STATISTICS IS THE DISCIPLINE THAT IS CONCERN WITH THE COLLECTION , ORGANIZATION , PRESENTAT

STATISTICS ARE INFORMATION OR DATA WHICH ARE THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT , EXPERIMENTA

POPULATION IS THE COLLECTION OF ALL ELEMENTS OF INTEREST IN A PARTICULAR STUDY .

SAMPLE IS A SUBSET OF THE POPULATION .

CENSUS REFERS TO A SURVEY THAT INCLUDES EVERY MEMBER OF THE POPULATION

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE REFER TO A SAMPLE THAT REPRESENTS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POP

RANDOM SAMPLE REFER TO A SAMPLE DRAWN IN SUCH A WAY THAT EACH ELEMENT OF THE POPUL
ORGANIZATION , PRESENTATION , ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .

EASUREMENT , EXPERIMENTATION OR ACTIVITY .

ARTICULAR STUDY .

OPULATION

HARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE.

ACH ELEMENT OF THE POPULATION HAS SOME CHANCES OF BEING SELECTED .

TWO PHASES OF STATISTICS

1. DESCRIPTIVE OR DEDUCTIVE STATISTICS CONSISTS OF METHODS ( TABULAR , GRAPHIC

2. INFERENTIAL OR INDUCTIVE STATISTICS IS THE PROCESS OF USING DATA OBTAINED FR

TWO TYPES OF DATA

1. PRIMARY DATA REFER TO INFORMATION WHICH ARE GATHERED DIRECTLY FROM AN O

2. SECONDARY DATA REFER TO INFORMATION WHICH ARE TAKEN FROM PUBLISHED OR UN

DATA IS A COLLECTION OF RAW , UNORGANIZED FACTS WHICH NEED TO BE PROCESSED.

INFORMATION IS WHEN DATA IS PROCESSED , ORGANIZED , STRUCTURED , OR PRESENTED

METHODS USED IN THE COLLECTION OF DATA

1. THE DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD

2. THE INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

3. THE REGISTRATION METHOD

4. THE OBSERVATION METHOD

5. THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

SOURCES OF DATA

1. PERSONAL INTERVIEW

2. ACTUAL OBSERVATION

3. READINGS

4. NEWS REPORTS

5. INFORMATION TAKEN FROM OTHER'S WORKS

6. DATA THAT ARE KEPT BY NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE , SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COM

7. MEASUREMENT
THODS ( TABULAR , GRAPHICAL , NUMERICAL ) FOR ORGANIZING AND SUMMARIZING GIVEN DATA CLEARLY AND EFFECTIVELY.

OF USING DATA OBTAINED FROM A SAMPLE TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS OR ESTIMATES ABOUT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATI

HERED DIRECTLY FROM AN ORIGINAL SOURCE OR WHICH ARE BASED ON DIRECT OR FIRST HAND EXPERIENCE .

AKEN FROM PUBLISHED OR UNPUBLISHED DATA WHICH WERE PREVIOUSLY GATHERED BY OTHER INDIVIDUALS OR AGENCIES .

H NEED TO BE PROCESSED.

TRUCTURED , OR PRESENTED IN A GIVEN CONTEXT SO AS TO MAKE IT USEFUL .

URITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION , SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND OTHER GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE AGENCIES .
RLY AND EFFECTIVELY.

CTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION .

UALS OR AGENCIES .
VATE AGENCIES .
CONSTANTS REFER TO THE FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES THAT DO NOT CHANGE IN VALUE .

VARIABLES ARE QUANTITIES THAT MAY TAKE ANYONE OF A SPECIFIED SET OF VALUES .

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES :

1. QUALITATIVE OR CATEGORICAL VARIABLES ARE NON MEASURABLE CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN NOT ASS

2. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES ARE THOSE QUANTITIES THAT CAN BE COUNTED WITH YOUR BARE HANDS , CAN

* DISCRETE VARIABLES CONSISTS OF VARIABLES ( ACTUAL VALUES ) USUALLY OBTAINED BY COUNTI

* CONTINUOUS VARIABLES ARE OBTAINED BY MEASUREMENTS , WITH UNITS SUCH AS HEIGHT IN ME

* DEPENDENT/ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES IS A VARIABLE THAT DEPENDS ON OTHER VARIABLES IN A

* INDEPENDENT/ EXOGENOUS VARIABLE IS A TYPE OF VARIABLE IN AN ECONOMIC MODEL WHICH

SCALES OF MEASURING DATA

1. NOMINAL DATA IT CLASSIFIES OBJECTS OR PEOPLE'S RESPONSES SOTHAT ALL OF THEM WILL FALL UNDER ON

2. ORDINAL SCALE CLASSIFIES OBJECTS OR INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSES ACCORDING TO DEGREE OR LEVEL ,

3. INTERVAL SCALE REFERS TO QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS IN WHICH LOWER AND UPPER CONTROL LI

4. RATIO SCALE TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERVAL SIZE AND RATIO OF TWO RELATED QUANTITIES , WHIC
TERISTICS THAT CAN NOT ASSUME A NUMERICAL VALUE BUT CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO OR MORE CATEGORIES .

TH YOUR BARE HANDS , CAN BE MEASURED WITH THE USE OF SOME MEASURING DEVICES , OR CAN BE CALCULATED WITH THE USE O

UALLY OBTAINED BY COUNTING .

UNITS SUCH AS HEIGHT IN METERS , WEIGHT IN KGS. AND TIME IN MINUTES .

DS ON OTHER VARIABLES IN A STATISTICAL AND/OR ECONOMIC MODEL .

ECONOMIC MODEL WHICH IS A MODEL THAT ILLUSTRATES ECONOMIC PROCESSES BY USING VARIABLES AND RELATIONSHIPS BE
OF THEM WILL FALL UNDER ONE CATEGORY WHICH ARE SUPPOSED TO BE EQUAL TO SOME ATTRIBUTES AND NUMERICALLY CODED

NG TO DEGREE OR LEVEL , THEN EACH LEVEL IS CODED NUMERICALLY

ER AND UPPER CONTROL LIMITS ARE ADAPTED TO CLASSIFY RELATIVE ORDER AND DIFFERENCES OF ITEM NUMBERS OR ACTUA

RELATED QUANTITIES , WHICH ARE USUALLY BASED ON A STANDARD MEASUREMENT .

ALCULATED WITH THE USE OF A MATHEMATICAL FORMULA .

LES AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES .

ND NUMERICALLY CODED

F ITEM NUMBERS OR ACTUAL SCORES .

SLOVEN'S FORMULA

n N/ ( 1 + Ne^2 )

WHERE :
n SAMPLE SIZE
N POPULATION
e MARGIN OF ERROR

RANDOM SAMPLING THE MOST COMMONLY USED SAMPLING TECHNIQUE IN WHICH EACH M

NON RANDOM SAMPLING A METHOD OF COLLECTING A SMALL PORTION OF THE POPULATION BY

PROPERTIES OF RANDOM SAMPLING :

1. EQUIPROBABILITY

2. INDEPENDENCE

TWO KINDS OF RANDOM SAMPLING

1. RESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

2. UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. LOTTERY OR FISHBOWL SAMPLING

2. SAMPLING WITH THE USE OF TABLE RANDOM NUMBERS

3. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

4. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A. SIMPLE STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

B. STRATIFIED PROPORTIONAL RANDOM SAMPLING

5. MULTI - STAGE OR MULTIPLE SAMPLING

NON - RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. JUDGMENT OR PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

2. QUOTA SAMPLING

3. CLUSTER SAMPLING

4. INCIDENTAL SAMPLING

5. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 EXAMPLE:

N 400000 n
e 3%

TECHNIQUE IN WHICH EACH MEMBER IN THE POPULATION IS GIVEN AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED IN THE SAMPLE .

TION OF THE POPULATION BY WHICH NOT ALL THE MEMBERS IN THE POPULATION ARE GIVEN THE CHANCE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE SAM

k N/n where: N POPULATION

n SAMPLE SIZE

SIMPLE STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

POPULATION SAMPLE
1ST. YR.
2ND. YR
3RD. YR
4TH. YR
5TH. YR
STRATIFIED PROPORTIONAL SAMPLING

POPULATION PROPORTION
1ST. YR
2ND. YR
3RD. YR
4TH. YR
5TH. YR
 1108.033

D IN THE SAMPLE .

TO BE INCLUDED IN THE SAMPLE .

POPULATION
SAMPLE SIZE
SAMPLE
TYPES OF QUESTIONS

1. STRUCTURED QUESTION A TYPE OF QUESTION THAT LEAVES ONLY ONE

2. UNSTRUCTURED OR OPEN - ENDED A TYPE OF QUESTION WHICH CAN BE ANSWER

QUESTIONS

FEATURES OF A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE

1. MAKE THE QUESTION SHORT AND CLEAR

2. AVOID LEADING QUESTIONS

3. ALWAYS STATE THE PRECISE UNITS IN WHICH YOU REQUIRE THE ANSWER IN ORDER TO FACILITA

4. AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE ASK QUESTIONS WHICH CAN BE ANSWERED BY JUST CHECKING SLOTS

5. LIMIT QUESTIONS TO ESSENTIAL INFORMATION .

6. ARRANGEMENT OF QUESTIONS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY PLANNED .

ON THAT LEAVES ONLY ONE WAY OR FEW ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF ANSWERING IT .

ON WHICH CAN BE ANSWERED IN MANY WAYS .

SWER IN ORDER TO FACILITATE TABULATIONS LATER ON .

D BY JUST CHECKING SLOTS OR STATING SIMPLE NAMES OR BRANDS .