment of peace. If all
humans and governments of every state use the weapon of humanity, there will be peace
and happiness in the world.
o A humane approach would have prevented holocaust against Jews.
o A humane approach may be the only solution to the clash of civilisations that we
see now.
o Terror organisations like Al-Qaeda, ISIS may not have existed if they had humane-
ness in them.

 Humanity is the Ethic: It is a fact that humanity also means moral values of ethical behavior.
We call humane behavior as ethical behavior many times.
o Many institutes and organizations develop an ethical code of conduct for their
employees.
o Many of the claws are based on the basic traits of humanity. If every human works
on developing and polishing one’s human traits then there won’t be a need to
forcefully ensure ethical behavior from everyone.
o Better humanity can eliminate the issues of moral values and ethics from society.
 Reduced Crime Rate: The increase in the number of crimes in today’s world is mainly
because of humanity.
o Yes, there are some times when the criminal is forced to commit a crime because of
whatever conditions life has put.
o But, the root cause remains the lack of humanity from people in power who are
busy with corruption and ignore the needs of the poor segment of the society.
o If there is humanity, there will be a reduced crime rate in the world.
o Similarly, humanity can prevent a criminal from committing a crime whether out of
need or out of fun.
 No Wars: If we look at history, even just a couple of decades back, we shall notice numerous
wars in different parts of the world. Syria, Afghanistan, Lebonan, and many other countries
have been facing worse situations because of proxy wars between some countries.
o Moreover, there countries like India and Pakistan, which are in a war or war-like
situation and have tensions of military nature between them.
o These wars are a result of poor judgment from the governments and authorities
from both countries and a lack of humanity.
o Countries need to realize the importance of humanity and stop wars. Instead, focus
on the real development of people of their countries.
Conclusion
The importance of humanity is a serious matter. The topic is much needed in the world more than
ever. No one can deny the impact of humanity in the world. By practicing humanity, the world can
become a better place for everyone. However, it requires our efforts to practice humanity, as it may
not always seem the essay choice but it is the only right choice that humans can make. The world
would have been a nice place to live if there is humanity among us and if humanity is encouraged by
others.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way
around the laws” – Plato

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Introduction:
Begin the answer by explaining the quote in your own words.
Body:
Explain the role of integrity in good people which makes them act responsibly in presence or absence
of laws. Similarly, bad people will always try to find loopholes around laws. Substantiate with
examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about need of improving accountability to those who violate the law.
Introduction
The above quote talks about the law as a source of moral guidance. According to Plato, Good people
always act on their moral and ethical judgement. This is more comprehensive than law. On the other
hand wicked people always manage to find loopholes in laws.
There are two sources of guidance by which human beings can judge the morality of their actions.
One is outside that is law and other is inherent within the actor that is conscience.
Body:
Laws are the guidelines provided to citizens for an amicable conduct in social and private
environment. These laws are mostly derived from the societal ethics itself but some of them can also
go against the society defined ethics that are immoral.
What makes people good are their actions. If a person is thought to be responsible in his actions, he
understands what his actions hold for him as well as for the society. Sometimes, it is perceived that if
a person is not indulging in an anti-people activity, he does not have guts to do so. This belief is
questionable. A person who bears subtle form of social controls in his life, and doesn’t indulge in
actions which need to be controlled by laws, has in fact imbibed those ideals in his personality.
For instance, in the cyber world there are many cases where laws are not provided in these cases a
good person will not need the law to be made to act in a moral manner that he sees fit.
On the other hand, a bad person or precisely say, an immoral person follows the laws only when
they exist & sometimes tries to violate the laws. While the bad elements, people who are not
concerned about the larger good when they indulge in any activity, lack the “good” trait in their
personality and fundamentals. Even if the society tries to contain them into laws and impositions,
they will find a way out because their tendencies are framed in that manner.
For instance, If traffic police is not in the sights or cctv cameras are not installed, he will not leave
chance to break traffic rules. Even if he is caught breaking some laws, he will try to bribe the police.
Conclusion
Being good or bad, is essentially defined by what a person holds as ideals and how responsibly he
chooses his actions. Laws come into picture for social control. What must in fact come into picture is
better training of an individual from childhood to be a member of a responsible society.
Value addition
Law as moral obligation:

 St Thomas Aquinas defined law – “an ordinance of reason for the common good” – imposes
moral obligation to act or restrains to not act
 Law sets up a course of action
 Aquinas emphasized upon good, possible and just laws therefore.
 He recognized two kinds of laws – Natural and Positive laws
 Natural law developed with time and is based on human nature. Human reason can discover
it. It is also universal and immutable.
 Positive law is a set of laws and depends on legislators’ free will. Promulgated by some
external sign
 Since natural law is general and vague, positive law is necessitated to clear ambiguity and
establish principles
Conscience:
 Against law which is outside the actor, conscience is within that determines morality.
 It is a special act of mind that comes into being when the intellect passes judgement on the
morality of a particular action.
 From deontological perspective, conscience is a judgement – an act of intellect.
 It is not a feeling or an emotion.
 It is very specific to the action, unlike the general nature of laws.
 This belief is questionable.

“The path of social reform like the path to heaven at any rate in India, is strewn with many
difficulties. Social reform in India has few friends and many critics.” ― Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Explain the context of social reforms and the difficulties one faces to ensure social reforms. Cite
attitudinal reasons for the same. Substantiate with examples from the past and present.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning ways to overcome resistance to for social reform.
Introduction
The above quote reflects the difficulties in changing or shaping people’s attitudes and behaviours
towards the social reforms. Being himself a Dalit, Dr BR Ambedkar made all his efforts to change the
hierarchical structures of Indian society and restoration of equal rights/justice to the marginalized
and abolition of Untouchability. He stood for a complete reorganization and reconstruction of the
Hindu society on the principle of equality free from casteism. He advocated equality of opportunity.
He opted for peaceful and constitutional methods for the sake of resolution of the social problems.
Body
Attitude is pattern of behavior of individual towards other individuals or circumstances. This is

shaped by various factors like familial values, values taught by teachers, societal values and
autonomous determined values.
There are reports of practices of untouchability in rural parts, caste-based discrimination in public
institutions and heinous forms of atrocities against Dalits, honour killing by dominant caste, Khap
Panchayat. Many young couples who prefer inter caste marriage are being ostracized and in many
cases being killed by dominant caste Panchayats. The policy and criminal justice administration has
failed to ensure justice to the victims of atrocities. There should be exemplary punishment for the
persons who believe in caste system by treating them as anti-nationals because they are against
equality and human dignity.
Thus, there are innumerable social evils which are prevalent in our society. And the path to reform
the same is not a smooth one. One needs a lot of will power and consistent efforts to bring about
change in the attitudes and behaviour of individuals. The statement of Dr Ambedkar captures the
same here.
Conclusion
Attitude is important because attitudes reflect past experience and shape future behaviour. In this
way, the caste biases and prejudices can also be corrected and overcome. Persuasion and social
influence with conditioning can help transform the society.
Distinguish between attitude and behaviour. Is actual behaviour always aligned to

attitude? (250 words)
Why the question:
Introduction:
Start with defining Attitude and Behaviour.
Body:
Attitudes are views, beliefs, or evaluations of people about something (the attitude object). The
attitude object can be a person, place, thing, ideology, or an event. Attitudes can be positive or
negative
While attitude involves mind’s predisposition to certain ideas, values, people, systems, institutions;
behaviour relates to the actual expression of feelings, action or inaction orally or/and through body
language.
Explain that Difference between attitudes and behaviours is best described by cognitive dissonance
theory.
Give examples to depict divergence in behaviour from attitude.
Conclusion:
Conclude with fair and balanced opinion.
Introduction

Attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing,
or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful
influence over behavior.
Behaviour is the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others. Hence,
behaviour comprises of our actions with concern to the interactions or the relationships we maintain
with the external environment.
The main difference between two is that behaviour is the reflection of one’s attitude towards
something or someone.
Body:
Attitude guides an individual’s behavior
 Attitude is one of the main factors that trigger emotions, decision-making, thinking and
behavior in an individual. Following are some examples of how attitude influence the
behavior:
 A positive attitude can will lead to a positive behavior. Ex: A person who has positive
attitudes towards work and co-workers (such as contentment, friendliness, etc.) can
positively influence those around them.
 Similarly, negative attitude led to negative behavior. Ex: if a person has a negative attitude
towards women, he will discriminate women in all fronts of life.
 A selfish attitude will guide individual’s action in same manner. Ex: A cricketer who put his
self-interest and profit above the nation, will take money to lose the game.
 Logic or rational attitudes develop a rational behavior. Ex: a rational person will not act
superstitiously and will always try to find rational behind any act.
 An egoistic attitude will result in a negative attitude and behavior. Ex: elder individuals
control their younger siblings even if they are wrong to satisfy their ego of being elder.
 An attitude based on values and beliefs will act according to the values. Ex: in India touching
feet of elders is guided by attitude of giving respect to them.
Conclusion:
Thus, it can be said that attitude guides one behavior. Therefore, a person’s attitude will define
his/her actions. By training and persuading the people the attitude and behaviour can be changed in
the right direction
Value addition:
Attitude Behaviour
Attitude refers to a
person’s mental view,
regarding the way Behaviour implies the actions and conduct of an individual or group
he/she thinks or feels towards other persons.
about someone or
something.

Attitude is more
Behaviour is more social.
personal.
Factors like
environment,
Attitudes, character traits, biological factors like endocrine and nervous
experiences, and moral
responses influence our behaviour.
values mainly influence
attitudes.
It is a hypothetical
construct whose direct
Behaviour is visible through consequences and result.
observation is not
possible.
A person’s attitude is
mainly based on the
experiences gained by
The behavior of a person is based on the situation and circumstances.
him during the course
of his life and
observations.
Attitude is a person’s
inner thoughts and Behaviour is an expression of person’s attitude.
feelings.
Attitude is defined by
the way we perceive Behaviour is ruled by social norms.
things.
Attitude reflects one’s

Behaviour reflects one’s attitude as actions are the reflection of our
emotions, opinions and
thoughts.
thoughts.
There exists a lot of hesitancy among people regarding organ donation. What methods
can be used to persuade people to donate organs post death to save precious lives?
(150 words)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Directive:
Debate – Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your argument by citing
relevant research but also remember to point out any flaws and counter- arguments as well.
Conclude by stating clearly how far you agree with the original proposition.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context and importance of organ donation.
Body:

Write about the various methods that can be used to persuade people to become organ donors –
using logic, emotion of altruism, being a life saver and role modelling etc.
Conclusion:
Mention that with persuasion we can overcome the shortage of organ donors in the country.
Introduction
Organ donation is founded on the pillars of altruism. Despite many obstacles, the era of
transplantation has begun and was everywhere hailed as an extraordinary leap in medicine and
surgery. Yet, almost immediately, ethical problems are noticed lurking in the miracle.
Body
Reasons for hesitancy among people regarding organ donation

 Social values, death taboo, ignorance and procrastination are often issues that can influence
the act of organ donation.
 There are lot of myths related to organ donation. Eg.: Doctors will not try to save my life if
they know I want to be a donor, People can recover from brain death.
 Illusion of lingering life, protection of the individual’s value, distrust, anxiety and alienation
are some other examples of attitudes towards dying and organ donation and transplantation
 Organ trafficking, where Organs are sold illegally with enormous profits, has made people
lose confidence about organ donation.
 There has been a false negative perception growing against private hospitals of their nexus
related to organ transplant.
 It is a common misconception that organ donation disfigures the deceased donor’s body,
which prevents people from enrolling into the donation.
 There are huge scarcity of Organ Transplant and Retrieval Centres in the country.
 A majority of donors are from the lower middle class and below,while the majority of organ
recipients are from the small number of persons who can afford transplant surgery and
costly lifetime medication thereafter.
 Minorities refuse to donate because organ distribution discriminates by race.
Methods needed to persuade people to donate organs post death
 Awareness should be increased about the benefits of organ donations through the means of
mass communication and superstitions among people should be fought by the way of
religious injunctions.
 Enhanced education and better knowledge of the system correlates with increased
willingness to donate, greater efforts in education among general public seems an important
policy initiative.
 Public communication campaigns should include strategies to provoke interpersonal
communication about brain death, organ donation, as a means of creating social
representations able to promote behaviours that support organ donation and
transplantation.

 A collaborative work with religious leaders regarding organ donation among religious
communities and debates to ensure an active commitment with organ donation must be
considered at national and local levels.
 Involvement of medical staff with specific professional training, promoting interpersonal

communication among community members, campaigns aiming to create a more accurate
perception of the entire medical act, the legal and ethical framework are essential elements
for a good development of the whole process of organ donation and transplantation.
 Applying ethical principles, transparency, identifying and fighting the main concerns with the
utmost professionalism can bring changes in the attitude towards organ donation.
Conclusion
Although organ transplantation helps human beings but there are other issues involved in it. Organ
donation can help light up lives of many disadvantaged persons.
Value addition
Ethical principles involved in organ donation:
 Medical integrity: Patients and the public must be able to trust their doctors not to
sacrifice the interest of one to that of another, from whatever
 Scientific validity: the basic biology and technology must be sufficiently assured to offer a
probability of beneficial outcome, case by case.
 The ethical basis of donation is in consent, based upon information

adequately presented, weighed and understood, and unbought, unforced. The adjective
‘informed’ is often used with ‘consent’ but the term is differently interpreted.
 State governments, which have responsibility for health care provision, are expected to
ensure that the organs that are altruistically donated by families of brain-dead people are
given to recipients ethically, and as mandated by law.
 Priority for citizens enrolled in the State and national waiting lists over foreign nationals is
laid down in the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Rules.
 There should be no invasion of a healthy body to obtain an organ for another, this goes
against the bodily integrity of a human.
“It is compassion, the most gracious of virtues, which moves the world.” ― Tiruvalluvar
Why the question:

Introduction:
Body:
Explain the role of compassion as a virtue. Write about why compassion is considered to be the most
gracious of virtues and its needs in the present world. Cite examples to substantiate as how
compassion can move the world.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about need of being compassionate in present times.
Introduction
Compassion is a deeper level of empathy, demonstrating an actual desire to help the suffering
person. It is a unique feeling of sympathy for the suffering of others that involves emotions and
empathy towards others, a sense of understanding, and the drive to protect.
It is the willingness to relieve the suffering of another. It is the sympathetic pity and concern for the
sufferings or misfortunes of others. It motivates people to go out of their way to help the physical,
mental, or emotional pains of another and themselves. Compassion is often regarded as having
sensitivity, an emotional aspect to suffering. Qualities of compassion are patience and wisdom;
kindness and perseverance; warmth and resolve.
Body
 Compassion is a virtue that involves Acknowledgment, understanding, and emotional
resonance linked with action aimed at understanding the person and the amelioration of
suffering
 Take for instance the example of Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa was the epitome of
compassion. If ever one would dare to give a core competency to her, it is this single
characteristic of being a compassionate person. She radiated this quality, when on earth, in
a way, few humans could ever do; her love for the marginalized and the vulnerable and
particularly for the poorest of the poor and the dying destitute was boundless.
 Compassion takes empathy and sympathy a step further. When you are compassionate, you
feel the pain of another (i.e., empathy) or you recognize that the person is in pain (i.e.,
sympathy), and then you do your best to alleviate the person’s suffering from that situation.
Thus, the emphasis here is on action and wanting to help.
 When you’re compassionate, you’re not running away from suffering, you’re not feeling
overwhelmed by suffering, and you’re not pretending the suffering doesn’t exist. When you
are practicing compassion, you can stay present with suffering.
 Our compassion for others can lead to alleviation of great distress of people. For example,
during the recent migrant crisis, the Bollywood Actor Sonu Sood became quite well known
for his help to them on compassionate grounds. Thousands of poor and vulnerable people
were given help through him.
 Even at personal level, we have to be compassionate to our friends and family. Only then
can we share both happiness and their sufferings together. This is the key to be happy.

 On an individual level, one must be compassionate about themselves, to be happy in life.

For instance, it is important to acknowledge our abilities and not be hard on ourselves when
we encounter a failure. As candidates of UPSC, being demotivated and failure is part of the
process. This does not mean; we have to believe ill about our capacity and self-loathe.
Rather we must overcome that with compassion, trying to empathise with ourselves.
 Compassion and helping others gives a sense of satisfaction and fulfilment that makes the
person in need and ourselves happy and satisfied.
 Compassion broadens our Perspective beyond ourselves. It helps us release Stress and
Depression. People who are self-focused are more prone to distress and depression as
compared to people who are open and compassionate to others.
 Compassion results in other people get attracted to ourselves. When we take interests in
other’s lives and solve their problems, they are naturally attracted towards you and consider
your presence essential in their lives.
Conclusion
The world desperately stands in need of compassion today. A compassion, which reaches out to the
unloved, the ostracized, the marginalized and the vulnerable. A compassion, that takes a stand for
the poor, the victims of injustice, the refugees and the displaced. A compassion, that is able to
negate and overcome the hate and divisiveness. The humankind must be compassionate to each
other to see the world thrive.

“Without man and his potential for moral progress, the whole of reality would be a mere
wilderness, a thing in vain, and have no final purpose.” ― Immanuel Kant.

Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Explain the context of moral progress of human beings. Link as to how moral progress and bounds of
morality has resulted in the progress and betterment of societies over a period of time. Cite examples
to substantiate your points.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
Ethics forms the foundation of moral principles that a person is expected to exhibit when living in a
society which has evolved as it is today. So, a man without ethics is a wild beast, in the sense that
he or she cannot differentiate between good and bad or right and wrong. Immanuel Kants above
quote suggests that without morality or moral behavior that progresses in human life and society,
man is nothing but a barbaric wild animal. There will be no purpose or goal in life to be fulfilled if
existence is an animal existence.
Body

What makes us different from the nature of an animal is that, we live in a world where there are
laws and code of conduct. There is a sense of right and wrong; of virtue and honor; of social
obligation and duty. All of this raises a human being above the nature of an animal. Most
importantly, without a sense of ethical behavior, there would be no objective to life. The motivation
to lead a good life would be void. Eg Hitler’s ideology of Aryan supremacy and the fascist
ruthlessness and anti-Semitism that was imposed on the people shows how a man without
ethics can become as barbaric as a wild beast
In another context, ethics and moral principles (can be community/culture specific) also determine
the group behavior and our social roles in the network of relations that a man is situated. Without
the personal ethos, men can rob others of their rights. They may not fulfill their social obligation to
their communities. It may be respecting human dignity, or ensuring justice and fair treatment for all.
Every human activity today, has a direct consequence on others. Without moral consideration, he
or she is like an unconstrained wild animal plundering and harming the peaceful order of human
society.
Finally, Immanuel Kant once said “In law a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In
ethics he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so.” Even in thoughts, if we lack an ethical judgement, it
leads to immoral acts and thus violation of rights of other. For example, If a person sees a stray glass
object that thinks it’s not his job to remove it, he is endangering an unsuspecting pedestrian into
being harmed. Like Gandhi said, wishing harm for someone is also a form of violence. Thus, Ethics
forms the core of our existence and is the one factor that makes human “humane”.
Conclusion
It is thus ethics that enables us to function in a civilized manner and live in harmony with others. It
tells man to respect the rights of other people and in turn our rights will be protected. An unethical
man spells a doom on others and leads them into oppression. An immoral man would have no thrust
or enthusiasm in his life to do good for himself or for others. An immoral life is a life not even worth
living according to Kant.

“We are like chameleons, we take our hue and the colour of our moral character, from those who
are around us.”
― John Locke

‘Quotes Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Introduction:
Body:
Explain the role of influence from the family, teachers and friends in the shaping of our attitudes.
Elaborate upon as to how these various factors leads to formation of moral attitudes and thereby
governing our behaviour. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about need of cultivating the right attitude via positive influence.
Introduction

This quote relates to our time because many people today have to try to fit in everyday life to get
anywhere in it. We notice others and automatically look up to them and they become the standard
for us. Sometimes, the benchmarks we set for ourselves also is based on other people’s lives. While
this may sometimes work in our favour when our role models are inspiring people but at the same
time, it may be detrimental if we choose to surround ourselves with wrong people.
Body
The best example is the Nazi Germany, where millions of jews were killed in holocaust
based on Hitler’s dictum to exterminated the Jews. During the Nuremburg trials, it was found
that many Nazi Generals blindly followed the authority without questioning the moral judgement
of Hitler.
Even people who were against such incarceration got co-opted eventually seeing their neighbours
and fellow countrymen and accepted the Nazi superiority as blind truth.
More than sixty years ago Gustav Gilbert, a US Intelligence Officer, wrote ‘Nuremberg Diary’ about
his experience at the Nuremberg prison. Nuremberg Diary contains detailed conversations with
politicians, generals, businessmen, architects and engineers. Most senior Nazis were “normal”
intelligent people who contributed to an organization that did extraordinarily evil things. This
shows that not just ordinary people but those who were well educated also became privy to the
most heinous genocide in history of the world.
In everyday life, it means you become the people you surround yourself with. If one surrounds
himself with drug users, they will eventually see it as morally acceptable to behave in the same
way. Contradictory to that, if one surrounds himself around athletes and people in healthy
relationships, they will find themselves becoming fit and surrounded by people who are committed
supporting us.
Conclusion
When one considers a personal worldview, one can see that there is always 4 elements. There is
Origins, Purpose, Morality, and Destiny. Since Morality is one of the facets of worldview, it will be
built in the same way as the other three elements; that is, by the lived experience of the holder of
it. Our worldview is constructed through our experiences, our education, our up brings and family,
our friends and our enemies. Through the collected experiences of our lives, we have
unintentionally created a lens through which we make sense of the world.
History shows that the mitigation and cessation of unjust practices ultimately comes
from the assertion of core values of humanity. Explain with examples. (150 words)
‘Philosophical Mondays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question: To explain how unjust practices could be overcome by upholding and
asserting core values.
Directive word:
particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with
relevant associated facts.
Introduction:
Start by defining core values of humanity.
Body:
Explain as to how these core values can be used to overcome unjust practises. Use historical
examples to justify the same. Mention the role core values play in mitigation of unjust practises.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the need to use core values to overcome exist unjust practices.
Introduction
The phenomenon we are facing daily is the “lack of humanity”, which is causing problems for the
whole world. The meaning of humanity is a collection of positive traits that humans should have in
them. These traits or qualities include kindness, compassion, honesty, courage, tolerance towards
differences, empathy, respect, integrity, thoughtfulness, etc.
Practices such as Sati, violence against women and extraction of dowries, marginalization of Dalits
and Tribals have stopped or reduced to a great extent, because human beings became aware of
values of dignity.
Body
Core values of humanity and cessation of unjust practices
 Unites all humans: Humans from different parts of the world follow different religions and
cultures. It means they follow different rituals, have different religious and cultural values.
These differences can create a gap among humans in different parts of the world. However,
the language of humanity is one force that can unite humans despite their differences.
o Eg: Violence on Dalits, minorities have reduced drastically in 75 years of

Independence in India.
 Ensures Peace: One of the factors of humanity is to be tolerant towards those who share
different opinions and backgrounds. When we tolerate the differences, there is less chaos in
the world, and less chaos means the lack of destruction and establishment of peace. If all
humans and governments of every state use the weapon of humanity, there will be peace
and happiness in the world.
o A humane approach would have prevented holocaust against Jews.
o A humane approach may be the only solution to the clash of civilisations that we see
now.
o Terror organisations like Al-Qaeda, ISIS may not have existed if they had humane-
ness in them.
 Humanity is the Ethic: It is a fact that humanity also means moral values of ethical behavior.
We call humane behavior as ethical behavior many times.
o Many institutes and organizations develop an ethical code of conduct for their
employees.
o Many of the claws are based on the basic traits of humanity. If every human works
on developing and polishing one’s human traits then there won’t be a need to
forcefully ensure ethical behavior from everyone.
o Better humanity can eliminate the issues of moral values and ethics from society.
 Reduced Crime Rate: The increase in the number of crimes in today’s world is mainly
because of humanity.
o Yes, there are some times when the criminal is forced to commit a crime because of
whatever conditions life has put.
o But, the root cause remains the lack of humanity from people in power who are
busy with corruption and ignore the needs of the poor segment of the society.
o If there is humanity, there will be a reduced crime rate in the world.
o Similarly, humanity can prevent a criminal from committing a crime whether out of
need or out of fun.
 No Wars: If we look at history, even just a couple of decades back, we shall notice numerous
wars in different parts of the world. Syria, Afghanistan, Lebonan, and many other countries
have been facing worse situations because of proxy wars between some countries.
o Moreover, there countries like India and Pakistan, which are in a war or war-like
situation and have tensions of military nature between them.
o These wars are a result of poor judgment from the governments and authorities
from both countries and a lack of humanity.
o Countries need to realize the importance of humanity and stop wars. Instead, focus
on the real development of people of their countries.
Conclusion
The importance of humanity is a serious matter. The topic is much needed in the world more than
ever. No one can deny the impact of humanity in the world. By practicing humanity, the world can
become a better place for everyone. However, it requires our efforts to practice humanity, as it may
not always seem the essay choice but it is the only right choice that humans can make. The world
would have been a nice place to live if there is humanity among us and if humanity is encouraged by
others.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “If you want others to be happy, practice
compassion. If you want to be happy, practice compassion.”― Dalai Lama

Introduction:
Body:
Explain the importance of compassion and its relationship with happiness – Compassion drives our
commitment to serving others with empathy, respect, and dignity. But each of us individually
can practice compassion as we move through the world. Compassion calls us to love our neighbors,
and support those who are in need. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.

Introduction
Compassion is a deeper level of empathy, demonstrating an actual desire to help the suffering
person. It is a unique feeling of sympathy for the suffering of others that involves emotions and
empathy towards others, a sense of understanding, and the drive to protect.
Body
Compassion is a virtue that involves Acknowledgment, understanding, and emotional resonance

linked with action aimed at understanding the person and the amelioration of suffering
Take for instance the example of Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa was the epitome of compassion. If
ever one would dare to give a core competency to her, it is this single characteristic of being a
compassionate person. She radiated this quality, when on earth, in a way, few humans could ever
do; her love for the marginalized and the vulnerable and particularly for the poorest of the poor and
the dying destitute was boundless.
Our compassion for others can lead to alleviation of great distress of people. For example, during the
recent migrant crisis, the Bollywood Actor Sonu Sood became quite well known for his help to them
on compassionate grounds. Thousands of poor and vulnerable people were given help through him.
Even at personal level, we have to be compassionate to our friends and family. Only then can we
share both happiness and their sufferings together. This is the key to be happy.
On an individual level, one must be compassionate about themselves, to be happy in life. For
instance, it is important to acknowledge our abilities and not be hard on ourselves when we
encounter a failure. As candidates of UPSC, being demotivated and failure is part of the process. This
does not mean; we have to believe ill about our capacity and self-loathe. Rather we must overcome
that with compassion, trying to empathise with ourselves.
Conclusion
The world desperately stands in need of compassion today. A compassion, which reaches out to the
unloved, the ostracized, the marginalized and the vulnerable. A compassion, that takes a stand for
the poor, the victims of injustice, the refugees and the displaced. A compassion, that is able to
negate and overcome the hate and divisiveness. The humankind must be compassionate to each
other to see the world thrive.

“Morality cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated. Judicial decrees may not change the
heart, but they can restrain the heartless.”
Martin Luther King, Jr.

Introduction:
Body:

Explain the difficulties and hindrances in transforming morality in to legislation. Mention how Judicial
decrees and legislations may not be enough bring about social change. Cite examples to
substantiate.
Next, mention how behaviour can be regulated with right moral values and leading to cultivation of
appropriate behaviour. Also, write how decrees can prevent excesses and abuses against the
vulnerable.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about need of having both morality and legislations in consonance.
Introduction
“It is to law alone that men owe justice and liberty. It is this salutary organ of the will of all
which establishes in civil rights the natural equality between men. It is this celestial voice which
dictates to each citizen the precepts of public reason, and teaches him to act according to the rules”
– Rousseau
The above quote says that men need to be civilised through set of laws that impose restrictions on
their behaviour. Only then, all men will respect rights of others as well.
Body
Now the other myth that gets around is the idea that legislation cannot really solve the problem and
that it has no great role to play in this period of social change because you’ve got to change the
heart and you can’t change the heart through legislation. You can’t legislate morals. The job must be
done through education and religion.
Certainly, if the problem is to be solved then in the final sense, hearts must be changed. Religion and
education must play a great role in changing the heart.
It may be true that the law cannot make a man love another fellow patriot but it can keep him from
lynching him and that is important for a civil society. So, there is a need for executive orders. There is
a need for judicial decrees. There is a need for civil rights legislation on the local scale within states
and on the national scale from the federal government.
The problems of untouchability, female foeticide, crimes against women were all solved thorugh
legislation and enforcement. Hence laws, decrees are of urmost importance to bring stability in the
life of man as it stands today.
Conclusion
The habits if not the hearts of people have been and are being altered everyday by legislative acts. A
vigorous enforcement of civil rights laws can bring an end to injustices which stand as barriers to a
truly desegregated society, but it cannot bring an end to the blindness, fear, prejudice, pride and
irrationality which stand as barriers to a truly integrated society. Nonetheless laws and decrees are
important to attain stable societal life for all men and women.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and
compassion towards the weaker sections.
Elaborate on the importance of impartiality as a core value of civil service. (150 Words)

Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.

Directive:
Introduction:
Begin by defining impartiality.
Body:
Write about the importance of impartiality as a core value of civil service – upholding equality,
achieving equity, avoiding conflict of interest, eliminating bias and welfare for all etc,
Conclusion:
Complete the answer by suggesting ways practising impartiality in public administration.
Introduction
“Impartiality is the life of justice, as justice is the life of all good governments”
Impartiality is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria,
rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for
improper reasons. For a public servant, it means that decisions should be based on objective criteria,
rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice or personal interest.
Body:
Types of Impartiality:
 Public Impartiality: A public servant as an instrument of government serving the public

without discriminating on the basis of caste, religion and gender.
 Political Impartiality: Principle of working without reservation and with devotion to the
success of every government and its policies. It basically means you are not partial to any
particular party or government.
Importance of Impartiality as an attribute for a civil servant:

 Upholding constitutional values: impartiality helps a civil servant to uphold
constitutionalism and prevent authoritarian government. It helps in upholding rule of law
and makes the civil servant accountable to law and law alone. Also, it is in accordance with
the constitutional provisions including Article 14, 15 and so on.
o g. Providing for citizens’ welfare measures without any favour and being equitable.
 Fulfilling all interests equally: As it is observed “Impartiality doesn’t mean neutrality. It also
means partiality towards the poor”. Impartiality brings in objectivity and often when funds
are to be allocated, an impartial civil servant would not favour his/her own village or city but
allocate funds based on the needs.
 It keeps up the morale of the civil servant and with the sense of righteousness, the works get
done efficiently. A positive environment is created in the office and a conducive work culture
is created.
o g.: a civil servant cannot be partial towards one set of employees. Whether in
performance assessment or granting leaves, the criteria should be objective without
partiality.

 Majoritarianism prevention: especially in a diverse country like India, minority voices can be
suppressed if the civil servant becomes partial towards majority for vested interests.
o g. Though in a state majority spoken language is promoted, civil servants have to

make provisions for linguistic minorities to safeguard their language.
 Handling emergency situations: like communal riots, ethnic conflicts etc., an impartial civil
servant would have a better credibility and persuasive capability in negotiations.
o g. N Ravi, an interlocutor is effective in north east insurgency negotiations because

of his impeccable record of impartiality.
 Controlling corruption: It will keep oneself free from nepotism, political-corporate nexus
and corruption.
o The examples are Sagayam IAS of Tamilnadu cadre or Ashok Khemka of Haryana
etc.,
 Build public confidence and trust for the government: impartial behaviour insurance no
undue discrimination towards any section of the community. This results in improve
confidence towards policymaker and implementer. It make sure that justice will always be
served no matter who is the perpetrator. Example- in IMX media case even former finance
minister is being tried under Court of law.
 Deepening of democracy: with improve confidence in government machinery the public

feels more enthusiastic to take part indecision making.
Conclusion
Present-day civil servants need to perform multiple functions of giving suggestions to political
representatives, addressing public grievances, institutionalization of the socio-economic changes,
delivering goods and services. Hence a value committed and impartial bureaucracy is need of the
hour.
Neutrality is an essential ingredient of civil service in a democratic setup for the

integrity and the efficiency of administration. Comment. (150 words)
‘Conceptual Tuesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question: To explain the role of neutrality in civil services.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall
opinion thereupon.
Introduction:
Start by defining neutrality.
Body:
Elaborate upon as to how civil service should give free and frank advice to the government
impartially and without any political consideration. It also means the implementation of the decisions
of the government by the civil service faithfully whether such decisions were in consonance with their
advice or not. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning as to how the above will lead integrity and efficiency in the administration.
Introduction
Civil service neutrality refers to political impartiality. Neutrality is not being biased in providing facts,
feedback, opinions, etc. to the political executive or diligently carrying out tasks ordered by the
government, irrespective of which political party’s government is in power.
Body:
A civil servant is needed to be politically neutral
 Neutrality depicts that public officials are not slaves to either the politicians or any other
authority other than the moral authority of the Constitution.
 It shows that the principle of neutrality implies a measure of independence both from the
partisan interests of the government of the day and the exogenous agenda that prompts
certain social groups to cow others down to humiliating vulnerability.
 Bureaucracy should be neutral in terms of ideology and politics. So that there will not be an
affinity to a particular class or ideology.
 For a genuine public official, commitment to constitutional principles is not only a lifelong
project but, more importantly, it can be carried out without any political or ideological
mediation.
 If bureaucracy won’t be neutral then it cannot lend its whole-hearted support to the existing
political system, and to the economic and political system if any radical changes are
introduced.
 Without neutrality, there can be a close nexus between bureaucracy and large-scale
enterprises which could further lead to crony capitalism.
 By and large, the spirit of neutrality imbedded by civil servants enables them to perform
their duties in a detached and impartial manner.
Way forward
 As a civil servant, one has the responsibility towards public and must adhere to
constitutional principles keeping his conscience intact. His primary job is to
perform Nishkama Karma (selfless and desire less duty).
 Independent Civil Services Board should be set up, as it directed by the Supreme Court to
take care of all service matters with objectivity and independently of political consideration.
 Earnestly implementing RTI Act, especially the pro-active disclosure clause so as to

bring transparency in official functioning, breaking the unholy nexus.
 Effective performance appraisal of civil servants by independent body and aligning it with
their promotions, incentives and other service conditions.
Conclusion
Impartiality forms an essential foundational values for civil services. Impartiality ensures equality
without any bias and prejudices in the general.



Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

Examine the relevance of Rawls’ theory of justice in the present day. (150 word)
Reference: plato.stanford.edu
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Using the metaphor of the moral compass to describe conscience, our inner sense of right and wrong
offers a framework to guide our actions.
Directive:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context.
You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated
facts.
Introduction:
Start by explaining Rawls’ theory of justice.
Body:
First, explain in detail the various components of Rawl’s theory of justice.
Next, use examples to cite its contemporary relevance. Mention in what ways it is relevant and what
ways it can be applied to present day situations in India and across the world.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a balanced way forward.
Introduction
John Rawls was an American moral and political philosopher in the liberal tradition. Rawls’s theory
of justice revolves around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice which would, in
turn, guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of
each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with the liberty of others. The
second principle states that social and economic positions are to be to everyone’s advantage and
open to all.
Body:
Relevance of John Rawls theory of Justice
 Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness encompasses a central contention that principles of

justice is essential to the structure of a constitutional democracy. It must be viewed as
political in contrast to more comprehensive moral, philosophical or religious doctrines.
 His concept of justice gives emphasis to fairness, it must be fair to all, to the most talented
as well as the most disadvantaged section.
 Rawls uses the idea of a veil of ignorance to argue that fair and just distribution can be
defended on rational grounds. He says that if a person keeps herself/himself under the ‘veil
of ignorance’ then s/he would come up with the just distribution, fair laws and policies that
would affect the whole society.
 Rawls further says that the institutions must be fair or just. They must keep themselves
above parochial interests. In many societies there are such institutions which have been
created to serve group’s interests and such institutions cannot serve the interests of justice.

 The contents of the “social primary goods” specified by Rawls are of particular importance,
for the fair distribution of them, namely, liberty and opportunity, income and wealth and
basis of self-respect in a society will undoubtedly help to achieve the much-needed social
justice.
 For example: The recent 10% reservation for the Economically Weaker Sections in education
and jobs; reservations for SC/ST etc.
 Another important aspect of his theory is that while laying emphasis on the equal
distribution of the “social primary goods”, he envisages “an unequal distribution” of the
“social primary goods” if such unequal distribution is “to the advantage of the least
favoured”.
 Example: progressive tax system in India, multi-tiered GST system, Philanthropy.
 In envisaging such “unequal distribution” of the social primary goods to benefit the “least
favoured” in the society.
Relevance of John Rawls in India

 Reservation Issue: That whether demand some high castes to get reservation is valid or not.
We can also look any amendment in present reservation policy according to it.
 Environment to maintain balance between biodiversity and development. For example,
increase in area of eco-sensitive zones.
 Economy issues like increase in FDI, monetary policy or even present demonetization issue
can be examined though spectrum Rawls’ concept.
 Traditions: We can also examine and introspect various traditional practices and customs
like Jallikattu, entry of women in certain temples or religious places etc.
Conclusion
Rawls’ works have influenced famous thinkers like Amartya Sen, Thomas Nagel, Thomas Pogge etc.
The concept of Social and Economic Justice is adopted in our Constitution in the form of Directive
Principles of State Policy.
Value addition:
Basic principles of his theory:
 Rawls suggests two basic principles of justice.
 Principle of Equal Liberty:
o It means each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty
compatible with a similar liberty for others.
o Examples: freedom of thought, speech and expression, universal suffrage, freedom

from arbitrary arrest and seizure, the right to hold public office etc.
 Difference Principle: There are 2 parts under this

o Fair equality of opportunity: It postulates that public policies are reasonably

expected to be to everyone’s advantage and public position and offices are open to
all.
o Difference principle: It justifies only those social and economic inequalities that
maximize benefits to the least advantaged citizens.
o These principles provide an operating logic for the determination of public interest by
the decision- makers.
The middle path is the core of Buddha’s teaching and can be adopted in all walks of
life. Elaborate with examples. (250 words)
Why the question:
To write about middle path of Buddha and its application in present day.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Start with a brief middle path of Buddha.
Body:
Write about the concept of ‘middle path’ (madhyamaka) which steers clear of the extremes. Elaborte
upon it as it essentially implies avoiding extremes, such as what we are witnessing today-narrow
nationalism and unbridled liberalism, religious bigotry and decrying religion, obsession with a
glorious past and justifying all things considered modern; in short, blind faith in what one considers
right without consideration for the other’s point of view.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning Buddha’s call to avoid extreme ways of practice and walk the middle way of
reasonableness is the need of the hour.
Introduction
Buddhist philosophy and doctrines, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, give meaningful
insights about reality and human existence. Buddhism teaches the Middle Path renouncing extreme
steps like indulgence and strict abstinence. According to him everyone was responsible for their own
happiness in life, stressing upon the individualistic component of Buddhism.
Body
The middle path is the core of Buddha’s teaching and can be adopted in all walks of life.
 It essentially implies avoiding extremes, such as what we are witnessing today-narrow

nationalism and unbridled liberalism, religious bigotry and decrying religion, obsession with
a glorious past and justifying all things considered modern. g.: blindly targeting a section of
people of a particular faith over dress, food etc.
 In short, blind faith in what one considers right without consideration for the other’s point of
view.
 Buddha’s https://www.insightsonindia.com/ethics-integrity-and-aptitude/contributions-of-
moral-thinkers-from-india-and-the-world/indian-moral-thinkers/the-buddha/ call to avoid
extreme ways of practice and walk the middle way of reasonableness is the need of the
hour. For instance, the ongoing Ukraine war where Russia and NATO are trying to achieve
their own ends.
 Buddhism inculcates a lofty system of ethics and what is enunciated in the eight-fold path is
a simple yet powerful guide for all individuals including those in high places-political and
business leaders, religious seers, bureaucrats and professionals.
 In today’s world of bitter religious and political conflicts, increasing inequalities and
inequities, and unscrupulous commercial competition, the ‘middle path’ laid out by the
Buddha is the only way to save mankind from the evils of hatred, vituperation and violence.
 One of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations to be achieved by 2030
is ‘Peace and Justice’.
 As peace and sustainable development are interlinked, the Buddha’s prism can be the
guiding lights to every single stakeholder from local to global institutions and leaders, to
work together for promoting dialogue, harmony, and justice based on compassion and
wisdom.
Conclusion
The Buddhist teachings inculcate compassion, calmness & composure, joy among humans and they
can help maintain a sustainable balance between man and nature. Buddha’s teachings can transform
the societies into their better and more humane forms as reflected by Tibetan spiritual leader the
Dalai Lama “the 20th century was a century of war and violence, now we all need to work to see
that the 21st century is of peace and dialogue.’
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and

problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions;
laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;
accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values
in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
Moral norms are aspirational and prescriptive rather than functional and descriptive.
Critically analyse. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about the natures of moral norms.
Directive:

Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature
of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’
is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a
balanced judgment on the topic.
Introduction:
Start by explaining moral norms.
Body:
First, explain as to how moral norms are aspirational and prescriptive – contains ideals, principles
and policies which are sensitive to positive outcomes, action-based, and focused on what we should
do.
Next, explain as to how moral norms are functional and descriptive – people’s beliefs about as
values, which actions are right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a balanced opinion regarding moral norms.
Introduction
Moral norms are an element of social consciousness. Moral norms are aspirational and prescriptive
rather than functional and descriptive—they often paint the “what ought to be” rather than the
“what is.” Hence morality becomes an impossible expectation while the reality will be immorality.
War and violence are considered as immoral. But Russian attack on Ukraine, the mindless killing of
civilians and soldiers defies every moral norm. Hence, they remain aspirational.
Body
Moral norms are a kind of standard by which social behavior is evaluated (positively or negatively).
Their obligatory or prohibitive force is based on the influences of social thought and of existing
habits and traditions.
There is a stark difference between idealism and realism. Idealistic society is almost unattainable. If
every human being abides by moral norms, there would be no need for law, police or
government. It is for this reason moral norms are termed aspirational. It prescribes a set of rules,
standards, values and beliefs that are right. These norms may vary from society to society.
Sometimes they may not conform to the law as well. Eg: Taliban’s difficult conditions over women in
Afghanistan seems dysfunctional but it emanated from their moral values.
It is for these reasons; moral norms are said to be functional and descriptive. What can be
collectively agreed upon as right or wrong. What is justice or fairness in the society is decided by
what can be put into practice. That is, in other words functional. For instance, murder is immoral
and illegal. It can go one step further and describe it as killing is illegal except when in self defence.
Thus, when moral norms become functional (implementable) and descriptive, they generally are
more acceptable by people.
Moral behavior is the mean between two extremes – at one end is excess, at the other deficiency.
Find a moderate position between those two extremes, and you will be acting morally. Aristotle’s
middle path and golden means prescribes the same.
Conclusion
Moral arguments are not won by ascribing moral motives to one side and evil deeds to another.
Moral standing is achieved by understanding difficult choices between competing moral claims and
recognizing that trade-offs and uneasy compromises are often necessary. Ideal way is not

achievable. Hence pragmatism is desiried. This is why Aristotle said, golden means is the best way
forward.
Ethics does its work in international relations by granting and withdrawing legitimacy.
Discuss. (150 words)
‘Philosophical Mondays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question: To write about the role of ethics in international relations
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Introduction:
Begin by writing about the overall role of ethics in international relations.
Body:
With examples, substantiate on the point as to how ethics grants and withdraws legitimacy to
international acts and relations. Use examples to explain your points. Mention that not always the
legitimacy and ethics are considered in international relations.
Conclusion:
Mention the importance of upholding ethics in international relations.
Introduction
Ethical questions are central to the study of international relations, as it is a field of study concerned
with war and peace, trade and production, and law and rights. Yet, a persistent conventional wisdom
suggests ethics are marginal to international relations. Hans Morgenthau, a noted Realist scholar
said that nations do not give heed to universal acceptance of their action or judge their moves
through a moral lens. National interest reigns supreme. Like, how man is a self-centric being, even
nations are inward looking.
Body
Ethics and legitimacy inter-connection

The end of slavery began with various revolutions and rebellions—yet the source of its ultimate
demise was its loss of moral legitimacy. Communism, for the most part, ended in similar fashion.
The Soviet Union collapsed when the values that held it together were no longer credible and
sustainable. Its legitimacy evaporated. The same could be said of apartheid South Africa. There has
been more regime change in recent years because of the power of principles rather than the power
of the gun.
Legitimacy played a critical role in the 2011 uprisings in the Middle East. Mubarak, Qaddafi and
other Arab leaders faced a tipping point. When their rule and their regimes became perceived as
illegitimate, this illegitimacy became the decisive force for change.
New struggles for legitimacy can be found everywhere. We see normative
consensus forming rejecting the tactic of terrorism. We see movement on the need to

address climate change. We see new initiatives to shore up the so-called nuclear taboo and to move
toward radical reductions in the number of nuclear weapons. We see strong voices rejecting
genocide and promoting humanitarian intervention and the Responsibility to Protect.
All of these issues are gaining normative legitimacy. They are providing leverage for action. They are
even changing the way that individuals, corporate entities and nations perceive their own interests.
But progress will take time, and debate around these issues will be the battleground for some time
to come.
Conclusion
Morality must play a role in every aspect of human life, including international relations.
International ethic is not just an ethic of some leading country, it is not simply an ethic of a powerful
country having obligations towards others, because of the power they have over others.
International ethics may be elaborated as, that which enables one to participate more actively in
shaping and building good international community. Human rights and their dignity can be protected
only when relations between nations become ethical and moral.
Case Studies on above issues.

A young man from a scheduled caste community educated in Oxford University under
state scholarship and currently working under Google wants to visit a temple in his
locality as part of his marriage rituals. Historically, upper-caste leaders have prohibited
their community from doing so. The groom has sought his District Collector’s help.
How can the District Collector help the groom in visiting the temple and doing rituals there? (20
Marks, 250 Words)

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Case Study Fridays’
in Mission-2022 Secure.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write a few options which are available to the District Collector in helping the groom starting
from the least viable one to the most viable. Analyze the pros and cons of all the options from an
ethical point of view.
Next, select the best possible action according to you and justify ethically the reasons behind its
selection. Mention steps to overcome any negative ramifications of the actions.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stressing on the importance of taking actions guided by ethics and morals.
Introduction
In many villages of India, the nature of certain social equations has not changed from what they
have been for centuries. The Dalits’ struggle for an equal share of honours in temple festivals has
repeatedly ended in failure. Despite repeated judgements by the courts favouring Dalits, it has not
been put into force. Discrimination against Dalits is widespread and ingrained in the psyche across
India, in rural settings in particular. In some places it takes the form of violent oppression, in others
it is disguised yet omnipresent.
Body
Stakeholders
 Dalit man who wants to enter the temple
 Myself as a District Collector
 Upper class community in the locality
 Dalit community
Ethical issues
 Rule of law being violated
 Untouchability enforced despite Article 17 in force
 Injustice to Dalit community
 Safe access to public places
 Equality of all human beings
 Violation of human rights
Course of action
 Ideally the Dalit man is entitled as a matter of right to enter any public temple and worship.
If people of different community can conduct rituals, so should Dalit community. With this
backdrop, I would ensure that the Dalit man would get access to the temple to conduct his
wedding rituals.
 Before that, i would try to reconcile the members of the upper caste community who have
till now barred Dalits from entering the temple.
o Conciliation alone can solve problems rather than force in such cases.
 Making people aware that temple access is everyone’s right is the first step. Also, I would
ensure that religious leaders also preached same line of thought.
 To make sure no violence occurs between the upper caste and the Dalit community, I would
bring in police reinforcement. Especially if upper caste community does not agree with the
mandate.
 The job would not end here, because it must be ensured that no such social boycott ever
happens to another person of the same community. Constitutional provisions upheld
eradication of untouchability and treating every person equally irrespective of caste. This
must become ingrained in everyone’s mind and must be brought into practice.
Conclusion
The need of the hour is political and economic empowerment of Dalits. Ensuring that the affirmative
actions are benefitting the poorest of the Dalits, so that they can climb the social ladder. There is
also need for massive attitude change in the rural areas to ensure that no such young man ever
needs to seek protection from the district authorities for what is a matter of right.

You are a no-nonsense, honest officer. You have been transferred to a remote district
to head a department that is notorious for its inefficiency and callousness. You find that
the main cause of the poor state of affairs is the indiscipline of a section of employees.
They do not work themselves and also disrupt the workings of others. You first warned
the troublemakers to mend their ways or else face disciplinary action. When the
warning had little effect, you issued a show cause notice to the ringleaders. As a
retaliatory measure, these troublemakers instigated a woman employee amongst them
to file a complaint of sexual harassment against you with the Women’s Commission.
The Commission promptly seeks your explanation. The matter is also publicized in the
media to embarrass you further. Some of the options to handle this situation could be
as follows:
 Give your explanation to the Commission and go soft on the disciplinary action.
 Ignore the commission and proceed firmly with the disciplinary action.
 Brief your higher-ups, seek directions from them and act accordingly. Suggest any other
possible option(s).
Evaluate all of them and suggest the best course of action, giving your reasons for it. (250 Words)

Why the question:
Introduction:
Start with giving the facts of the case and the hindrances to honest behaviour.
Body:
One by one evaluate the different options in front of that are provided. Using logic and various
ethical theories to analyse their pros and cons of each option.
Next, write the course of action which you will take in the above situations. Analyse the pros and
cons of that action. If there are any cons, write about how you will overcome/deal with those. Cite
reasons for taking such path.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the writing about cost one has to pay for being honest.
Introduction
The case involves various ethical issues like rogue behaviour of employees and openly defying the
authority. There is also gross injustice to the authority premised on false allegations, which can
seriously damage the reputation and career of the officer. It is classic case where, good work is
disincentivised by fabricated allegations that are grave.
Body
1. Option #1: Give your explanation to the Commission and go soft on the disciplinary action

Merits: My explanation will be given and it may clear the doubts in this regard. Since I go soft
on disciplinary action, the allegation may be taken back. It’ll reinstate my reputation. It will
also show that there is transparency in handling such cases.
Demerits: Going soft on disciplinary action will mean the employees have a leverage over me
and they can dominate me to do anything. It will lead to more inefficiencies amongst them and this
is a win for injustice. It will only promote and encourage more inefficiency and wrongful means to
defy authority in future. Giving in to wrong means used by the section of employees to thwart the
enquiry.
1. Ignore the commission and proceed firmly with the disciplinary action
Merits: Doing the duty to maintain departmental efficiency by continuing with the departmental
enquiry. I will not give in to wrong means used by the employees. It will show them that nothing can
make me afraid or stop me from taking right action. It will become an example for other employees
to not do such immoral actions.
Demerits: Not replying would reinforce the allegation. Reputation is harmed and may not be
reinstated. May lead to some action upon myself if I don’t explain myself. Transparency and
accountability is lost. It shows insensitivity towards issues pertaining to women.
1. Brief your higher-ups, seek directions from them and act accordingly
Merits: Ensuring effective communication with seniors- honouring lines of authority;

will help seek their guidance and experience in such matters; taking the seniors
into confidence on the matter could prevent/reduce personal harm later.
Demerits: Shows less initiative from my side, especially towards the allegation. Higher
ups may not want to get involved when harassment case is there.
Course of action
One is to gather evidence and prove myself innocent and follow the guidelines in such cases. Second
is to reply to the commission regarding the veracity of claims and come clean. Next, I would not go
soft on employees and further continue with the disciplinary action. Further, I would seek help of
higher-ups and their guidance in this regard. I will keep them in loop regarding every step and also
do as directed.
This will lead to better efficiency at work by other employees and set a future precedent for others
who try to cause disruption at work. I can also take seniors into confidence and find employees who
can vouch for my integrity. It is the most holistic solution with less demerits.
Conclusion
Truth will always prevail and triumph if one is always in pursuit of it. We cannot leave our moral
ground even if immoral means are used against us. We can take refuge under truth as Gandhiji said,
because it alone will lead to justice and fairness.

One of the scientists working in the R&D laboratory of a major pharmaceutical company
discovers that one of the company’s bestselling veterinary drugs has the potential to
cure a currently incurable liver disease which is prevalent in tribal areas. However,
developing a variant of the drug suitable for human being entailed a lot of research and
development having a huge expenditure to the extent of Rs. 50 crores. It was unlikely
that company would recover the cost as the disease was rampant only in poverty
stricken areas having very little market otherwise.
If you were the CEO, then:
(a) Identify the various actions that you could take
(b) Evaluate the pros and cons of each of your actions (250 Words) (UPSC Mains 2015)

Why the question:
Introduction:
Start with giving the facts of the case and the dilemma between profit making and altruism.
Body:
First, enumerate the various course of actions that could be taken by you as the CEO in the above
case.
Next, one by one evaluate the different options in front of that are provided. Using logic and various
ethical theories to analyse their pros and cons of each option.
Next, write the course of action which you will take in the above situations. Analyse the pros and
cons of that action. If there are any cons, write about how you will overcome/deal with those. Cite
reasons for taking such path.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising about the need to balance both commercial interests as well public
welfare.
Introduction
The above case presents a scenario where the private drug company has developed a potential cure
to an incurable liver disease, prevalent among tribals. The case presents a dilemma of a CEO who
has to ensure the profitability of the drug company meanwhile being compassionate and trustee
of the society in which the company is located too.
Body
The various actions which can be taken by me as CEO are:
1. to adhere to my obligations and professional ethics, which is to serve my company and to

garner its maximum profit.
2. Taking support of Government by the Viability gap funding.
3. Raising money through finance market.
4. Collaborating with foreign company
5. appealing to public through media and NGO’s for collaboration and funds through sale of
products
Evaluation of the options:
 Option 1: to adhere to my obligations and professional ethics, which is to serve my company

and to garner its maximum profit
o Merits:
 Professional Loyalty to the company.
 this would not be contradictory to my personal ethics which derives from

my societal obligations and my conscience.
o Demerits:
 Company will lose the public goodwill and do a bigger harm.
 Against the trusteeship factor of the company.
 Option 2: Taking support of government by the Viability gap funding.
o Merits:
 It will solve the funding issue.
 Poor people will benefit. Justice will be done to them.
 Government machinery can be utilized for better service delivery.
o Demerits:
 It will put Subsidy burden on government.
 Company’s ownership of product will be diluted
 Option 3: Raising money through finance market
o Merits:
 It will solve the problem temporarily.
 Poor people will benefit
 Corporate Social Responsibility will be fulfilled
o Demerits:
 Investors may lose money in future.
 My company might come under severe financial stress.
 Option 4: collaborating with foreign company
o Merits:
 Not just poor of India, but of whole world will benefit.
 The problem can be solved in holistic manner.
o Demerits:
 Issues of Intellectual property rights may hamper this collaboration.

 foreign company may sell the drug at higher prices.
 Option 5: appealing to the public through media and NGO’s for collaboration and funds
through sale of products
o Merits:
 Pool for social activities will be created
 Good publicity of company will be done.
 Increase in sales and profits which then are transfer to the project
o Demerits:
 It may also decrease the sale as price of company’s products will be

increased.
 may take a long time to collect necessary funds
Conclusion
In the above scenario, I would go in for the combination of options 2 and 5 along with pitching in
with some of my company’s CSR funds. This would ensure public goodwill for my company as well
as ensure an easy, affordable access of the drug to the tribals. Compromises have to be struck
between the profit motive of my company and the public good in a way that both benefit from each
other in a complementary manner. This will also set a precedent for others to follow who are faced
with such a dilemma thus increasing social capital and trust in society.
Suppose you are an officer in-charge of implementing a social service scheme to

provide support to old and destitute women. An old and illiterate woman comes to you
to avail the benefits of the scheme. However, she has no documents to show that she
fulfils the eligibility criteria. But after meeting her and listening to her you feel that she
certainly needs support. Your enquirers also show that she is really destitute and living
in a pitiable condition. You are in a dilemma as to what to do. Putting her under the
scheme without necessary documents would clearly be violation of rules. But denying
her the support would be cruel and inhuman.
a) Can you think of a rational way to resolve this dilemma?
b) Give your reasons for it. (250 words)
‘Case Study Fridays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Introduction:
Start with giving the facts of the case and the mentioning the dilemma in the case
Body:
First, enumerate the various rational course of actions that could be taken by you as the officer in the
above case.
Next, state reasons for the actions taken by you. Justify them with help of ethical theories, moral
thinkers and SC judgements in similar case

Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising about the course of action you will take In the above case.
Introduction
The given case is an example of ethical dilemma that an individual faces between professional
ethics and empathy towards others. You want to perform your duty honestly but sometimes cases
arise that may force you to overcome rules and guidelines. In such times these moral dilemmas
arise.
Body
Stakeholders
 Myself as an officer-in-charge
 Destitute woman and others like her
 Public welfare and benefit
 Government as a welfare state
Ethical issues involved
 Conflict between Objectivity & Compassion.
 Crisis of Conscience.
 Fiduciary Responsibility to use public funds for intended purpose.
 Justice to the poor and needy
 Empathy towards suffering of people
 Transparency and accountability
 Upholding the Rules of Procedure as a civil servant
Rational way to resolve the dilemma
According to enquiry done by office in charge the old women is really a destitute woman and
deserves the benefits under social service scheme. So not providing the benefits just because of lack
of documents would defeat the noble purpose of this social service scheme itself. Though it may be
legally right but morally and ethically it would be wrong. And this is blatant injustice to the
woman to deny her the benefits due to a small irregularity. Ultimately people like her are the ones
that really need such social support.
 The woman is old and illiterate, so just giving directions to complete the documents would
not help her. I would ask a subordinate officer to help that woman in completing necessary
documents, and providing benefits to her.
 Though there may be some delays in completing the document so in this specific condition, I
would write to my senior officer and ask permission for some discretionary powers so that I
can provide immediate relief to old women.
 This is the specific case that came into my knowledge but there may be lots of similar cases.
To resolve these types of cases, I would inform to the senior authorities and ask them to
appoint a special officer that would look only the problem related with old and illiterate
person who are not able to complete their documents. A special desk in the office can be
assigned to these types of cases.
Reasons for my action
 My action would provide the benefit of scheme to old woman and would not keep her out of
the ambit of benefits just because she is not capable of completing her documents.
 This action would be compliant to rule of law and would also be humane in nature.
 My action to inform the seniors to resolve these types of cases would solve the problems for
future also.
 It would reduce the hurdles such as red tapism, bureaucratic inertia in getting benefits of
such social security schemes.
 Rule of Law with inclusion of humanity aspect would be taken care of by this action.
 Administrators are expected to be compassionate towards the voiceless but following the
rules is equally important.
 Violating rules would set a wrong precedent.
 In the present era, administration and civil society are expected to work synergistically.
Hence taking help from NGOs is justified.
 Administrators need to have creative bent of mind to find such innovative solutions.
Conclusion
If such people are rejected the benefit, then it is gross injustice. And an Injustice anywhere is a
threat to justice everywhere. But if such problems recur, then finding a permanent solution is in the
greater good of such vulnerable people. And it can be followed procedurally, henceforth as this
action would set the right precedent. Hence, one must take interest in solving issues of the public for
the greater good of the society.



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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

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the ringleaders. As a retaliatory measure, these troublemakers instigated a woman employee

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Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

o It is that which the action of its very nature tends to produce.

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o The object is usually regarded as the primary

o For a morally good act, the object of it must be good

o It is the effect that the agent subjectively wills in his/her

o However at other times both of them might be

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o To a great extent many of the actions that we do which otherwise

What do you understand environmental ethics? Explain its importance as a branch of

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Importance of environmental ethics in current times

 Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation,

How Environmental ethics helps in today’s times

 Strengthens Human-environment relationship:

o Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the

 Environmental Justice to all:

o Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental

 Focuses on vulnerable sections:

o Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries.

 Sustainable living and development:

o Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation

 Helps overcome Anthropocentric approach of development:

o Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely

 To tackle global issues:

Human values needed for better environmental ethics:

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 Control over mining, deforestation in the name of “development”

 Minimalistic living: Sacrificing certain comforts for protecting environment. Example-

Difficulty level: Moderate

White Lies are sometimes justified:

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o According to a study published by University of Massachusetts, most people cannot

White Lies are not justified:

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Ensuring pluralism, responsibility and fairness

 Rights and Responsibilities: The UN Peackeeping mission is based on the principle of

What do you understand by conflict of interest in public service? How can it be

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o The concerned authority should be assured of integrity and willingness to serve no

 Reduce discretion and codify procedure

o There is a need for legislation to make non-disclosure of a conflict of interest

o The recommendation of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Department

o An open, public data platform enlisting all post-retirement appointments of civil

What do you understand by popular morality? Explain how it affects constitutional

Popular morality affecting Constitutional Rights

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“A humane approach can solve insurmountable problems where all other

Humane approach solves insurmountable problems

o A humane approach would have prevented holocaust against Jews.

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o If there is humanity, there will be a reduced crime rate in the world.

What does this quote means to you? (150 words)