Subject: 21st Century Literature

Topic: The Genres of 21st Century

*Illustrated Novels (Zsa Zsa Zaturah sa Kalakhang Maynila by: Carlo Vergara)
*Graphic Novels
*Manga
*Digi-Fiction
*Wattpad
*Doodle Fiction
21st Century Literature of the Philippine and the world
Pre-Historic Period
– literature was principally oral in as much as writing was not yet invented and more of the
works were concise poetic.
Examples:
Bugtong (Riddles)
Salawikain (Proverbs)
Kasabihan (Saying)
Kantahing bayan (Folk Song)
Oyayi (Lullaby)
Soliranin (Best Song)
Kumintang (War Song)
Diona (Wedding Song)
Dalit (Religious Song)
Kundiman (Love Song)
Dipayanin (Drinking Song)
Hibais (Travel Song)
Bung-aw (Funeral Song)
Bansal (Courting Song)
 With the passage of time Oral Literature becomes Lengthy and this long forms were the Epic
such as:
Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocanos)
Alim and Hudhud (Ifugaos)
Kumintang (Tagalog)
Ibalon (Bicolanos)
Margtas and Hinilawod (Visayas)
Hari sa Bukid (Hiligaynon)
Dagoy and Sudsud (Tagabanuas)
Bantugan (Muslims)
Indarapatra and Sulayman (Maguindanao)
Tatuaang (Bagobos)
Prose and Works
Alamat (Legends)
Myth (Mito)
Kwentong Bayan (Folk Tales)
Pabula (Fables)
Parabola (Parables)
The oral works are able to translate in Written Work through the use of Syllabary called
ALIBATA.
▪ Ferdinand Magellan is the one who discovered Philippines
▪ The mission of Spanish Friars is to spread the CHRISTIANITY
▪ Doctrina Cristiana wrote the catholic book of prayers and doctrines.
*Francisco Baltazar (Ama ng Balagtasan) wrote the immortal allegorical work entitled
FLORANTE AT LAURA.
AWIT composed of dodecasyllabic monoriming quatrains an opposed to KORIDO which is
octasyllabic monoriming quatrains.
*Crisostomo Sotto (Father of Pampango Literature)
*Pedro Bukaneg (Father of Ilocano Literature)
*Fr. Modesto De Castro wrote Urbana and Felisa (book of etiquette)
Spanish Period
*More productive part of the period
*The propagandist raised led by Dr. Jose Rizal batted for ASSIMILATION
Gat Andres Bonifacio
⮚ Head of the Revolutionists and the Supremo of Katipunan
LA SOLIDARIDAD
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
NOLI ME TANGERE
PSEUDONYMS
RIZAL- Dimas Alang and Laong Laan
DEL PILAR- Plaridel
JAENA – Diego Laura
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN- Jomapa
American Period
▪ American defeated Spaniards in Spanish-American War which resulted in TREATY OF
PARIS
▪ Introduced the public school system in the Philippines and English Language.
THOMASITES- first English teachers. The Filipino learned language and used it in their writings.
*Freedom of expression
*Freedom of press
List of periods of Philippine Literature in English
1. Period of Orientation- 1900-1910
2. Period of Apprenticeship- 1910-1920
3. Period of Experimentation- 1920-1940
4. Period of Discontent- 1941-1944
5. Post-war Period- 1945-1950
6. Modern Period- 1951-1971
7. Martial Law Era- 1971-1986
8. Contemporary Period- 1986 to present
Similarities and differences of periods of the Philippine Literature
1. Period of Re-orientation- 1898-1910
2. Period of imitation- 1910- 1925
3. Period of Self-discovery- 1925-1941
4. Postwar- Re-Orientation- 1945
5. The Rebirth of freedom- 1946-1970
6. Period of Activism- 1970-1972
7. Period of New Society- 1972-1981
8. Period of the third republic- 1981-1985
9. Contemporary Period- 1986-present
Writer Guides or Organization
P-oets
E-ssayist
N-ovelist
Japanese Period
⮚ The invaders saw to it that Filipino movements be limited.
⮚ The writers stop wielding guns.
⮚ They introduce Nippongo and their literary arts and forms.
● Ikebana –art of arranging flowers
● Origami- art of folding papers
● Tempura and sushi-cuisine
Haiku
Tanka Poetic Forms
Senryu
Haiku
-short descriptive poem about nature
-consisting 17 syllabus
-5 syllables in first line
-7 syllables in the second line
-5 syllables in the third line
Senryu
-a 3 lines similar to haiku structure with 5-7-5 but differs from latter in rhyme
-the subject is human nature. The tone is satirical and ironical.
Tanka
-The longest among three
-has 5 lines and 31 syllables
-5-7-5-7-7
The end of war spelled hope to the dormant writers who woke up for their lethargy and began
creating outputs.
Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature
-known to be the most prestigious and longest-running award-giving body. In the field of
literature, equivalent to the world-renowned Pulitzer Prize.
Martial Law by Marcos
-September 21, 1972
-the freedom of the press was curtailed in much the same way as the other freedoms (speech,
assembly) were suppressed.
-January 1,1981
-after lifting of martial law
EDSA Revolution
-the climax and most intense protest,
Reform the Army Movement (RAM)
-Marcos loyalist soldiers

Topic: The Contemporary Period (1946 to present)

• This period started during the rebirth of freedom in (1946-to present). The
Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerrillas that fled to the
mountain joined the liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
regained its freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were
broken.
The State of Literature during this Period
The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit”
posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.

a. Heart of The Islands (1947) – a collection of poems by Manuel Viray

b. Philippines Cross Section (1950) – a collection of prose and poetry by Maximo Ramos
and Florentino Valeros
c. Prose and Poems (1952) – by Nick Joaquin
d. Philippine Writing (1953) – by T.D. Agcaoili
e. Philippine Havest – by Amador Daguio
f. Horizons Least (1967) – a collection of works by the professors of UE, mostly in
English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem and drama) by Artemio Patacsil
and Silverio Baltazar. The themes of most poems dealt with the usual love of nature, and
of social and political problems. Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep emotional
intensity.
g. Who Spoke of Courage in His Sleep – by NVM Gonzales
h. Speak Not, Speak Also – by Conrado V. Pedroche
i. Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo, Jose Garcia Villa’s Have Come,
Am Here has won acclaim both here and abroad
Filipino Films
A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during
this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were
shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.
1. Maynila...Sa Mga Kuko Ng Liwanag written by Edgardo Reyes and filmed under the
direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Roco was the lead role.
2. Minsa’y Isang Gamu-Gamo, Nora Aunor was the principal performer here.
3. Ganito Kami Noon...Paano Kayo Ngayon led by Christopher de Leon and Gloria Diaz.
4. Insiang: by Hilda Koronel
5. Aguila: led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de Leon

Topic: Philippine Precolonial Literature

Before the Philippines was colonized, it was colonized, it was already brimming with a rich
tradition of oral literature. Early Filipinos weaved together countless myths and legends to
explain certain phenomena in life. Most of what have been transcribed now are taken from oral
literature, which means that these stories have been passed on from one generation to
another. Most of that which survived are epics and folklores.
Here are their descriptions and other forms of literature that were passed on by the early
Filipinos to today’s generation:
1. Proverbs are practical observations and philosophy of everyday life that are written
usually in a rhyming scheme. It is obviously meant to entertain while teaching basic skills
in surviving local life. In Filipino, these are called salawikain.
- Examples:
- An empty container makes a lot noise. Ang lalagyang walang laman ay maingay.
- There is no need to cry over spilt milk. Magsisi ka man sa huli wala nang mangyayari.
2. Riddles are like proverbs with one main difference: they demand an answer and are
used to test the wits of those who are listening to them. Usually, riddles (or, in Filipino,
Bugtong) are used in a battle of wits, where locals young and old join and/or watch to
see who is the smartest.
- Examples:
- Bugtong-Bugtong: Kay lapit-lapit na sa mata, di mo pa rin makita. (tenga)
- Bugtong-Bugtong: Kaisa-isang plato, kita sa buong mundo. (buwan)
3. Folksongs are beautiful songs that are informal expressions of our ancestors’
experiences in life. These range from courtship (which they sing in a harana or a
serenade for a girl), to lullabies, harvests, funerals, and others.
- Examples:
- Bahay Kubo
- Magtanim ay di biro
- Ili-ili tulog anay
4. Tales are stories of origin for certain places, their names, and their creation. These are
also known as myths and legends.
- Examples:
- Maria Makiling
- Alamat ng Dama De Noche
5. Epics are long-winded poems about a hero and his adventures and misadventures. It
usually tells of a male hero who is born with all the pleasing qualities that your ancestors
like in a person and who also has a superhuman capability.
The Authors and Works of Philippine National Artists in Literature
1. Paz Latorena
● Born: January 17, 1908
● Boac, Marinduque, Philippines
● Died: October 20, 1953
● Pseudonym- Mina Lys
● Her stories have a wistfulness which tells of a gentle disillusionment with life.
● Many of her stories chronicle the heartaches of women. There is bitterness
however, but sadness over certain dreams left unfulfilled.
● Small Key, Christmas Tale (Short Stories)
● Insight, My Last Song (Poetry)
2. Paz Marquez Benitez
● Born in the year of 1894 in Lucena, Quezon
● Died in 1983
● Authored the first Filipino modern English Language short story, Dead Stars,
published in the Philippine Herald in 1925.
● Teacher in University of Philippines who was also a mentor to the first
generation of Filipino writers in English.
● Serves as an inspiration and influence to her students who later become literary
luminaries.
3. Jose Garcia Villa
● Born: August 5, 1908 in Manila
● Died in February 1,1997
● He used the penname Doveglion (derived from “Dove, Eagle, Lion”), based on
the characters he derived from himself.
● He was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter. He was
awarded the National Artist of the Philippines title for literature in 1973.
● He is known to have introduced the “reversed consonance rhyme scheme” in
writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation marks- especially
commas, which made him known as the Comma Poet.
● Footnote to Youth (Short Story), Fragment (Poetry),
4. Arturo Belleza Rotor
● June 7, 1907- April 9, 1988
● He was a Filipino medical doctor, civil servant, musician, and writer.
● He was an internationally respected writer of fiction (imaginary, hindi
makatotohanan and non-fiction (based on real stories) in English. He is widely
considered among the best Filipino short story writers of the twentieth century.
● Zita, The Wound and the Scar, Confidentially, Doctor (Short Stories)
5. Manuel Arguilla
 ● Born: June 17, 1911 in Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union
● Died: August 30,1994
● He was an Ilokano writer in English, Patriot, and martyr.
● Most of his stories depict scenes in Barrio Nagrebcan, Bauang La Union, where
he was born. His bond with his birthplace, forged by his dealings with the
peasant folk of Ilocos, remained strong even after he moved to Manila, where he
studied at the University of the Philippines.
● He is known for his widely anthologized short story “How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife,” the main story in the collection How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife, Midsummer and Morning in Nagrebcan.
● He secretly organized a guerrilla intelligence unit against the Japanese.
● On August 5, 1944, he was captured and tortured by the Japanese army at Fort
Santiago.
● Beheaded, Manila Chinese Cemetery, August 30, 1944.
6. Carlos Bulosan
● Born: November 24, 1913 in Binalonan, Pangasinan.
● He was an English-language Filipino novelist, essayist and a poet who spent most
of his life in the United States.
● A self-educated and prolific writer determined to voice the struggles he had
undergone as a Filipino coming to America and the struggles he had witnessed to
other people.
● Died in September 11, 1956 (aged 42) Seattle, Washington, United States.
● America is in the heart (novel)
7. Alberto Florentino
● Born: July 28, 1931
● A playwright that usually tackles about deals with everyday scenarios of a
commoner’s life. He usually portrays the struggles of Filipinos.
● His most famous works are “The World is an Apple” and “The Dancers” both are
plays.
8. Kerima Polotan Tuvera
● Born: December 16,1925 in Jolo, Sulu
● He was a Filipino fiction writer, essayist, and journalist.
● Same of her stories were published under the pseudonym “Patricia S. Torres”.
● The Virgin (Short Story), The Hand of the Enemy (novel)
9. Nick Joaquin
● Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin was born in May 4, 1917 in Paco, Manila.
● He was a Filipino writer, historian and journalist, novelist, essayist, biographer
and a playwright best known for his short stories and novels in the English
language.
● He also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila.
 ● He was conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines for
Literature.
● He has been considered one of the most important Filipino writers, along with
Jose Rizal and Claro M. Recto, his major works are in English, unlike Rizal and
Recto whose masterpieces were written in Spanish.
● He wrote largely about the Spanish Colonial period and the diverse heritage of
the Filipino people.
● He’s one of the most multi-awarded writer in Asia, including the coveted Ramon
Magsaysay Award.
● A woman with Two Novels (novel), Summer Solstice/Tatarin, Mayday Eve.
10. NVM Gonzales
● Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez was a Filipino novelist, short story writer,
essayist and poet. Conferred as the National Artist of the Philippines for
Literature in 1997.
● Born: September 8, 1915 in Romblon
● Died: November 28, 1999
● Children of the Ash-covered Loam, The Tomato Game, The Bread of Salt,
Bamboo Dancers.
11. Francisco Sionil Jose
● Born: December 3, 1924 (age 93), Rosales, Pangasinan
● One of the most widely read Filipino writers in the English language. His novels
and short stories depict the social underpinnings of class struggles and
colonialism in Filipino society.
● He’s one of the multi awarded fictionist whose works have been translated into
several languages: Russian, Latvian, Ukraine, Dutch, Indonesian, and Ilocano.
● Rosales Saga, Gagamba, Ermita.
● His works- written in English- have been translated into 22 languages, including
Korean, Indonesian, Russian, Latvian, Ukrainian and Dutch.
● He was born in Rosales, Pangasinan, the setting of many of his stories.
● He also owns Solidaridad Bookshop.
12. Lualhati Bautista
● Born: December 2, 1945 (72 y/o), Tondo, Manila.
● One of the multi-awarded and foremost Filipino female novelists in the history
of contemporary Philippine Literature.
● Her novels include Dekada ’70, Bata, Bata, Pa’no Ka Ginawa?, and ‘GAPO.
Topic: Canonical Authors and Works of Philippine National Artists in Literature
1. Francisco “Franz” Arcellana
● Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher.
● Started when he became a member of The Torres Torch Organization (H.S. years)
● Continued writing in various school papers at University of the Philippines Diliman
● Later on he received a Rockefeller Grant and became a fellow in Creative writing at
University of lowa and at the Breadloaf Writer’s Conference from 1956-1957.
● Progenitor of the modern Filipino short story in English
● Pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form within
Filipino literature.
● Many of his works were translated into Tagalog, Malaysian, Russian, Italian, and
German.
● Won 2nd place in the 1951 Don Carlos Planca Memorial Awards for Literature (The
Flowers of May)
● Born on September 6, 1916
● Died in 2002
● He received a state funeral at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.
● His published books:
- Selected Stories (1962)
- Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today
(1977)
- The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990)
2. Virgilo S. Almario
● Born on March 9, 1944
● Better known by his pen name, Rio Alma
● He is a Filipino artist, poet, critic, translator, editor, teacher, and cultural manager.
● He is a National Artist of the Philippines and currently serves as the chairman of the
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF), the government agency mandated to promote and
standardized the use of the Filipino language.
● On January 5, 2017, Almario was also elected as the chairman of the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts
● Sought his education at the City of Manila and completed his degree in A.B. Political
Science at the University of the Philippines Diliman
● He has been a recipient of numerous award such as several Palanca Awards, two grand
prizes from the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Makata ng Taon of the Komisyon
sa Wikang Filipino, the TOYM for literature, and the Southeast Asia Write Award of
Bangkok
● He was an instructor at the Lagao Central Elementary School from 1969-1972
● In 2003, he was appointed Dean of the College of Arts and Letters at the University of
the Philippines Diliman. On June 25 of the same year, he was proclaimed National Artist
for Literature.
● Poetry Collections:
- Palipad-Hangin (1985)
- Katon Para sa Limang Pandama (1987)
- Sentimental (2004)
 - Estremelenggoles (2004)
- Memo Mulang Gimokudan (2005)
- Dust Devils (2005)
- Sonetos Postumos, book of poems with translation by Marne Kilates and paintings
by National Artist Ang Kiukok (2006)
- Tatlong Pasyon sa Aking Panahon, poems for children with illustrations by Mark
Justiniani, Neil Doloricon, Ferdinand Doctolero (2006)
- Buwan, Buwang, Bulawan (2009)
- UP Diksiyonaryong, Filipino
- Doktrinang Anak Pawis
3. Cirilio F. Bautista
● Born in Manila on July 9, 1941
● Died on May 6, 2018
● Spent his childhood in Balic-Balic, Sampaloc
● He received his basic education from Legarda Elementary School (1 st Honorable
Mention, 1954) and Mapa High School (Valedictorian, 1959).
● He received his degrees in AB Literature from the University of Santo Tomas
(magna cum laude, 1963), MA Literature from St. Louis University, Baguio
(magna cum laude, 1968), and Doctor of Arts in Language and Literature from
De La Salle University-Manila (1990)
● He received a fellowship to attend the International Writing Program at the
University of lowa (1968-1969)
● He taught creative writing and literature at St. Louis University (1963-1968) and
the University of Santo Tomas (1969-1970) before moving to De La Salle
University- Manila in 1970.
● He is also a co-founding member of the Philippine Literary Arts Council (PLAC)
and a member of the Manila Critics Circle, Philippine Center of International
PEN and the Philippine Writers Academy.
● He received Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards (for poetry, fiction and essay in
English nd Filipino) as well as Philippines Free Press Awards for Fiction, Manila
Critics’ Circle National Book Awards for National Book Awards, Gawad Balagtas
from the Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas, the Pablo Roman Prize for the
Novel, and the highest accolades from the City of Manila, Quezon City and
Ilagan City. Bautista was hailed in 1933 as Makata ng Taon by the Komisyon ng
mga Wika ng Pilipinas for winning the poetry contest sponsored by the
government.
● His poems have appeared in major literary journals, papers, and magazines in
the Philippines and in anthologies published in the United States, Japan, the
Netherlands, China, Romania, Hong Kong, Germany and Malaysia.
● Poetry:
- Summer Suns (with Albert Casuga, 1963)
 - The cave and other poems (1968)
- The Archipelago (1970)
- Charts (1973)
- Telex Moon (1981)
- Sugat ng Salita (1985)
- Kirot Ng Kataga (1995)
- Sunlight On Broken Stones (2000)
- Tinik sa Dila: Isang Katipunan ng mga Tula (2003)
- The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus (2001)
- Believe and Betray: New and Collected Poems (2007)
- Third World Geography
- Pedagogic
● Fiction
- Stories (1990)
- Galaw ng Asoge (2004)
● Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
- Breaking Signs (1990)
- Words And Battlefields: A Theoria On The Poem (1998)
- The Estrella D. Alfon Anthology vol. I- Short Stories (2000)
- Bullets And Roses: The Poetry of Amado V. Hernandez
4. Carlos P. Romulo
● Born on January 14, 1898
● Died on December 15, 1985
● He was a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist and author.
● He was a reporter at 16, a newspaper editor by the age of 20, and a publisher
at 32.
● He was a co-founder of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, a general in the US
Army and the Philippine Army, university president, President of the UN
General Assembly, was eventually named one of the Philippines’ National
Artists in Literature, and was the recipient of many other honors and honorary
degrees.
● His hometown is Camiling, Tarlac and he studied at the Camiling Central
Elementary School during his basic education.
● Romulo, in all, wrote and published 22 books, which includes:
- The United (novel)
- I Walked with Heroes (autobiography)
- I Saw the Fall of the Philippines
- Mother America
- I See the Philippines Rise (war-time memoirs).
- My Brother Americans
- I See The Philippines Rise
 - Crusade in Asia (The John Day Company, 1995; about the 1953
presidential election campaign of Ramon Magsaysay)
- The Meaning of Bandung
- Last Man off Bataan (Romulo’s experience during the Japanese Plane
bombings)
- Romulo: A Third World Soldier at the UN
- Daughters for Sale and Other plays
5. Jose Garcia Villa
● Born: August 5, 1908
● Died: February 7, 1997
● He is a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter.
● He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines title for literature in 1973.
● He is known to have introduced the “reversed consonance rhyme scheme” in
writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation marks—especially
commas, which made him known as the Comma Poet.
● He used the penname Doveglion (derived from “Dove, Eagle, Lion”), based on
the characters he derived from himself.
● Villa’s tart poetic style was considered too aggressive at that time.
● He graduated from the University of the Philippines Integrated School and the
University of the Philippines High School in 1925.
● Villa enrolled on a Pre- Medical course in the University of the Philippines, but
then switched to Pre- Law course. However, he realized that his true passion was
in the arts.
● Villa described his use of commas after every word as similar to “Surat’s”
architectonic and measured pointillism—where the points of color are
themselves the medium as well the technique of statement.
● An example of Villa’s “comma poems” can be found in an excerpt of his
work#114:
- In, my, undream, of, death, I, unspoke, the, Word.
Since, nobody, had, dared,
With, my, own, breath,
I, broke, the, cord!

- Philippine Short Stories, best 25 stories of 1928 (1929)

- Footnote to Youth, short stories (1993)
- Many Voices, poems (1939)
- Poems (1941)
- Have Come Am Here, poems (1941)
- Selected Poems and New (1942)
- A Doveglion Book of Philippine poetry (1962)
6. Amado V. Hernandez
 ● Born: September 13, 1903
● Died: March 24, 1970
● He was born in Tondo, Manila
● He is a Filipino writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social
injustices in the Philippines and was later imprisoned for his involvement in the
communist movement.
● While still a teenager, he began writing in Tagalog for the newspaper Watawat
(Flag)
● He would later write a column for the Tagalog publication Pagkakaisa (Unity) and
become editor of Mabuhay (Long Live).
● His writings gained the attention of Tagalog literary and some of his stories and
poems were included in anthologies, such as Clodualdo del Mundo’s Palarong
Ginto and Alejandro Abadilla’s Talaang Bughaw.
● His socio-political novels were based on his experiences as a guerilla, as a labour
leader and as a political detainee.
- Mga Ibong Mandaragit (Birds of Prey), 1969
- Luha ng Buwaya (Crocodile’s Tears), 1972
- Pili sa Pinili (Chosen from the Selected), 1964
● Poems
- Isang Dipang Langit
- Panata sa Kalayaan
- Ang mga Kayamanan ng Tao
- Ang Dalaw Kay Silaw
- Bartolina
- Kung Tuyo na ang Luha mo aking bayan
- Baying Malaya
- Ang Taong Kapos
- Bayani
- Sa Batang Walang Bagong Damit
- Isang Sining ng Pagbigkas
- Ang Panday
- Inang Wika
- Ang Tao
- Pamana
- Ang Aklasan
● Essays
- Si Atang at ang Dulaan (Atang and the Theater)
- Si Jose Corazon de Jesus at ang ating Panulaan (Jose Corazon de Jesusand
Our Poetry)
7. Nick Joaquin
● Nicomedes “Nick” Marquez Joaquin
 ● Born: May 4, 1917
● Died: April 29, 2004
● He was a Filipino writer and journalist best known for his short stories and
novels in the English language
● Pen Name: Quijano de Manila
● As conferred the rank and the title of National Artist of the Philippines for
Literature.
● He has been considered one of the most important Filipino writers, along Jose
Rizal and Claro M. Recto.
● Attended in Paco Elementary School and went in Mapa High School for
secondary education.
● Third year informed his mother that he wanted to drop out because he felt that
the classroom was too confined for him and that he learned more outside of it.
● After leaving school, Joaquin worked as an apprentice in a bakery in Pasay and
later on in the publishing company TVT (Tribune-Vanguardia-Taliba).
● At age 17, he published his first English poem about Don Quixote, in the literary
section of the pre-World War II Tribune, where he worked as a proofreader.
● In a critical study of his prose and poems, the subjects depicted his nostalgia for
the past, church rituals, legends, the mysterious, the different shades of evil,
the power of the basic emotions over culture, the freedom of the will against
fate, the mutability of the human body compared to the spirit, and the like.
- May Day Eve (1947)
- Prose and poems (1952)
- The House On Zapota Street (1960)
- The Woman Who Had Two Navels (1961)
- La Naval de Manila and Other Essays (1964)
- A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966)
- Tropic Gothic (1972)
- A Question of Heroes (1977)
- Joseph Estrada and Other Sketches (1977)
- Nora Aunor and Other Profiles (1977)
- Ronnie Poe and Other Silhouettes (1977)
- Reportage on Lovers (1997)
- Reportage on Crime (1977)
- Amalia Fuentes and Other Etchings (1977)
- Gloria Diaz and Other Delineations (1977)
- Language of the Streets and Other Essays (1977)
- Manila: Sin City and Other Chronicles (1977)
- Pop Stories for Groovy Kids (1979)
- Reportage on the Marcoses (1979)
8. Edith L. Tiempo
 ● Born: April 22, 1919
● Died: August 21, 2011
● She was a poet, fiction writer, teacher and literary critic.
● She was a Filipino writer in the English Language.
● Born in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.
● Her poems are intricate verbal transfigurations of significant experiences as
revealed, in two of her much anthologized pieces, “Halaman” and “Bonsai”.
● Her language has been marked as “descriptive but unburdened by scrupulous
detailing”.
● Novels
- A Blade of Fern (1978) [2]
- His Native Coast (1979) [2]
- The Alien Corn (1992) [2]
- One, Tilting Leaves (1995)
- The Builder (2004)
- The Jumong (2006)
● Short Story Collections
- Abide, Joshua, and other Stories (1964)
● Poetry Collections
- The Tracks of Babylon and Other Poems (1966)
- The Charmer’s Box and other Poet (1993)
- Marginal Annotations and Other Poems
- Commend Contend. Beyond Extensions (2010)
9. Bienvenido Lumbera
● Born on Lipa on April 11, 1932
● He is a Filipino poet, critic and dramatist.
● He is a National Artist of the Philippines and a recipient of the Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communications.
● He won numerous literary awards, including the National Awards from the
National Book Foundation, and the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards.
● Lumbera received his Litt. B and M.A. degrees from the University of Santo
Tomas in 1950, and then his Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from Indiana
University in 1968.
● He taught Literature, Philippine Studies and Creative Writing at the Ateneo de
Manila University, De La Salle University, University of Santo Tomas, and the
University of the Philippines, Diliman.
● He was also appointed visiting professor of Philippine Studies at Osaka
University of Foreign Studies in Japan from 1985 to 1988 and the very first Asian
scholar-in-residence at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
● Poetry
- Ka Bel
 - The Yaya’s Lullaby
- Servant
- Sadness
- Eulogy of Roaches
- ‘Jamborzkie Light
● Literary Criticism
- Revaluation: Essays on Literature, Cinema, and Popular Culture, 1984
- Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences on Its Development,
1986
- Abot- Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan, 1987
● Textbooks
- Pedagogy
- Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology
10. Levi Celerio
● Born: April 30, 1910
● Died: April 2, 2002
● He was a Filipino composer and lyricist who is credited to writing not less than
4,000 songs.
● He was recognized as a National Artist of the Philippines for Music and Literature
in 1997.
● He is also known for using the leaf as a musical instrument which led to being
recognized as the “only man who could play music using a leaf” by the Guinness
Book of Records.
● He is also poet.
● He was also a film actor who appeared in various Philippine films of the 1950s
and 1960s.
● He composed “Ikaw”, “Kahit Konting Pagtingin”, “Saan Ka Man Naroroon?”.
● He wrote the lyrics of the famous Filipino lullaby Sa Ugoy ng Duyan.
● He also composed folk songs including “Ako ay may Singsing”, “Ang Pipit”,
“Dungawin Mo Hirang”, “Itik-Itik”, “Pitong Gatang”, and “Warang-Warang”.
11. Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez
● Born: September 8, 1915
● Died: November 28, 1999
● He was a Filipino novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet.
● Conferred as the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997.
● His works have been published in Filipino, English, Chinese, German, Russian and
Indonesian.
● Novels
- The winds of April (1941)
- A Season of Grace (1956)
- The Bamboo Dancers (1988)
 - The Land and The Rain
- The Happiest Boy in The World
- Bread of Salt
- A Warm Hand
● Short Fiction
- “The Tomato Game”. 1992
- A Grammar of Dreams and other Stories. University of Washington Press,
1997
- The Bread of Salt and Other Stories. Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1993; University of the Philippines Press, 1993.
- Mindoro and Beyond: Twenty- One Stories. Quezon City: University of the
Philippines Press, 1981; New Day, 1989.
- Selected Stories. Denver, Colorado: Alan Swallow, 1964.
- Look, Stranger, on this Island Now. Manila: Benipayo, 1963
- Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and Other Stories. Manila: Benipayo,
1954; Bookmark Filipino Literary Classic, 1992
- Seven Hills Away. Denver, Colorado: Alan Swallow, 1947
● Essays
- A Novel of Justice: Selected Essays 1968-1994.
- Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts and Anvil (popular
edition), 1996
- Work on the Mountain (Includes the Father and the Maid, Essays on
Filipino Life and Letter and Kalutang: A Filipino in the World), University
of the Philippine Press, 1996.
12. F. Sionil Jose
● Born: December 3, 1924
● One of the most widely read Filipino writers in English Language
● His novels and short stories depict the social underpinnings of class struggles and
colonialism in Filipino society.
● His works were written in English—have been translated into 28 languages,
including Korean, Indonesian, Czech, Russian, Latvian, Ukrainianand Dutch.
● He attended the University of Santo Tomas after World War II, but dropped out
and plunged into writing and journalism in Manila.
● The Pretenders is his most popular novel, which is the story of one man’s
alienation from his poor background and the decadence of his wife’s wealthy
family.
● Five of his works have won the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature:
his short stories The God Stealer in 1959, Waywaya in 1979, Arbol de Fuego
(Firetree) in 1980, his novel Mass in 1981, and his essay A Scenario for Philippine
Resistance in 1979
● Rosales Saga Novels
 - A five-novel series that spans three centuries of Philippine history,
translated into 22 languages.
- Po-on (Source) (1984) ISBN 971- 8845-10-0
- The Pretenders (1962) ISBN 971-8845-00-3
- My Brother, My Executer (1973) ISBN 971-8845-16-X
- Mass (December 31, 1974) ISBN 0-86861-572-2
- Tree (1978) ISBN 971-8845-14-3
● Novels
- Gagamba (The Spider Man) (1991) ISBN 978-971-536-105-7
- Viajero (1993) ISBN 978-971-8845-04-2
- Sin (1994) ISBN 0-517-28446-4
- Ben Singkol (2001) ISBN 971-8845-32-1
- Ermita (1988) ISBN 971-8845-12-7
● Short Story Collections
- The God Stealer and Other Stories (2001)
- Puppy Love And Thirteen Short Stories (March 15, 1998)
- Olvidon and Other Stories (1988)
- Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories (1980)
13. Lazaro Francisco
● Lazaro Francisco y Angeles
● Born: February 22, 1898
● Died: June 17, 1980
● He was a Filipino novelist, essayist and playwright
● Recipient of the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature, posthumously, in
2009.
● He started writing in 1925, with five his novels took him to fame
● Most of his writings were focused on small farmers and their current conditions
with foreign businessmen.
● win separate awards from Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940 and 1946, for
his masterpieces, Singsing na Pangkasal and Tatsulok.
● Novels
- Binhi at Bunga (Seed and Fruit), 1925
- Cesar, 1926
- Ama (Father), 1929- translated to French by poet Jean-Paul Potet at
Maitre Tace (Master Tace)
- Bayang Nagpatiwakal (Country That Committed Suicide), 1931-1932
- Sa Paanan ng Krus (At the Cross’ Foot), 1934
- Ang Pamana ng Pulubi (Beggar’s Heritage), 1935
- Bago Lumubog ang Araw (Before the Sun Sets), 1936
- Singsing na Pangkasal (Wedding Ring), 1939-1940
- Tatsulok (Triangle), 1946
 - Ilaw sa Hilaga (North Light), 1946-1947
- Sugat ng Alaala (Wound of Memory), 1951
- Maganda pa ang Daigdig (The World is Still Beautiful), 1956
- Daluyong (Wave), 1961
● Short Stories
- Deo, 1927
- Ang Baterano (The Veteran),1931
- Ang Idolo (The Idol), 1932
- Ang Pagtitika (Persistence), 1932
- Utos- Hari (King’s Command), 1932
- Puwit ng Baso (Glass Bottom), 1932
- Kapulungan ng mga Pinagpala (Meeting of the Blessed People), 1932
14. Alejandro Reyes Roces
● Born: July 13, 1924
● Died:May 23, 2011
● He was a Filipino Author, essayist, dramatist and a National Artist of the
Philippines for literature
● He served as Secretary of Education from 1961 to 1965.
● He published books such as Of Cocks and Kites (1959), Fiesta (1980), and
Something to Crow About (2005)
● Has won numerous award, including the Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan
Award, the Diwa ng Lahi Award, the Tanging Parangal of the Gawad CCP Para sa
Sining, and the Rizal Pro Patria Award.
15. Rolando Santos Tinio
● Born: March 5, 1937
● Died: July 7, 1997
● He was a Filipino poet, dramatist, director, actor, critic, essayist and educator.
● He is a Philippine National Artist for Theater and Literature.
● He graduated with honors (a “magna cum laude” achiever) with a degree in
Philosophy from the Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas at age of 18
in 1995 and an M.F.A. degree in Creative Writing: Poetry from the State
University of lowa.
● He was known as a great writer that used English as the medium of Filipino
writer.
● Poetic Collection:
- Rage and Ritual (won an award from University of the Philippines)
- “Sitsit sa Kuliglig” (Whistling at Cicadas) or (Shusshing Cicades) (1972)
- “Dunung- Dunungan” (Pedantry) (1975)
- “Kristal na Uniberso” (Crystal Universe) (1989)
- “Trick of Mirrors” (1993)
- “Ang Burgis sa Kanyang Almusal” (1970)
 ● Translated Plays:
- “Laruang Kristal” (The Glass Menagerie) (1966)
- “Pahimakas sa Isang Ahente” (Death of a Salesman) (1966)
- “Paghihintay Kay Godo” (Waiting for Godot) (1967)
- “Miss Julie” (1967)
- “Rama Hari” (Rama, King) (1980)
● Essay Collections:
- “A Matter of Language, Where English Fails” (1990)
● Newspaper Columns
- “Touchstones” for Metro Manila (1997)
- “Totally Tonio” for Manila Chronicles (1986-1987, 1990)
- “In Black and White” for Philippine Daily Globe (1987-1989)

Topic: Literary Genre

- is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by
literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length.
- The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely
defined, often with subgroups.
2 main categories separating the different genre of literature are:
1. Nonfiction- informational text deals with an actual, real-life subject.
- Offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality.
- Ex. Biography, essays, speech, and narrative non-fiction
- It opposes fiction.
● Types of Non-fiction:
⮚ Narrative Non-Fiction- information based on fact that is presented in a
format which tells a story.
⮚ Essays- short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or
point. Also, on particular theme or subject and generally informative,
persuasive, or interpretative.
⮚ Biography- written account of another person’s life.
⮚ Autobiography- written account or told by that person. Written in
narrative form of their person’s life.
⮚ Speech- faculty or power of speaking: oral communication; ability to
express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture.
Delivered in a form of address or discourse.
2. Fiction- narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is
produced by the imagination.
- Not necessarily based on fact.
- A made up story.
● Types of Fiction:
 ⮚ Drama- dramatic way it represented. Usually for theatrical performance
where conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and
action.
⮚ Fable- about supernatural or extraordinary stories with moral lessons.
- Animals are used as a characters who give life to their story.
⮚ Poetry- verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes on
emotional response from the reader.
⮚ Elegy- formal lament for the death of a person.
⮚ Ballad- a song, orally transmitted, which tells a story.
- Important form of folk poetry which adapted for literary uses from the
16th century onwards.
⮚ Epics- operate on a large scale, both in length and topic.
⮚ Short Story- most common forms of writing.
- Does not usually involve major twist, and conflicts.
- Fictional prose and written in a narrative style (may be first or third
person)
⮚ Fairy Tales- or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable.
- Stories are about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.
⮚ Science Fiction- based on impact of potential science, either actual or
imagined.
- Genres are the set in the future or on other planets.
⮚ Tall Tale- humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering
heroes who do the impossible.
⮚ Mystery- deals with the solution of crime or unrevealing secrets.
⮚ Folklore- are songs, myths, stories, and proverbs of a person of “folk”
that was handed down by word of mouth.
⮚ Legend- about a national or folk hero.
- Based on fact but also includes imaginative material.
⮚ Mythology- type of legend or traditional narrative.
- Based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and
natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of
the gods.
⮚ Novel- long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events
in the form of a sequential story.
⮚ Novelette- a narrative fictional prose.
- Referred to a story that was romantic or sentimental in character.
- Longer than short story.
- 1. Short Story 2.Novelette 3. Novel
- The word count usually between 7,500 words to 17, 500 words.

Topic: 21st Century Genres of Literature

● Blog- (shortening of “web blog”) is an online journal or informational website
displaying information in reverse chronological order, with latest posts
appearing at first.
 - A platform where a writer or even a group of writers share their views on
an individual subject.
● Hyper poetry- also called “cyber poetry”
- It could not be presented without the aid of computers, mobile devices
and internet.
- Includes verse with links to sub-poems of footnotes.
- With movements or images.
- Highly steeped in the visual and sometimes involves parts that are read in
varying orders.
● Holopoetry- refers to 3-dimensional visual art that combines words with
images using holographic techniques.
● Mobile Textula- entire poems are written and read on mobile phones.
- Tagalog form of poetry called Tanaga or Textula
- Textual employs communication technology in the sharing of tanaga.
- Short poetry that sent through SMS on mobile phone with your friends,
families, etc.
- Consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each.
● Chick Lit- a genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often
humorous and lighthearted.
- Sometimes it includes romantic elements.
- Not considered a direct subcategory of the romance novel genre.
- It uses strong female character who is trying to live in the modern world.
- Plots are lightheaded, smart, and funny.
● Flash Fiction- Notable for its brevity.
- Also called “short short story”.
- A fictional work of extreme brevity that offers quick character and plot
development.
- Includes many varieties which can be identified by word counts.
⮚ Twitterature- usually include six-word story.
Ex. Strangers. Friends. Best Friends. Lovers. Strangers.
⮚ Dribble- a.k.a minisaga with 50 words
⮚ Nanotale/Microfiction- flash fiction with 1000 words.
● Speculative Fiction- the setting is futuristic, post- apocalyptic, or dystopian.
- Involves supernatural elements and dehumanization.
- Encompasses horror and science fiction works.
● Graphic Novel- utilizes pictures in narrating a long story.
- Most popular genre and growing literary works of the 21st Century.
● Spoken Word Poetry- a performance art that is word based.
- Oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play such as intonation
and voice inflection.
- Includes any kind of poetry recited aloud.

The Pre-colonial Period

1.Riddles – These are mystifying statements or questions phrased and rhymed to
require ingenuity in determining its answer.
2.Proverbs - These are called sawikain or salawikain in Tagalog or sarsarita in Ilocano.
3.Songs –These are forms of folk lyric speak volumes of the typical rural lives and reflect
people’s aspirations and lifestyles
● Folk Songs (Awit ng Bayan) – These are songs with lines often described as
repetitive, didactic, and sonorous
● Lullaby (Oyayi) – These are soothing songs often sung to put babies to sleep.
● Serenade (Harana) – These are courtship songs used by young men to capture
the heart of the girl they love.
4. Chants (Bulong) – These are used to give respect, excuse, or apology to unseen or other
elemental spirits our ancestors believed in to deliver them from danger or harm.
5. Epics – These are long narrative accounts of heroic exploits.
6. Myths – These are symbolic narratives, usually of unknown origin and at least partly
traditional, that ostensibly relates actual events and is especially associated with religious
belief.
7. Legends – These are stories that explain the origin of things and phenomena in the
surrounding world.
8. Fables – These are brief stories for the children of the native Filipinos.
9.Folk tales (Kwentong Bayan) – These are stories that deal with the power of nature
- personified, their submission to a deity (Bathala), and how the deity is responsible for the
blessings and the curses in the form of calamities.

The Spanish Period

1. Awit (Song) – These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and are slowly
sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
2. Kurido (Corrido) - These are metrical romances and tales that follow a structure of a poem.
3. Karagatan - This is a poetic vehicle of a socio
- religious nature celebrated during the death of a person.
4. Duplo – This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
5. Prose Narratives – These are instructional materials that teach Filipinos proper decorum.
6. Sarswela –This is a type of drama that originated in Spain

Topic: Literature from Region 1

Region 1 a.k.a Ilocos Region
● Inhabitants built their villages near the small bays on covers called “looc”.
● Inhabitants are called “Ylocos” which literary meant “from the lowlands”.
● Region was later called by the Spaniards as “Ylocos” or “Ilocos” and its people
“Ilocanos”.
Literature
● The Ilokano, calls their literature as “Kurditan Santoy” which means to write “saomi
ditoy”, meaning our language here.
● Pedro Bucaneg- march 1592- c. 1630
- Blind since birth
- Author of the Ilocano Epic Biag no Lam-ang .
- Bukanegan (Ilocano Balagtasan)
- “Father of Ilokano Poetry and Literature”.
Important Information:
● The Banawag magazine.
● Ilokano literature reached a headland.
● Many Ilokanos started to write literary pieces.
Ilokano authors served his society by:
1. Preserving the ideals, customers and traditions of the people.
2. Bringing out the social consciousness of the era—its mood, conflicts, struggles, and
rehabilitation.
3. Awakening man’s sensibilities to the joys, sorrows, loves, hatreds and jealousies, of the
people.
4. Casting away sectional sentiments and prejudice and bringing about fuller
understanding of the different ethnic groups.

Region 1 Contemporary Writers

1. Gregorio Taer Affiano
● Born: Vigan, Ilocos Sur; November 17, 1934. Fictionist, Teacher
● He obtained his education degree from the Philippine College of Arts and Trades
in Manila.
● He is at present a professor and administrator at the Don Mariano Marcos State
University.
● Amano began writing in Ilocano in 1957.
● His best-known stores are:
- “Dimo Koma Biroken Ti Kaasida” (Do Not Look for Their Mercy)
- “Talna” (Peace), and “Bubon” (Well)
- Some of his works were anthologized in Tugot (Foot-Prints), edited by
Onofrecia I. Ibarra and Hermenegildo A. Viloria and published by GUMIL
Ilocos Sur.
2. Santiago B. Villafania
● A Pangasinan Poet [based in Manila]
● He writes in Pangasinan, Filipino/Tagalog and English.
 ● Born: Tuliao, Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan on January 31, 1971.
● Finished a Bachelor of Arts Degree Major in English at the University of
Pangasinan in 1991.
● Balikas na Caboloan, Malagilion: Soniton Pangasinan.
3. Paul B. Zafaralla
● Born: June 22, 1983 in Upon, Pinili, Ilocos Norte.
● He is a multilingual writer (Iluko, English, Filipino) on Ilocano and Philippine
Culture and the arts for the past 51 years.
● His outlets are Bannawag, Rima, Iluko antologies, lectures, English broadsheets,
popular and professional magazines, journals, and classrooms.
● The Manila Critics Circle awarded him the 2004 National Book Award for Rice in
the Seven Arts, September 4, 2005.
● Pinili- Metro Manila Residents Associations, Inc., awarded him the Don Ignacio
Lafrades Award for Distinguished Achievement, December 9, 2008.
4. Jose A. Bragado
● Born on August 25, 1936 in Santa, Ilocos Sur.
● He took up several courses in college, including Journalism and English.
● He has worked as news and comics editor and literary editor.
● He has published in the Bannawag Magazine 20 novels, 65 short stories, 50
poems, 170 feature articles and essays, translated 5 novels from Filipino to Iluko.
● He wrote the life of Gabriela and Diego Silang for Balintataw, a radio program of
Cecile Gidote- Alvarez at the DZRH.
● He was nominated for national Artist for Literature Award in 2003.
5. Reynaldo Arquero Duque
● Born: October 29, 1945 in Bagani Ubbog, Candon, Ilocos Sur.
● He has worked as Managing Editor of Liwayway magazine.
● He was also president of Gunglo Dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano (GUMIL) Filipinas.
● He writes novels, poetry and short stories in Ilocano, Filipino, and English.
● He has written novels and short stories in comics form which were published in
Bannawag, Bisaya, Yuhum, P.M. News, Balita ng Maynila, and various comics
magazines.
● His books include:
- Ankle Sam, S.O.B. (1991)
- Centerly, Manong (1986)
- Dagiti Asin Ti Lasag (The Salt of the Flesh, 1975)
- Sika Amin Dagitoy (You Are All of These, 1974)
- Lumahai (Offering, 1973)
- Bannawag: Saanen (Dawn No More, 1972)
- Aloha Nui Loa (Aloha My Love, 1972)

Topic: Literary Devices

 - Are techniques used by the author to convey ideas and emotions to the
audience.
1. Alliteration- the repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in “Peter Piper
Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers”.
2. Assonance- the repetition of vowel sounds as in “Days wane Away”.
3. Atmosphere- the overall feeling of a work, which is related to tone and mood.
4. Conflict- creates plot. Traditionally, every plot is build from the most basic elements of a
conflict and an eventual resolution.
- Struggles facing by the characters in the story.
- Types of conflict: 1. Man vs. Man 2. Man vs. Himself 3. Man vs.
Technology 4. Man vs. Nature, etc.
5. Diction- the poems choice of words, with each word suggestive in terms of meaning,
sound, and placement together with other words. Words may be abstract/concrete,
general/specific, formal/informal, denotative/connotative.
6. Denouement- the resolution of the conflict in a plot (series of events) after the climax.
7. Foreshadowing- a technique in which an author gives clues about something that will
happen later in the story.
8. Flashback- takes the narrative back in time to an earlier point in the story. Often used to
create suspense or develop a character.
9. Imagery- the use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks,
sound, feels, smells, or taste. Most of the time, it refers to appearance.
- Example: “The young bird’s white, feathered wings flutter as he made his
way across the nighttime sky”.
10. Irony- language that conveys that conveys a certain idea by saying just the opposite.
- 3 types: 1. Verbal 2. Situational 3. Drama
11. Parody- a humorous, exaggerated imitation of another work.
12. Sarcasm- language that conveys a certain idea by saying just the opposite such as if it’s
raining outside and you say, “My what a beautiful day”.
13. Symbolism- the use of one things to represent another.
- Example: A dove is a symbol of peace.
14. Understatement- writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important than it is.
- Example: “It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain”.

Figures of Speech

Simile 1. James ran like a cheetah.

Metaphor 2. Good luck getting that out because blueberry stains are stubborn.
Metaphor 3. So I sit spinning still, round this decaying form, the fine threads of
rare and subtle thought.
Simile 4. Well, that went over like a lead balloon.
Hyperbole 5. I am so busy. I have a million things to do.
Hyperbole 6. I so loved reading I was willing to walk 15 miles to the library in the
snow, uphill.
Personification 7. He did not realize his last chance was walking out the door.
Personification 8. My old laptop throws a fit every time I try to use it.
Metaphor 9. My love for you is as deep as the ocean.
Metaphor 10. I was lost in a sea of nameless faces.
Alliteration 11. She sells seashells.
Hyperbole 12. I've told you to stop a thousand times.
Metaphor 13. She's a night owl
Onomatopoeia 14.The pig said, “Oink, Oink, Oink.”
Personification 15. The flowers nodded.
Simile 16. As slippery as an eel
Alliteration 17.Blue baby bonnets bobbed through the bayou.
Hyperbole 18.I could do this forever.
Metaphor 19. The world is a stage.
Alliteration 20. Nick needed new notebooks.