Q No 1:

Calculate the corrected volume of shale (Vshc) for the whole interval using GR and neutron-
density (VshND) methods. Compare the results obtained from these two methods. Explain every
step that you have taken to answer this question.

Solution
Corrected volume of shale for whole drilled interval can be calculated by using the gamma ray
data and neutron-density data separately. There are two methods of selecting the shale & sand
base lines. In one of the methods, maximum value of GR represents shale base line whereas
minimum value of GR shows sand base line. In another method of generating histogram of GR
data, we select 5% and 95% percentile of the data which represents the sand & shale base line
respectively. This calculation shows both methods but in table, min / max value is selected.

At 1500 ft, GR value is 77.82 API units

GR log −GR min

V sh ¿ I GR =
GR max −GR min

Using method of min / max values:

77.82−5.543
I GR at 1500ft = =0.858
89.78−5.543

Corrected value of shale volume can be calculated using the Larionov correlation. Given rock
formation is from Permian age therefore, Older Rocks correlation will be used (Age of Permian
Rock is greater than Cretaceous Rock)

V shc =0.33 × ( 2 −1 )
2× I GR

V shc =0.33 × ( 2 2× 0.858 −1 )

V shc =0.754

Using Neutron-Density method for calculating volume of shale, we get a difference between
neutron and density values. There is a positive difference and negative difference. By converting
the scale of neutron to density log, we need to read off one scale.
We can adjust the values of Neutron to density or vice-versa. First we convert the RHOB to
DPHI and then using below formula, we can estimate the volume of shale with the help of
neutron density.

Ωlog−Ω sand
V sh =
Ωshale−Ω sand

DEPTH IGR Vshc VshND

1508.6 0.359 0.212 0.04

1516.5 0.362 0.215 0.102

1528.2 0.098 0.048 0.067

1536.5 0.034 0.016 0

1550.1 0.012 0.005 0.105

Q No 2:
Calculate total porosity using sonic (PHIS), density (PHID), and neutron (PHIN) logs. Compare
porosities from these 3 logs with porosity calculated from Neutron-density average porosity
(PHIND) method. Explain every step that you have taken to answer this question.

Solution
As per given fluid as saltwater mud, we get the sonic values as:

∆ t fl =185 μs /ft

∆ t−∆ t ma
φ=
∆ t fl −∆ t ma

Depth GR Formation / Matrix Sonic Porosity

Matrix Transit Time Value at
depth
1508.6 35.746 Sandstone 55.5 92.398 0.285
1516.5 36.029 Sandstone 55.5 94.493 0.301
 1528.2 13.826 Dolomite 43.5 86.971 0.307
1536.5 8.411 Limestone 47.5 85.991 0.280
1550.1 6.52 Limestone 47.5 88.166 0.296
Using density-porosity formula:

ρma−ρ log
φ=
ρma−ρ f

ρma−ρ log
φ=
ρma−ρ f

Considering saltwater drilling fluid and density of saltwater as 1.02 g/cc.

Depth GR Formation / Matrix Density Porosity

Matrix Density Value
1508.6 35.746 Sandstone 2.65 2.162 0.299
1516.5 36.029 Sandstone 2.65 2.152 0.306
1528.2 13.826 Dolomite 2.87 2.247 0.337
1536.5 8.411 Limestone 2.71 2.214 0.293
1550.1 6.52 Limestone 2.71 2.26 0.266

Neutron porosity is taken as recorded in logs and a correction with respect to formation is
applied to get accurate value.

Depth GR Formation / Neutron Correction Corrected

Matrix Porosity Porosity
1508.6 35.746 Sandstone 0.232 4% 0.192
1516.5 36.029 Sandstone 0.263 4% 0.223
1528.2 13.826 Dolomite 0.19 -2% to-8% 0.23
1536.5 8.411 Limestone 0.184 0 0.184
1550.1 6.52 Limestone 0.197 0 0.197
For neutron density porosity, we use following formula:

∅N + ∅D
∅ ND =
2
Q No 3:
Calculate the effective porosity for the whole interval using sonic (PHISeffe), density
(PHIDeffe) and neutron (PHINeffe) logs. Explain every step that you have taken to answer this
question.

Solution
Effective porosity for the whole interval can be calculated by subtracting the clay-bound water
content from the porosity value calculated from logs.

Q NO 4:
Calculate water saturation (Sw) for the whole drilled interval. Use both Archie and Ratio
(sqrt(R0/Rt)) methods. For the Archie method, you need first to calculate Rt, Rw, and F for Sw
calculation. You can consider saturation exponent, n=2, tortuosity factor, a=1, and cementation
exponent, m=2. Explain all steps that you have taken to answer this question.

Solution
F can be calculated using sonic porosity, a and m factors as given.

For depth 1500 ft,

 a 1
F= m
= 2
=6.84
φ 0. 382

Similarly, for other intervals, it can be calculated.

Using the correction plots and considering:

φ=
√ R mf
R xo
2
Rmf =φ × R xo

At 1500 ft,

2
Rw ¿ Rmf =0.382 × 2.073=0.3032 ohm−m

Saturation of water can be estimated using:

Sw =
√
n a Rw
∅ Rt
m

At 1500 ft,

Sw = 2
√ 1 0.303
∅ 2 2.847
=0.853

Using ratio method with following formula, saturation of water can be calculated:

R xo

( )
2
Sw R
= t
S xo R mf
Rw

Taking square root on both sides, we can calculate the ratio of Sw/Sxo and then multiplying the
values of Sxo gives saturation of water at different depths. Tabulated results are presented below.
DEPT IGR Vsh VshN PHI PHI PHI PHIN PHISeff PHIDeff PHINeff Rt F Sw(Archie Sw
H c D S D N D e e e ) (Ratio
)
1508. 0.35 0.212 0.04 0.28 0.299 0.192 0.2455 0.285 0.299 0.192 26.46 12.3 0.499 0.95

6 9 5 2

1516. 0.36 0.215 0.102 0.30 0.306 0.223 0.2645 0.301 0.306 0.223 6.444 11.0 0.664 1.34

5 2 1 3

1528. 0.09 0.048 0.067 0.30 0.337 0.230 0.2835 0.307 0.337 0.230 5.307 16.9 0.762 2.68

2 8 7 3

1536. 0.03 0.016 0 0.28 0.293 0.184 0.2385 0.280 0.293 0.184 163.49 18.0 0.117 0.07

5 4 0 8 4

1550. 0.01 0.005 0.105 0.29 0.266 0.197 0.2315 0.296 0.266 0.197 0.745 15.7 1.76 10.39

1 2 6 2
Inputs Description Values
GRmin Sand Gamma-ray 5.543
GRmax Shale Gamma-ray 89.78
OMEGAshale Neutron-density separation in shale 0.2727
OMEGAsand Neutron-density separation in clean -0.124
RHOma Matrix density 2.65 g/cc for
sandstone
RHOf Fluid density 1.02 g/cc for
saltwater
Dtma Matrix transit time 55.5 micro
sec/ft for
sandstone
DTf Fluid transit time 185 micro
sec/ft for
saltwater
DTsh Shale transit time 167 micro
sec/ft for shale
RHOBsh Shale density 2.43 g/cc
NPHIsh Shale neutron 30-50 units
R0 Water zone deep resistivity
Rw Formation water resistivity