UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER
AD491201

NEW LIMITATION CHANGE

TO
Approved for public release, distribution
unlimited

FROM
Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't.
agencies and their contractors;
Administrative/Operational Use; Jan 1954.
Other requests shall be referred to David
Taylor Model Basin, Washington, DC.

AUTHORITY

David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Ctr ltr dtd

8 Aug 1973

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

 FI

DEFFISE DOCUMENTATION CENTER

FOR

SCIý:,NIIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

4;MERON STATION ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA

UNCLASSIFIHED
NOTICE: When government or other drawings, speci-
fications or other data are used for any purpose
other than in connection with a definitely related
government procurement operation, the U. S.
Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor any
obligation whatsoeverj and the fact that the Govern-
ment may have formulated, furnished, or in any way
supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other
data is not to be regarded by implication or other-.
wise as in any manner licensing the holder or any
other person or corporation, or conveying any rights
or permission to manufacture, use or sell any
patented invention that may in any way be related
thereto.
 NAVY DEPARTMENT
STHE DAVID W. TAYLOR MODEL BASIN

AERODYNAMICS LABORATORY
Aj WASHINGTON 7, DC.

WIND-TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF AIR LOADS

ON HUMAN BEINGS

by

Thomas J. Schmitt

DDC
iI •[SEP '22 1964

DDC.IRA C

January 1954+ Report 892

Aero 858
 NOTATION

of Axes, Forces, Moments and

Positive Directions
by Arrows
Displacements Are Shown

Relative Wind N
Top View

7
Position-
Plane of Symmetry of Body

Center of Rotation

NApproximate C. G°
of Body Position

Relative Wind Side View

Moment Moment
Force Force Coefficient
Coefficient in pound-feet
Axis in pounds
2 (rolling) CL = LS/qvH1
D D (drag) CD = DS/qvH

S/qvH M (pitching) Cm = MS/qvHt

Y Y (side) Cy =

L L (lift) L- LS/qvH N (yawing) C = NS/qvHt

 General Symbols

S surface area of subject in square feet

v volume of subject in cubic feet

H height of subject in feet

Idcharacteristic length of body in feet (arbitrarily
one foot)
q dynamic pressure (oV 2 /2) in pounds per square foot

V airspeed in feet per second

R Reynolds number (oVt/1.)

P mass density of air in slugs per cubic foot

L absolute coefficient of viscosity of air in pound-

second per square foot

x horizontal distance in feet between moment center

and C. G. (measured parallel to body plane of sym-
metry)

y vertical distance in feet between moment center and

C. G.

Angular Setting

T angle of yaw in degrees (angle between relative

wind vector and plane of symmetry of the body
position)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

NOTATION Preface

SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION

SUBJECTS 3
APPARATUS 3
TESTS 4
RESULTS 5
DISCUSSION 6

DETERMINATiON OF THE BASIC PARAMETER 7

DRAG COEFFICIENT 8

Effect of Clothing 9
Reynolds Number Effect 9
SIDE-FORCE AND LIFT-FORCE COEFFICIENTS 10

MOMENT COEFTFICIENTS 10

APPENDIX-- MOMENT-TRANSFER EQUATIONS 12

REFERENCES 14
Table
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS 1
SUMMARY OF TEST DYNAMIC PRESSURES WITH APPROXI-
MATE CORRESPONDING AIRSPEEDS AND REYNOLDS NUMBERS 2

SUMMARY OF NOMINAL DYNAMIC PRESSURES FOR THE BODY

POSITIONS AND CLOTHING CONDITIONS OF ALL SUBJECTS
TESTED 3

Figure
PHOTOGRAPHS OF VARIOUS SUBJECTS MOUNTED IN THE
WIND TUNNEL IN THE FIVE BODY POSITIONS AND
ORIENTATION OF EACH POSITION WITH RESPECT TO
THE RELATIVE WIND 1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONCLUDED)

Figure

DRAG COEFFICIENTS OF SUBJECT& 1 THROUGH 8 2

AVERAGE DRA3 COEFFICIENTS OF SUBJECTS 1 THROUGH 8 3

EFFECT OF CLOTHING ON DRAG COEFFICIENTS 4

REYNOLDS NUMBER EFFECT ON DRAG COEFFICIENT 5

SIDE-FORCE COEFFICIENTS OF SUBJECTS 1 THROUGH 8 6

LIFT COEFFICIENTS OF SUBJECTS 1 THROUGH 8 7

PITCHING-MOMENT COEFFICIENTS OF SUBJECTS 1

THROUGH 8 8

YAWING-MOMENT COEFFICIENTS OF SUBJECTS 1 THROUGH 8 9

ROLLING-MOMENT COEFFICIENTS OF SUBJECTS 1 THROUGH 8 10

GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF AVERAGE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY

LOCATIONS FOR THE FIVE BODY POSITIONS 11
Report 892
Aero 858

AERODYNAMICS LABORATORY
DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN
UNITED STATES NAVY
WASHINGTON, D.C.

WIND-TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF AIR LOADS

ON HUMAN BEINGS

by

Thomas J. Schmitt

SUMMARY
An investigation was conducted in the Taylor Model
Basin 8- by 10-foot subsonic, atmospheric Wind Tunnel 2 to
determine the drag coefficient of man. Tests were made at
sevei0a). yaw angles with subjects of various sizes in five
body positions: standing, sitting, supine, and two squat
positions. Data were obtained for the subjects in both the

clothed and nude conditions.

A parameter was formulated from the available physi-
cal characteristics of the subjects tested and all coefficients
were based on this. Drag coefficients were obtained which
should be reliable in predicting drag forces on men of average
stature under a variety of conditions. Lift, side force, and
moments were also obtained which indicate relative trends of

motion for each position.

INTRODUCTION

Previously the Civil Aeronautics Administration

ran a series of tests with several subjects in various positions
 -2-

subjected to momentary air blasLs. Dr. Barry G. King of the

Medical Division, CAA, proposed a wind-tunnel investigation

of air loads on human beings to supplement these tests (Ref-

erence 1). The intent of the CAA is to correlate the basic

drag data provided by the wind-tunnel study with the air-

blast results. The data obtained should have widespread

application in the prediction of the body behavior in free

fall, parachute descent, ejection-seat escape, and in explo-

sive decompression. The Office of Naval Research requested

the Bureau of Aeronautics to authorize the Aerodynamics Labo-

ratory of TMB to conduct a wind-tunnel investigation of air

loads on human beings. "The immediate aim of this wind tunnel

study would be to (a) determine the drag coefficient of man

and (b) to evaluate the decompression technique as a means

of determining man's tolerance to disorientation forcesa"

(Reference 2),

Accordingly, the Aerodynamics Laboratory was au-

thorized by the Bureau of Aeronautics to conduct the inves-

tigation in one of its 8- by 10-foot wind tunnels (Reference

3). The study was made during the period from 7 July 1952 to

30 July 1952, and advance copies of net force and moment data

were forwarded to the CAA. This report presents the results

of the test in coefficient form and completes the investiga-

tions
 -3-

SUBJECTS
Sixteen male subjects were utilized in this inves-

tigatior, all of whom were provided by Dr. King of the CAA.

The physical characteristics of all subjects are listed in
Table 1. The age, weight, height, and surface area of each
person were provided by the CAA. The volumes were determined
at the Aerodynamics Laboratory by immersing the subjects in
a drum of water and measuring their volumetric displacements.
It is believed that the range of subjectzes tested,

sufficiently brackets the physical characteristics of an aver-

age male adult. However, no very large or small subjects were
included in the tests. This should be considered in any appli-

cation of the data presented.

Since the consideration of other body characteris-

tics such as shape, bone structure, etc. is beyond the scope

of this report, no discussion of the effect of such factors
on drag is presented.

APPARATUS

The CAA provided individual supports for testing

the subjects in the five body positions: standing, sitting,

supine, and two squat positions. The supports were construoted

of sheet steel, padded with foam rubber and leather, and fitted
with leather straps for holding the subjects in rlace. They

were adjustable and flexible to some extent to accommodate a

variety of subject sizes. The supports for the five body
positions with subjects in place are shown in Figures la

through le.
 -4-

Each of the five supports was fitted with a flange

by which it was bolted to a standard steel I-beam mounted.

vertically in the tunnel on a rotatable milling head. Ad-

justable shields were provided to cover the I-beam from the

floor of the tunnel up to the base of the subject. The I-

beam support and the shields were fabricated at the Model

Basin.

A hand-held normally-open miaroswitch was connected

to a pilot light and utilized by the subjects for signaling

if they wished the tunnel stopped because of any discomfort.

It was the practice during a test run for the subject to hold

the switch closed. If he should faint, the light would go

out when he released the switch.

TESTS

All tests were made in the TMB 8- by 10-foot, closed-

throat, atmospheric Wind Tunnel 2. The five body positions:

standing, sitting, supine, Squat 1, and Squat 2, axse illus-

trated in outline form through the pla•e of symmetry at T = 00

in Figure 1.

Tests were made on moat of the sixteen subjects at

dynamic pressures of 1.0, 9.0, and 26.0 pounds per square foot.

Several subjects were also tested at a dynamic pressure of 37.0.

In addition limited Heynolds-number tests were made with two

subjects at 43.0, 50.0, 58.0, and 66.0 pounds per square foot.
The approximate corresponding airspeeds and Reynolds numbers

for the above dynamic pressures are listed in Table 2.

 All the subjects were tested in two clothing cundi-

tions. One consisted of the subject attired in shirt and

trousers and the other was nude (hereafter referred to as

clothed and nude respectively). The subjects wore swim trunks

for the nude tests. For both clothing conditions the subjects

wore goggles, taped on to protect their eyes, and shoes.

TabIc 3 summarizes the body positions, dynamic pres-

sures, and clothing conditions of all subjects tested,

RESULTS

The subjects of this investigation have been divided

into two groups, each containing eight men. This report con-

tains the six-component force and moment data presented in

non.•-Ion'nsional coefficient form for Subjects 1 through 8,

who were selected as representative of the entire group for

determination of the basic drag coefficient of the human body.

Results for Subjects 9 through 16 were omitted since the data

were incomplete and would not be of significant value to the

reporte Drag coefficients as a function of T are presented

in Figures 2 and 3; effects of clothing on the drag coefficient

are presented in Figure 4; the variation of drag coefficient

with Reynolds number is illustrated in Figure 5; and the re-

maining force and moment coefficients are plotted in Figures

6 through 10.
 -6-

The data are referred to tile system of axes shown

in the notation; the moment center coincides with the top-
center of the I-beam support, which was the center of rota-
tion. The coefficients, defined in the notation, have been
based on a parameter which is elaborated in the discussion.

No tare or interference corrections were applied

to the data. The support strut was shielded for all body
positions to eliminate this source of tare. No feasible
method was devised for determining the tare effect of the body

support or the interference of the shield. However, since

the supports were relatively small and fitted the subjects
closely in most cases, their effects were probably of small
magnitude.
An appendix is included whidh gives the derivation
of equations for transferring the moments to an average body
center-of-gravity for each of the five positions. Figure 11
illustrates how the average centers-of-gravity were obtained.
The individual centers-of-gravity were furnished by the CAA.

DISCUSSION
Previous studies concerning drag of the human body,
as summarized in Reference 4. were limited by the extent and
type of information available, Primarily this information
consisted of the free-fall velocity of a parachutist, from
which a drag coefficient based on an estimated frontal area
was determined. To avoid limiting the usefulness and scope
 -7-

of this report, a drag coefficient was obtained which varies

with orientation in yaw for each of the five positions tested,
This was accomplished by determining a basic parameter utiliz-
ing the physical characteristics of tha subjects tested rather
than an estimated frontal area. This procedure resulted in
drag coefficients of reasonable accuracy for the human body
orientated in a great variety of positions with respect to the
relative wind. These coefficients should simplify drng studies
of an average male if his physical characteristics are known
as employed in the basic parameter.
DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC PARAMETER -- The following
physical characteristics of all subjects tested were known:
W weight in pounds
H height in feet
v volume in cubic feet
S surface area in square feet
Five trial parameters, namely, v2/3 v/11, 170 v/HW,
and vH/S,
were formulated utilizing the above characteristics. The
purpose of the constant 170 (an arbitrary value representing
average weight) was to obtain drag coefficients nearer unity
for the parameters involving weight.
Trial computations of drag coefficient were made
with tho five parameters, resulting in the selection of vH/S
as the one uhich reidered the least variation in C among the
eight subjects. Obviously, the above parameters do not account
for such differences in subjects as rolative proportion of body
 -6-

members, looseness of skin, bone structure, etc. A considera-

tion of the afore-mentioned factors in the determination of

the drag coefficient is beyond the scope of the present dis-

cussion.

DRAG COEFFICIENT -- With the selection of vH/S as the

basic parameter, the drag coefficients of Subjects 1 through

8 were computed and are presented in Figure 2 for the five

body positions and two clothing conditions tested. The data

are faired in a manner to present an envelope of the values

of CD obtained at each yaw angle. This method permits a

visual inspection of the variation in individual drag coef-

ficients.

The arithmetic means of the drag coefficients are

presented in Figure 3. The half-values of the range indicated

by the envelopes in Figure 2 divided by mean CD for each yaw

angle is approximately 0.09.

A significant fact is worth mentioning in connection

with the average values presented in Figure 3. Upon referring

to Figure 1 and the notation it will be apparent that the same

body profiles are presented to the wind stream for the stand-

ing and supine positions at T = 900. Figure 3 indicates excel-

lent agreement between the drag coefficients for the two body

positions in both clothing conditions. This comparison seems

to substantiate the statement in the results that the shield

interference is of small magnitude.

 -9-

Effect of Clothing w- Figure 4 presents the average

incremental drag coefficient due to clothing for Subjects I

through 8. For the purpose of increasing the usefulness of

these data, it also gives the clothing effects as a percent-
age of the drag coefficient for clothed subjects. All values
for these clothing effects were computed from the average drag-
coefficient differences as shown in Figure 3. Fair agreement
of the clothing contribution was obtained between th(. standing
and supine positions at T = 90*. Clothing caused a 20 percent
increase in CD for the standing position and a 17 percent in-
crease for the supine position.
Reynolds Number Effect -- Tests were run at various
dynamic pressures with Subjects 1 and 2 in the supine and Squat
I posituons respectively at T = 0* and 180'. The resulting
drag-coefficient values were plotted versus Reynolds number
and are presented in Figure 5. All Repiolds numbers were
based on an arbitrary characteristic length of one foot.
Only a slight drag-coefficient increase is evident
above a Reynolds number of 0.5 x 106 for the two subjects at
both yaw angles. There is a relatively sharp rise in CD at
Reynolds numbers below 0.5 x 10 6 This variation might be
explained by the fact that only one test point, an airspeed
of approxinately 17.8 knots, was available below the Reynolds
number of 0.5 x 106. At this low speed little displacement
of the subjects, skin and clothing was evident. As the airspeed
was increased, the subjects became more streamlined due to the
 a

-10-

smoothing of the clothing and skin. However, as the airspeed

was increased to still higher values the clothing and skin

began to flutter with increasing frequency. This would seem

to explain the slight rise in CD above a Reynolds number of

0.5 x 106 as due to an apparent increase in surface roughness.

SIDE-FORCE AND LIFT-FORCE COEFFICIENTS -- The side- and

lift-force coefficients of Subjects 1 through 8 are presented

in Figures 6 and 7 respectively. These data points were faired

similarly to the drag data to give an envelope of the maximum

and minimum values obtained at each value of ¶. Because of

the spread in coefficient values at each value of T, these

data seem to be of interest only as an indication of the trends
exhibited by the human body. It is probable that their spread
is due to tlue slightly different position each subject assumed
in the supports. Also the subjects twisted varying amounts in
the support as they were yawed during a dynamic run.
Generally the side-force coefficient is small com-

pared to the drag coefficient at each angle of yaw with the

exception of the standing position (Figure 6). The lift coef-

ficients are practically negligible for all positions with the

exception of the sitting position (Figure 7). For this posi-

tion the lift coefficient varies from a relatively low nega-

tive value at Y 00 to a positive value at 7 = 1800.
MOMENT COEFFICIENTS -- The pitching -, yawing -, and roll-

Ing - moment coefficients of Subjects 1 through 8 are presented

in Figures 8, 9, and 10 respectively. These data were faired

similarly to the force data. Relatively large variations

also are present in the moment coefficients. This variation

most likely is due to the shift of the subjects' body in the

support. The wind force tended to change the subjects' posi-

tion relative to the moment center as compared to his wind-

off location. This effectively changed the static moments

which introduced an uncorrectable variation in the final data

for the various subjects. The moment coefficients should be

useful in qualitative predictions of the motions of the body

when subjected to a wind force.

Aerodynamics Laboratory
David Taylor Model Basin
Washington, D. C.
January 1954
 -12-
APPENDIX

DETERMINATION OF EQUATIONS FOR TRANSFERRING THE MOMENTS

FROM THE CENTER OF ROTATION OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEM TO THE

AVERAGE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF EACH BODY POSITION

The moment arms, as defined in the notation, are

listed below for the five body positions at 00 yaw. Each of

these was taken from an average graphical location. This was

determined by the center of a circle circumscribing the centers

of gravity of four subjects of varying physique mounted in the

supports (Figure 11).

Body
Position x in feet y in feet

Standing -0.03 O.-74

Sitting 1.03 0.53

Supine 0.17 0.40

Squat 1 -0.14 1 0.98

Squat 2 0.o13 0.29

General moment-transfer equations as derived from

the physical layout of the supports are as follows:

M G = MOR + (xcos T) L - yD
NOG = NOR + (x sin T) D + (x cos T) Y

C= 4 OR - yY - (x sin T) L
The subscripts CG and CR refer to the center of

gravity and the center of rotation for each body position.

The specific moment-transfer equations for each

body position are presented below.

 -13-

APPENDIX (CONTINUED)

Standing Position
M CG = MOR - (0.03 cos T) L - 0.74 D
NG = NCR - (0.03 sin T) D - (0.03 cOs ') Y

tOG = -R - 0.74 Y + (0.03 sin ') L

Sitting Position

MG 14R + (1.03 cos T) L - 0,53 D

NCG 0
NCR + (1.03 sin T) D + (0.17 cos ) Y
zCG L " 040 Y - (0.17 sin Y) L
OR
Supine Position
TMCG = MOR + (0.17 cos T) L - 0.1l0 D

NG
C= NCR + (0.17 sin T) D + (0.17 cos T) Y
= - 0.
4 0 Y - (0.17 sin 1Y)L

CG CR
Squaý 1")sition I

M = M - (0.114 coB T) L - 0.98 D

Na. = NC - (O.li
( sin T) D (Oo1t cos T) Y

CG CR " 0,98 Y + (0,14 sin T) L

Squat Position 2

SCG MCR + (0.13 cOS T)

M L - 0.29 D

N = NCR + (0.13 sin 7) D + (0.13 cos 1) Y

zCG = CR - 0.29 Y - (0.13 sin T) L

The preceding moment-transfer equations may be em-

ployed to transfer the moment coefficients by merely substitu-

ting the appropriate coefficients in place of the net values

indicated.
 -14-

REFERENCES
1. CAA ltr dated 19 Feb 1952.

2. ONR ltr ONR:44.1:EKK:gjs NR 118-074,, serial

7833, dated 12 March 1952.
3. BuAer ltr Aer-DE-31 NA onr 10451, serial 38782,
dated 21 March 1952.
4. Hoerner, Sighard F.: Aerodynamic Drag. Mid-

land Park, N. J., 1951.

 T ABLE 1

Physical Characteristics of Human Subjects

Subject Age Weight Height Vol. in Surface Area

3
in pounds in feet ft. in ft. 2

1 47 185 6.00 3.022 22,17

2 36 155 5.67 2,458 19.69
3 24 196 5.96 3.027 22.70
14 38 154 6.17 2.285 20.98
5 16 160 5.92 2.55 20.66
6 36 165 5.33 2.571 19.37
S7 24 160 5.67 2.1496 20.01
8 37 165 5.75 2.771 20,44
9 31 155 5.83 2.571 20.12
10 32 156 5-42 2.480 19.05
11 43 160 5.67 2.582 20.01
12 33 142 5,38 2.255 18.29
13 22 158 5.83 2.422 20.3,34
1i 20 165 5.75 2.541 20.44
15 25 169 5.46 2.636 20.23
16 27 145 5.75 2.199 19.37
 TABLE 2

SLummary of Test Dynamic Pressures With Approximate

Corresponding Airspeeds and Reynolds Numbers

q V
in lb/sq ft in ft/seo in knots R X 10-6

1.0 30.1 17.8 0.17

9.0 90.2 53.4 0.51
26.0 153 90.8 0.87
37.0 183 108 1.04
43. o 195 116 1.14

50.0 212 126 1.21

58.0 227 134$ 1.32
66.0 2o43 144 1.-39

The above Reynolds numbers are based on an arbitrary

characteristic length (4) of one foot.

 '.0 .0 ID '.Z %0 .0 '0 '0 10 '.Q '0 '0
* ~
N N N % N N N N WN NN

0
4) a0 '0 '0 '.0 '0 10 0 '0 '0 'D 'D

H
tý
a- ) a,
%%
%Ci1
ONa a,
%%
a% a
%'
a
0%
a
%
0% H 1
C3
a,
.l -I
m
H
M H H H H- H- H H ~
H H4

ft Ct CI tK

'0 '%D 0 '.0 '0 '0 '.0 '. 0 'D '0 0 0 %

Y a, CY
*y a,
* a a a

T)
N
10
N Nl
'. 0
N~ N
'0 '0
N~
'0
N-
'
N
0 '0
N
'.
NV
'0 0
a a: a a a aa

44 H3 H H- H H H HH H H H

1
V LI
0 0 0
N
a
0
N
a
ý
N
a,
\00
NY
aI
0
N
a,
'0

a
'0
NM
aa
' 0

a
'

4.30d 0.
P. a 0 '0 '0 '0 '0 '.0 '0 '0 ' '0 '
SN N N CdN Nm N Ng

0m H a0 0a0 a0 a0 a a a aa a 0
0 HI H H H H HH N N

U 4 - u- a, 0.

A ' a'Y 0'q 0% 0NO C% ' 0 % 0 0%

.4 H
rH H4 H r HHH4

12
0 '0 '0 ' 00 '0 '0 '0 '0 '0
cm N ci
144Dc0 Nm
00 a, 0' 0' U' 0 (7' a' a' 0% 3 a.a*

0 ~ ~~~~~~
00 H HHHHH
r4 ~~ 1 0 ~ ý ~
1 4U30 M ~ U ~ 4 4VM
 Center of
Rotation

Relative Wind Direction

at T = 00

Figure 1 - Photographs of Various Subjects Mounted in The

Wind Tunnel in The Five Body Positions and Orientation

of Each Position With Respect to The Relative Wind

(a) Clothed Subject 11, Standing Position

V = 00, q = 26.0 lb/sq ft

NP21-50 264 28 July 1952

 Center of'
Rotation

Relative Wind Direction

at T 00

Figure 1 (Continued)
(b) Nude Subject 2, Sitting Position

T= 00, q = 37.0 lb/sq ft

NF21-50243 9 July 1952

 Rotation _________

Relative Wind Direction

bat T =00

Figure 1 (Continued)

(a) Nude Subject 12,, Supine Position

T =-9Q0 * q = 26.0 lb/sq ft

NP21..50255 9 July 1952

 Center of
Rotation

Relative Wind Direction

at 'T 00

Figure 1 (Continued)

(d) Clothed Sub ject'2, Squat Position 1

T =-15000 q = 26,0 lb/sq ft

NP21-5~0226 9 July 1952

 Center of
Rotation

Relative Wind Direction

atV 00

Figure 1 (Concluded)

(e) Nude Subject 3, Squat Position 2

T =-1500, q = 26.0 lb/sq ft

N 21-50251 9 July 1952

.u~~~x 4il

*II

tAt

r 77I
 I"-1
vi-4 4-4
r- T 111

N i* I.

-
- -

* I
* _ _

--- -- --

-- .iii. h 71
I ~_ TL
lutz .17
7

)-.
44iAi. ikýh
 I- IN

4
I I
'
I

....

j__
i I I

' i
7WV ._j

+P-," -
- I--
-

--- L.7
Iii .i
_,,+...
IF
_

i - -
' iii-I 1E.I

.-- I
".7t... ---

I r

I ii

YJ UI t2 j
I , I
 .14

1+ Id

.+.t

41-

Tj-1
-----------
IziIt
.--

.I..,jJ:
 'I T

TI II

IT-
 A '

I'

I_-.4 A-
.--- •

- _-.VIII
.I. L---

A . [

- - 1
At..

..... W ....... 9

- I -H---
t -I---~-
' I-- - - -

~~--F7
-j- - p -- - - .11 F
 -- V I-

4i i i1
I -

j:
-~~

'~~~~~~
oil7I7

V ~ 4 -- -j
 Ff -
-4 E9-t -t

I 'r"

T m7.

1-t' i - T

1 ~~4. .

-ýr - - " -

I~, 1 17-7
 IR

1~ýt 4-47

-~~~~; - - .- - - -- - -.. , : T

IF A

.71..
.(7
...
- vJI~-
Ni 14

IW I. -9
~4~i i
~ 7-
KT!,
 _ ;+ tI ; I i ,. I - -
..
- ,. ...
...

S. ...... . . i.L1I..'. ...

SIKIII Iji

' .1 i i"* I

. ... .iK it'±• "" ---

H""-- - I I I,'

S...9:
zj' '-
PT- .. -i ... V-

"7 • ,~~~I-q~• 4----

2v1
J~7
 -KZ" A - 7---I i

'-- i- I HN I --

211PT1 I -- IIj7i

FLRV
 4t-
~}FV j14-I

-H--t-
i 1417 11111

--T FFI I I I
- - -
FFFH+2iL -*---

II I
I K
K Iv....i.
-
..
-. '- I H- FT
__
_ __

III
1-1-[
.11 It'
.
I I
- . .-.....-.-. - _ _

. . .1-
II

.
--.... I __

.-

K!
-

1'
j
-

I..
-

j14.; 447
Wr
7iI17iII
.1
___

__
.

-H -j
±zli
I
H..
iiii.

r
.

]7
I

I i

I-
I

I
<-f--li
I tv'.L.
4
F i4I L
I
.- T
_ I I
OOVc1 -K- -v
--

-K- I
I

"1 J
.tI.717
.44
_
___...............I
____
______
____________

7VK --

I - -

I
..I.

: :F: I
- I . 1. 0
 4 --
7-7

I f

+1 1

----
: H + - .....

I-. --

1 "-
I• _,._
-

t -
Li 11f1`
1._7' .
j~~~~
1

A-
K

Ku~1
i
4

[P E_ ~
:. " o.

I t t

ir1
~~ 71

f. v ' R

"41

Tr-.

;j~~~ A fk
 L-4- 4---
-4 4

_41
P4.
 - -1---
--- ..t
.T
... i
7-

-4-V

7111.7
7K1_ 17i

I1 f

1;4 FF
-i--TL.t

t7
_.,17 747 ~

4
~t±-4v;LI
~d¶ Th~t
7411 ~J
~4r.
JRFA
 tz -7\1 I r' s 2S

.- -.. r s- -4t

L71 < I 16

-71

77 v~
17 ýF - *I - -41
~~ I - ., -

I 24.Iýi
 C\ Il ... I..

. . ......

<. 7-

2v
771. > Th 11 A
 51,16 IL
L
1 *~~ '

41 d_ I

EC< <)
___

jil
- r

i.L~iL _144
 _ I

- I.
I
-1- I

- I.

t ii
I

'H
I
-
I

-
r
I

I 4±711 '
-; I __
+II
__
--
_ _

I
I,
J I.. -A---

* I - L
I 1-

-I
-4-
I tK ji
I *

J
I.
21...i...j -

9 I.--

'-1* 17 I

-
7K I
-j -

I
I
-i--i-i-- I

I
-

*1* . II
1111 I '41-i-I. I
I
i
I

4.
[ IIiIiji11-
ii
 I {J-{.2.K
11
-L4-2-
r
I I I
ii-P'
Ill
I
S.?1 I__

I-

'-FT H I
*- ..

-
II''

II,..,
K
V
I

Liz1

I
*
I

_ __ _
V7t>7$77J
L' Th I
94*I:
-. . -

-4

L
K

ljI Ibifzf
--

I
__ I. -t EB{12¾
_
,- --I--,

Kx.KiKii14
-,

* XiIm{
2721 IF
-1
t i
H I
-v -

__
t
_ I} T

f I '[7[7---K t LI.I1aE{I..J
 I 1 :1-*I

- ~~I I-
~ ~ ~ ~ .
1.F-i.. 1.--

A P

iS I- I

cjcj
1KFl

in L
9i~iiTi~
_~+vt - lI-
Mvv -
 V
- 1-
riI

I FtI

71721I1- -0 1-IT
1. 1-i1 ~ -

I I 1 4111

I I' '

.' T- , R 17
 a

i 4 j 7-

1 '_
,--I

" Ii '. '.

............ ...... I..

I
.

I-
_

7-
4- IL
L iI
-•-
I - -1 -...-.
I .....

S- qv I A i--*.i.i-H I ii
-l~ - '-
+ i~ ...... ' + E 44I"I
+V:l
___ ... _ _ P.,7:1
_I . ...1 .. .....2..i1i 4
S. .. 1 ti .. . . ~ :,, I

- -I~ ~~Tt;
- _ ... . .. . .. ..
}AERO45 _

<~ A

-4--- -4-

-~RF
 1_ I i
-T1

Lii F J 1

FIT - J~ ii
1V7

~I4-
$

lri 1 4:
.1 I..

I .,
I
T.
-A I
 IT `l I.-
I4!,;!I
:fi
I~ II i i A

17-. 1- .

. ... . .-
.1 ..

V. :. ,

i 1

UK-:. :0' 1:__

L~~~m 1 r : JI~~

~ 'I'
r77AT-F
 - O* 1-. 7-~
I. - ..i**:*. -6

-4--4ý --

I I> p .1 FAIR
 I ij+IIriiLl
ItEA;iii Ku
TK
I
I t
1
I

7L 7177f
I _ J
77 7717± 4
__ *17+
I - 'I
Th2I i
I
[.. I

1 r
I 4

1 1-;
7KIi{ I
±
I I

77F.51 I
**

I I 1

I
I _

I I

Hi>
Ki -
I

I
it K - -- 1---]2+ f-i
2 - I ij<i 4
'I

. 1.4.....-;471
I
I

II

± -j--t-t v-v
1-4 I
 ..
..
.i.Lj....
ji
T71~ .-. L

1 -

SF-1
 I A

I F,~

~-'F7 q 17
I I I I77

I.l N I I

.. .. ... F
 ____-t
_ I' *

-AF

T .......
4--1.-

441j ... .... 4

.4-- n tt-i. -MI

4:AV, 1-'7104+
'g
 V c
4- 0

0 0 0 p w.
%.: 1. L 0 0

-- *4 -,c*

W) Q

_06 Q 5 -7*

m
.E~t~c * * :..' 0)
* - -
.00 V) 0
an~ ~
4'- -4-

~ ~~~~ ~-n
U a u~~.o~.
~ 4J' o

coc

C,0)

C9 4-7 b- 6

* * -- C

0 iC

l ii4 14
Lin

0, _3 1. .0 " .0- -.-. 0'

~~~~~~
~ 4 - ~ 2J~4

DIQ~v u

.0 0
 0 .) v. v

La 0o 00

4..n~ K- 4- --

Cto

a* W
N*Do7

G'J .J -t- 0

1. 4-4 3-4-.~l04

V) A0 +.~ 4) §2 to - )

co -. 9 c

c w - 0
~~~Uj1
2-1-4
4 U~4
VIU

0. *0- 4-0 W

cc 00 4 0 JC4v
0 0 a-

C'?j

CD 4 e) (3

0 0 0 0
C 9

4 4 4

- - - - 9- -- -
x4 3.4T

Cc 0

8 to

'c 'F ('O--8

-

4!~6 4) C0 4- 0.(coL

40 in co C?.0

Q0 0 0

4).4 0

I.. 0 40
 11 A,.•
I, , ,

UN C