GS4 Final-1

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS
INSIGHTSIAS
IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

MAINS MISSION 2022
GS- IV
APRIL 2023
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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing
is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.
Table of Contents
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. ........................................................ 6
Describe your understanding of environmental ethics and discuss its relevance as a field of ethics
in modern times? (150 words) ....................................................................................................... 6
The determination of whether an action is moral or not can be a complex and subjective matter,
with different people and cultures having their own interpretations and standards of ethical
behaviour. Examine. (150 words) ................................................................................................... 9
The moral and ethical values that were envisioned by the builders of independent India are still
relevant and important today. By embracing these values, we can build a more inclusive,
transparent, and prosperous society. Discuss. (250 words) .......................................................... 10
The simplicity and clarity of the utilitarian approach is attractive because it provides a clear
guideline for making ethical decisions. Critically examine. (150 Words) ....................................... 12
By identifying their most important values and ranking them in order of importance, individuals
can make decisions that reflect their personal values and aspirations. Elaborate. (150 Words) .... 14
Environmental integrity is essential for ensuring the well-being of both humans and the natural
environment. Discuss. (250 words) .............................................................................................. 15
From an ethical standpoint, the philosophy of contentment values the importance of living a
balanced and fulfilling life, and recognizes that excessive desire and materialism can have negative
impacts not only on individuals, but also on society as a whole. Examine. (150 Words) ............... 16

What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence,
then, is not an act but a habit.” – Aristotle .................................................................................. 17
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not
in the multiplicity and confusion of things.” – Isaac Newton ........................................................ 18
True wealth is not measured by material possessions or luxury, but by the contentment and
happiness that come from within. Elaborate. ............................................................................... 19
While moral philosophy can provide a useful framework for understanding ethics, it is important
to recognize that popular morality and moral attitudes can also play a significant role in shaping
our ethical beliefs and behaviours. Discuss. (150 words) .............................................................. 20
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values. ......................................... 25
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Integrity is not a conditional word. It doesn’t
blow in the wind or change with the weather. It is your inner image of yourself, and if you look in
there and see a man who won’t cheat, then you know he never will.” – John D. MacDonald ....... 25
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Moral courage is not the absence of fear, but
the triumph over it.” – Nelson Mandela ....................................................................................... 27
Children develop their sense of morality, values, and ethics based on the guidance they receive
from their parents or caregivers. Elaborate. (150 words) ............................................................. 28
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Evil prevails when good men fail to act.” –
Benjamin Franklin ........................................................................................................................ 29
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “The truth is incontrovertible. Malice may attack
it, ignorance may deride it, but in the end, there it is.” – Winston Churchill. ................................ 30
The relationship between educational qualifications and good character can be complex and
multifaceted. Examine. ................................................................................................................ 31
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Honesty is telling the truth to ourselves and
others. Integrity is living that truth.” – Kenneth H. Blanchard....................................................... 32
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Education without values, as useful as it is,
seems rather to make man a cleverer devil.” – C.S. Lewis ............................................................ 34
As individuals become more compassionate, they become more empathetic, caring, and resilient,
which can lead to personal growth and a more fulfilling life. Discuss. (150 words) ....................... 35
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker
sections. .......................................................................................................................................... 37
The development of compassion is a complex interplay between personal and environmental
factors. Analyse. (150 words) ....................................................................................................... 37
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; Moral
and political attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion ................................................................... 38
A person who possesses moral excellence and integrity has a boundless capacity to understand
and appreciate the world around them. Elucidate. (150 words) ................................................... 38
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. ......................................... 40

Based on the concepts presented in Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural, discuss the ethical responsibilities
of a leader in modern political systems. In what ways can these principles be used to promote
ethical governance and ensure the well-being of the people in a modern state? (150 Words) ..... 40
According to the Yoga school of philosophy, the goal of life is to attain self-realization and
liberation from suffering. How can the principles of yoga be applied to contemporary ethical
dilemmas, such as those related to environmental conservation, social justice, and human
rights? (250 Words) .................................................................................................................... 41
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of
Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds,
challenges of corruption. ................................................................................................................. 44
What are the key characteristics of ethical governance? Explain with examples. (250 words) ...... 44
The issues with corporate governance have highlighted the need for stronger regulations,
enforcement mechanisms, and greater transparency and accountability in corporate governance
practices in India. Examine. (250 words) ...................................................................................... 46
The influence of money in elections raises serious ethical concerns about fairness, representation,
and the integrity of the democratic process. Elucidate. (150 words) ............................................ 50
Ethical governance is essential for ensuring that organizations operate in an ethical and
responsible manner, and that they are accountable to their stakeholders. Explain. (250 words) .. 52
Corporate governance in India is full of loopholes and is toothless to prevent corrupt and
unethical practises. Examine. (250 words) ................................................................................... 54
Case Studies on above issues. .......................................................................................................... 57
The existence of poverty indicates an unjust and poorly organized society. This suggests that
poverty is not a natural or inevitable outcome but rather a result of societal factors such as
inequalities in wealth distribution, access to education, employment opportunities, and basic
needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare................................................................................. 57
Sarah was a highly skilled intelligence analyst working for the US Department of Defense. Her job
was to analyse data and provide intelligence reports to the Pentagon on various security threats
around the world. One day, she stumbled upon a piece of classified information that shocked her
to the core. The report contained evidence of a covert US military operation in a foreign country
that violated international law and could potentially harm innocent civilians. ............................. 60
As a junior officer in the education department, Rohit was used to handling routine administrative
work, but he never expected to come across a scam of such magnitude. One day, he stumbled
upon evidence of a paper leak racket that involved some of his higher-ups. ................................ 62


Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.
Describe your understanding of environmental ethics and discuss its relevance as a field
of ethics in modern times? (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the
twenty first century.
Directive word:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by describing the anthropocentric nature of the discourse of ethics. Only recently the focus has
shifted to environmental ethics.
Body:
Mention the implications of neglect of the environment, varied cultural beliefs surrounding it, the
western ideology that environment is for human disposal without regard to the future generations,
concept of sustainable development, associating rights of environment to preservation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying that environmental ethics is more relevant now than ever in the context of
climate change.
Introduction
Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relation of human beings and the
environment and how ethics play a role in this. Environmental ethics believe that humans are a
part of society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and animals. These items are
a very important part of the world and are considered to be a functional part of human life. Thus, it
is essential that every human being respect and honour this and use morals and ethics when dealing
with these creatures.

Body
Importance of environmental ethics in current times
 The main focus of Ethics has been human rights since time immemorial. However, with
industrial revolution and increased globalization and burgeoning population, the negative
externalities of growth and development are seen on the environment.
 Present human interference with the non-human world is excessive, and the situation is
rapidly worsening.
 The recently released Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)reveals how human-caused
emissions are altering our planet and what that means for our collective future.
 Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation,

threat of extinction of species are few of the issues from which our planet is suffering.
 New dynamic issues like Environmental Refugees and climate migrants has been on the rise
across the planet.
 Thus, now it’s time to focus on the rights of the environment and its constituent beings
other than humans.
 Environmental ethics, concerned with the issue of responsible personal conduct with respect
to natural landscapes, resources, species, and non-human organisms. It is a cluster of beliefs,
values and norms regarding how humans should interact with the environment.
How Environmental ethics helps in today’s times
 Strengthens Human-environment relationship:
o Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the

world; what constitutes a good life or a good society; and who, where, or what
merits moral standing.
o Thus, it brings us closer and the help us understand the relationship and strengthens
the relationship.
 Environmental Justice to all:
o People living in the economically-advanced sections/ parts use greater amount of

resources and energy per individual and also waste more resources. This is at the
cost of poor people who are resource-deprived.
o Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental

degradation among different regions. For instance, island countries of tropical
region share the most impacts of Climate Change while contributing least to it.
 Focuses on vulnerable sections:
o Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries.
o Moreover, the poor and weaker sections of society are disproportionately affected
by negative effects of climate change.

 Sustainable living and development:
o Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation
o It will help spread awareness among people and thus protect the environment and
reminds us of the moral obligation to preserve environment for the future
generations to come through regulated use of environment
 Focus on Biocentrism:
o Every entity that share the Earth with us have a right to live with dignity and share
the Earth’s resources and living space. Humans have no right to reduce this richness
and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
o Animal welfare is relevant to environmental ethics because animals exist within the
natural environment and thus form part of environmentalists’ concerns.
o It sustains other species as well which is moral responsibility of one species i.e.
humankind towards all others.
 Helps overcome Anthropocentric approach of development:
o Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely

to human beings.
o Thus, an anthropocentric ethic claims that only human beings are morally
considerable in their own right, meaning that all the direct moral obligations we
possess, including those we have with regard to the environment, are owed to our
fellow human beings.
 To tackle global issues:
o Pandemics like Ebola, Zika, MERS, SARS etc. had alerted human species about the
imbalance in relation between humans and Environment.
o Ignorance causing Covid-19 pandemic has almost stopped the world for human
species and has nudged humans to introspect on their relationship with
environment.
Human values needed for better environmental ethics:
Human actions and decision-making choice depend on human values. Strong values always help
reduce the confusion. If these are coherent with the surrounding environment nature and wildlife,
then it will certainly be helpful for sustainable development.
 Empathy: without empathy for all lives, there will always be selectiveness and selfishness
among humans towards different lives. Value of Nurturing and protecting biodiversity.
Making way for flora and fauna to co-exist with us.
 Love: love transcends only human-human interaction. It’s also between other lives and
nature’s beauty.
 Sustainable development: Saving resources for future generation .That is to stop over
exploitation of resources specially exhaustible and non-renewable resources.
 Control over mining, deforestation in the name of “development”

 Minimalistic living: Sacrificing certain comforts for protecting environment. Example-

reduction in use of polluting vehicles for good of all, carpooling, using public transport.
Conclusion
We must realize the biggest value that Earth belongs not only to humans but to other biodiversity
too. Further, protecting this environment for future generation becomes our responsibility as part of
environmental ethics.
The determination of whether an action is moral or not can be a complex and

subjective matter, with different people and cultures having their own interpretations
and standards of ethical behaviour. Examine. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Why the question:
To write in detail about the determinants of Morality of human action.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Introduction:
Begin by saying that Human action is not at free will but determined by various factors.
Body:
Describe how morality of a person’s action varies situationally. Mention various determinants such as
object, circumstances such as person/place/time involved and intention(malafide/bonafide) with an
example each. Cite ethical thinkers to substantiate.
Use a flow chart for better presentation of the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying that there are many obstacles that a person with a fixed moral construct must go
through, which may change his action altogether.
Introduction
A human act is one that proceeds from knowledge and free will. If either adequate knowledge or
freedom is lacking in the act of a person, then that act is not fully human and therefore, not fully
moral.
There are a variety of possible moralities or moral frames of reference, and whether something is
morally right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust, etc. is a relative matter—relative to one or
another morality or moral frame of reference. Something can be morally right relative to one moral
frame of reference and morally wrong relative to another.
Body
Determinants of judging an action
 Nature of the action: Ethicality depends upon the fundamental nature of action itself. For
instance, murder is an unethical act in itself and it cannot be justified by any intention or
under any circumstances. On the other hand, acts like polluting the environmentare

unethical but it can be justified if its within ecological limits and used for good purpose like
rural electrification.
 Intention: Intention behind an action must be ethical and only then, the action can be
possible ethical. If intention is wrong, no action can be ethical even if the action is good in
itself. For instance, charitydone for vested interests by unscrupulous NGOs is unethical even
if its charity. On the other hand, breaking a traffic rulecan be ethical if a policeman does it to
catch a criminal.
 Circumstances: Ethics is dynamic and hence, sometimes circumstances decide whether an

action is ethical or not. For instance, democracyand citizen-centric governance is ethical
governance but during times of war, martial lawcan be ethically justified and hence,
provided under the Indian Constitution. We consider breaking of traffic rules as highly
unethical but if you are taking a sick person to hospital, then the golden hour must not be
missed and one cannot comply with traffic rules when a life is at stake.
Conclusion
To be ethically good, a human act must agree with the norm of morality on all three counts; in its
nature, its motive, and its circumstances. Departure from any of these makes the action morally
wrong.
The moral and ethical values that were envisioned by the builders of independent India
are still relevant and important today. By embracing these values, we can build a more
inclusive, transparent, and prosperous society. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
To write about the values envisaged by the founding fathers of India and the need to preserve them.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Introduction:
Start by mentioning the major values envisaged by the founding father of India.
Body:
First, write about the rationale behind such values and how they continue to be relevant in the
present times. Cite examples to substantiate.
Next, write about the impact they could create on the present times and help use address challenges
of today.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
The five principal pillars of envisaged by founding father of India are, Nation-building, Democratic
institution-building, Secularism, Democratic Socialist economics, and a Novel foreign policy (Non-
alignment, Panchsheel) still form the cardinal values of India.
Body
Values envisaged by builders of Independent India
 Constitution of India: The Founding fathers came up with a constitutional scheme

guaranteeing rights that included freedom of speech, religionand equality of all people.
o It also allowed for affirmative actionin favor of those who were historically
marginalized.
 A secular state: India’s diversity invariably called for a secular state. Though the principle of
secularism is different, it is suitably adapted to the needs of India. It has been working
successfully all these years.
 Universal adult franchise: From the very start, post-Independent India had universal adult
franchise without discrimination against women. Even western nations didn’t have it until
late and India can take great pride in this matter.
 Allowing for a formal separation of powers:There is a federal set up with clear separation of
power with features to become unitary without amending the constitution. This model also
has worked well for India which needs a strong Centre for its unity and integrity.
 Building of institutions (industrial, educational, medical) that heralded progress, and the
unleashing of knowledge and communication sectors that tied India beneficially to the world
economy.
 Non-alignment: India’s foreign policy has helped it maneuver through tough times and have
space for strategic autonomy when the world was mired in cold war. Even today this is very
relevant.
The role of value in addressing present day challenges
 The successes and failures of the earlier generations in post-independent India have
provided the nation with the pathways to address the challenges of the future.
 For one, it is clear thatneither a statist nor a market-only emphasis on development and
growth is ideal.
o India mustcontinue policies, framed in the 1990s, of allowing entrepreneurial

energies to flourish while relying on comprehensive welfare with a rights
approach, which was given impetus in the late 2000s, to help utilize its
demographic potential.
 In the early years of Independence, many modern institutions of higher education, industry
and health care were built and enduredbut India missed out on a strong focus
on primary health-care and education, a weakness that has led to the persistence of
poverty and social marginalization on the basis of caste.
 A bottom-up approach to development that should focus on building capabilities of the

citizenry throughboth affirmative actions and state responsiveness would lead to better
release of productive forces in the economy.
 States getting more fiscal latitude and local governments being empowered to implement
programs could go a long way in achieving this.

 As the world transits towards a new industrial revolution in its reliance on technologies such
as 5G, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, robotics, and green technologies,India
must embark upon building significant capabilities in these in a way that does not just result
in a few corporations gaining but which allows for more gainful employment and
diversification of the economy.
 In external relations, while India must continue to skilfully navigatethe contradictions

emerging in the international order with an emphasis on its interests, it should not disavow
the time-tested adherence to values — of non-interference, building an equanimous world
order and striving for peace — that allowed it to emerge as a leader of the non-aligned
world.
Conclusion
India has come a long way since 1947 in finding its footing among the comity of nations, but there
still needs a lot more distance to be travelled in fulfilling the promise that Pandit Nehru spoke of, on
the eve of Independence. India’s Independence generation was clear that freedom from British rule
was meaningless without a constitutional order that governs a democratic system predicated on
social justice, equality and unity in diversity as these were the promises that gained them the
intellectual ballast and the support of the people to overcome colonialism. India’s progress in the
21st century would depend upon the re-ignition of these values.
The simplicity and clarity of the utilitarian approach is attractive because it provides a
clear guideline for making ethical decisions. Critically examine. (150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Tough
Why the question:
To write about the philosophy of Utilitarianism and the way it resolves moral issues.
Introduction:
Begin by defining the philosophy of Utilitarianism in brief.
Body:
In your own words, explain that Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that
foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed
toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the
betterment of society as a whole.
Next, write a critique of utilitarianism.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of
people in a society or a group. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that
foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed
toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the
betterment of society as a whole.
Body
Concept of Utilitarianism
Greatest good of the greatest number, was famously given by Jeremy Bentham, the father of
utilitarianism. Bentham’s fundamental axiom, which underlies utilitarianism, was that all social
morals and government legislation should aim for producing the greatest happiness for the greatest
number of people. Utilitarianism, therefore, emphasizes the consequences or ultimate purpose of an
act rather than the character of the actor, the actor’s motivation, or the particular circumstances
surrounding the act. It has these characteristics:
 Universality, because it applies to all acts of human behaviour, even those that appear to be
done from altruistic motives;
 Objectivity, meaning it operates beyond individual thought, desire, and perspective;
 Rationality, because it is not based in metaphysics or theology; and
 Quantifiability in its reliance on utility.
Welfarism is the view that only the welfare (also called well-being) of individuals determines the
value of an outcome.
Specifically, from a welfarist perspective, good consequences are those which increase well-being in
the world, while bad consequences are those which decrease it. Philosophers use the term well-
being to describe everything that is good for a person in itself, as opposed to things only
instrumentally good for a person. For example, money can buy many useful things and is thus good
for a person instrumentally, but it is not a component of their well-being.
Utilitarianism and decision making in Government
 In its political philosophy, utilitarianism bases the authority of government and the sanctity
of individual rights upon their utility, thus providing an alternative to theories of natural law,
natural rights, or social contract.
 What kind of government is best thus becomes a question of what kind of government has
the best consequences—an assessment that requires factual premises regarding human
nature and behaviour.
 In economic policy, the early utilitarians had tended to oppose governmental interference in
trade and industry on the assumption that the economy would regulate itself for the
greatest welfare if left alone;
 Later utilitarians, however, lost confidence in the social efficiency of private enterprise and
were willing to see governmental power and administration used to correct its abuses.
Limitations
 A limitation of utilitarianism is that it tends to create a black-and-white construct of

morality. In utilitarian ethics, there are no shades of gray—either something is wrong or it is
right.
 Utilitarianism also cannot predict with certainty whether the consequences of our actions
will be good or bad—the results of our actions happen in the future.
 Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values like justice and individual rights.
For example, say a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ
transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the
hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of his one life. This
would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number. But few would consider
it an acceptable course of action, let alone an ethical one.
Conclusion
Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism because it rests on the idea that it is the consequences
or results of actions, laws, policies, etc. that determine whether they are good or bad, right or
wrong. In general, whatever is being evaluated, we ought to choose the one that will produce the
best overall results. In the language of utilitarians, we should choose the option that “maximizes
utility,” i.e. that action or policy that produces the largest amount of good.
By identifying their most important values and ranking them in order of importance,
individuals can make decisions that reflect their personal values and aspirations.
Elaborate. (150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2023. Secure.
Key Demand of the question: To write about taking decision and overcoming conflicts by having a
hierarchy of values.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context regarding conflicts in decision making.
Body:
First, write about the ways conflicts impact decision making and its outcome – delays, improper
decision making, dereliction of duty etc.
Next, write about how having a set of hierarchy of virtues can help in resolving conflicts.
Conclusion:
Introduction
There are many putative virtues, and they often appear to conflict: courage against prudence, love
against fidelity. honesty against kindness, loyalty against common decency. Such conflicts raise
questions about the coherence of the list of traits called virtues. And even when those traits coincide
rather than conflict, as when both love and prudence recommend marriage. coherence is a problem
because the question of motive is almost always significant.
Body
Hierarchy of values is an illusion
Isiah Berlin came up with the concept of Value Pluralism. Hierarchy of values is impossible. The
conflict and ethical dilemma always occurs because the virtues are incompatible with each other
sometimes. That does not mean one can rank these virtues and use this hierarchy to solve the
problems. For example, liberty is not just distinct from equality, justice or compassion but is in
some ways in unavoidable conflict with them. You can’t have everything: ‘freedom for the wolves

has often meant death for the sheep’, he writes. In addition, Berlin argues that irreducible diversity
and confrontation between moral ends is ubiquitous rather than exceptional within our own lives
and in our social interactions. And, finally, we are told that the idea that there exists some absolute
and universal moral yardstick that permits us to rank human values and ideals and resolve moral
disagreement is an illusion.
Conclusion
Some societies may give higher priority to equality while some in West may give significance of
liberty. Decisions involving moral turpitude requires careful circumstantial evidence before taking
any decision. Value systems of people differs in different societies and must be taken into
cognizance. There cannot be a Universal hierarchy of virtues. In fact, some may think in utilitarian
terms, and some may think of individual justice. There is no one size fits all approach here.
Environmental integrity is essential for ensuring the well-being of both humans and the
natural environment. Discuss. (250 words)
Why the question:
To write about environmental integrity, its features and its importance.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by defining ‘environmental integrity’.
Body:
In the first part, write about the various features of environmental integrity and its dimensions.
Next, write about the importance of environmental integrity and cite examples to substantiate your
points.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Environmental integrity is a condition where the natural processes of a place occur with the
strength and frequency expected in the region. Places with environmental integrity experience
normal patterns of rainfall, fires, and other processes and contain ecosystems that house the living
and non-living species native to the area.
“Environmental integrity” is often used in legal and philosophical writing to refer to an undisturbed
state of natural conditions. These are circumstances in which plant, animal, and human life can
continue freely. Living beings can receive all of the resources essential to their growth and
reproduction, such as water, food, and shelter.
Body
The concept of environmental integrity in philosophy was developed in the early twentieth century
by a philosopher and ecologist named Aldo Leopold. His seminal “land ethic” philosophy looked at

the holistic relationship between living beings, with homo sapiens as mere members of the land
community.
Food webs, nutrient cycling, natural disturbances, and other natural processes have to be present to
allow animal and plant species to thrive, reproduce, and populate the area naturally. Any human
activity that disturbs the development of a healthy natural system negatively impacts the notion of
environmental integrity.
This very intersection between human activity and environmental integrity is an area of continued
contention. Humans have exploited the natural environment, particularly in the past few centuries,
for their survival at the cost of other plant and animal lives. We’ve turned forests into farms and
wetlands into housing projects with almost no regard for the health of the environment.
Conclusion
Establishing a balance between the well-being of humans and other living beings in the
environment is the key objective of environmental integrity. As some writers have argued, it’s
morally important for the environment to remain intact for all living beings, including humans. Only
then can the environment have positive instrumental value for all of its inhabitants.
From an ethical standpoint, the philosophy of contentment values the importance of

living a balanced and fulfilling life, and recognizes that excessive desire and materialism
can have negative impacts not only on individuals, but also on society as a whole.
Examine. (150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Tough
Why the question:
To write about the philosophy of contentment, its applicability in the modern day.
Introduction:
Begin by defining the philosophy of contentment in brief.
Body:
Write about the importance of contentment – Contentment means to be happy with what you have,
who you are, and where you are. It is respecting the reality of the present. It is appreciating what you
do have and where you are in life.
Next, write about the critique of contentment and how it can negatively impact. Cite suitable
examples to substantiate the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a balanced opinion.
Introduction
Contentment means satisfaction to be happy with what you have, who you are, and where you
are. It is respecting the reality of the present. It is appreciating what you do have and where you are
in life. Contentment does not mean the absence of desire; it just means you are satisfied with your
present, and you trust that the turns your life takes will be for the best.
Body
Many people today think life is a race where you must be the best at everything. We might want a
fancier car, a bigger house, a better-earning job, or more money. The moment we achieve one thing,
the race for the next thing starts. Rarely do many individuals spare a minute to just sit back, relax,
and be grateful for all they have achieved. Instead of looking back at the distance they have
covered, they stretch themselves to cover the distance that remains. And in some cases, this is
when ambition becomes greed.
There is often a fine line between ambition and greed. People may think that when they have
achieved all they need for their dream lifestyle, they will be satisfied with what they have—but this
is rarely the case. Even after you have ticked off all the achievements from your list, you still don’t
feel at ease. There may remain an uneasy feeling that something is still missing. That missing feeling
is Satisfaction or contentment.
Contentment can help us distinguish between wants and needs. When we are content, we may not
desire for anything more than what we need. The abundance of the present is enough to lead a
happy and healthy life. Contentment often leads to the realization that joy doesn’t come from
material things. Instead, joy comes from deep within. A state of contentment leads to a state of well-
being and happiness. Humanity has been in pursuit of the elusive state of happiness or bliss for
centuries.
There is no downside to being content. However, one must not confuse contentment with zero
ambitions or the zeal to achieve and become better every day. Contentment is not lethargy or lack
of purpose. The Buddha emphasized the ‘middle way’. And people often propose the value of
‘nothing in excess’. So, ambition and satisfaction are not mutually exclusive. Make time every day
to just be content and make time every day to reflect on what you want to do to make the world a
better place, in your own way.
Conclusion
If we wish to feel the essence of contentment, it’s important to practice gratitude, be aware of the
fact that nothing is permanent, understand that material things do not often promote long-term
happiness, and realize that life is not a race or competition: it is about self-sustenance. The more
thankful we are in the present, the happier we may be.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.” – Aristotle
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote.
Body:
Write about difference that people say one thing and do not follow it up with action. Mentions that
practising what one preaches is the hallmark of one’s character. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Introduction
“Virtues are formed in man by his doing the actions,” Aristotle said. The writer Will Durant
interpreted it thusly: “We are what we repeatedly do… therefore excellence is not an act, but a
habit.”

This aphoristic observation echoes a post-Victorian meme of hard work, repetition, diligence. These
are also a form of back-handed jibe against the one-off, the single flash of brilliance, the moment in
the sun. Excellence, in Aristotle’s characterisation, has something of the Zen thinking of a
thousand years later: repetition, honing and persistence. Indeed, one could even argue that the
pursuit of excellence is as important as achieving excellence.
Body
Our character, basically, is a composite of our habits. Because they are consistent, often unconscious
patterns, habits constantly express our character and produce our effectiveness – or our in
effectiveness.
In other words, Excellence isn’t this thing you do one time. It’s a way of living. It’s foundational. It’s
like an operating system and the code this system operates on is habit.
As Epictetus would later say, “capability is confirmed and grows in its corresponding actions, walking
by walking, and running by running… therefore, if you want to do something, make a habit of it.” So
if we want to be happy, if we want to be successful, if we want to be great, we have to develop the
capability, we have to develop the day-to-day habits that allow this to ensue.
Excellence is what that has been continuously overcome the constraints and loopholes. It is neither a
one top shot nor embracing a zenith rather its reaching to a state where you balance your deeds,
duty and authority. Example: Nelson Mandela was in island jail for 27 years and then he became the
president of South Africa.
Conclusion
In todays’ modern world where competition is the only means of survival good habits come in
handy. Economic uncertainty, Personal adversity these things can sink you or they can be
opportunities to improve. They can be obstacles you triumph over or setbacks that bring you to your
knees. Habits answer that question. If you can cultivate good habits, you can survive—even thrive
on—what lies ahead. If you relapse and fall to the level of your worst habits, these hard times will
only be harder.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Truth is ever to be found in
simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things.” – Isaac Newton
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about
importance of truth.
Body:
Write about facts can be manipulated and manufactures to suits the narrative. Give examples of
justify your points. Mention that despite facts may point to different things generally the truth is only
one.
Conclusion:

Introduction
A fact is something that’s indisputable, based on empirical research and quantifiable measures.
Facts go beyond theories. They’re proven through calculation and experience, or they’re something
that definitively occurred in the past.
Truth is entirely different; it may include fact, but it can also include belief. Oftentimes, people will
accept things as true because they fall closer to their comfort zones, are assimilated easily into their
comfort zones, or reflect their preconceived notions of reality.
Body
Firstly, truths are not necessarily facts and facts are not necessarily true however this does not
mean that they cannot coexist. A great example of oppression where the truths and facts are worlds
apart is when opposition parties use facts for their propaganda. For instance, at one point in time,
50% Indians were vaccinated with one dose while 20% were given two doses. The opposition party
stated that only 20% were fully vaccinated while the government said that 50% of Indians were
vaccinated. Both are facts, but the truth is based on how the facts were perceived.
The difference between fact and truth is that fact is something that exists in real form, while Truth is
the true state of a particular thing or a matter like a person, place, animal or thing. Well, facts are
things that can be seen visually and can be verified properly. Fact is indisputable while truth is
acceptable. To call something a fact is, presumably, to make a claim that it is true. This isn’t a
problem for many things, although defending such a claim can be harder than you think.
Truth used to be an absolute. In today’s world, it feels less so. While facts have always been cherry-
picked to make an argument stand, the ability to see and understand the context of those facts used
to be more of a constant.
In this post-truth era, perception is real, truth is not. Here, one chooses the narrative first and the
facts will follow. And the data will meekly fit into the groove because, like water, it takes the shape
of the container in which the narrative is served. Once you have picked your own narrative, you have
chosen your own truth, a truth untainted by objective reality.
Conclusion
From an endless stream of political misinformation to inescapable lies on social media, the signs that
we are living in a post-truth world are hard to ignore. Thus, there must be earnest efforts to ensure
that truth is upheld despite many facts.
True wealth is not measured by material possessions or luxury, but by the contentment
and happiness that come from within. Elaborate.
Why the question:
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by defining contentment.

Body:
Write about the how contentment is natural wealth and importance of contentment. Substantiate
with examples.
Next, write about Luxury is artificial poverty and how running behind riches of life will not lead to
satisfaction. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Contentment means to be happy with what you have, who you are, and where you are. It is
respecting the reality of the present. It is appreciating what you do have and where you are in life.
Contentment does not mean the absence of desire; it just means you are satisfied with your present,
and you trust that the turns your life takes will be for the best.
It can be contended that contentment is the natural wealth and luxury is artificial poverty. A state of
contentment leads to a state of well-being and happiness. Humanity has been in pursuit of the
elusive state of happiness or bliss for centuries.
Body
Many people today think life is a race where you must be the best at everything. We might want a
fancier car, a bigger house, a better-earning job, or more money. The moment we achieve one thing,
the race for the next thing starts. Rarely do many individuals spare a minute to just sit back, relax,
and be grateful for all they have achieved. Instead of looking back at the distance they have
covered, they stretch themselves to cover the distance that remains. And in some cases, this is
when ambition becomes greed.
There is often a fine line between ambition and greed. People may think that when they have
achieved all they need for their dream lifestyle, they will be satisfied with what they have—but this
is rarely the case. Even after you have ticked off all the achievements from your list, you still don’t
feel at ease. There may remain an uneasy feeling that something is still missing. That missing feeling
is contentment.
Contentment can help us distinguish between wants and needs. When we are content, we may not
desire for anything more than what we need. The abundance of the present is enough to lead a
happy and healthy life. Contentment often leads to the realization that joy doesn’t come from
material things. Instead, joy comes from deep within.
Conclusion
If we wish to feel the essence of contentment, it’s important to practice gratitude, be aware of the
fact that nothing is permanent, understand that material things do not often promote long-term
happiness, and realize that life is not a race or competition: it is about self-sustenance. The more
thankful we are in the present, the happier we may be.
While moral philosophy can provide a useful framework for understanding ethics, it is
important to recognize that popular morality and moral attitudes can also play a
significant role in shaping our ethical beliefs and behaviours. Discuss. (150 words)
Why the question:
Directive word:
Introduction:
Start by elaborating on the concept of popular morality.
Body:
Write about aspects such as what is accepted within the realms of popular morality, is it static and
based on cultural notions and dictums. Cite examples
Next, mention differing of popular morality from the theories of moral philosophers – substantiate
with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating a balanced opinion.
Introduction
Popular morality refers to norms and values that are acceptable by majority of the populace in a
particular place or region. There may be a significant number of people who may have different
practices, yet the societal practice would be that of the majority. Eg: Wearing hijab by minority
community leading to clashes in Karnataka.
Body
Popular morality and theories of philosophers

Sometimes popular morality may overshadow individual rights and even go against philosophies of
equality and justice. For instance, entry into Sabarimala temple was upheld for women of all ages,
but yet those women who tried to enter were assaulted and needed police protection. This Supreme
Court judgement was not acceptable by the people. Moreover it did not matter that, those actions
were against the notion of gender equality.
The very purpose of rights is to place the subject of an individual’s liberty and dignity beyond the
reach of majoritarian governments. This is so that constitutional morality can assure the rights,
among others, of “discrete and insular” minorities.
Popular morality sometimes aims to mainstream the majority culture. For example, the ban on
LGBTQ and criminalisation of their relations for many hundred years is a case in point. No
government would legalize such courtships as they lack gumption and fear losing vote banks. Hence
Courts had to step up to protect rights of LGBTQ.
Even today the Dalit community is being segregated and discriminated against. This goes against
everything that stands for equality. Cases of Dalit groom not allowed to ride a horse for baraat, Dalit
women being raped shows the atrocities of majority over Dalits. Sometimes popular morality can
lead to violence.
Conclusion
The government in power must balance the competing needs of legal development and the
satisfaction of popular justice concerns. In a conservative society like that of India, behaviour nudge
can lead to acceptance of minority norms and value. Live and Let Live must become a practice. As a

society we must embrace popular morality while giving space for dissonance, so that we become a
generally tolerant society.
It is essential for leaders to maintain their ethical principles, as they serve as a guide for decision-
making and help to establish trust and credibility with stakeholders. Analyse. (150 words)

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
To understand the various roles and responsibilities of a leader and the importance of ethics in their
work domain
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Introduction:
Begin by defining what is leadership along with few traits of a good leader.
Body:
Highlight the need for an ethical leader in the present context of rising scams and blind race against
mere monetary gains of businesses. Give few examples highlighting cases of leadership with and
without ethics and its impact on the organisation as well as the society.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the above points highlighting the need for ethical leadership
Introduction
From a collective perspective, leaders can inspire those around them to behave ethically. By setting
an example and giving the direction for ethical behaviour, others will observe and act similarly. In
this way, ethical leaders can positively influence many others, presenting them with a set of actions
that they can adopt for the greater good.
Body
Traits of ethical leadership
 Honesty: Honesty makes ethical leaders worthy of the trust others place in them. It means
leaders commit to presenting facts as they are, playing fair with competitors, and
communicating honestly with others.
 Justice: To be fair means to treat everyone equally, offer opportunities with no favouritism, and
condemn improper behaviours and manipulations, as well as any other actions that could harm
someone.
 Respect: Ethical leaders respect others around them, regardless of their position or identifying
characteristics. This means they listen to each stakeholder, foster inclusion, and value diversity.
 Integrity: Integrity is shown when values, words, and actions are aligned and consistent. It is not
enough to talk the talk; one has to walk the walk to demonstrate integrity.
 Responsibility: Responsibility means accepting to be in charge, embracing the power and duties
that come with it, and always responding and being present in challenging situations.

 Transparency: Transparency concerns mainly the communication with all stakeholders. It means
keeping an open dialogue, accepting feedback, and disclosing the information others need to
deliver their work.
Importance for ethical leadership for leaders
Gandhiji showed the world by attaining freedom for India that only truth and non-violence can help
achieve even the most impossible targets. He led by example and demonstrated the power of the
principles he followed during non-cooperation movement, the Dandi March and Quit India
movement.
Nelson Mandela, another leader sacrificed his life for the sake of South Africa and was jailed for 27
years. He never lost his focus on the vision of Independence and gave everything he had to ensure
the same.
Abraham Lincoln’s existence on this planet was a true gift for humanity. His fight for equality and
the will to bring people together for the greater good was as astounding today as unimaginable
then.
However, there are multiple challenges for ethical leadership in today’s world like the rise of
‘jingoistic nationalism’, Increasing encroachment of the private sphere by a ‘surveillance state’
through the abuse of digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence systems, The global retreat of
democracies, relegation of the ethical imperative to an obsessive pursuit of raw power as an end in
itself, a crisis of institutional legitimacy, and the challenge of forging a political consensus needed for
hard but necessary decisions interrogate the proclaimed assumptions of democratic resilience.
Traits necessary for a leader in today’s era

 In a reshaped world, formal authority is less potent. Only moral authority can build trust, inspire
colleagues, create meaning and help people imagine a better future.
 Leadership in today’s world should consist of an approach which is open and transparent.
 Leaderships goals and visions should be communicated fast and effectively.
 Everyone then has time to think about how they fit into the changes which are going to be
made.
 Leaders today must also listen to and hear everyone’s input and solutions, including our youth.
Conclusion
Ethical leadership is of great importance. A good leader is followed, but a moral leader is respected
and trusted. In ethical leadership, leaders are supposed to lead their peers by their own ethical
activities. Behaving in an honest, ethical, and unselfish manner is pivotal in setting examples for
others.
while it is true that moral norms are primarily aspirational and prescriptive, it is also important to
recognise their functional and descriptive aspects. Discuss. (150 words)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
To write about the nature of moral norms.
Directive:
Introduction:
Start by explaining moral norms.
Body:
First, explain as to how moral norms are aspirational and prescriptive – contains ideals, principles
and policies which are sensitive to positive outcomes, action-based, and focused on what we should
do.
Next, explain as to how moral norms are functional and descriptive – people’s beliefs about as
values, which actions are right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a balanced opinion regarding moral norms.
Introduction
Moral norms are an element of social consciousness. Moral norms are aspirational and prescriptive
rather than functional and descriptive—they often paint the “what ought to be” rather than the
“what is.” Hence morality becomes an impossible expectation while the reality will be immorality.
War and violence are considered as immoral. But Russian attack on Ukraine, the mindless killing of
civilians and soldiers defies every moral norm. Hence, they remain aspirational.
Body
Moral norms are a kind of standard by which social behavior is evaluated (positively or negatively).
Their obligatory or prohibitive force is based on the influences of social thought and of existing
habits and traditions.
There is a stark difference between idealism and realism. Idealistic society is almost unattainable. If
every human being abides by moral norms, there would be no need for law, police or
government. It is for this reason moral norms are termed aspirational. It prescribes a set of rules,
standards, values and beliefs that are right. These norms may vary from society to society.
Sometimes they may not conform to the law as well. Eg: Taliban’s difficult conditions over women in
Afghanistan seems dysfunctional but it emanated from their moral values.
It is for these reasons; moral norms are said to be functional and descriptive. What can be
collectively agreed upon as right or wrong. What is justice or fairness in the society is decided by
what can be put into practice. That is, in other words functional. For instance, murder is immoral
and illegal. It can go one step further and describe it as killing is illegal except when in self defence.
Thus, when moral norms become functional (implementable) and descriptive, they generally are
more acceptable by people.
Moral behavior is the mean between two extremes – at one end is excess, at the other deficiency.
Find a moderate position between those two extremes, and you will be acting morally. Aristotle’s
middle path and golden means prescribes the same.
Conclusion
Moral arguments are not won by ascribing moral motives to one side and evil deeds to another.
Moral standing is achieved by understanding difficult choices between competing moral claims and
recognizing that trade-offs and uneasy compromises are often necessary. Ideal way is not

achievable. Hence pragmatism is desiried. This is why Aristotle said, golden means is the best way
forward.
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in
inculcating values.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Integrity is not a conditional word. It
doesn’t blow in the wind or change with the weather. It is your inner image of yourself,
and if you look in there and see a man who won’t cheat, then you know he never
will.” – John D. MacDonald
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and the context in which it was said.
Body:
Write about integrity is a core value that is not subject to change based on external circumstances.
It’s not something that can be turned on or off depending on the situation. Rather, it’s a reflection of
one’s inner character and values. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of this quote in this present day.
Introduction
“In looking for people to hire, look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if
they don’t have the first, the other two will kill you.” (Warren Buffet)
Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles, or moral uprightness. It is
a personal choice to hold one’s self to consistent standards. One can describe a person as having
ethical integrity to the extent that the individual’s actions, beliefs, methods, measures and principles
all derive from a single core group of values. An individual must therefore be flexible and willing to
adjust these values to maintain consistency when these values are challenged such as when an
expected test result is not congruent with all observed outcomes.
Body
Integrity is a four-step process: keeping in mind the aim/ purpose of one’s action or inaction and
acting consistently with that choice—even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable to do so; choosing
the right course of conduct in conformity with moral principles; openly declaring one’s intentions or
where one stands; and results of one’s actions.
In 1964, Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison at Robben Island. He accepted it with
dignity. He knew that overthrowing apartheid called for struggle and sacrifice, and was prepared for
the long walk to freedom.
Ten thousand days in prison failed to break Mandela and he refused to compromise on his beliefs
or leave the struggle midway.

Integrity embraces all qualities
 The civil servants need to be people of absolute integrity because only then they can take
the civil service as a ’vocation’. It strengthens the sense of mission which a civil servant is
supposed to undertake to serve the public; perform duties and fulfil obligations.
 A similar doctrine of vocation was enunciated several thousand years ago by Lord Krishna
in Bhagwad Gita. It has been mentioned there, that ‘’Securing” universal welfare by one’s
action is the ultimate measure of a human being but more so of those who hold the public
office”.
 Civil servants have to set out highest standards of integrity and morality. This requires self-
sacrifice a concept that rises above individualism and ‘hedonism’to create an environment
of public duty among the civil servants. An exemplary civil servant is not simply one who
obeys the laws and behaves within the confines of law but is also one who strives for a
moral government.
 Integrity requires in a civil servant toincorporate the values of honesty, sympathy empathy,
compassion, fairness, self-control and duty so that she/he will be able to uphold high
personal and professional standards in all circumstances.
Integrity can be described as the strength of someone’s honesty and ethical standing. A person
with strong integrity is less likely to be influenced by those of a lesser moral value. You can
have honesty without integrity, but you cannot have integrity without honesty.
For instance, a person finds a wallet on the side of the road pick it up and takes it for himself. When
questioned by a family member as to who the wallet belongs the person states his intention that he
found it and intends to keep it. The person is exhibiting the trait of honesty but not integrity as he
makes no effort to return the wallet to the rightful owner. He is stealing essentially even if he is been
honest.
Honesty is about telling the truth, both in word and deed. Integrity goes a bit further. It means being
true to who you are, what you say, and what you believe. And doing so even when no one is
around to see.
For instance, before students enter the taekwondo training floor, they bow to the national flags kept
there as a sign of respect. But even when no one is around a person of integrity bows. Integrity
demands that you make that sign of respect, that bow, even if no one in the world is around to see
you do it.
Thus, integrity is not just being in sync with your beliefs only, but it is all about being in line with
Truth, even when none is watching you.
Conclusion
Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and consistent commitment to honour moral,

ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. Integrity compels us to be socially conscious and
to welcome both personal and professional responsibility. Its values encourage us to be honest in all
our dealings and committed to a lifelong search for truth and justice. It requires self-discipline and
will power capable of resisting temptation. Its priceless reward is peace of mind and true dignity.
There’s one proviso, no one can guarantee that his or her particular version of integrity is actually
sound and true, and not misguided.

What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Moral courage is not the absence of
fear, but the triumph over it.” – Nelson Mandela
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Emphasize that moral courage is not the absence of fear, but the ability to overcome fear in order to
do what is right and just. It is about standing up for your beliefs and values, even when it is difficult,
uncomfortable, or even dangerous to do so. By triumphing over fear, one can demonstrate their
strength, integrity, and commitment to their principles. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of this quote in this present day.
Introduction
Courage refers to “setting up your mind and having the willingness to face danger or any difficulty
with spirit”. Courage is a mental and moral strength. It is willpower to get victory over dangerous or
hard situations. The other term s which can be used in place of courage are bravery ,spirit, power,
etc.
Courage is being prepared to make the tough decisions and taking responsibility for them, but that is
too simple definition as it is believed that it is much broader than this, so here are some of the key
criteria that consider being critical.
Body
According to Mandela, courage means there is no presence of fear but to get victory over odds. A
man can be brave not when he doesn’t feel fear or is not afraid of anyone or anything, but at the
time, when he conquers or get victory over their fear.
Courage is defined as the bravery to confront danger, uncertainty. Moral courage is the ability to act
correctly in a situation of opposition. Physical courage is a willingness to face the situation of
physical pain. Fear of something isn’t something negative to feel you just need to have the courage
to deal with it to get positivity. Courage doesn’t mean the absence of fear but it’s an attempt to
conquer fear.
To face reality: A successful man has to ensure that he can face the realities of the situation, as a
false view can create complacency when serious remedial action may be needed. For example: Anne
Frank and her family living in secret and quiet to hide from the Nazis.
To rely on others: You can’t do it all yourself no matter how much of a control freak you are. It takes
courage to rely on other people to do what is needed to drive your success as well as their own, but
delegation is a key to success, not only by sharing the load, but also by enabling people to be trusted
and challenged so that they can learn, grow and develop. For example: Taking a stand against an
unfair social or economic practice.
To question the status quo: In most of the countries, people who followed status quo and those
who are seen to protect the status quo than for those who are creative and who are prepared to

question those things that are considered untouchables. For example: All those who have fought
and who fight today for civil rights and equal rights.
To test the boundaries: Courageous person has to tell his people that he trust them to do the job
that he have asked them to do and that they should be courageous enough to test their boundaries,
at adverse times. For example: Standing up for a person who is being picked on.
To live by and enforce the values: It is not enough to talk about the values, not even if you have
them carved into stone; you also have to live by them and to ensure that so does every member of
the team, especially the top performers. For example: Women and men who put their lives and
reputations on the line fighting for voting rights for women.
To take decisions: Procrastination is easy, and one can always justify holding off on a decision
because of a heavy workload, but the longer you hold off on taking a decision the more the situation
can deteriorate. Have the courage to make a decision and then commit to it. For example: Military
personnel and their families defending the freedom of the India.
Conclusion
Courage is a choice that we can make over fear. Being courageous does not mean that we are not
afraid. Being courageous means we are fearful but you choose to face our fears and take a step
forward.
Children develop their sense of morality, values, and ethics based on the guidance they
receive from their parents or caregivers. Elaborate. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about the role of family in providing emotional and ethical foundation to their children.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin the answer by mentioning the role of family in inculcating values in children.
Body:
First, write about family as an institution of socialization for a person is his/her family. Since values
have an affective component, family plays a major role in an individual subscribing to certain values.
Mention as to how these lay foundation to strong emotional and ethical foundation in children’s life.
Next, write about the importance of above.
Conclusion:
Introduction
If there is one cohesive, cementing force at the heart of traditional Indian society it is our family
system. It is a single, powerful strand which for centuries, has woven the tapestry of our rich, social
fabric replete with diversity, into a whole.
Sachin Tendulkar’s emotional farewell speech during his retirement highlighted how important the
role of family, friends and teachers is in the journey to a successful career.

Body
Role of parents in transforming children
 Despite changing values, the concept of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’(world is one family) is

ingrained well in our minds, especially in India.
 Cohesive society: One of the main advantages of a joint family system is the strong bonding
it creates among siblings and other members of the family even while providing a sense of
security to the children.
 Virtues: It is believed that children who grow up in an extended family with grandparents,
aunts, uncles and cousins will imbibe the qualities of sharing, caring, empathy and
understanding.
 Emotional intelligence: The bonding and bonhomie one finds in close knit joint families has
a positive impact on the emotional quotient of children.
 Caring for the old: Family values play an important role in shaping the outlook of people.
Respect and care for elders are among the central principles in Indian family system.
 Unity: It should also be remembered that the family system creates a strong bond of unity at
an early age, paves the way for social cohesion and in a broader sense promotes national
unity.
 Morals: Adopting our age-old philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which embodies the
spirit of humanism, compassion, magnanimity and tolerance, family becomes the basic
building block of a harmonious, inclusive society.
 Peaceful world view: Family can shape the world view, foster and reinforce the value
system of the individuals and therefore, consequently, be the warp and weft of a
sustainable, peaceful, inclusive, prosperous world.
Conclusion
Children who grow up in an extended family not only imbibe qualities of tolerance, patience,
democratic attitude of accepting others’ viewpoints, but also develop sportsman’s spirit while
playing with siblings and cousins. Various age-old traditions, customs and ways of living are all
products of family system. In fact, the family system lays the seeds for social cohesion and
democratic thinking.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Evil prevails when good men fail to
act.” – Benjamin Franklin
Introduction
Inaction is a bigger sin than trying to act in certain situation.
“The price of inaction is far greater than the cost of making a mistake.”
If we were to find a toddler drowning in a bathtub, we would feel morally obliged to act and to save
her life, particularly because doing so would not require us to assume any significant risk to
ourselves. Inaction in this case would be morally wrong and unjustifiable. This illustrates the fact
that inaction is not morally neutral; it requires justification.

Body
Inaction in any sector, any field or space can be very detrimental. All nations of UNSC not taking
action against Russia for waging unjust war on Ukraine is a case in point. The human-kind as a whole
is suffering and yet no one wants to get involved. Fighting climate change, terrorism requires active
participation from all nations, yet inaction is evident as we see flash floods, droughts, heat waves
etc.
Same is the case with animal testing for research purpose, it is an ethical dilemma to test drugs and
cosmetics on lab rats. But certain lifesaving drugs needs to be tested on animals before human trials.
However, we are violating ethics by infringing rights of animals by imposing cruelty on them.
On the other hand, if one accepts the immense benefits of the work to the health of animals and
humans alike, then the only way to oppose it is by arguing the case that all living beings have the
same basic rights. Certainly, if a mouse has the same rights to life and freedom as a human being, we
would not experiment on the mouse for the same reasons we do not experiment on healthy
humans.
Conclusion
Morality and ethics have grey areas and at times it is impossible to overcome the dilemma as either
choices would lead to moral turpitude. Yet, values such as compassion, empathy, honesty and
integrity help in aiding us to take the right decisions. To act or not to act is a challenge and the
above values can guide one better.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “The truth is incontrovertible. Malice
may attack it, ignorance may deride it, but in the end, there it is.” – Winston Churchill.

Why the question:
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the quote in your word.
Body:
The sun sets, but we all know it will rise again in the morning. The moon rises when the sun sets and
sets when the sun reappears. In other words, something that exists can be hidden for a certain period
of time, but it will always reappear and the truth is the same. You can manipulate, distort the truth,
hide it, but at some point, the truth will be known. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasising on the importance of leading a truthful life.
Introduction
“Truth will out” also captures the essence of the above quote

This quote says that the truth is a stubborn thing. It says that people won’t always appreciate the
truth. It says that some will attack it with malice in their hearts and minds. It says that some will
deride it because of their lack of understanding.
But still, the truth remains. There it is. Unwanted, unappreciated, unwelcome. But it just won’t go
away.
Body
Honesty, or telling the truth the first time and every time, is important because without a reputation
for honesty, who could possibly belive you when you are in need of help? Honesty, and a reputation
for the lack of it, is the moral of “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” story.
While honesty is but one aspect of character, a lack of honesty will impune the entirety of your
character. Who can believe any statement or rumor of virtue when it is told by a known liar?
Eventually, the truth will be known, but the reputation of the liar will delay the revealing of the good
while it will hasten the revelation of the lies. Remember that trust is the first victim of a lie. Only
afterwards does the reputation fall.
“Nay, indeed, if you had your eyes, you might fail of the knowing me: it is a wise father that knows
his own child. Well, old man, I will tell you news of your son: give me your blessing: truth will come
to light; murder cannot be hid long; a man’s son may, but at the length truth will out.“ (Merchant of
Venice)
It basically means that no matter what one does to cover something up, the truth will eventually
come out. Even the act of covering up the truth reveals that there is a truth being covered up. That
truth is within you.
Conclusion
Truth alone triumphs is in the emblem of India and no matter how trivial or the big the matter is,
truth in all circumstances prevails over falsehood/lies.
The relationship between educational qualifications and good character can be complex
and multifaceted. Examine.
Why the question:
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the various objectives of education.
Body:
Write about how the educational qualifications and good character are not necessarily interlinked.
Mention the role of education should be producing good character and it will impact the society
along with providing livelihood. Also, mention education devoid of good character can be a menace
to the society. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of education in character building.
Introduction
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world,” rightly
said Nelson Mandela who abolished apartheid. Not just soaring grades, prestigious degrees and a
job with hefty salary packages later on in life, education means a lot more than these.
Body
Good Education and character is interlinked
It is school education that shapes a child and develops their character. A good school education is
the key to building social and life skills. School education is something that builds up the edifice of an
individual’s life, shapes one’s life, defines one’s character, morality, ideology, principles, life skills
and everything that is required to lead a life besides decorating one’s career.
Character building is based on six pillars — trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring
and citizenship and all of these can be filled in a child only through adequate education. These
values automatically make them self-sufficient from all respect to face the challenges of life and
contribute to society in some positive way.
It is perhaps in school that a child gets the first taste of success and failure, good manners and bad
habits, friendship and competition, compassion and care, jealousy and arrogance. This is exactly why
primary or elementary education in school disciplines a child and forms the most critical component
of an education system.
Educational qualifications and character are not interlinked
Elon Musk said, “My biggest mistake is probably weighing too much on someone’s talent and not
someone’s personality (character). Your degree is just a piece of paper, your education is seen in
your behavior, attitude and character.
Theodore Roosevelt once said, “To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace
to society.” You cannot hope to build a better world without improving individuals.
One may have the greatest scholarly titles and education and one may be a polymath. All these
accolodes are of no use if one’s character is bad. If a man is not moral or ethical, even the best of the
education is of no use to the society. Hence educational qualification and character need not be
overlinked but a good education definitely leads to good character. Good education thus means
instilling values and moraliity in an individual.
Conclusion
Producing students with good grades is not enough for helping them lead a fruitful life. This is why
more focus needs to be given on preparing students with morals, ethics, soft skills. “Intelligence plus
character — that is the goal of true education”
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Honesty is telling the truth to
ourselves and others. Integrity is living that truth.” – Kenneth H. Blanchard
Why the question:

Introduction:
Body:
Write about being honest with oneself and how its importance in developing character. Elaborate
upon how being honest with oneself results so many benefits for individual morality. Substantiate
with examples.
Next, write about integrity and its role with respect to honesty.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the honesty in the present day.
Introduction
Honesty is not just about telling the truth. It’s about being real with yourself and others about who
you are, what you want and what you need to live your most authentic life. Honesty promotes
openness, empowers us and enables us to develop consistency in how we present the facts. Honesty
sharpens our perception and allows us to observe everything around us with clarity. I
ntegrity is the practice of synchronization of thought, words and actions. It can be correlated to
honesty but unlike honesty it’s more a professional value. It’s related to institution. It advocates
sacrifice of personal gains in favour of organisational objectives.
Integrity is having a strong set of ethical principles, being able to tell the truth no matter the
consequences, admitting to a wrong even if you could get away without doing it. Integrity is about
doing the right thing; it is being incorruptible, honest, and above all, doing all these things when no
one is around to see it.
Body
Integrity can be described as the strength of someone’s honesty and ethical standing. A person with
strong integrity is less likely to be influenced by those of a lesser moral value. You can have honesty
without integrity, but you cannot have integrity without honesty.
For instance a person finds a wallet on the side of the road pick it up and takes it for himself. When
questioned by a family member as to who the wallet belongs the person states his intention that he
found it and intends to keep it. The person is exhibiting the trait of honesty but not integrity as he
makes no effort to return the wallet to the rightful owner. He is stealing essentially even if he is been
honest.
Honesty is telling the truth, both in word and deed. Integrity goes a bit further. It means being
true to who you are, what you say, and what you believe. And doing so even when no one is
around to see.
Integrity is a four-step process: keeping in mind the aim/ purpose of one’s action or inaction and
acting consistently with that choice—even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable to do so; choosing
the right course of conduct in conformity with moral principles; openly declaring one’s intentions or
where one stands; and results of one’s actions.
In 1964, Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison at Robben Island. He accepted it with
dignity. He knew that overthrowing apartheid called for struggle and sacrifice, and was prepared for
the long walk to freedom.

Ten thousand days in prison failed to break Mandela and he refused to compromise on his beliefs
or leave the struggle midway.
Conclusion
Honesty is telling truth to other people, but Integrity is about being truthful to oneself.
‘Civil Service Conduct Rules’ recommends ‘absolute integrity’ for civil servants, irrespective of their
department. Also, every civil servant is supposed to take all possible steps to ensure the integrity of
all government servants for the time being under his control and only be honest but should also
have the reputation of being so. Integrity has been considerably widened by declaring that a civil
servant must keep himself within bounds of administrative decency.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Education without values, as useful
as it is, seems rather to make man a cleverer devil.” – C.S. Lewis
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Elaborate upon the quote and mention the role of education in making a person ethical. Mention the
ways in which education shapes up ethics. Cite examples to substantiate.
Next, write about the counter view that education can also be devoid of ethics and its consequences.
Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Education gives us knowledge and awareness. Knowledge gwes us skill and makes us prepare for our
career, livelihood. Education has multiple roles to play. Education is the proet!is of imbibing external
progressive ideas, thoughts and belief into our internal thinking, which eventually gets reflected in
our action. Role of education is immense towards a moral, ethical and just society. The knowledge
which are supposed to guide students to success may be abused or even misused for malicious acts.
In order to prevent this, a set of values is necessary to guide the use of these knowledge. Values are
principles or standards of behaviour and it is someone’s judgement of what is important in life.
Values are essential in education to prevent students from developing into a manipulative individual.
Body:
In the Vedic period, in Ashram education, the Guru (Teacher) instruct his Sishya (student) to follow
certain values throughout the life. In modern education system, value oriented-education gets
priority over others. It helps to develop scientific temper of mind, large heartedness, co-operation,
tolerance, respect for the culture of other groups etc. Value education can take place at home, as
well as in schools, colleges, universities, jails and voluntary youth organisations.
The Ministry of Human Resource Development has taken strong steps to introduce values among
schools and teachers training centres. Value Based Education and has now been made an integral
part of the New Education Policy 2020. The 5 universal values specifically mentioned in NEP 2020,
are “Truth, Peace, Non-violence, Love, Righteous conduct”
Value based education is the only means which can give the young generation the right direction. In
modern time people are extremely focused in the pursuit of their own success and self interest with
killer instincts. They need success at any cost In this process, they do not remain human and become
robots. Their activities become heartless and value free. Success may come to us but at the end we
are not having a sense or feeling of fulfillment It happens due to the lack of values. Swami
Vivekananda pinpointed value education as a total upliftment of society. Martin Luther King Jr said
that the function of education is to teach one to think intensively and critically. Intelligence plus
character is the goal of true education. All scams and episodes of corruption in the recent times in
our country and the world are evidence to failure of human being, not because of lack of education,
but because of immoral character Good character never allows one to perform under pressure or
greed.
Osama bin Laden, a dreaded terrorist was a civil engineer, whose higher education could not help
him to follow virtuous path. Education without values tends to make man a clever devil. It is
important to have an intelligent mind, but it is far more important to have a good heart. Nelson
Mandela rightly said that a good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination
Gandhiji took the path of non-violence and taught us to follow value-based right path in our life.
If we analyse the activities of a soldier and a terrorists, we can find that a solider gives life for his
people and his country, whereas a terrorist takes the lives of innocent people either in the name of
religmn or in the name of politics. A soldier has both brain and heart but the terrorist has got only
the brain. Now-a-clays many educated youth take the path of terrorism. This highlights that how
education can be used to propagate ideas which are not only irrational but against peace, harmony
and progress of human society. Values help us to differentiate between good and bad acts, while
education only teaches us about the various acts.
The real education should come with moral values and character. Only the education with values can
lead a man to path of virtue. Thus, our education system should adopt value-based education at all
levels. The value-oriented educational programme should not be led only during the school level,
but should be carried on further up to the level of higher education too, as 1t is from there that the
nation’s bureaucrats, army personnel and future leaders would emerge.
Conclusion
Only the value-laden education can bring developments in form of eradication of poverty.
generation of employment, removal of social ills, empowerment of women, problem-solving skills,
decision making power and an inclusive society. With the value-based education we can achieve a
society, “where the mmd is without fear and the head is held high, where the knowledge is free.”
As individuals become more compassionate, they become more empathetic, caring,

and resilient, which can lead to personal growth and a more fulfilling life. Discuss. (150
words)
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Why the question:
To write about importance of compassion in self-growth and ways to cultivate the attitude of giving.
Directive:

Introduction:
Start by defining compassion.
Body:
First, write about the advantages of the practising compassion in our daily lives. Substantive with
examples.
Next, write about the way in which one can develop the attitude of giving and be a compassionate
towards others.
Conclusion:
Conclude the answer by summarising.
Introduction
Compassion is a deeper level of empathy, demonstrating an actual desire to help the suffering
person. It is a unique feeling of sympathy for the suffering of others that involves emotions and
empathy towards others, a sense of understanding, and the drive to protect.
Body
Compassion is a virtue that involves Acknowledgment, understanding, and emotional resonance
linked with action aimed at understanding the person and the amelioration of suffering
Take for instance the example of Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa was the epitome of compassion. If
ever one would dare to give a core competency to her, it is this single characteristic of being a
compassionate person. She radiated this quality, when on earth, in a way, few humans could ever
do; her love for the marginalized and the vulnerable and particularly for the poorest of the poor and
the dying destitute was boundless.
Our compassion for others can lead to alleviation of great distress of people. For example, during
the recent migrant crisis, the Bollywood Actor Sonu Sood became quite well known for his help to
them on compassionate grounds. Thousands of poor and vulnerable people were given help through
him.
Even at personal level, we have to be compassionate to our friends and family. Only then can we
share both happiness and their sufferings together. This is the key to be happy.
On an individual level, one must be compassionate about themselves, to be happy in life. For
instance, it is important to acknowledge our abilities and not be hard on ourselves when we
encounter a failure. As candidates of UPSC, being demotivated and failure is part of the process. This
does not mean; we have to believe ill about our capacity and self-loathe. Rather we must overcome
that with compassion, trying to empathise with ourselves.
Conclusion
The world desperately stands in need of compassion today. A compassion, which reaches out to the
unloved, the ostracized, the marginalized and the vulnerable. A compassion, that takes a stand for
the poor, the victims of injustice, the refugees and the displaced. A compassion, that is able to
negate and overcome the hate and divisiveness. The humankind must be compassionate to each
other to see the world thrive.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and
compassion towards the weaker sections.
The development of compassion is a complex interplay between personal and
environmental factors. Analyse. (150 words)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2023 Secure timetable.
To distinguish factors that lead to the development of compassion.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Introduction:
Begin by defining compassion.
Body:
Write about the factors that lead to development of compassion – influences, experiences, value
education, role models etc. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about importance of compassion.
Introduction
Compassion is a deeper level of empathy, demonstrating an actual desire to help the suffering
person. It is a unique feeling of sympathy for the suffering of others that involves emotions and
empathy towards others, a sense of understanding, and the drive to protect. It is the sympathetic
pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others. It motivates people to go out of their
way to help the physical, mental, or emotional pains of another and themselves. Compassion is
often regarded as having sensitivity, an emotional aspect to suffering. Qualities of compassion are
patience and wisdom; kindness and perseverance; warmth and resolve.
Body
Factors that make an individual develop compassion
 Bringing attention or awareness to recognizing that there is suffering (cognitive)
 Feeling emotionally moved by that suffering (affective)
 Wishing there to be relief from that suffering (intentional)
 A readiness to take action to relieve that suffering (motivational)
How to practice compassion
 At a personal level, we have to be compassionate to our friends and family. Only then can
we share both happiness and their sufferings together. This is the key to be happy.
 Compassion offers the possibility of responding to suffering with understanding, patience,

and kindness rather than, say, fear and repulsion. It is a readiness to help or to want to do
something ourselves about another person’s situation.
o Example: Mother Theresa has often been referred to as an embodiment of

compassion. Her selfless work for the poor and destitute till date is inspiring and
spoken of.
 A needy would always be happy to get help. It would not only help him face the situation but
will generate a blissful feeling of being noticed and cared by others.
 Compassion allows oneself to have a feeling of self-satisfaction and self-contentment of

helping others whether an animal, human or even a plant. Such a feeling will help reduce
stress, improve mental and physical health. Thus, a person would naturally feel happy and
will contribute to the society efficiently with a healthy mind-set.
 When such a society evolves having compassion for others and helps others in need, each
individual is taken care of by the society and in turn he also helps the society.
 Strongly integrated social capital grows with a co-operative and co-existing ecosystem,
resulting in reduced toxic or criminal outbreaks and instances.
o Example: Popularly known as ‘Collector Bro’, a civil servant from Kozhikode started
the ‘Compassionate Kozhikode’ and ‘Compassionate Keralam’, winning the trust and
volunteer help from the locals to successfully clean ponds, feed the hungry, help and
improving lives after the recent floods and involving youth in the betterment of the
society.
Conclusion
It takes character and integrity to be the one who is willing to step up and make a difference. To feel
sympathy for someone is not enough. We must also be willing to take action. That is why
compassion requires courage. Together they are one of the most dynamic combinations in the
world. It is impossible to know how much good can come from a single act of compassion.
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and
behaviour; Moral and political attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion
A person who possesses moral excellence and integrity has a boundless capacity to
understand and appreciate the world around them. Elucidate. (150 words)
Why the question:
Thursdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
Directive:
Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context.
You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated
facts.
Introduction:
Begin by writing about the attributes of moral excellence.
Body:
Write about how for a person with moral excellence virtuous character enables them to perceive the
world as a vast and interconnected entity, and they are able to navigate it with ease and wisdom.
Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Introduction
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit” -Will Durant
Moral Excellence is the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong. Moral excellence,
according to Aristotle, attributes to our habits or customs, those repeated practices that form in us
character qualities or propensities to act in a certain way in a given situation.
Body
Aristotle believed that behaving in a just manner and making a habit of it will ultimately result in
moral excellence. He also warned against extreme behaviour. He espoused the doctrine of ‘the
golden mean’, also shared independently by Confucius, that is, the best path in life is the one
between two extremes. For example, the virtue of truthfulness consists of choosing the mean
between boasting and undue modesty. The mean varies depending upon the person and the
situation.
Moral excellence and integrity are qualities that require a deep understanding of oneself and others,
and a commitment to living in accordance with one’s values and principles. When an individual
possesses moral excellence and integrity, they are more likely to approach the world with an open
mind and heart, and to be receptive to different perspectives and experiences. They are also more
likely to treat others with kindness, empathy, and respect, and to cultivate meaningful relationships
based on trust and mutual understanding.
Morally excellent people have a character made-up of virtues valued as good. They are honest,
respectful, courageous, forgiving, and kind, for example. They do the right thing, and don’t bend to
impulses, urges or desires, but act according to values and principles. Some might say good qualities
are innate, but we’re not perfect. Virtues need to be cultivated to become more prevalent in life.
With the habit of being virtuous, we take the helm of our own life, redirecting its course towards
greater happiness and fulfillment.
For instance, for the man who flies from and fears everything and does not stand his ground
against anything becomes a coward, and the man who fears nothing at all but goes to meet every
danger becomes rash; and similarly the man who indulges in every pleasure and abstains from
none becomes self-indulgent, while the man who shuns every pleasure, as boors do, becomes in a
way insensible; temperance and courage, then, are destroyed by excess and defect, and preserved
by the mean.
Conclusion
A person with moral excellence and integrity is more likely to be guided by a strong sense of purpose
and a commitment to making a positive impact in the world. They are driven by a desire to live a life
of meaning and significance, and to contribute to the well-being of others.

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

Based on the concepts presented in Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural, discuss the ethical
responsibilities of a leader in modern political systems. In what ways can these
principles be used to promote ethical governance and ensure the well-being of the
people in a modern state? (150 Words)
Why the question:
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for
To write about the ethical responsibilities of a leader as mentioned by Thiruvalluvar.
Introduction:
Start by giving context of Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural – various ethical values mentioned in it.
Body:
Explain in detail about Tiruvalluvar; his works and contributions in terms of philosophy, poems etc.
He is best known for his famous work Thirukkuṛaḷ. This work consists of couplets on ethics, political
and economical
Then give certain examples from his work
E.g Nation/State: “A Nation should have 5 key elements – Good health, Good economy, Harvest,
Happiness and Strong defence – considering these a leader should act.
Next, explain in what ways these values will be helpful.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarizing.
Introduction
The Tirukkural, literally Sacred Verses), or shortly the Kural, is classic Tamil literature consisting of
1,330 couplets or Kurals, written by the renowned poet Thiruvalluvar. The Kural explains in detail the
essential qualities of leadership, including Empathy, Clarity, Courage, Listening, etc.
According to it, Leadership is a mindset. It is not about age, experience, or skill set. It is an attitude,
the way you see the world around you, about taking extreme ownership and accountability. It is
about your willingness to sacrifice yourself for others.
Body
4 important qualities of a leader according to Thiruvaluvar
 Clarity
 Courage
 Listening
 Delegation
The ethical responsibilities of a leader in modern political systems

 A leader should be During the tough times, he has to make solid decisions, he cannot be soft
peddling, he has to handle the situation bravely. He needs moral and physical courage to
face the unexpected failures.
 In those days kings met enemies face to face in war fields, to-day it is the mental battle in
making crucial decisions. Bravery is a must, whether it is
for physical or mental deed.
 A leader should be generousor considerate towards his subordinates, it should be kept in

mind, if right persons are not rewarded at appropriate time, they will become demoralized.
 A leader should handle the work related worries of workers with care and concern.
 A leader should be generous while sanctioning compensations and merciful while granting
remissions.
 A leader should be knowledgeable, he should be intelligent enough to weigh the pros and
cons of issues by using the reasoning, reflection and foresight. He should come out with
corrective measures to resolve the issues.
 A leader should have power tomotivate others, in case of most critical time, he has to
motivate himself by using auto suggestions. He should not expect his subordinates to
motivate him in critical times.
 A leader should be always alert, it is an inevitable ingredient in an effective leadership.
 Mental alertness and physical vitality will help to plug certain organisational loop holes.
 For a successful leader as qualifications , the modern management uses words like
determination, decisiveness, optimism, confident, commitment, vision, aggression, etc, etc .
But Thiruvalluvar had accommodated all these micro qualities in a broad sense.
Conclusion
In fact the leadership is not a position, it is the responsibility of directing successfully an organisation
towards the fixed goals. A potential leader has the critical responsibility of doing right things and
making others to do those things right.
“A leader should do right things. Make others to do the right things.”
According to the Yoga school of philosophy, the goal of life is to attain self-realization
and liberation from suffering. How can the principles of yoga be applied to
contemporary ethical dilemmas, such as those related to environmental conservation,
social justice, and human rights? (250 Words)
Reference: Insights On India
Why the question:
Key Demand of the question: To write about the yoga school of philosophy and how it can be applied
to contemporary ethical issues.
Introduction:

Start by giving a brief on the Yoga School of Philosophy and its goal in life.
Body:
First, explain the principles of Yoga and the significance of self-realization and liberation from
suffering.
Next, highlight how these principles can be applied to contemporary ethical dilemmas such as
environmental conservation, social justice, and human rights.
For example, Yoga’s principle of Ahimsa (non-violence) can be applied to environmental conservation
and animal welfare issues.
Similarly, the principle of Satya (truthfulness) can be applied to address social justice issues such as
discrimination and inequality.
Explain in detail each principle of yoga and how it can be applied to contemporary ethical dilemmas.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarizing the key points.
Introduction
Yoga is an ancient physical, mental and spiritual practice that originated in India. The word ‘yoga’
derives from Sanskrit and means to join or to unite, symbolizing the union of body and
consciousness. Today it is practiced in various forms around the world and continues to grow in
popularity. Recognizing its universal appeal, on 11 December 2014, the United Nations
proclaimed 21 June as International Yoga Day. June 21, which is the Summer Solstice, is the longest
day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and has special significance in many parts of the world.
International Yoga Day aims to raise awareness worldwide of the many benefits of practicing yoga.
The theme for 2022 is “Yoga for Humanity”.
Body
Yoga school of philosophy
 The Yoga philosophy speaks about the theory and practice for the realization of the
ultimate truth concerning human being and the world.
 It is closely associated with Samkhya philosophy.
 The Yoga presents a practical path for the realization of the self whereas the Samkhya
emphasizes the attainment of knowledge of self by means of concentration and meditation.
 As described by Bhagvad Gita, Yoga and Samkhya are the practical and theoretical sides of
the same system.
Principles of Yoga
 The objective of Yoga is- to better oneself physically, mentally and spiritually
 The Yoga Sutras of Patanjaliis a key text of the Yoga school of Hinduism
 It is believed that practicing Ashtanga Yogawill lead to liberation.
 But the more important addition to Sankhya was the practice of yoga: the cessation of all
mental function. The correct practice of yoga included eight things:
o Yama: Restraint from violence, lying, theft, or avarice.
o Niyama: Building good habits like contentment, purity, Vedic study, and meditation
on God.

o Prathyahara: Choosing an object
o Asana: Good posture.
o Pranayama: Breath control.
o Dharana: Focused attention on an object.
o Dhyana: Meditation.
o Samadhi: Concentration so deep that self-awareness is lost.
 According to Yoga, success in the practice of yoga led to a full realization of the gulf
between purusha and prakriti, and therefore liberation from suffering.
Yoga principles to solve contemporary ethical dilemmas
 Promotes universality, brotherhood & peace
o Yoga does not adhere to any particular religion, belief system or community; it has
always been approached as a technology for inner wellbeing.
o Yoga is about harmonizing oneself with the universe. It is the technology of aligning
individual geometry with the cosmic, to achieve the highest level of perception and
harmony.
o Anyone who practices yoga with involvement can reap its benefits, irrespective of
one’s faith, ethnicity or culture.
 Emotional wellbeing
o Yoga can not only help us improve our mental health but also help us perform our
duty while maintaining equanimity under all circumstances.
o Yoga can yield emotional health benefits because it’s an exercise that works both
the body and the mind.
o Yoga helps relieve stress and declutters the mind, helping you to become more
focused.
 Helps develop & practice humanity
o Yoga asana’s and spirituality transcends religious, regional and virtually all forms of
barriers.
o It helps to seek humanity in diversity – responsible consumerism (SDG 12) with

social well-being.
 Sustainable lifestyle
o The concept of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” is inherently linked with sustainable life

style which is a major component of Yoga.
 Develops focus and creativity
o Yoga can also spark creativity, which can, in turn, enhance one’s self-esteem and
improve focus.

Conclusion
Yoga, an ancient practice and meditation, has become increasingly popular in today’s busy society.
For many people, yoga provides a retreat from their chaotic and busy lives. Yoga is more than a
physical activity. In the words of one of its most famous practitioners, the late B. K. S. Iyengar, “Yoga
cultivates the ways of maintaining a balanced attitude in day-to-day life and endows skill in the
performance of one’s actions.”
Extra information: History of Yoga:
 Though Yoga was being practiced in the pre-Vedic period, the great Sage Maharshi Patanjali
systematized and codified the then existing practices of Yoga, its meaning and its related
knowledge through his Yoga Sutras.
 Sage Patanjali’s treatise on raja yoga, the Yoga Sutras, says Yoga comprises of yama,
niyama, asana, pranayam, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi.
 The phallic symbols and seals of idols of mother Goddess of Indus Valley Civilization are
suggestive of Tantra Yoga.
 Presence of Yoga is available in folk traditions, Indus valley civilization, Vedic and
Upanishadic heritage, Buddhist and Jain traditions, Darshanas, epics of Mahabharat and
Ramayana, theistic traditions of Shaivas, Vaishnavas, and Tantric traditions.
 Sun was given highest importance during the Vedic period. The practice of ‘Surya namaskara’
may have been invented later due to this influence.
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of

governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government,
Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work
culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of
corruption.
What are the key characteristics of ethical governance? Explain with examples. (250
words)
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
To write about the attributes of ethical governance.
associated facts.
Introduction:
Begin by defining ethical governance.
Body:

Write about the various attributes of ethical governance – ethical leadership, transparency and
accountability, compliance with laws and regulations, stakeholder engagement, ethical codes and
policies, risk management, and continuous improvement. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The World Bank defines governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the management
of a country’s economic and social resources for development
According to the United Nations Development Programme, Governance has been defined as the
rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also
been used to describe the “proper functioning of institutions and their acceptance by the public”
(legitimacy). And it has been used to invoke the efficacy of government and the achievement of
consensus by democratic means (participation)
Ethical governance meant that the manner in which power is exercised for an organisation by using
its resources, including social and economic, is acceptable by all. It could range from personal rights
to effective service delivery for all.
Body
Ethical governance is the right and justified conduct of activities of an organization (or government)
to serve the larger public interest. Impartiality, accountability, transparency, honesty, integrity,
probity, perseverance, truthfulness, citizen centricity, patriotism among other are some of the
values which are must for attainment of ethical governance.
Major Features of Ethical Governance:
Participation
 Good Governance truly promotes inclusive democracy allowing Right to Freedom.
 Promote Citizen centric governance
Transparency
 Easy accessible available affordable information
 Promote accountable government
Rule of Law
 Rule of law warrants that fair legal frameworks are implemented impartially.
 It also means protection of human rights.
Responsiveness
 This implies that processes and institutions should serve all stakeholders within a reasonable
time frame.
Consensus oriented
 Consensus oriented decision-making ensures that even if everyone does not achieve what
they want to the fullest, a common minimum can be achieved by everyone which will not be
detrimental to anyone.
Accountability
 Accountability should be there not just for the government, but also for citizens, the private
sector, industry, NGOs, and all stakeholders.
Conclusion
Hence, governance shall be good as well as ethical to promote citizen centric participatory inclusive
equitable development among all.
The issues with corporate governance have highlighted the need for stronger
regulations, enforcement mechanisms, and greater transparency and accountability in
corporate governance practices in India. Examine. (250 words)
Why the question:
To write about shortcomings of corporate governance in India.
Introduction:
Begin by defining corporate governance.
Body:
Write about the various limitations and shortcomings of corporate governance – frequent scams,
lack of transparency, absences of accountability, corruption etc. Give recent examples like Yes bank,
NSE scam.
Suggest steps to overcome the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a firm is directed
and controlled. Corporate governance involves balancing the interests of a company’s stakeholders
such as shareholders, senior management executives, customers, suppliers, financiers, the
government, and the community.
In recent times, the issues of fraud in ICICI bank, YES bank, Adani group and so on are case in point.
Body

Corporate governance establishes the relationship, among various primary participants of the firms
those are shareholders, directors, and managers, in formulating the directions and performance of
their firms. In a broader sense, it delineates the rights and responsibilities of each primary
stakeholder and the design of institutions and mechanisms that induce or control board directors
and management to best serve the economic interests of shareholders along with safeguarding the
interest of other stakeholders of a firm.
A company’s corporate governance is important to investors since it shows a company’s direction

and business integrity. Good corporate governance helps companies build trust with investors and
the community. As a result, corporate governance helps promote financial viability by creating a
long-term investment opportunity for market participants.
Communicating a firm’s corporate governance is a key component of community and investor

relations. Example, On Apple Inc.’s investor relations site, for example, the firm outlines its
corporate leadership—its executive team, its board of directors—and its corporate governance,
including its committee charters and governance documents, such as bylaws, stock ownership
guidelines and articles of incorporation.
Most companies strive to have a high level of corporate governance. For many shareholders, it is not
enough for a company to merely be profitable; it also needs to demonstrate good corporate
citizenship through environmental awareness, ethical behavior, and sound corporate governance

practices. Good corporate governance creates a transparent set of rules and controls in which
shareholders, directors, and officers have aligned incentives.
Issues in corporate governance
 Conflict of Interest: The challenge of managers potentially enriching themselves at the cost
of shareholdersg. Recent case of former ICICI bank head Chanda Kochar approved a loan to
Videocon for a quid pro quo deal for her husband.
 Weak Board: Lack of diversity of experience and background represents a major area of
weakness for these boards. There have been questions about board performing in the larger
interests of the shareholders. In case of IL&FS, not a single red flag was raised by any board
member.
 Separation of ownership and management: In case of family-run companies, the separation

of ownership and management remains a key challenge in majority of companies including
some of India’s top ones.
 Independent directors: Independent directors are partisan and are not able to check
promoters unethical practices.
 Executive Compensation: Executive compensation is a contentious issue especially when
subject to shareholder’s accountability. Executive compensation needs to stand the test of
stakeholders’ scrutiny.
 Concentration of powers: Ownership of corporations in India, is still held in a few hands. A

single shareholder or family controls a large group of companies. This leads to several
governance related challenges and has often led to poor decision making that harms
company’s profits.
 Board directors: Independent directors were supposed to be the biggest corporate

governance reform. However, they have hardly been able to make the desired impact due to
the passive role played by them on board. The frequent removal of directors by promoters
of the company is an issue. This has not been addressed effectively yet, despite the
strengthening of the regulations regarding independent directors.
 No Proper Structure: Corporate Governance has no proper structure or design and is largely
ambiguous. There is still a lack of awareness about various issues like compliance with rules
and regulations, roles and responsibilities of Board of Directories, shareholder’s rights, etc.
This leads to poor governance and impacts the working of companies.
 Insider Trading: Corporate insiders like officers, directors and employees by the virtue of
their position have access to confidential information. Many misappropriate that
information to reap profits. SEBI lacks the thorough investigative mechanism and a vigilant
approach due to which the culprits are able to escape. In most of the cases, SEBI failed to
produce evidence and corroborate its stance before the court.
 Noncompliance with disclosure norms: Noncompliance with disclosure norms is common in

Indian businesses with hardly any punitive action. While the Companies Act provides clear
instructions for maintaining and updating registers, in reality minority shareholders have
often suffered from irregularities in share transfers.

 Family-owned business: Many Indian businesses are old family establishments. With the
growth of family and its business, there is an increase in inefficiencies and internal conflicts
that threaten the continuity of the business. Family control also brings governance problems
like a lack of checks and balances over executive decision making and a lack of transparent
reporting.
Measures and way forward
 Implement the recommendations of Uday Kotak Panel, such as:
o Minimum 6 directors to be on board of listed entities; every listed entity to have at

least 1 independent woman director
o More transparency on appointment of independent directors and should play a

more active role on the boards.
o Audit Committee must review use of loans/adv/ investment by holding co in arm

over Rs 100 crore.
 Diverse boards are better boards: In this context, ‘diverse’ is all-encompassing, including
gender, ethnicity, skills and experience.
 Robust risk management policies: Adoption of effective and robust risk management
policies for better decision making as it develops a deeper insight into the risk-reward trade-
offs that all Corporations face.
 Effective governance infrastructure: Policies and procedures which guide ethical behaviour
should form the base of any organizational behaviour. Ensure separation of the line of
responsibility between board and management.
 Evaluation of the Board’s performance: The Board should consider addressing weaknesses
uncovered in board evaluations, enhancing their governance processes.
 Communication: Facilitating shareholder communication with the board is key. There is a

need to provide a contact person with whom shareholders may discuss any issue.
 Responsibilities of the Board: The corporate governance framework should ensure the
effective monitoring by the board and the board’s accountability to the company and the
shareholders.
 Objective performance evaluation: Privileges and compensation of executive directors

should be based on an objective performance evaluation process conducted by the board.
 Enhancing objectivity: A code of conduct and code of corporate governance should be put in
place in order to dictate desired behaviour.
 Relations with Shareholders: The board should be responsible for ensuring that an
appropriate dialogue takes place among the organisation and its shareholders. The
corporate governance framework should ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders,
including minority and foreign shareholders.
 Effective internal audit function: An effective audit mechanism should be in place to

prevent insider trading. Both the board and the management should establish formal and

transparent arrangements to appoint and maintain an appropriate relationship with the

organisation’s auditors.
 Transparency: The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate
disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial
situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company.
Conclusion
Corporate governance is very essential for overall growth of the companies. Ethical culture can be
regarded as the insurance for successful business. So for good corporate governance ethics is
essential. It is every company’s moral duty to implement the ethical codes in their business.
Corporate governance is a system that aims to instill policies and rules that helps maintain the
cohesiveness of an organization. It exists to help hold a company accountable, while helping them
steer clear of financial, legal, and ethical pitfalls while addressing conflict of interests at various
levels. The importance of corporate governance is made abundantly clear by the direct benefits seen
when a good corporate governance framework is in place.
The influence of money in elections raises serious ethical concerns about fairness,
representation, and the integrity of the democratic process. Elucidate. (150 words)
Why the question:
Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Directive:
Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context.
You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated
facts.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
Write about the influence of money on elections and its impact – give candidates an unfair
advantage, undermine representation, and erode the legitimacy of the political system. Also,
mention the long-term impact of the same.
Conclusion:
Complete by mentioning steps that are needed to overcome the above.
Introduction
With several Assembly elections coming up, one issue may need more attention than others.
Elections are fought with huge funds nowadays. Estimates vary, but a candidate may spend in crores
in just one constituency. This vital issue is neglected by voters in the noise and din of campaigns,
leaders, celebrities and media coverage.
Money is central to the issue of political corruption in India and political parties are suspected to be
the largest and most direct beneficiaries. Corruption in elections reduces accountability, distorts
representation, and introduces asymmetry in policymaking and governance. This necessitates
transparency in electoral funding.

Body
Background
 Voters vote for political parties so that they deliver benefits to the citizens. If election funds
are obtained from other sources, the Governments in power are obliged to the funders
more than the voters.
 For instance, the Government Budget reports that in 2019-20 the loss to the Government on
account of incentives to companies and reduction in duties and taxes was ₹2. 24 lakh crore.
The voters do not know this.
 Transparency in funding is absent after the introduction of Electoral Bonds. In spite of the
CIC ruling, all political parties have refused to submit themselves to the transparency that
comes with Right to Information. Limits on funding are also not well defined.
Ethical Issues with electoral funding
 Opacity in donations: Political parties receive majority of their funds through anonymous
donations (approximately 70%) through cash. Also, parties are exempted from income tax,
which provides a channel for black money hoarders.
o Eg: Electoral funds is fraught with challenges and is in the courts. Transparency
in funding is absent after the introduction of Electoral Bonds. Now citizens
cannot know who is funding the political parties.
 Lack of action against bribes: The EC sought insertion of a new section, 58B, to RPA, 1951 to
enable it to take action if parties bribe voters of a constituency, which has not come to light.
 Allowing foreign funding: Amendment of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA)
has opened the floodgates of foreign funding to political parties, which can lead to eventual
interference in governance.
 Unlimited corporate donations: The maximum limit of 7.5% on the proportion of

the profits a company can donate to a political party has been lifted, thus opening up the
possibility of shell companies being set up specifically to fund parties.
 Lack of transparency: Despite provisions under section 29 of RPA, 1951, parties do not
submit their annual audit reports to the Election Commission.
 RTI: Parties have also defied that they come under the ambit of RTI act. In spite of the
Central Information Commission (CIC) ruling, all political parties have refused to submit
themselves to the transparency that comes with Right to Information.
Measures to bring more transparency in electoral funding
 Switching to complete digital transactions.
 Donations above a certain limit be made public to break the corporate-politico nexus.
 Political parties should be brought under the ambit of RTI as followed in countries
like Bhutan and Germany.

 Establish a national electoral fund where donors contribute and funds are distributed
among different parties according to their respective performances in the last elections.
This will also weed out black money as well as ensure anonymity to donors.
 State funding of elections has been suggested in the past in response to the high cost of
elections. Law Commission of India, 2nd ARC, National Commission to Review the Working
of the Constitution, have favoured state funding.
 Cap maximum expenditure of political parties to a multiple of half of maximum prescribed

limit for individual candidates with the number of candidates fielded.
Conclusion
Donors to political campaigns can demand for favourable laws and policies, favourable government
contracts, and exceptionalism in law enforcement as returns on their investments. It also inevitably
leads to criminalisation of politics as money and muscle power, go hand in hand. Hence, reforms in
electoral funding is a major need of the hour for India.
Ethical governance is essential for ensuring that organizations operate in an ethical and
responsible manner, and that they are accountable to their stakeholders. Explain. (250
words)
Why the question:
To write about the attributes of ethical governance.
associated facts.
Introduction:
Begin by defining ethical governance.
Body:
Write about the various attributes of ethical governance – ethical behaviours, processes, procedures,
culture, ways of doing and being that ensure high standards of performance, economy, effectiveness,
efficiency, quality and satisfaction etc. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The World Bank defines governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the management
of a country’s economic and social resources for development
According to the United Nations Development Programme, Governance has been defined as the
rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also
been used to describe the “proper functioning of institutions and their acceptance by the public”
(legitimacy). And it has been used to invoke the efficacy of government and the achievement of
consensus by democratic means (participation)

Ethical governance meant that the manner in which power is exercised for an organisation by using
its resources, including social and economic, is acceptable by all. It could range from personal rights
to effective service delivery for all.
Body
Ethical governance is the right and justified conduct of activities of an organization (or government)
to serve the larger public interest. Impartiality, accountability, transparency, honesty, integrity,
probity, perseverance, truthfulness, citizen centricity, patriotism among other are some of the
values which are must for attainment of ethical governance.
Major Features of Ethical Governance:
Participation
 Good Governance truly promotes inclusive democracy allowing Right to Freedom.
 Promote Citizen centric governance
Transparency
 Easy accessible available affordable information
 Promote accountable government
Rule of Law
 Rule of law warrants that fair legal frameworks are implemented impartially.
 It also means protection of human rights.
Responsiveness
 This implies that processes and institutions should serve all stakeholders within a reasonable
time frame.
Consensus oriented
 Consensus oriented decision-making ensures that even if everyone does not achieve what
they want to the fullest, a common minimum can be achieved by everyone which will not be
detrimental to anyone.
Accountability
 Accountability should be there not just for the government, but also for citizens, the private
sector, industry, NGOs, and all stakeholders.
Importance of Ethical governance
 Promotes and encourages for Transparency and accountability in functions of any

government authority
 Helps inculcate compassion, love, empathy towards vulnerable and weaker sections of
society especially poor and women
 Contributes in encouraging integrity and probity in governance for e.g zero tolerance to
corruption

 Promotes public welfare not personal gain
 it makes you better policy maker in case ofmajority vs minority, rich vs poor, men vs
women and disaster prone area vs others
 Provides you courage, dedication, determination and commitmentto do work effectively

and efficiently
 Effective and efficient utilization of resources of country
 Citizen charters, Code of conduct and code of ethicswhich are based on ethics are the tool
of any govt. institution to work transparently along be an accountable.
Conclusion
Hence, governance shall be good as well as ethical to promote citizen centric participatory inclusive
equitable development among all.
Corporate governance in India is full of loopholes and is toothless to prevent corrupt

and unethical practises. Examine. (250 words)
Why the question:
To write about shortcomings of corporate governance in India.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by defining corporate governance.
Body:
Write about the various limitations and shortcomings of corporate governance – frequent scams,
lack of transparency, absences of accountability, corruption etc. Give recent examples like Yes bank,
NSE scam.
Suggest steps to overcome the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a firm is directed
and controlled. Corporate governance involves balancing the interests of a company’s stakeholders
such as shareholders, senior management executives, customers, suppliers, financiers, the
government, and the community.
In recent times, the issues of fraud in ICICI bank, YES bank, Adani group and so on are case in point.
Body

Corporate governance establishes the relationship, among various primary participants of the firms
those are shareholders, directors, and managers, in formulating the directions and performance of
their firms. In a broader sense, it delineates the rights and responsibilities of each primary
stakeholder and the design of institutions and mechanisms that induce or control board directors
and management to best serve the economic interests of shareholders along with safeguarding the
interest of other stakeholders of a firm.
A company’s corporate governance is important to investors since it shows a company’s direction

and business integrity. Good corporate governance helps companies build trust with investors and
the community. As a result, corporate governance helps promote financial viability by creating a
long-term investment opportunity for market participants.
Communicating a firm’s corporate governance is a key component of community and investor

relations. Example, On Apple Inc.’s investor relations site, for example, the firm outlines its
corporate leadership—its executive team, its board of directors—and its corporate governance,
including its committee charters and governance documents, such as bylaws, stock ownership
guidelines and articles of incorporation.
Most companies strive to have a high level of corporate governance. For many shareholders, it is not
enough for a company to merely be profitable; it also needs to demonstrate good corporate
citizenship through environmental awareness, ethical behavior, and sound corporate governance
practices. Good corporate governance creates a transparent set of rules and controls in which
shareholders, directors, and officers have aligned incentives.
Issues in corporate governance
 Conflict of Interest:The challenge of managers potentially enriching themselves at the cost

of shareholders. E Recent case of former ICICI bank head Chanda Kochar approved a loan
to Videocon for a quid pro quo deal for her husband.
 Weak Board:Lack of diversity of experience and background represents a major area of

weakness for these boards. There have been questions about board performing in the larger
interests of the shareholders. In case of IL&FS, not a single red flag was raised by any board
member.
 Separation of ownership and management:In case of family-run companies, the separation

of ownership and management remains a key challenge in majority of companies including
some of India’s top ones.
 Independent directors:Independent directors are partisan and are not able to check
promoters unethical practices.
 Executive Compensation:Executive compensation is a contentious issue especially when

subject to shareholder’s accountability. Executive compensation needs to stand the test of
stakeholders’ scrutiny.
 Concentration of powers:Ownership of corporations in India, is still held in a few hands. A

single shareholder or family controls a large group of companies. This leads to several
governance related challenges and has often led to poor decision making that harms
company’s profits.
 Board directors: Independent directors were supposed to be the biggest corporate

governance reform. However, they have hardly been able to make the desired impact due to
the passive role played by them on board. The frequent removal of directors by promoters
of the company is an issue. This has not been addressed effectively yet, despite the
strengthening of the regulations regarding independent directors.
 No Proper Structure:Corporate Governance has no proper structure or design and is largely

ambiguous. There is still a lack of awareness about various issues like compliance with rules
and regulations, roles and responsibilities of Board of Directories, shareholder’s rights, etc.
This leads to poor governance and impacts the working of companies.
 Insider Trading:Corporate insiders like officers, directors and employees by the virtue of
their position have access to confidential information. Many misappropriate that
information to reap profits. SEBI lacks the thorough investigative mechanism and a vigilant
approach due to which the culprits are able to escape. In most of the cases, SEBI failed to
produce evidence and corroborate its stance before the court.
 Noncompliance with disclosure norms: Noncompliance with disclosure norms is common in

Indian businesses with hardly any punitive action. While the Companies Act provides clear
instructions for maintaining and updating registers, in reality minority shareholders have
often suffered from irregularities in share transfers.
 Family-owned business:Many Indian businesses are old family establishments. With the
growth of family and its business, there is an increase in inefficiencies and internal conflicts
that threaten the continuity of the business. Family control also brings governance problems
like a lack of checks and balances over executive decision making and a lack of transparent
reporting.
Measures and way forward
 Implement the recommendations of Uday Kotak Panel, such as:
o Minimum 6 directors to be on board of listed entities; every listed entity to have at

least 1 independent woman director
o More transparency on appointment of independent directors and should play a

more active role on the boards.
o Audit Committee must review use of loans/adv/ investment by holding co in arm

over Rs 100 crore.
 Diverse boards are better boards:In this context, ‘diverse’ is all-encompassing, including
gender, ethnicity, skills and experience.
 Robust risk management policies:Adoption of effective and robust risk management
policies for better decision making as it develops a deeper insight into the risk-reward trade-
offs that all Corporations face.
 Effective governance infrastructure:Policies and procedures which guide ethical behaviour

should form the base of any organizational behaviour. Ensure separation of the line of
responsibility between board and management.
 Evaluation of the Board’s performance:The Board should consider addressing weaknesses

uncovered in board evaluations, enhancing their governance processes.

 Communication:Facilitating shareholder communication with the board is key. There is a

need to provide a contact person with whom shareholders may discuss any issue.
 Responsibilities of the Board: The corporate governance framework should ensure the
effective monitoring by the board and the board’s accountability to the company and the
shareholders.
 Objective performance evaluation: Privilegesand compensation of executive directors

should be based on an objective performance evaluation process conducted by the board.
 Enhancing objectivity: A code of conduct and code of corporate governance should be put in
place in order to dictate desired behaviour.
 Relations with Shareholders: The board should be responsible for ensuring that an
appropriate dialogue takes place among the organisation and its shareholders. The
corporate governance framework should ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders,
including minority and foreign shareholders.
 Effective internal audit function: An effective audit mechanism should be in place to

prevent insider trading. Both the board and the management should establish formal and
transparent arrangements to appoint and maintain an appropriate relationship with the
organisation’s auditors.
 Transparency:The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate
disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial
situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company.
Conclusion
Corporate governance is very essential for overall growth of the companies. Ethical culture can be
regarded as the insurance for successful business. So for good corporate governance ethics is
essential. It is every company’s moral duty to implement the ethical codes in their business.
Corporate governance is a system that aims to instill policies and rules that helps maintain the
cohesiveness of an organization. It exists to help hold a company accountable, while helping them
steer clear of financial, legal, and ethical pitfalls while addressing conflict of interests at various
levels. The importance of corporate governance is made abundantly clear by the direct benefits seen
when a good corporate governance framework is in place.
Case Studies on above issues.

The existence of poverty indicates an unjust and poorly organized society. This suggests
that poverty is not a natural or inevitable outcome but rather a result of societal factors
such as inequalities in wealth distribution, access to education, employment
opportunities, and basic needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare.
Public charities are a late response to the recognition of the unfairness in society. It implies that
the wealthy may have unjustly accumulated resources and that public charities are an attempt to
redress this imbalance.
Many people believe that poverty is not an inevitable outcome of society, but rather a result of
political and economic systems that prioritize profit over the well-being of all individuals. The
existence of poverty is a symptom of a larger societal problem, and that addressing poverty
requires a fundamental change in the way that society is organized.
1. Mention the major ethical issues in the above case.
2. How can a humane approach be taken to eradication of poverty?
3. Do you think inequalities in the society are unethical? Argue.
4. Are public charities an indicator of unfairness in the society? Argue.
(250 words)
Introduction
Poverty and inequality have long been concerns of development economics. A social development
paradigm with an emphasis on pro-poor growth is replacing the trickle-down industrialization model.
Eradicating poverty and rectifying extreme levels of inequality go hand in hand with economic
growth.
Body
When we see people suffering from materially and psychologically desperate conditions, we are
compelled to act.
Ethical issues
 The eradication of poverty is supported by equal access to quality education and a fairer
society so that everyone who receives education can have more options in their lives and
fulfill their aspirations.
 Universal access to education and a fair society are not just about promoting economic
growth. They are about ensuring human dignity. These challenges call upon our sense of
ethical responsibility.
 Still, an extreme income gap in a society and between societies is alarming because it could
erode social cohesion—a basic sense of trust between people who do not know each other.
 A reasonable degree of social cohesion is needed so that a society (and the world) can
function, and for people to have the chance to increase their opportunities in life.
Humane approach to eradication of poverty
People living in poverty are often treated as less than human, which results in a deepening cycle of
poverty. Day to day, from the cradle to the grave, they are cheated and exploited and are denied the
very material and philosophical basis that allows them to flourish as human beings. This is
perpetrated by family members, neighbours, employers, traders, and most shamefully, the state, the
very body that is ultimately entrusted with the duty to protect and promote people’s human rights,
dignity and well-being.
A human rights-based approach to poverty eradication and development needs to go an important

step further and focus on how these rights are claimed, secured and enjoyed by the rights holders.
Human rights are about flourishing as a human being. They involve people being free to reason
and imagine what they want to be, what they want to do with their lives and what they want to
become; to plan according to their own hopes and needs and to be free to act on their plans, either

by themselves or with others. A human rights-based approach thus needs to ensure that rights are
claimed, secured and enjoyed in ways that are empowering, strengthen peoples’ ability to
negotiate with the powerful, build dignity, and increase freedom and choice to imagine and
pursue the lives, futures and the rights they value. Rights can not be just handed out to people as
charity; active agency and the actions of the rights-holders need to be an integral part of a rights-
based approach.
Are inequalities unethical?
Opposition to inequality does not suppose that people are perfectly equal in all respects such as
physical abilities. Equality does not demand complete leveling of income and wealth, only that all
people have sufficient resources to ensure that their basic human needs are met. Countries such as
Sweden and Canada have developed social programs like national health systems that help to meet
human needs while maintaining high levels of freedom. Hence freedom and equality are not
incompatible, and a reasonable balance can be achieved without undue coercion. But an argument
is still needed for why inequality is morally wrong and should therefore be reduced by government
activities such as taxing the rich. Here are four reasons why inequality is bad.
Why it is not ethical?
 First, inequality with respect to income and wealth undercuts equality of opportunity, which
depends heavily on access to education. Poor people tend to have much worse access to
educational resources because they live in worse neighborhoods with worse schools.
 Second, equality before the law is severely challenged when people do not have access to
good legal representation.
 Third, people need good health in order to function fully as human beings, and the negative
impact of inequality on health has been well documented.
 Fourth, inequality leads to bad social effects such as increased crime, lack of social cohesion,
and lack of trust.
Public charities an indicator of unfairness in the society
 The fact that there are charitable organizations shows that there is imbalance in the society
which created reason for charities to be operable.
 Nevertheless, NGO’s and charities are much needed to ensure that there is redistribution of
wealth. This is an attempt to reduce the gross inequalities in the world.
 However, much support is needed and want of resources is grossly visible.
Conclusion
Poverty cannot be eradicated without addressing the pervasive inequalities in incomes and
economic opportunities between and within countries, between rural and urban areas, and between
men and women. Reducing such inequalities will need to start with improving access for the poor to
productive resources, basic services and social protection.

Sarah was a highly skilled intelligence analyst working for the US Department of
Defense. Her job was to analyse data and provide intelligence reports to the Pentagon
on various security threats around the world. One day, she stumbled upon a piece of
classified information that shocked her to the core. The report contained evidence of a
covert US military operation in a foreign country that violated international law and
could potentially harm innocent civilians.
Sarah was torn between her duty to report the information to her superiors and her conscience.
She knew that by revealing this information, she would be violating her oath to protect classified
information and could face severe legal consequences. On the other hand, she couldn’t ignore the
ethical dilemma of supporting a military operation that went against international laws and put
innocent lives at risk.
After much deliberation, Sarah decided to report the information to her supervisor, who promised
to investigate the matter. However, things took a turn for the worse when the information was
leaked to the media, and Sarah was accused of being a whistleblower.
The leak caused a significant international uproar, with other countries demanding an explanation
from the US government. Sarah was vilified in the media and faced severe legal charges for
violating national security laws. She felt betrayed by her own government, who had promised to
protect her anonymity and ensure her safety.
1.
1. Mention ethical dilemmas that intelligence analysts and security personnel face
every day.
2. What is importance of upholding ethics in international relations and the
consequences of violating them?
3. If you were in the position of Sarah, how differently would you have handled the
above situation?
(250 words)

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Case Study Fridays’
in Mission-2023 Secure.
Introduction
A whistle-blower is a person who comes forward and shares his/her knowledge on any wrongdoing
which he/she thinks is happening in the whole organisation or in a specific department. A whistle-
blower could be an employee, contractor, or a supplier who becomes aware of any illegal
activities. Personal Values and Organizational Culture are the Foundation of Whistle-blowing
Body
Ethical dilemmas faced by intelligence analysts

 Conflict between loyalty to the nation and conscience preventing them from being part of a
conspiracy that can harm millions.
 National security versus people’s well being
 Wrong versus Right
 Impact on personal career and reputation in national media
Repercussions of whistleblowing
 The world, government, corporates and even society to an extent do not like whistle-
blowers and some countries go so far as to call them ‘traitors’
 The case of Edward Snowden and Julian Assange of Wikileaks proves the point
 Whistle-blowers face legal action, criminal charges, social stigma, and termination from any
position, office, or job.
 Vindictive tactics to make the individual’s work more difficult and/or insignificant,
assassination of character, formal reprimand, and difficult court proceedings
Importance of upholding International Ethics
Nations view their foreign policy as zero-sum game which leads to narrow thinking and destructive
consequences. Morality must play a role in every aspect of human life, including international
relations. International ethic is not just an ethic of some leading country, it is not simply an ethic of a
powerful country having obligations towards others, because of the power they have over others.
International ethics may be elaborated as, that which enables one to participate more actively in
shaping and building good international community. Human rights and their dignity can be protected
only when relations between nations become ethical and moral.
Ethical perspective:
The ethics of whistleblowing is a tricky matter. Whistle-blowing brings two moral values, fairness
and loyalty, into conflict.
In the case where a government agency does serious harm through its work or covert operations,
the disclosure of such information for the sake of public constitute the ground for an understanding
that takes whistleblowing as an ethical behaviour.
The situations where whistleblowing is morally justified:
 Whenever and wherever the operation/agenda of the agency/government will cause

considerable harm to the public.
 Whenever an employee feels serious threat or harm to him or anybody he should report to
the firm.
 If an immediate boss does not care for report (whistle blowing) the employee should go up
to highest level to present his case.

I would follow these principles if I were in the position of Sarah. Though it is easy to state that, in
real life it may be much more difficult to execute. The severe repercussions are faced by Edward
Snowden who is in exile and Assange who is jailed in a foreign country.
Conclusion
If the situation demands whistleblowing then that must be the way forward. In case of international
relations, the government does not treat those kindly who whistleblow as it harms their
international reputation. For a nation, national interest reigns supreme and as the saying goes
“Strong do what they can and weak suffer what they must”.
As a junior officer in the education department, Rohit was used to handling routine
administrative work, but he never expected to come across a scam of such magnitude.
One day, he stumbled upon evidence of a paper leak racket that involved some of his
higher-ups.
Rohit had always been a stickler for rules and regulations, and he couldn’t turn a blind eye to the
corruption he had uncovered. However, he knew that reporting the matter would mean going up
against powerful people who could easily ruin his career.
The ethical dilemma that faced Rohit was whether to keep quiet and let the corrupt officials get
away with their crime, or to risk his career by speaking out and exposing the truth. He was torn
between his desire to do the right thing and his fear of the consequences.
Over the next few days, Rohit spent a lot of time thinking about what he should do. He consulted
some of his trusted colleagues, but nobody seemed willing to stick their neck out and support him.
1.
1. Mention ethical dilemmas in the above case.
2. What are the options available to Rohit? Critically examine them.
3. What course of action should Rohit take in the above case?
4. Why is the menace of paper leaks for various exams so rampant in the country?
(250 words)
Introduction
Body
Ethical dilemmas and issues
 Honesty, integrity and dedication of one officer against the short term immoral monetary
gains of a few insiders.
 Commercialisation of education against aspirations of many students.
 Public pressure and populism force a compulsive action on a system which was designed to
serve them only.
Options available

Option 1: Make the matter public
Merit: Those involved will be exposed and government will be made to investigate and take action
against those involved.
Demerit: People involved may get away with the scam and investigation may be foiled and shelved.
My career also may be impeded as a revenge tactic. The truth may not come out as powerful people
are involved.
Option 2: Keep it under wraps
Merit: My career would be saved and no fear of retribution from any quarters
Demerit: The matter of paper leak would continue, and aspirations of genuine students will continue
to fall apart.
Course of action
Any matter before being made public must be backed by strong evidence. Rohit should ensure that
those indicted should not get away at any cost. Hence building evidence that would stand in court
and in law must be first step before taking any other action. Only after having the evidence the
matter must be made public so that the powerful people behind the scam are served justice.
Menace of paper leaks
 Cheating or paper leak is not just a menace but also a protracted problem. It cannot be
treated as an on-the-spot concern, but has to be tackled by nurturing right mindsets and
creating a sense of integrity among learners, educators and all other stakeholders.
 In the rat race of securing top scores, some students or people from the education fraternity
may go to any extent to procure a paper, hence there are agents who are into leaking the
same. So, going deep into the problem, we need to strengthen the moral fabric of our
education system where there is no need to resort to such malpractices if we are satisfied
with our performance.
 Use of different sets of question papers: a minimum of three sets having different questions
can be prepared to mitigate cheating.
 Finally, ensure that teachers and classroom aides proctor tests with vigilance and integrity.
Multiple layers of security can be implemented, including surveillance cameras, checks on
random identification of question paper bundles, and secure transportation of the question
papers. Strict punishments should also be enforced upon those found guilty of related
offences.
Conclusion
A ‘Good governance’ model must ensure that menace of paper leaks ends across India. Else
demographic dividend of large youth population will end in a disaster.


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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

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Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

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Importance of environmental ethics in current times

 Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation,

How Environmental ethics helps in today’s times

 Strengthens Human-environment relationship:

o Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the

 Environmental Justice to all:

o People living in the economically-advanced sections/ parts use greater amount of

o Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental

 Focuses on vulnerable sections:

o Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries.

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 Sustainable living and development:

o Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation

 Helps overcome Anthropocentric approach of development:

o Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely

 To tackle global issues:

Human values needed for better environmental ethics:

 Control over mining, deforestation in the name of “development”

 Minimalistic living: Sacrificing certain comforts for protecting environment. Example-

The determination of whether an action is moral or not can be a complex and

Determinants of judging an action

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 Circumstances: Ethics is dynamic and hence, sometimes circumstances decide whether an

Values envisaged by builders of Independent India

 Constitution of India: The Founding fathers came up with a constitutional scheme

The role of value in addressing present day challenges

o India mustcontinue policies, framed in the 1990s, of allowing entrepreneurial

 A bottom-up approach to development that should focus on building capabilities of the

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 In external relations, while India must continue to skilfully navigatethe contradictions

 Objectivity, meaning it operates beyond individual thought, desire, and perspective;

 Rationality, because it is not based in metaphysics or theology; and

 Quantifiability in its reliance on utility.

Utilitarianism and decision making in Government

 A limitation of utilitarianism is that it tends to create a black-and-white construct of

Hierarchy of values is an illusion

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From an ethical standpoint, the philosophy of contentment values the importance of

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Popular morality and theories of philosophers

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Difficulty level: Moderate

Traits of ethical leadership

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Importance for ethical leadership for leaders

Traits necessary for a leader in today’s era

 Leaderships goals and visions should be communicated fast and effectively.

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Integrity embraces all qualities

Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and consistent commitment to honour moral,

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