IPA18-348-G

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Forty-Second Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2018

LACUSTRINE SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL IN JANTUNG GRABEN, SOUTH PALEMBANG

SUB BASIN, SOUTH SUMATRA

Bayu Sapta Fitriana*

Mohamad Fery Mustofa*
Bimo Ario Putra**

ABSTRACT result. This give indication that hydrocarbon was just

Source rock kerogen in many proven kitchen in
South Sumatra basin mostly known as type II/III
which deposited in fluvio-deltaic environments.
Jantung sub-basin is one of the graben at OK block
which geochemically indicated lacustrine
environment. Source rock data from JAG-1 well
shows kerogen type I/II from shale in Talang Akar
(TAF) and Lahat formation (LAF). This kind of
kerogen generally deposited in lacustrine to marine
environment. The presences of lacustrine source rock
in this area become interesting since lack of
hydrocarbon discovered from this type of source
rock.
Shale samples from TAF and LAF analyzed with
TOC (Total Organic Carbon) determination, Rock-
eval pyrolisis, Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro), and
Bitumen extraction analytical techniques. These
analysis resulted that TAF and LAF shale have
good to excellent source rock potential, with TOC
value 2.0 – 6.0 wt%; and indicate lacustrine to
marine environment (Kerogen type I/II) as shown
by Hydrogen Index (HI) values 699 – 797
(mg/gTOC) in TAF, and 440 – 1,325 (mg/gTOC)
in LAF. Bitumen extract from LAF shale also
indicated highly anoxic source rock environment
with Pristane/Phytane value=1.3 and
Prystane/nC17=3.
Tmax value 434-438 deg C in LAF shale has
entered the early mature phase, which mean
maturity at the basin depocenter can be more
mature. The mature source rock also confirmed by
1D basin modeling that resulted peak mature stage
in LAF with Ro 0.65-0.85. Good to very good
hydrocarbon show in reservoir indicate the
hydrocarbon already migrated into reservoir,
although well testing result doesn’t give good
passing through reservoir.
The absences of lacustrine hydrocarbon type in
relationship with mature kitchen can be explained by
pathways of migrated hydrocarbon from orthogonal
map at migration time. The migration was occur
before trapping development. This result encouraged
the exploration for stratigraphic trap around Jantung
sub basin.
INTRODUCTION
The Ogan Komering (OK) Block is located in the
South Palembang sub basin, South Sumatra Basin
(Figure 1). This block is operated by the Joint
Operating Body (JOB) Pertamina-Jadestone (OK)
Ltd. Since 1992, oil & gas was mostly produced
from Baturaja and Talang Akar Formation, which is
estimated produced by several local grabens in and
around OK block. The main proven kitchen in this
area is Lematang, Tanjung Miring & Merbau deep
that mostly located in northern part of this block.
There is another local graben that potential to
generate hydrocarbon such as Jantung, Bandar
Agung, Cintamani and Kerindangan graben remain
questioned (Figure 2).
Source rock sample analysis from JAG-1 well,
geochemically indicated lacustrine environment,
while many researches discuss the origin of source
rocks in the prolific South Sumatra Basin (Robinson,
1987; Suseno, et al., 1992) most of them conclude
that the source rocks in this basin are the Talang Akar
and Lemat Formations. Robinson (1987) believes
that the effective source rocks are the organic rich
fluvio-deltaic deposits of the Talang Akar
Formation. Suseno et al. (1992) on the other hand,
identified source rocks in both the Talang Akar and
Lahat Formations within the South Palembang Sub-
Basin.

* JOB Pertamina-Jadestone (OK) Ltd.

** Freelance Geologist
 
ANALYTICAL METHOD
Source rock sample analysis was taken from Talang
Akar (TAF) and Lahat Formation (LAF) shale. Shale
samples are analyzed with TOC (Total Organic
Carbon) determination, Rock-eval pyrolisis,
Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro), and Bitumen extraction
analytical techniques. There are 5 shale sample from
TAF and 9 samples from LAF, with 1 bitumen
extraction from LAF. Geochemistry analysis value
represent in Table 1. Geochemistry value classified
using several classification, to determine which
formation can be classified as effective source rock
(Waples, 1985).
To determine timing generation and level of maturity
at the basin, 1D burial history at the JAG-1 well and
in basin depocenter are been done using pseudo well
at the deepest part of the basin, with the help from
seismic data. Possible migration pathways from
Jantung sub-basin also determined using the
orthogonal map from the top of Talang Akar
formation map on Late Miocene time.
GEOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS
Geochemistry data analysis from source rock
samples are divided into quantity, quality, and
maturity analysis (Figure 4). Quantity analysis
determined from TOC, and S2 from Rock Eval
Pyrolysis. Based on JAG-1 well data Lahat
Formation have TOC 2.58 – 5.99 (wt%) and Talang
Akar Formation have TOC 2.0 – 5.1 (wt%) which
can be classified as Very good to Exellent source
rock potential (Peters and Cassa,1994). Quality
analysis, are performed to determine the type of
kerogen using the value of Hydrogen Index (HI)
from rock eval pyrolysis and biomarker data from
rock extraction. Lahat Formation has HI value
ranging from 440 – 1325 mgHC / grTOC. This value
of HI can be classified as Type I/II kerogen (Peters
and Cassa, 1994), which is deposited in lacustrine to
marine environment, and will produce oilwhen
mature. Rock extraction sample from LAF indicated
that the sample are consist from algal/bacterial and,
deposited in very anoxic environment such as
Lacustrine. Talang Akar Formation has HI value
ranging from 699 – 797 mgHC / grTOC that can be
classified as Type I kerogen which is deposited in
lacustrine or very anoxic environment. Maturity
analysis determined using Tmax value and
Production Index (PI) from Rock Eval Pyrolysis, and
also from vitrinite reflectance (%Ro). Lahat
Formation have Tmax value ranging from upper part
to lower part 434 – 438 0C which mean the lower part
of LAF has entered the early mature phase. But,
based on %Ro value that ranging from 0.43 – 0.47 %
and based on PI value <0.1, this part of LAF are
immature source rock. While Talang Akar Formation
are also immature based on %Ro and Tmax Value.
TIMING AND POSSIBLE MIGRATION
PATHWAY
1D burial history has been done on JAG-1 well and
pseudo well at the deepest part of basin. Boundary
condition, thermal condition, and %Ro calibration at
pseudo well are taken from data at JAG-1 well. From
1D burial history at pseudo well (Figure 6), we can
determine that the lower part of LAF has entered
early mature phase (eq. %Ro 0.6) at 10 MA, which
mean migration phase can be started after that. In
present condition, half part of LAF has entered peak
mature phase (eq. %Ro 0.65 – 0.85).
To determine secondary migration from Jantung
graben, orthogonal map are used using the top of
Talang Akar formation on Late Miocene time
(Figure 7). From orthogonal map, we can see that
pathways from Jantung graben are divided to several
pathways, and one of the path are passed JAG-1 well,
which mean if we have good reservoir and traping at
that area, the oil should be trapped and accumulated.
DISCUSSION
Geochemistry data from JAG-1 well indicate good
potential, and contain Type I/II kerogen which is
deposited in lacustrine to marine environment. From
geochemistry log (Figure 4), we could see the value
of Hydrogen Index, are gradually decreases from the
lower to the upper parts of LAF. We suggest, this
change of HI value, are caused by the change of
environment when LAF is being deposited, and this
change of environment are caused by sea level rising.
And as additional argument, the cutting samples
from the lower part of LAF are non – slightly
calcareous shale, while in the upper parts are
calcareous shale.
JAG-1 well has a good oil show at the reservoir, but
flowing water after the production test. This result
due to hydrocarbons migration was occurred before
structural trap formation at JAG-1 well area.
Migration can possibly started after LAF entered
early mature phase at 10 MA (Late Miocene) based
on 1D burial history, while the structural trap are
developed at Pliocene – Pleistocene based on
regional tectonic and structural reconstruction on
Late Miocene time; therefore the hydrocarbon are
not trapped and just passed through reservoir at JAG-
1 well.
This condition remain another trapped hydrocarbon
potential on the flank side of the structure where
stratigraphic trap on carrier bed formation may
developed. The stratigraphic trap potential around
the Jantung subbasin, should be more analyzed due
to non-existence lacustrine oil at the structural trap.
CONCLUSION
Lahat Formation at Jantung graben can be classified
as effective source rock due to good potential and
maturity level, with I/II kerogen type which is
produce oil. This source rock had been mature since
10 MA based on 1D burial history.
The absences of lacustrine hydrocarbon at JAG-1
well can be explained by 1D burial history, which
show that mature source rock and timing of
migration are happen before the structural trap at
JAG-1 well developed. Possible stratigraphic trap
around the basin should be encourages to prove the
existence of lacustrine hydrocarbon from Jantung
sub-basin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thanks the management of
JOB Pertamina-Jadestone (OK), SKK MIGAS and
DIRJEN MIGAS, for their permission to publish this
paper. Special thanks are dedicated to all Exploration
department team of JPJOK for their contributions.
REFERRENCES
Peters, K.E., dan Cassa, M.R., 1994. Applied Source
Rock Geochemistry. The Petroleum System from
Source to Trap, AAPG Memoir no. 60.
Robinson, K.M, 1987, An Overview of Source
Rocks and Oils in Indonesia, IPA Proceeding 16th
Annual Convention, 97-101
Sarjono S., dan Sardjito, 1989. Hydrocarbon Source
Rock Identification In The South Palembang Sub-
Basin. Proceedings 18th Annual Convention,
Indonesian Petroleum Association. Jakarta
 TABLE 1

GEOCHEMISTRY DATA FROM JAG-1 WELL

Lithology Sample TOC Pyrolysis Tmax Hidrogen Production Ro

o
Formation Description Depth (wt. %) S1 S2 C Index Index %
shale dark brown, dark greyish brown, fissile 
TAF pyrite, local silty, micrite laminasi, calcareous 1040 5.1 35.9595 432 699 0.37
TAF Shale 1080 4.0 27.8421 433 699 0.34
TAF Shale 1120 4.2 33.3872 434 797 0.36
Shale, grey ‐ olive grey, brittle, platy, tuffaceous, 
TAF occasionally mica, lamination, calcareous 1140 2.9 23.3358 433 797 0.36
Shale, grey ‐ olive grey, brittle, platy , lamination, 
TAF lokal calcareous dan carbonaceous 1180 2.0 15.4892 434 757 0.36
Shale, dark brown, occasionally dark grey, brittle, 
LAF platy ‐ sub platy, fissile, calcareous 1220 5.4 1.23 23.76 434 440 0.05 0.43
LAF Shale 1232 5.34 0.97 27.51 435 515 0.03
Shale, dark ‐ greyish brown ‐ dark grey, brittle, 
platy ‐ subplaty, occasionally conchoidal fracture 
LAF fissile, calcareous 1241 5.39 0.47 29.98 435 556 0.02 0.44
LAF Shale  1259 5.99 0.62 34.97 436 584 0.02 0.41
Shale, dark olive ‐ grey, redish brown, dark brown, 
firm, brittle, blocky subplaty, conchoidal fracture, 
LAF slightly calcareous, no oil show 1283 5.55 0.86 29.99 435 541 0.03 0.43
LAF Shale 1286 4.56 0.97 27.53 437 604 0.03
Shale, dark brown ‐ dark grey, terkadang redish 
brown, dark red, platy, blocky, pyrite, non ‐ slightly 
LAF calcareous 1337 5.54 0.89 35.87 437 647 0.02 0.44
LAF Shale 1361 2.58
LAF Shale 1364 5.54 0.57 34.11 438 1325 0.02 0.47

 
 Figure 1 - Location of Ogan Komering (OK) Block

 
 Figure 2 - Basement Depth Structure Map, Showing several Sub-Basin and Wells at Ogan Komering Block

 
Figure 3 - Regional Stratigraphy and Tectonic at South Sumatera Basin (Jastek, 2001), Showing
Stratigraphic Unit and Tectonic Events

 
 Figure 4 - Geochemistry Log from JAG-1 well, showing Source rock potential, type and maturity

 
 Figure 5 - Pristane/nC17 vs Pristane/Phytane plot shows highly anoxic environment and algal maceral from LAF sample

 
 Figure 6 - 1D Burial History and Petroleum System Event Chart at Jantung Graben, showing Timing of Mature Source Rock

 
 Figure 7 - Orthogonal Map of Top Talang Akar Formation on Late Miocene time, showing Hydrocarbon Migration Pathways from Jantung Sub-basin