Investigation and Evaluation on Waste Accumulation of Waterways around Brgy.

Cannery Site

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Of Senior High School Program

Submitted by:

Cm B. Galolo

February 2022
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I........................................................................................................................3
The Problem and Its Setting....................................................................................................3
Introduction..............................................................................................................................3
Statement of the Problem.........................................................................................................4
Conceptual Framework............................................................................................................4
Scope and Delimitation.............................................................................................................4
Significance of the Study..........................................................................................................5
Definition of Terms...................................................................................................................5
Chapter II...........................................................................................................................6
Review of Related Literature..............................................................................................6
Related Literature....................................................................................................................6
Related Studies........................................................................................................................19
Restatement of the Problem...................................................................................................31
Research Design......................................................................................................................31
Research Locale......................................................................................................................31
Respondents of the Study.......................................................................................................32
Sampling Procedure...............................................................................................................32
Data Gathering Procedure.....................................................................................................32
Statistical Treatment..............................................................................................................32
References.........................................................................................................................33
 CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

A waterway is any navigable body of water. Broad distinctions are useful to avoid
ambiguity, and disambiguation will be of varying importance depending on the nuance of
the equivalent word in other languages. A first distinction is necessary between maritime
shipping routes and waterways used by inland water craft. Oceanic shipping courses
cross seas and oceans, and a few lakes, where navigability is expected, and no building is
required, but to supply the draft for deep-sea shipping to approach seaports channels, or
to supply a brief cut over an isthmus; this is often the work of dispatch canals. Provide a
short cut across an isthmus; this is the function of ship canals. Dredged channels in the
sea are not usually described as waterways. There is an exception to this initial
distinction, essentially for legal purposes, see under international waters.

Water is one of the world’s most valuable resources, yet it is under constant threat due to
climate change and resulting drought, explosive population growth, and waste. One of the
most promising efforts to stem the global water crisis is industrial and municipal water
reclamation and reuse. The Water reuse Association defines reused, recycled, or
reclaimed water as “water that is used more than one time before it passes back into the
natural water cycle.” Thus, water recycling is the reuse of treated wastewater for
beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes,
toilet flushing, or replenishing a groundwater basin (referred to as groundwater recharge).
Water reuse allows communities to become less dependent on groundwater and surface
water sources and can decrease the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems.
Additionally, water reuse may reduce the nutrient loads from wastewater discharges into
waterways, thereby reducing and preventing pollution. This ‘new’ water source may also
be used to replenish overdrawn water sources and rejuvenate or reestablish those
previously destroyed. The objective of the present paper is to give insight into the
appropriate technology for treatment of wastewater. The paper discusses sustainable
wastewater treatment systems in the context of urban areas of the developing world. The
paper concludes that, “Since the urban areas of many developing countries are growing
rapidly, ecological sanitation systems must be implemented that are sustainable and have
the ability to adapt and grow with the community’s sanitation needs.” In order to
determine the appropriate treatment system, the developer must consider the area’s
climate, topography, and socioeconomic factors. Despite modern technological advances
in air and ground transportation, inland waterways continue to play a vital role and, in
many areas, to grow substantially. This article traces the history of canal building from
the earliest times to the present day and describes both the constructional and operational
engineering techniques used and the major inland waterways and networks throughout
the world.
Statement of the Problem

1. What are the possible effects of the waste accumulation of waterways around
Brgy. Cannery Site?
2. What are the causes of the increasing waste on waterways?
3. Which area around the barangay has worst case of waste accumulation on
waterways?

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

What are the Evaluate the people near Investigation and

possible effects of canals and waterways Evaluation on Waste
the waste Accumulation of
accumulation of Waterways around Brgy.
waterways around Observation trough Cannery Site
Brgy, Cannery waterways around Brgy,
Site? Cannery site

What are the

causes of the
increasing waste
on waterways?

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Scope and Delimitation

The study is focusing on the waste accumulation of waterways around Brgy.

Cannery Site which will be investigated and evaluated by the researcher. The research
evaluated the possible waterways around the barangay that accumulated waste. The study

will take approximately two months to complete.

Significance of the Study

The aim of this research is to Investigation and Evaluation on Waste Accumulation of

Waterways around Brgy. Cannery Site that would support the community, the school and
the future researchers
To the community, for more cautious and careful use on waterways, more

efficient use of waterways for humanity on their daily lives

To the school, to provide information and references for the students and

researchers for the similar topic

For the future researchers to give them interest and knowledge in studying
about the waterways waste accumulation
Definition of Terms

Accumulation - an amount of something that has gradually increased over a period of

time (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary) Operationally, it refers to the amount of waste

investigated by the researcher around waterways.

Evaluation -the act of forming an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something
after thinking about it carefully (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary) Operationally, it refers to
the observation of waterways by the researcher around brgy, cannery site
Waste- the act of using something in a careless or unnecessary way, causing it to be lost
or destroyed (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary) Operationally, the amount of squander on
waterways
Waterways- a way or channel for water (Merriam-webster) Operationally, where the
water goes trough
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter gives a discussion of significant literature and research from both

domestic and foreign sources. This chapter's related literature and studies provide vital

information and validity that will form the basis for this study.

Related Literature

Unsound post-consumer disposal is the primary pathway of plastic into the ecosystem.

One way of addressing this problem is through the establishment of a circular economy

for plastic. Much of the unsound disposal comes from economically disadvantaged

regions where waste disposal and recycling infrastructure is limited. In economically

disadvantaged regions however, the establishment of a circular economy for plastic must

be locally managed and decentralized, meaning that the disposal, collection,

remanufacture, and use must all occur within the same community. We suggest that

waste plastic abatement strategies must be targeted to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastic

waste onsite at the local level, initiating a circular economy appropriate for infrastructure

limited regions. Technologies for recycling plastic must be low cost, economically viable,

socially acceptable, and not adversely impact the environment, and also produce a

product that has a ready local market. This is critical because unless proposed solutions

are also economically viable and socially appropriate, they are unlikely to be successful,

especially in underdeveloped regions. (Noble Banadda, 2018)

In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in work that focuses on the amount

and types of waste entering the marine environment from multiple geographies around
the world. To date, however, there are few reports about the scale of waste entering the

coastal and oceanic waters around Africa. To address this knowledge gap, existing

information was collated on waste mismanagement that can become marine debris in

Africa at the continental scale. This paper focuses on identifying sources and seeking

solutions to waste mismanagement. Stories are shared about opportunities that have

arisen and solutions that are taking place in several countries around Africa. Finally,

impediments to success are discussed and sectors are described where investments can be

made to significantly reduce this growing global problem. (JennaJambeck, 2018)

This chapter presents the idea that there are a range of target plastic products where

substitution with biodegradable plastics would be the most effective way to address the

issue of plastic solid waste accumulation. These can be determined by considering

material flows and identifying the materials most likely to be mismanaged or not

practically recyclable (e.g., agricultural films, single-use bags, multilayer materials,

linings for cardboard, items likely to be used in events with a large organic waste

fraction). However, this view is not shared by all, and the debate surrounding the role of

biodegradable plastics in solving plastic solid waste accumulation and assisting the

transition toward a circular economy remains unresolved. Thus, in this chapter, both sides

of the debate are presented and reviewed, with the conclusion being that biodegradable

plastics should be considered as part of the solution. However, their efficacy in providing

an environmentally sound solution to solid waste accumulation will depend on the

emergence of affordable waste sorting technology and investments in organic waste

handling facilities (compost and anaerobic digestion). (L.S.Dilkes-

HoffmanS.PrattP.A.LantB.Laycock, 2019)
Heavy metals are one of the dreadful environmental pollutants. Its toxicity is a menace to

the ecosystem and has attracted global concern over the decades. The attendant

uncontrolled disposal and recycling of electronic-waste (e-waste) has greatly influence

the elevated concentration of heavy metals observed in Nigeria waterways. This study

was carried out to investigate the frequency of the deadly heavy metals as part of public

health intervention. The study was a cross sectional design in which waterways from the

three geographical zones of Kwara State, Nigeria was sampled by integrated composite

method and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters during the dry and rainy

season. High frequency of e-waste generated heavy metals in the urban waterways was

observed with respect to influence of settlement, geographical zones and seasonal

variation in the study area (T.D. Adeniyi1, 2017)

Technologies to recover nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from waste streams have

undergone accelerated development in the past decade, predominantly due to a surge in

fertilizer prices and stringent discharge limits on these nutrients. This review provides a

critical state of art review of appropriate technologies which identifies research gaps,

evaluates current and future potential for application of the respective technologies, and

outlines paths and barriers for adoption of the nutrient recovery technologies. The

different technologies can be broadly divided into the sequential categories of nutrient

accumulation, followed by nutrient release, followed by nutrient extraction. Nutrient

accumulation can be achieved via plants, microorganisms (algae and prokaryotic), and

physicochemical mechanisms including chemical precipitation, membrane separation,

sorption, and binding with magnetic particles. (Damien J. Batstone, 2014)

Anthropogenic litter on the coastal beaches, sea surface and seabed has increased in the

recent decades across global oceans1. Also, massive plastic production and usage have

accumulated plastic waste of 4.8-12.7 million metric tons (MMT) annually2, posing a

serious threat to marine ecosystem and beach aesthetics3. Recently, production and usage

of plastic in India have increased manifold. Nearly 8 million tons of plastic products is

being used annually, generating about 1.5 million tons of plastic waste with less than a

quarter of it being collected and treated4. Marine litter originating from untreated urban

sewage, tourism, fishing, ports and other activities usually finds its way to the coast

through rivers, creeks and waterways. Hence, it becomes necessary to quantify the

amount of solid waste that contributes towards polluting the coastal environment.

Usually, after a spell of heavy rains, flooding of waterways causes huge amounts of

garbage to pile up along the coastline. As a part of the coastal cleanup programmed under

the aegis of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) campaign, an attempt was

made to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the litter reaching Chennai beaches, so

that the on-going management practices can be suitably adapted. (Umakanta Pradhan,

2018)

As plastic waste accumulates in the ocean at alarming rates, the need for efficient and

sustainable remediation solutions is urgent. One solution is the development and

mobilization of technologies that either 1) prevent plastics from entering waterways or 2)

collect marine and riverine plastic pollution. To date, however, few reports have focused

on these technologies, and information on various technological developments is

scattered. This leaves policymakers, innovators, and researchers without a central,

comprehensive, and reliable source of information on the status of available technology

to target this global problem. (M.Dunphy-Dalya, 2020)

Using innovative artificial mussels’ technology for the first time, this study detected eight

heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, U, Zn) on a regular basis in waterways across

Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka and Khulna). Three heavy metals, viz. Co, Cr and Hg

were always below the instrumental detection levels in all the sites during the study

period. Through this study, seven metal pollution “hot spots” have been identified, of

which, five “hot spots” (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb) were located in the Buriganga River, close

to the capital Dhaka. Based on this study, the Buriganga River can be classified as the

most polluted waterway in Bangladesh compared to waterways monitored in Khulna and

Chittagong. Direct effluents discharged from tanneries, textiles are, most likely, reasons

for elevated concentrations of heavy metals in the Buriganga River. In other areas

(Khulna), agriculture and fish farming effluents may have caused higher Cu, U and Zn in

the Bhairab and Rupsa Rivers, whereas untreated industrial discharge and ship breaking

activities can be linked to elevated Cd in the coastal sites (Chittagong). Metal pollution

may cause significant impacts on water quality (irrigation, drinking), aquatic biodiversity

(lethal and sub-lethal effects), food contamination/food security (bioaccumulation of

metals in crops and seafood), human health (diseases) and livelihoods of people

associated with wetlands. (Golam Kibria, 2016)

Like many nations, Mexico is reviewing its waste management laws and policies in the

face of growing evidence of the ubiquity, longevity, and negative effects of plastic waste

in the environment, particularly in aquatic habitats. Split into two sections, this chapter

will first explore the current Mexican legal framework and regulatory mechanisms
regarding single-use plastics through its legal structure starting with the Constitution and

continuing with self-executing international treaties, federal legislation, and related

regulations. Although the analysis is not extended to the legal activities at state and

municipality levels, it is noted that some states and municipalities have, as a result of

international and local public pressure, enacted legislation regarding single-use plastics,

generally targeting plastic bags and straws. In part two, a framework is proposed for a

national legislative approach to address plastic pollution in the waterways of Mexico.

(Octavio H. Lara, 2020)

Plastic products plastic bags, plastic bottles, and other plastic materials are widely used in

people’s daily life and industrial production worldwide since they are cheap, easy to get,

and convenient for all-purpose of transportation or movement. The wide application of

plastic products also brings a lot of problems. The significant adverse consequences

include plastic waste pollution and waste of resources, which pose a high threat to social

development and environmental protection. In this research, a social survey involving

267 people was conducted to examine how certain factors reduce plastic waste pollution

in Kinshasa. Statistical Product and Service Solutions were employed to analyze the data

gathered from the survey. The results indicate that all the factors or strategies for

reducing plastic waste pollution have a significant positive impact on plastic waste

pollution reduction. The environmental factors have the highest contribution to the

control of plastic waste pollution with an impact of 88.8%, followed by Government

policy with an impact of 42.3%. Economic factors have the least impact contribution,

with an impact of 36.0%. This finding and conclusion could be used as a framework for
implementing plastic waste pollution management strategies or developing waste

management systems. (Orphe Tshinkobo Bukasa, 2020)

More than 100 million metric tons of polyethylene are produced annually–most of it is

used for making plastic bottles and shopping bags. Although recyclable, much of the

plastic waste ends up in waterways where it floats out to sea. Polyethylene is less dense

than seawater and has a very long persistence in the environment. Due to natural ocean

convection currents, the polyethylene waste accumulates along with other floating marine

debris (FMD) into ocean gyers, which concentrate the waste into masses extending over

of thousands of square kilometers in the middle of the oceans. The environmental impact

of these oceanic waste dumps is widely recognized, but the task of cleaning them up

constitutes a daunting technological challenge. Polyethylene, (C2H4) n, is a polymer

consisting of ethylene molecules strung together in long chains. It is primarily made from

crude oil. As with any hydrocarbon, it may be burned to generate heat for making steam

in a power plant. It has been proposed that the FMD be collected and taken to land-based

power plants to be burned as a supplement to imported diesel fuel. The cost to collect, dry

and shred the floating matter into a form suitable for transport to be introduced into a

boiler is not justifiable. Furthermore, besides producing lots of CO2s, combustion in air

generates nitrous oxides, sulfur oxides and particulates. Additionally, there is practically

no way to control the makeup of the material being burned, so stack gasses must be

scrubbed to remove toxins and heavy metals. When all is said and done, any form of

incineration for making electricity is not attractive compared with projects for making

green energy, like solar panels and wind-turbines. A radically different approach is

proposed here that employs a technology that extracts hydrogen from hydrocarbons,
called H2HTM. The net reaction involves the partial electrochemical oxidation of

ethylene, (Coors, 2020)

Microplastic pollution has gained significant attention, and there are growing concerns

about its potential effects on aquatic environments. The lack of proper solid waste

management in Egypt has resulted in the accumulation of plastic litter and its deposition

in waterways. However, no attempts have been made to identify or assess marine plastic

litter in Egypt. We provide, for the first time, a precise, simple, and cost-effective method

to identify microplastics in Eastern Harbor by using differential scanning calorimetry

(DSC). This screening revealed the presence of ten polymers in seawater and shoreline

sediments. Most of the extracted microplastics are secondary microplastics, as they

appear to be remnants of larger plastic fragments. (Soha Hamdy Shabaka, 2019)

Municipal solid waste in the developing world is often improperly disposed of in dumps

near slums or simply discarded along the roadside in rural villages. This waste,

particularly plastic, is a serious environmental and health concern for the communities in

those regions. Lack of infrastructure, capital, and governmental policies contributes to the

waste pile-up. Thus, methods of removing, recycling, and repurposing the otherwise

pollutant waste are needed. In order to address the problem of plastic waste accumulation

in developing regions, a process based on the principles of Appropriate Technology for

converting waste plastic into a fuel oil similar to diesel fuel or kerosene has been

proposed by the University of Kentucky Appropriate Technology and Sustainability

(UKATS) research team. Several commonly occurring plastics such as High- and Low-

Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Polystyrene have been analyzed for their

potential as a source of hydrocarbon fuel oil. In order to optimize this chemical process,
the temperature parameters leading to maximum product yield have been studied.

Experiments have been conducted in a small-scale pyrolysis chamber to determine the

optimum process temperature. Along with data collection of individual plastics, a mixture

of the waste plastic was also analyzed. (Daniel DeNeve, 2017)

Coping with the shortage of fresh water and electricity in off-grid and resource-

constrained areas through sustainable strategies has become the most urgent challenge

facing the development of human society. Herein, we propose a low-cost and sustainable

way of repurposing discarded pomelo peel by converting it into 3D porous carbon foam

(i.e., carbonized pomelo peel, referred to as CPP) with multichannel waterways for

synergetic coupling of solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) and low-grade heat-to-

electricity generation. The super hydrophilic 3D porous CPP with multichannel

waterways utilizes its powerful water supply capability to avoid salt accumulation during

continuous seawater desalination. By cautiously weighing the water transport and thermal

management of CPP-based evaporators, CPP with three-channel waterways (CPP3) can

achieve efficient solar-driven evaporation (the evaporation rate of 1.37 kg m–2 h–1, one

sun) on the premise of salt resistance through its superior light absorption and ultrafast

solar-thermal response. Besides, a collaborative device integrating CPP3 and a

commercial thermoelectric (TE) generator is designed for synchronous generation of

solar steam and thermoelectricity, which can simultaneously achieve an evaporation rate

of 1.39 kg m–2 h–1 and a power output of 0.5 W m–2 under one sun illumination. Such a

cost-effective and easy-to-manufacture strategy can provide potential opportunities for

satisfying the demand for fresh water and electricity in resource-constrained areas.

(Xinghang Liu, 2021)

Water quality of rivers that received coal mine wastes from four active and three closed

mines were investigated, focusing on ecologically hazardous pollutants. Zinc and nickel

concentrations were highest downstream of two closed mines, particularly from the

Canyon mine that closed 20 years earlier. Coal mine wastes increased nickel

concentrations in waterways by an average of 25 times. The average concentration of

zinc increased below mines waste discharges from 8.6 µg/L (upstream) to 83.4 µg/L

(downstream). All coal mine discharges increased river salinity. Salinity increased by

more than 6 times (upstream mean 101.4–741.7 µS/cm downstream). This study provides

a reminder that water pollution from coal mines is a major environmental issue for both

active and closed mines. The study highlights the need for more stringent and consistent

environmental regulation for all mines, including key hazardous pollutants from wastes

emerging from both active and closed mines. (Nakia Belmer, 2019)

Rivers are a major pathway for the transport of plastics into the ocean. Plastic pollution

capture devices offer one way to reduce the accumulation of plastic in the environment.

This paper provides a framework for selecting a device to reduce plastic pollution in

freshwater, synthesizing information of forty prevailing plastic pollution capture devices.

We distinguish three major components of plastic pollution technology (booms,

receptacles, and watercraft vehicles) and collect details on each technology including its

features, limitations, efficiency, reported costs, and maintenance requirements. A

framework is developed to aid in device selection by water and waste managers, which

highlights the need for a watershed assessment, an understanding of site conditions, the

attainment of community buy-in, and a long-term maintenance plan. While plastic

pollution capture devices can help reduce the flux of plastic waste from freshwater,
management of plastic waste at the source is also needed to ultimately clean our oceans

and waterways. (Olivia K. Helinski, 2021)

Nanotechnologies are considered an enabling technology, as they enhance the

functioning of a wide range of products and processes. They are increasingly appearing in

consumer products, including sun creams, socks and outdoor paints, resulting in the

potential for direct access of nanomaterials (NMs) into wastewater and the environment.

As such, they could be considered as the ultimate disparate source, with multiple

products and multiple routes into the environment, as well as numerous transformation

pathways, such that the final form may bear little resemblance to the initially produced

form. NMs thus represent a significant governance and regulatory challenge, for a

number of reasons, related to their small size, which makes detection challenging,

especially against a background of naturally occurring nanoscale entities (clay and

sediment particles, etc.), and their large surface area and high surface energy which leads

to very dynamic behaviors and a strong tendency to interact with (bind) anything they

come into contact with. Some initial considerations of regulatory issues related to

Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals, the Water Framework

Directive, and the potential for benign-by-design approaches exploiting the potential for

recovery or recycling of NMs at the design phase are presented, aimed at reducing the

risk of unintentional accumulation of NMs in our waterways. (Lynch, 2016)

Contaminant loads derived from land-use intensification, such as nutrients, sediment and

microorganisms, are a particular concern for vulnerable and sensitive waterbodies. While

a number of diffuse nutrient pollution mitigation systems are currently available, these

are not yet widely applied or where they have been, some residual contaminants are still
lost from the land. Adoption of, efficient mitigation systems that can be applied to a

range of land types and environments, operate along pollution gradients and are cost-

effective at a range of scales are therefore vital to meet the strategic objectives of

freshwater management, whilst supporting economic growth. (Donna L. Sutherland,

2017)

In the UK, Ireland and Europe generally, much attention has been devoted to

understanding how the agri-food sector has leveraged disproportionate focus and support

through its influence in the policymaking area. What has received less focus is how

power is distributed within the agriculture sector, i.e., why/how some agricultural

industries are more ‘successful’ or receive more focus than others, and what this means

for policy. Researchers typically treat ‘farmers’ as a monolith, for example, focusing on

the power of the ‘farming lobby’ versus that of other interest groups such as

environmentalists. This tells us only part of the picture; power distributions within the

agriculture industry itself also have implications for policy. Using empirical qualitative

research (interviews, focus groups) conducted on the island of Ireland, this paper shows

how some agri-food sectors (e.g., dairy) hold more power than others meaning they can

resist important regulation such as water pollution initiatives. This renders such

regulation ineffective. Meanwhile, other sectors (e.g., beef and sheep) are left out of the

conversation, which compromises potential policy solutions. It argues that for future

policies to adequately address the challenge of agriculture-related environmental

degradation and support the resilience of the ecosystems upon which food production

depends, agri-food system governance must become more equitable and nuanced,
allowing for tangible consideration of the challenges that different agriculture sectors

face (Attorp, 2022)

Incineration of plastic waste in an open field is a major source of air pollution. Most of

the times, the Municipal Solid Waste containing about 12% of plastics is burnt, releasing

toxic gases like Dioxins, Furans, Mercury and Polychlorinated Biphenyls into the

atmosphere. Further, burning of Poly Vinyl Chloride liberates hazardous halogens and

pollutes air, the impact of which is climate change. The toxic substances thus released are

posing a threat to vegetation, human and animal health and environment as a whole.

Polystyrene is harmful to Central Nervous System. The hazardous brominated

compounds act as carcinogens and mutagens. Dioxins settle on the crops and in our

waterways where they eventually enter into our food and hence the body system. These

Dioxins are the lethal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and its worst component,

2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), commonly known as agent orange is a toxic

compound which causes cancer and neurological damage, disrupts reproductive thyroid

and respiratory systems. Thus, burning of plastic wastes increase the risk of heart disease,

aggravates respiratory ailments such as asthma and emphysema and cause rashes, nausea

or headaches, and damages the nervous system. Hence, a sustainable step towards

tomorrow's cleaner and healthier environment needs immediate attention of the

environmentalists and scientists. This review presents the hazards of incineration; open

burning of plastics and effects of plastic in water and also a possibility of working out

strategies to develop alternate procedures of plastic waste management. (Rinku Verma,

2016)
Related Studies

Along 24 beaches of the Central Caribbean Coast of Colombia, plastic items were

collected and grouped into 43 different typologies. The average plastic abundance was

4.54 items/m2 being eight typologies responsible for 82% of all plastic collected. The

application of the Clean Coast Index (CCI) and the Plastic Abundance Index (PAI)

allows categorization of the study area as “Extremely Dirty” coastal strip with a “Very

High Abundance” of plastics. Beaches were statistically grouped into three specific types:

moderate, bad and extremely bad environmental conditions. The typology and

magnitudes of plastics found in the study area suggest a combination of sources that

primarily include dumping and direct activities on the beach. Plastic medical and sanitary

waste, ocean/waterway items, and plastic items related to smoking-related activities also

were observed. (Nelson Rangel-Buitrago, 2021)

This paper reviews monitoring studies of chemical pollutant in the Straits of Johore,

especially in Pasir Gudang area. The Kim River chemical waste pollution occurred in

March 2019 is reviewed for comparison with the previously reported scientific data. It is

concluded that reporting monitoring data in the scientific literature is just a knowledge

sharing without any practical implications. Only heavy pollution cases involving human

health implications would trigger governing bodies immediate actions. Therefore, reports

of scientific monitoring data should be treated with high importance and governing

bodies should be working closely with those researchers for the benefits of public at

large. It is recommended that ‘Polluters Pay Principle’ should be fully adopted in line

with stricter laws and regulations with effective management of clean river sustainability

in Malaysia. (Chee Kong Yap, 2019)

One of the highest concentrations of swine and poultry concentrated animal feeding

operations (CAFOs) in North America is located on the Coastal Plain of North Carolina,

in which the Cape Fear River basin is located. The CAFOs produce vast amounts of

manure causing loading of nutrients and other pollutants to receiving waters. With the

Cape Fear River basin vulnerable to nutrient pollution, as are many other watersheds with

CAFOs, δ13C and δ15N stable isotopic signatures were identified from water samples

collected within the Northeast Cape Fear, Black, and lower Cape Fear River watersheds

to trace nutrient sources and their distribution downstream. The spatial and temporal

variability of nutrients and isotopic signatures were also identified to understand water

quality impacts of animal waste spraying season and proximity to CAFOs. Our results

showed that significantly enriched δ15N signatures characterized sites in close proximity

to CAFOs as well as point-source wastewater discharge areas, while the opposite was

true for an unimpacted control stream and two estuarine sites. Additionally, the impacted

sites yielded significantly (p < 0.05) higher nitrate concentrations than control and

estuarine sites. Statistical analyses demonstrated that nitrate concentrations were

positively correlated with heavier δ15N signatures, suggesting that animal waste, as well

as human wastewater, are relatively more important sources of N to this large watershed

than fertilizers from traditional row crop agriculture. Our results also suggested that

during appropriate hydrological conditions CAFO-derived N can be detected many

kilometers downstream from freshwater sources areas to the estuary. (Colleen N. Brown,

2020)

The article explores how Russia’s governmental authorities, scientists, engineers, and

industrialists engaged with the problem of factory waste and water pollution. It argues
that industrial pollution of rivers emerged as a subject of considerable public debate in

Russia in the 1880s and the enforcement of water protection laws grew stricter towards

the end of the Empire. However, the vagueness of the legislation and the lack of clear

quality standards opened the way for contingency and arbitrariness in the persecution of

violators. This persecution did not lead to the reduction of pollution in the imperial

period, but it raised awareness of the dangers of industrial discharge for riverine

environments. (Mazanik, 2018)

Livestock production in the United States has been transformed over the past several

decades, largely as a result of widespread development of industrial-scale mass

production facilities, termed Animal Feeding Operations (AFOs). These facilities

generate massive amounts of animal waste that can concentrate in small areas. Animal

wastes from AFOs have led to high levels of nutrients and other pollutants in nearby

surface waters, as well as groundwater. The environmental problems associated with

these disposal practices have led to federal and state modifications to the rules and

regulations governing waste practices. We summarize the federal guidelines for AFO

nutrient management, focusing on swine, and compare the regulations of four AFO-rich

states in different regions of the USA. Furthermore, we discuss inconsistencies among

regulations and regulatory gaps, and identify issues with waste nutrient management

practices that lead to environmental degradation in watersheds hosting AFOs. Finally, we

address these shortcomings and the need to implement policy updates that would alleviate

some of these environmental and human concerns. (Kimberley A. Rosov, 2020)

Plastic pollution is destroying our natural environment and harming the poorest people on

the planet. For every person born since the 1950s, one ton of plastic has been produced
and less than a tenth of this has been recycled. Around half the amount of plastic waste

we produce globally is packaging that is used just once. This report describes the

environmental destruction, sickness, mortality, and damage to livelihoods that the plastic

pollution crisis is causing. It outlines the problem – namely the huge recent increase in

the production and distribution of single-use plastics, and its expansion across the globe

to countries lacking the capacity to collect, manage and recycle waste. And it spells out

the solutions. Current trajectories point to increased illness and unnecessary deaths,

further harm to livelihoods and greater destruction of our environment. But it doesn’t

have to be this way. In this report we outline the roles and responsibilities of four groups

we believe to be key to tackling the plastic pollution crisis: multinational consumer goods

companies who drive the production of single-use plastic packaging, and currently do

little to collect and sustainably manage the waste they have created; developed country

governments who have enabled and incentivized a ‘throwaway’ culture and whose

response to the crisis in developing countries has so far been weak; developing country

governments whose citizens are the most severely impacted by the crisis; citizens who

can show that there is an overwhelming demand for change. (Williams, 2019)

Plastic waste is filling our oceans at an exponential rate. The situation is catastrophic and

has now garnered worldwide attention. Despite the catastrophic conditions, little to no

robotics research is conducted in the identification, collection, sorting, and removal of

plastic waste from oceans and rivers and at the macro-and micro-scale. Only a scarce

number of individual efforts can be found from private sources. This paper presents a

cursory view of the current plastic water waste catastrophe, associated robot research, and

other efforts currently underway to address the issue. As well as the call that as a
community, we must wait no longer to address the problem. Surely there is much

potential for robots to help meet the challenges posed by the enormity of this problem.

(Rojas, 2019)

The increasing volume of plastic pollution in South Africa clogs our waterways and

litters our landscapes, placing an increasing strain on our land, freshwater and marine

environments that provide goods and services vital for sustaining life, human well-being,

and economic development. Globally, as of 2015, approximately 6300 million metric

tons (MT) of plastic waste had been generated, and of that around 9% had been recycled,

12% incinerated and 79% accumulated in landfills or in the natural environment.1

Research shows that approximately 8 MT of plastic leaks into the ocean every year.2 The

ever-increasing demand for plastic has seen production grow from 5 MT in 1950 to over

380 MT in 2015, at a compound annual growth rate of 8.4%. It is predicted that

production will increase by 40% between 2015 and 2030 under a business-as-usual

scenario.3 This deluge of plastic exceeds the current waste collection capacity and hence

the natural environment becomes the final sink for plastic pollution. The largest volume

of global plastic production is used in packaging applications. It is this plastic that is

leaking into the environment at an unprecedented scale. One of the main reasons for this

is the increasing consumption of on-the-go snack products and ready-made meals which,

by virtue of their application, require lightweight, smaller and durable packaging

materials. Until recently, the focus has been on end-of-pipe solutions which include

downstream processing of waste, such as environmental clean-ups and waste collection.

This requires huge resources to be dedicated to environmental clean-ups, as well as to

scaling up collection and management systems to tackle plastic waste. Whilst such
interventions are important, they do not go to the root of the problem - the production and

consumption systems that promote unnecessary and avoidable plastics. Owing to the

complex and systemic nature of the plastic pollution, multiple interventions are needed

across all stages of the plastics life cycle and value chain if we are to have meaningful

impact on reducing plastic pollution. (Kock, Sadan, Arp, & Upadhyaya, 2020)

Water pollution is one of the significant dangers to general wellbeing in Bangladesh.

Drinking water quality is inadequately overseen and checked. Bangladesh positions at

number 86 among 142 countries with respect to drinking water quality. Drinking water

sources, both surface and groundwater are debased with coliforms, harmful metals and

pesticides all through the nation. Different drinking water quality parameters set by WHO

are every now and again damaged. Human exercises like uncalled for transfer of civil and

mechanical effluents and aimless utilizations of agrochemicals in agribusiness are the

principal factors adding to the crumbling of water quality. Microbial and substance

contaminations are the primary elements mindful solely or in mix for different general

medical issues. This paper presents a detailed layout of water quality in Bangladesh with

unique accentuation on significant poisons, sources and causes of pollution. The

information introduced in this paper are extracted from different surveys and reports

distributed in national and global journals. Likewise reports discharged by the

government and NGO associations are incorporated. (Md. Arman Arefin, 2017)

Pollution on freshwater ecosystems is one of the major threats to the biota worldwide.

Population growth and human activities are immensely contributing to the degradation

and pollution of the freshwater. Freshwater sources, both surface and groundwater are

contaminated with different kinds of pollutants (toxic metals and pesticides) discharged
from different sources. Various human activities are the main reasons contributing to the

decline in quality of freshwaters. The toxic pollutants have adverse effects on aquatic

ecosystems and are responsible exclusively or in combination for causing lethal diseases

to humans. This chapter tries to discuss the effects of freshwater pollution on its

ecosystem. (T R Kumaraswamy, 2019)

Polymers and plastics play a very important part in the modern world and contribute to

people's wellbeing and comfort. However, products made of them are contributing to

land- and marine-based environmental pollution due to littering and other ways of

emission, and therefore threaten ecosystems worldwide. However, waste management

and responses by governments and the consumer differ strongly from country to country.

The current article provides an overview of several important aspects of polymer waste

and plastic pollution as well as describes selected strategies to mitigate these using

examples from Germany and Australia, and therefore aims to contribute to the resolution

of the ever-increasing problem of unsustainable plastic consumption, disposal, and

pollution. (Frederik R. Wurm, 2020)

Continual growth in industrial activities and in transportation and residential sectors of

the economy has led to steadily higher quantities of miscellaneous wastes and pollutants

released into the surroundings environment. This special issue is offering insights on

technological advancements and prospects, which are centered on three key topics: (1)

wastewater treatment, management and recycling, (2) microbiome-mediated pollutants

reduction and remediation and (3) solid wastes and agricultural residues treatment,

management and recycling. A total of fourteen papers from outstanding researchers from

several countries were accepted for publication after thorough peer reviews. Microalgae
cultivation with wastewater has attracted global attention as a means to remove harmful

residual nutrients and produce low-cost biomass for biorefineries. Also, assimilation of

nitrogen and phosphorous in microalgae can be recycled via production of biofertilizers.

The resulting biomass can also be used to produce bioenergy, food, animal feed and

biopharmaceutical, while the generated oxygenated effluent can be discharged into the

water bodies. In addition, cultivating microalgae in the domestic wastewater is an

alternative approach to conventional activated sludge processes for simultaneous

pollutants removal and biomaterials production for biorefinery. (Pau Loke Show, 2021)

Green criminologists often refer to water pollution as an example of a green crime, but

have yet to produce much research on this subject. The current article addresses the need

for green criminological analyses of water pollution problems, and draws attention to an

overlooked issue: water pollution emissions from state owned public water treatment

facilities or POTWs. Legally, POTWs may emit certain quantities and kinds of pollutants

to waterways following treatment. This does not mean, however, that those emissions

have no adverse ecological or public health impacts, or that those emissions cannot also

be employed as examples of green crimes or green-state crimes. Indeed, from the

perspective of environmental sociology and ecological Marxism, those emissions

generate ecological disorganization. Moreover, POTW emissions contain numerous

pollutants that generate different forms of ecological disorganization. The current study

uses POTW emissions data drawn from the US EPA’s Discharge Monitoring Report

system for 2014 to illustrate the extent of pollution emitted by POTWs in and across US

states as one dimension of ecological disorganization. To contextualize the meaning of

those data, we review US water pollution regulations, review the health and ecological
impacts of chemicals emitted by POTWs, and situate those emissions within green

criminological discussions of green crime and green-state crimes. (Michael J. Lynch,

2017)

This study investigates contaminants from a single coal mine wastewater discharge

released to the Wollangambe River accumulating in an aquatic predatory beetle

(Macrogyrus rivularis). The study was undertaken within the Wollangambe River and its

surrounding tributaries. The coal mine wastewater discharge is regulated by the New

South Wales Environment Protection Authority and the regulation of the pollutants only

concentrates on water column concentrations. The majority of the Wollangambe River

flows within the World Heritage Greater Blue Mountains National Park and is protected

through many layers of legislation from state to federal and international (Threatened

Species Conservation Act 2005, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation

ACT 1999, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2000).

Results show that many contaminants are at statistically higher concentrations within the

water column, stream sediment and beetles sampled when compared between reference

and impacted sample locations. Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) found significant

differences for contaminants in beetles sampled at impacted sites compared to reference

sites with no significant difference recorded between reference sites. Biota and/or

Environmental matching (Best) found Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel and Zinc as the factors

which have the greatest influence in differences. The implications that contaminants from

the regulated wastewater being discharged may be accumulating within aquatic biota is of

major concern as the regulation of the wastewater only concentrates on water column
pollutants and is not taking into account the greater environmental ramifications of the

pollution (Nakia Belmer K. P., 2019)

The release of oil and gas wastewater occurs through accidental spills and permitted

releases for beneficial reuse or disposal. These releases result in changes to water and

sediment quality including elevated activities of radium and alkali earth metals, strontium

and barium. Changes in environmental conditions from oil and gas waste management

strategies could potentially be recorded in freshwater bivalves because they can

accumulate metals and organic contaminants in both their hard and soft tissues. Mollusks

are also found in major waterways in every part of North America, and could therefore be

wide ranging bio monitors for freshwater quality. Specifically, elements incorporated into

the growth layers of Mollusk shells can reflect previous water conditions, allowing single

specimens to provide several years of geochemical data that limits the need for yearly or

monthly sampling. (Warner, 2018)

As pathogen contamination is a leading cause of surface water impairment, there has

been increasing interest in the implications of seasonal disinfection practices of

wastewater effluents for meeting water quality goals. For receiving waters designated for

recreational use, disinfection during the winter months is often considered unnecessary

due to reduced recreational usage, and assumptions that lower temperatures may reduce

pathogen accumulation. For a river subject to seasonal disinfection, we sought to evaluate

whether fecal coliforms accumulate during the winter to concentrations that would impair

river water quality. Samples were collected from municipal wastewater outfalls along the

river, as well as upstream and downstream of each outfall during the winter, when

disinfection is not practiced, and during the summer, when disinfection is practiced.
During both seasons, fecal coliform concentrations reached 2000–5000 CFU/100 mL,

nearly an order of magnitude higher than levels targeted for the river to achieve primary

contact recreational uses. During the summer, wastewater effluents were not significant

contributors to fecal coliform loadings to the river. During the winter, fecal coliform

accumulated along the river predominantly due to loadings from successive wastewater

outfalls. In addition to the exceedance of fecal coliform criteria within the river, the

accumulation of wastewater-derived fecal coliform along the river during the winter

season suggests that wastewater outfalls may contribute elevated loads of pathogens to

the commercial shellfish operations occurring at the mouth of the river. Reductions in

fecal coliform concentrations between wastewater outfalls were attributed to dilution or

overall removal. Combining discharge measurements from gauging stations, tributaries

and wastewater outfalls to estimate seepage, dilution between wastewater outfalls was

estimated, along with the percentage of the river deriving from wastewater outfalls. After

accounting for dilution, the residual reductions in fecal coliform concentrations observed

between outfalls were attributed to actual fecal coliform removal. The estimated rate of

removal of 1.52 d−1 was significantly higher than die-off rates determined by previous

researchers at similarly low temperatures in laboratory batch experiments, indicating the

potential importance of other removal mechanisms, such as predation or sedimentation.

(Azalea A. Mitch, 2010)

To deal with the devastating impact of water pollution, the quality of water distributed

within waterways needs to be monitored through a periodic collection and analysis of a

set of water quality measurements. Existing water monitoring systems, which are

proposed in the literature, exhibit a set of drawbacks including the expensive cost and
complexity of deployment, the inaccurate localization of water contamination zones, and

the absence of techniques allowing the auto-diagnosis of failures in the monitoring

system. We propose in this paper a novel monitoring waterways’ pollution system that

combines the use of mobile wireless sensor networks and radio frequency identification

(RFID) systems. Thanks to the deployment of a set of fixed RFID tags on the waterways

banks, the proposed system allows mobile sensors to accurately locate the positions of the

contaminated water zones. It also allows storing pollution, monitoring, and sensor

management-related data in the deployed tags. The proposed wireless sensor network

implements an energy saving algorithm allowing to reduce the energy consumed by

mobile nodes, and to minimize the number of sensors required to monitor a waterway.

With respect to WSN-based water monitoring platforms existing in the literature, the

proposed system offers a set of enhancements, in terms of design cost, energy

consumption, scalability, data accuracy, and tolerance to errors and data loss. (Nourhene

Ellouze, 2018)
 Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Restatement of the Problem

The focus of study is to Investigate and Evaluate the Waste Accumulation of Waterways

around Brgy. Cannery Site, which harms the environment and heath to the people around

cannery site, this research is it also to establish more awareness on waste accumulation

Research Design

This study's research design is descriptive quantitative research because it only seeks an

investigation and evaluate of waste to the researcher's research.

Research Locale

The investigation and evaluate of data were done within brgy, cannery site. The

preparation and analysis were conducted at the researcher residences

As a result, the research takes place in the cannery site. The figure below includes

the location of the cannery site

Respondents of the Study

The researcher gathered information on village near river as well as the path ways of

waterways around cannery site, specifically Octavio village, Sta. Cruz village, purok

malipayon and mahayahay

Sampling Procedure

The researcher will use the Purposive Sampling Procedure a sampling technique in which

the researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing a person to investigate

waste accumulation on their perspective village

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will start gathering data in January 2022 and intends to finish in May

2022. Every day, the researcher gathers the most recent data on waterways waste

accumulation around cannery site and investigate the increasing waste on waterways

Statistical Treatment

After collecting the data, the Statistical Treatment of this research is Descriptive

Statistics.

Ethical Consideration

The researcher verifies that the study is producing integrity and quality. All of the

respondents' privacy will be kept secret. It will collect consent and ensure willingness and

safety in terms of opinions and comments, and other such information, as well as the

respondents, own safety.

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