CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

English is almost certainly, the most important and one of the

major subjects that a child can learn in school. Without knowing

proper English, a child will not be able to communicate

effectively. English subject teaches people, not only in reading

an English selection, and memorizing a poem, but also it helps

people to enhance our skills in using the language.

English is used as a medium of instruction in the Philippines.

The teachers use the English language in teaching for the reason

that they believe it can help the learners to practice the

language for the future use.

Today, the English language is very useful in society. People

are aware that English is the universal language, the language

that is used to communicate throughout the world. Not only is it

used in communication, but also on education, social media,

business, and other important matter. Aside from Filipino,

English is also the language that is widely spoken in the

Philippines. In fact, the Philippines is one of the countries

with most English speakers despite of its being a non-American

country.

In addition, the students’ difficulty in English included

difficulties in making inferences and interpretations of

information, deducing meaning, drawing conclusions, and

summarizing ideas. All these boil down to problem on

comprehension, leading the students not to understand what they

are reading. They are not developing proficiency in the language.

They have difficulty in expressing their ideas in spoken and

written form. Based on the experiences and observations of their

English teachers, students normally refuse or react negatively

when given literary pieces and novels for home reading reports

and compositions and analyses for submission. This is true to

most, if not all, experiences of the language teachers in the

said institution.

The students complain that they could hardly understand a

language that is not native to them even though they try all

means to learn it. To them, even how competent their teachers are

in the language, still they could hardly attain proficiency in

the language.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

The conceptual framework of this study examines the

relationship between the selected variables and the students’

performance in English subject. Figure 1 summarizes the idea

contained in the model that if the ethnicity, age, gender,

parents’ occupation, language used at home, language used with

peers, favorite hobby and favorite subject and performance in

English of Junior High School students were of high quality, then

teaching and learning process would produce good performance in

English. However, ethnicity is the main factor why students have

poor performance in English.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Profile of Junior
High School Students
at Buklod Palad
National High School

a. ethnicity; Performance in
English of Junior
b. age; High School students
c. gender;

d. parents’
occupation’

e. language used at
home;

f. language used
with peers;

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

The study sought to determine the performance in English of

Junior High School students and its relation to selected

variables. Specifically, the study sought answer to the

following:
1. What is the profile of the Junior High School students of

Buklod Palad National High School in terms of:

a. ethnicity;

b. age;

c. gender;

d. parents’ occupation;

e. language used at home;

f. language used with peers;

g. favorite hobby; and

h. favorite subject?

2. At what level do the subject-students perform in English as

revealed by their grades in the subject?

3. Is there significant relationship between the performance in

English of the subject-cases and the related profile variables?

4. Are there significant differences in the performance in

English of the subject-cases whom grouped according to ethnicity?

Hypotheses of the Study

1. There is no significant relationship between the academic

performance in English of the subject cases and the profile

variables.

2. There are no significant differences between the performance

of students in English in accordance to ethnicity.

Significance of the Study

Students - the respondents could find essential feedback and

information as regards to their English learning which could

provide guidance and direction on better English development and

for a more improved English performance.

Teacher - the results could also guide the teacher in English

relative to information of students and English. They can use the

essential information to improve their teaching practices. With

the results, they could then device approaches and strategies on

how to integrate learning content. Consequently, emphasis on the

improvement of the English will be looked into.

School Administrators - the school administration could use the

results of the study as a reference in formulating school

policies and programs. Through the results, they can propose and

initiate in-service training and seminars for the teachers. The

English program can be improved based on the needs of the

students.

Parents – the study could also be beneficial to parents for the

upcoming grade levels since the results will guide them in

choosing the opportunities and intervention that should be

provided to their children so as to enhance their learning and

performance in English.

Future Researchers – the result will give information which would

be relevant to the future researchers who would pursue a study

similar to this.
Scope and Limitation

The respondents of the study were the 80 Junior High School

students of Buklod Palad National High School during the school

year 2016-2017. The study will focus on the performance of the

respondents in English subject.

Definition of Terms

Academic Performance – refers to how students deal with their

studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks

given to them by their teachers.

Peer Relationship – social status or popularity within large

group whereas friendships represents relationships based on

mutual respect, appreciation, and liking.

In-Service Training – a professional training were professionals

are trained and discuss their work with others in their peer

group.

English Subject - one of the major subjects taken by the students

in school that includes the study of the English language,

grammar, and literature.

Research Design
 In this study descriptive method was used. The researcher

will also observe and interview the respondents to enlighten the

interpretation of the data collected.

Participants

The participants of the study were the 80 Junior High School

students of Buklod Palad National High School. The distribution

of respondents in accordance to ethnicity is as follows:

Ethnicity Frequency Percentage

Ilocano 61 76.25

Igorot/Aeta 10 12.50

Tagalog 9 11.25

Total 80 100

Table 1

Respondents of the Study

Research Site

Buklod Palad National High School (former Maligaya National

High School Annex - Doña Josefa) is a DepEd managed partially

urban Secondary Public School located in Palayan City, Nueva

Ecija.

Materials and Instrument

In this study the researcher used interview and observation.

The researcher also used interview guide.

 The questionnaire for teachers was made up of ten questions

which will deal with the focus under study. These aspects include

demography of the teacher, methods and strategies for teaching

English, adequacy and resources and other learning materials, and

students’ effort to help themselves learn the English subject and

parents effort to help their children.

The questionnaire for the participants will be comprise in

three section: demography of the students, language used at home,

and language used with peers.

The aim of using interview and observation is to investigate

the way they learn and their performance in English during their

English class.

Data Collection

Permission of the school will seek to allow researcher to

administer the data gathering instruments to the respondents. The

data gathering instruments will be personally administer by the

researcher with the assistance of teacher to the respondents

during their English class. To ensure uniformity in the quality

about the data collected, it became necessary to brief the

teachers who were to assist in the data collection, particularly

on the purpose of the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

After collecting the data needed, the researchers tabulated

and analyzed the gathered data with the help of statistical

tools. The statistical tools used in this study were Percentage,

Standard Deviation, Chi-square and One way Anova.

1. Frequency and Percentage was used for the profile of the

respondents.

Percentage Formula

%= F/N

Where:

F = Frequency (number of respondents)

N = Total number of respondents

2. Chi-square – is a statistical method assessing the goodness

of fit between observed values and those expected

theoretically. Chi-square is used to determine whether

there is significant appreciation between two variables.

Chi-square is employed to test the difference between an

actual sample and another hypothetical or previously

established distribution such as that which maybe expected

due to change or probability. Chi-square can also be used

to test the differences between two or more actual samples.

The formula is as follows:

2 ∑ ( fo−fe ) ❑2
x=
fe
 Where:
2
x =c h i−square

fo = observed frequency

fe = expected frequency

3. ANOVA

Formula

group mean square

F (x , y) =
within mean square

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This section of research study presents, analyzes, and

interprets the data gathered by the researchers about Performance

in English of Junior High School students.

Profile of the Respondents

This part of the study presents the profile of the

respondents in terms of ethnicity, age, gender, parents’

occupation, language used at home, language used with peers,

favorite hobby and favorite subject.

Table 1 presents the data on the different profile of the

respondents ,as regards to ethnicity, majority of the students

were Ilocano’s (61 or 76.25%), followed by Igorot/Aeta ( 10 or

12.5%)and the last were Tagalog (9 or 11.25%).

In terms of their ages , (40 or 50%) with 13-15 years old,

(20 or 25% )with ages that ranges from 16- 18 and 19-21 years

old.
 As to their gender ,there are 41 or 51.25% female and 39 or
48.75% male.
In the occupation of their parents 58 or 72.5% of both their

mother and father are farmer, 10 or 12.5% are driver 2 or 2.5% is

in construction and 4 mothers or 5% are teachers.

There are 61 or 76.25% who uses Ilocano as a means of

communication at home, 10 or 12.5 % uses Filipino and 10 or

11.25% uses Zambal/Igorot

In the communication with their peers , 46 or 57.5% uses

Ilocano and 34 or 42.5% uses Filipino.

There are 26 or 32.5% who admitted that their favorite

subject is Filipino , followed by English with 22 or 27.5% , 18

or 22.5% favorite subject is other subject like Mapeh,

AP ,,etc , 12 or 15% favorite subject is math and 2 or 2.5% is

Science.

Findings revealed that majority of the Junior High School

students Buklod Palad National High School are Igorot , this is

because majority of the community members in the area comes from

upland parts of Luzon and settlers coming from Baguio City and

other area, with ages 13-14 years old , females , , their means

of livelihood in the family is farming and uses Ilocano as a

major language to communicate within their family and with their

peers.
Table 1 – Profile of the Respondents

Ethnicity Frequency Percentage

Ilocano 61 76.25%
Tagalog 9 11.25%
Igorot/Aeta 10 12.5%
Total 80 100%
Age Frequency Percentage
13-15 40 50%
16-18 20 25%
19-21 20 25%
Total 80 100%
Gender Frequency Percentage
Female 41 51.25%
Male 39 48.75
Total 80 100%
Parents Occupation Frequency Percentage
Farmer 58 72.5%
Construction 2 2.5%
Teacher 4 5%
Driver 10 12.5%
Storekeeper 6 7.5%
Total 80 100%
Language Used At Home Frequency Percentage
Ilocano 61 76.25
Filipino 10 12.5
Zambal/ Igorot 10 11.25
80 100

Language/Peers Frequency Percentage

Ilocano 46 57.5 %
Filipino 34 42.5%
Total 80 100%
Subject Frequency Percentage
Filipino 26 32.5%
English 22 27.5%
Math 12 15%
Science 2 2.5%
Others 18 22.5%
Total 80 100%

Performance in English of the Respondents

 As based on the information acquired from their teachers ,

the performance in English of the respondents is given in the

table,with an over all mean of 82.76, majority of the respondents

obtained an average grades of 78-79 and 80-81 and there are 10 of

the students who obtained an average grades of 84-85%

Table 2

Grades of the Respondents in English

F d fd fd 2

84-85 10 2 20 400

82-83 8 1 8 64

80-81 26 0 0 0

78-79 20 -1 -20 400

76-77 11 -2 -22 484

74-75 5 -3 -15 225

80 29 1573

Performance in English of the Subject Cases and the Related

Profile Variables

Based on the information a, the obtained value of Chi-square

is 7.62 which is greater than 3.84, the minimum value required

for .05 level of significance, therefore, there is a significant

relationship between the performance of the respondents and

ethnicity. The null hypothesis is then rejected.

 Findings also revealed that based on the performance of the

students in English, there are only 34 students , 25 (26.78) in

Ilocano obtained 80-84%, 6 or 3.4% obtained 80-84 in Tagalog and

3 or 3.4% obtained by Igorot , 36 in Ilocano 5 in Igorot and 2 in

Tagalog obtained the average age of 75.79%

It implies that majority of the junior high school students

obtained an average grades ( 75-79% ) in English .

Table 3

Relationship between Performance and the Profile Variables as to

their Ethnicity

Ethnicity 80-84 75-79 Total

Ilocano 25 (26.78) 36 (36.23) 61
Igorot 3 (3.4) 5 (4.6) 8
Tagalog 6 (3.4) 2 (4.44) 8
Total 34 43 77
df = 2 x =7.62 S
2 ( df =2 , a=0.05) =3.84 2
x

Relationship between Performance and Age

In this variable pair , the null hypothesis tests was there

is no significant relationship between performance and their age.

Table shows the data on respondents and their ages

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .92 was obtained which is

below 5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level

of for the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is

not significant. This led to the acceptance of the null

hypothesis . it can be said therefore, that the respondents

performance does not depend on ages.

Table 4
Ch-Square Test for the Relationship between Performance and Age

Age 80-84 75-79 Total

13-15 17 23 40
16-18 7 13 20
19-21 10 10 20
Total 34 46 80
df = 0.92 2
x ( df =2 , a=.05 )=1.4 x 2=0.92 NS

In this variable pair , the null hypothesis tests was there

is no significant relationship between performance and their age.

Table shows the data on respondents and their ages

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .92 was obtained which is

below 5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level

of for the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is

not significant. This led to the acceptance of the null

hypothesis . it can be said therefore, that the respondents

performance does not depend on ages.

Relationship between Performance and Gender

In this relationship between performance and gender , the

null hypothesis tests was there is no significant relationship

between performance and their gender.

Table shows the data on respondents and their gender

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .1 was obtained which is below

5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level of for

the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is not

significant. This led to the acceptance of the null hypothesis .

it can be said therefore, that the respondents performance does

not depend on gender.

Table 5

Ch-Square Test for the Relationship between Performance and

Gender
Gender 80-84 75-79 Total
Male 12 29 41
Female 22 17 39
Total 34 46 80
df=1 2
x ( df =1 , a=.05 )=0.46 x =6.03 S
2

Relationship between Performance and Occupation of Parents

 In this relationship between performance and occupation of

their parents , the null hypothesis tests was there is no

significant relationship between performance and their occupation

of their parents .

Table shows the data on respondents and their gender

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .3 was obtained which is below

5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level of for

the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is not

significant. This led to the acceptance of the null hypothesis .

it can be said therefore, that the respondents performance does

not depend on occupation of parents.

Table 6
Ch-Square Test for the Relationship between Performance and
Occupation of Parents
Parents’ Occupation 80-84 75-79 Total

Farmer 21 37 58
Construction Worker 0 2 2
Teacher 2 2 4
Vendor 11 5 16
Total 34 46 80
df=3 x 2 ( df =3 , a=.05 )=2.37 x =7.02 S
2

Relationship between Performance and Language Used at Home

 In this relationship between performance and Language Used

at Home , the null hypothesis tests was there is no significant

relationship between performance and their occupation of their

parents .

Table shows the data on respondents and their gender

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .2 was obtained which is below

5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level of for

the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is not

significant. This led to the acceptance of the null hypothesis .

it can be said therefore, that the respondents performance does

not depend on Language Used at Home.

Table 7
Ch-Square Test for the Relationship between Performance and
Language Used at Home
Language used at
home 80-84 75-79 Total
Ilocano 28 37 65
Tagalog 6 7 13
Igorot 0 2 2
Total 34 46 80
df=2 2
x ( df =2 , a=.05 )=1.39 x =1.56 S
2

Relationship between Performance and Language Used with Peers

 In this relationship between performance and Language Used

with peers , the null hypothesis tests was there is no

significant relationship between performance and their Language

Used with peers .

Table shows the data on respondents and their gender

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .1 was obtained which is below

5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level of for

the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is not

significant. This led to the acceptance of the null hypothesis .

it can be said therefore, that the respondents performance does

not depend on Language Used with peers. Findings demotes that

both no matter what language they are using to communicate with

peers, has no effects whatsoever in their academic performance

Table 8

Ch-Square Test for the Relationship between Performance and

Language Used with Peers
Language used with
peers 80-84 75-79 Total
Ilocano 20 26 46
Tagalog 14 20 34
Total 34 46 80
df=1 2
x ( df =1 , a=.05 )=0.46 x =0.04 NS
2

Relationship between Performance and Favorite Hobby

 In their performance and favorite hobby, the null

hypothesis tests was there is no significant relationship between

performance and favorite hobby .

Table shows the data on respondents and their gender

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .4 was obtained which is below

5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level of for

the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is not

significant. This led to the acceptance of the null hypothesis .

it can be said therefore, that the respondents performance does

not depend on their hobby .

Table 9

Ch-Square Test for the Relationship between Performance and

favorite hobby
Favorite hobby 80-84 75-79 Total
Using Cellphone 4 1 5
Reading Book 20 8 28
Watching TV 10 7 17
Playing Sports 0 27 27
Internet 0 3 3
Total 34 46 80
df=4 2
x ( df =4 , a=.05 )=3.36 x =36.5 S
2

Relationship between Performance and Favorite Subject

 In their performance and favorite subject, the null

hypothesis tests was there is no significant relationship between

performance and favorite hobby .

Table shows the data on respondents and their gender

categorized into performance /average grades . it can be noted

that there were 34 respondents who had an average ranging from

80-84 , which has almost the same who attained an average of 75-

79. When the data was subjected to the chi-square test of

independence , a chi –square value .4 was obtained which is below

5.84. the minimum value for significance as the .05 level of for

the degree of freedom. Hence the computed chi-square is not

significant. This led to the acceptance of the null hypothesis .

it can be said therefore, that the respondents performance does

not depend on their favorite subject .

Table 10

Ch-Square Test for the Relationship between Performance and

Favorite Subject
Favorite subject 80-84 75-79 Total
Filipino 7 15 22
English 14 12 26
Math 7 5 12
Science 2 0 2
Araling Panlipunan 4 ( 14 18
Total 34 46 80
df=4 2
x ( df =4 , a=.05 )=3.36 x =9.36 S
2

Significant difference in the performance in English of the

subject cases when grouped according to ethnicity
 The obtained f-value of 0.04 is less than 0.99, the minimum

value for significance at the 0.5 level; therefore, it is not

significant. This means that the mean performances of the pupils

are comparable when these are grouped in terms of sections, Hence

the hypothesis of no significance difference is accepted.

Findings revealed that the profile of the respondents has no

direct link to their performance in English , their

ethnicity ,age , gender, language use , occupation of parents

favorite subject has no direct relationship to their English

performance , this means that the improvement of the students in

English or in any subjects does not relies to their profile , it

may depend on the eagerness of the students to learn , their

intention to excel and through the initiatives of those people

around them like their parents and others.

Table 10
Difference in the Performance in English of the Subject
Cases when Grouped According to Ethnicity.

One way Anova Table

Source of SS df MMS F
Variation
Group 0.42 2 0.14 0.04
Within group 298.47 77 3.93
Total 298.89 79

F(3,76)@.05 0.99
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, THE CONCLUSION
0.04<0.99 NS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings
 Studied students’ intent adaptation along three measures

including learning, performance and achievement and consequently

gave teachers information about their student’s abilities,

competencies, skills and other potentials. We found out that the

respondents have moderate to high in their intent adaptations and

significant correlation between academic performance in English

learning and achievement.

We sought to assets and evaluate the appraisals of students of

their English classes that may enhance further the instruction of

English. Based from the findings, the students have generally

favorable appraisals of the usefulness of English and no

differences between males and females in terms of their

appraisals of their English classes regardless of their year

level.

The study revealed that teachers of English observed that

their students manifest some behaviors that are indicators of

satisfactions or dissatisfaction and interest or disinterest

toward the subject; teachers of English employ a variety of

strategies to meet the need of low achievers and high achievers

which are indicators of their recognition of individual

differences among the students; and teacher resort to no verbal

behaviors to emphasize a point, raise an issue , on call

students’ attention which are motivators in themselves.

CONCLUSION
 Since child training is joint responsibility of parents and

teachers (home and school), parents should see themselves as

partners in promoting education. So that the factors resulting in

poor performance of the students in English subject as identified

in this research; ethnicity, age, gender, parents’ occupation,

language used at home, language used with peers, favorite hobby,

and favorite subject, poor methods and strategies for teaching

English by teachers could be minimized or eliminated completely.

Responsibilities must therefore not be placed on teachers alone.

Parents fulfilled these responsibilities to ensure that their

children are given the necessary education they deserve as the

leaders of tomorrow. There is also the need for pre-service and

in-service training to be organized periodically for working

English teachers.

Students’ environmental perception, and academic behaviours

on how environmental factors influence pupils’ academic

performance are numerous. It is believed that the individual’s

perception of the elements that constitute the school environment

creates some sort of cognitive crisis which tends to evoke good

or poor academic behaviour from that individual.

Weiner’s (1984) attribution theory seeks to reinforce the notion

that performance of learners on a given task depends on the level

of motivation they have. The intellectual capacities and the type

of social and psychological environment from which individuals

learn have an influence on the acquisition of the English

language by the students.

In a school where there is harmony, peace and all available

facilities, pupils learn their second language with ease. We

believe that when the environmental forces are controlled through

showing, guiding, arranging and manipulating behaviour could be

molded or shaped in line with the goal set. The teacher is the

role model in the teaching – learning environment. It will not be

unreasonable to expect that teachers would, of their free will,

have set themselves up as role models for the children. The

teachers almost never speak English among themselves hence

motivation for students to communicate among themselves in

English is totally nonexistent.

It is worth knowing that the essence of choosing the Junior

High school for the study is borne out of the fact that it serves

as a transitional point by which the bulk of students either move

into higher educational institutions or put an end to their

formal education and take up a trade. The urge to further one’s

education or put an end to it is, to some extent, influenced by

the way students’ are handled by the teachers.

RECOMMENDETIONS

Based on the findings of the study, the following are hereby

recommended:
 1. School administrators should get feedback from teachers on

how students perceive their learning environment so that

they can address problems and dissatisfaction, if any.

2. The government need to revise its policy on the supply of

school textbooks and then instructional material with the

view of to bridging the widening gap in resource demands and

for effective teaching and learning.

3. There is also the need for pre-service and in-service

training to be organized periodically for working English

teachers.

4. The teacher should consider the other students who cannot

understand their dialect.

5. The teacher should know that students have differences.

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A Quantitative Action Research on Promoting

Confidence in a Foreign Language Classroom:
Implications for Second Language Teachers
VahidRahmaniDoqaruni
Aviation College, University of Applied Science and
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http://digitalcommons.nl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1086&context=ie

An Action Research Study of Promoting Students’

Confidence in Speaking English By
MonthaSongsiri
B.A. (Suansunundha Teachers’ College)
M.A.(King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi)
Retrieved from
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Building your students’
confidence to speak English Teacher Education
through School-based
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www.TESS-India.edu.inhttp://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/plu
ginfile.php/134875/mod_resource/content/3/SE03_AIE_Final.pdf

Direction: Please check the following that corresponds you’re

answers.

Profile of the Respondents:

Ethnicity_______Tagalog
 ______Ilocano
______others
What are the language used at home: _______ English ______
Tagalog ______________Others
Language used with Peers____________________________

Favorite Subject

Favorite Hobby__________________

Level of Performance in English subject

_______ 75 and below _______ 86-90
_______ 76 – 80 _______ 91-95
_______ 81 – 85 _______ 96-100