Structural Calculation Report (SCR-0146 - A) : Wind-Load

Date: 12/09/17 W/O: TBC Doc. # SCR-0146 Rev.
A
Job Title: 6m Entrance Feature sign Client:
Location: Suttons Business Park, Earley, Reading, RG6 1AZ.
By: T. Pearman Proj. Man: S. Groom
Structural Calculation Report (SCR-0146_A)

Calculations have been performed in order to assess the structural integrity of a 6m high entrance
feature sign which is to be installed externally at Suttons business park in Earley, Reading.
The calculations performed have been based upon an initial proposal sketch produced by Hollywood
Monster with reference to drawing title “Proposed large entrance sign” dated 15/08/17. A copy has
been included, on page 5 of this report. A copy with structural annotations/details along with
dimensions used for the calculations has also been included, on page 5 of this report.
Wind-load:
A resultant force created by wind effects, the wind-load, has been calculated based on the location of
the site and according to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 and its National Annex. The potential resultant wind-
load acting on the (1.38m2) face of feature A is 1.58kN. That acting on the (3.75 m2) face of feature B
is 3.99kN and that on the (2.04m2) face of feature C is 2.04kN. The combined overall wind load acting
on the global structure is 7.62kN.
Self-Weight:
A resultant force created by the combined weight of individual components, the dead load, has been
calculated based on characteristic values in accordance with EN 1991-1-1:2002. The total dead load
of feature A is 5.05kN (516kg). That of feature B is 8.23kN (840kg) and that of feature C is 4.37kN
(446kg). The combined of the overall assembly, inclusive of the fixing brackets, is approximately 755kg
or 9.98kN.
Structural Comments:
Calculations have been performed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1, BS EN 1993-1-8, BS EN 1992-
1-1, BS EN 1997-1-1 and the respective National Annexes. Based on the results the following
comments are provided.
Steel Frame:
Vertical sections: Are suitable for use manufactured from CHS 139.7x8mm, grade S355J2H structural
steel. The sections should extend to the top of each of the features in the positions shown on the
referenced drawing and should be manufactured according to EN 10219 (Cold formed) or to EN 10210
(Hot finished).
The maximum potential deflection, occurring at the end of the vertical sections, from wind loading
applied to the front face of feature A is 32.43mm. This amount of deflection is within a reasonable
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Date: 12/09/17 W/O: TBC Doc. # SCR-0146 Rev. A
limit for this beam section of 47mm, the sections length/100. The sections capacity to resist the
combined loading effects of bending and buckling caused by applied weight and wind loads is utilised
by 38%.
The welds used to connect the frame sections should be no less than 6mm full and continuous fillet
welds around the complete perimeter of each intersection.
Main Horizontal Sections: Are recommended, for economic purposes, manufactured from the same
off cut sections of the verticals, CHS 139.7x8mm grade S355J2H structural steel.
It is recommended that a minimum of two horizontal sections are used to span between each of the
vertical sections; one at the top and bottom of each of the feature shapes.
The welds used to connect the horizontal sections to the vertical sections should be no less than 6mm
full and continuous fillet welds around the complete perimeter of each intersection.
Steel fixing brackets:

The angle brackets are suitable for use manufactured from L 50x50x5mm, grade S355JR structural
steel. The sections should be manufactured according to EN 10025-1&2 (Hot Rolled).
The aluminium feature cladding will be attached to the framework using steel angle brackets welded
to the framework.
The angle brackets will be formed and attached to the frame to suit the rough perimeter of the final
feature shape/s. One full angle bracket (formed to suit perimeter) will be positioned in front of the
main framework and one at the rear allowing the front panel to be screw fixed to the front angle
bracket and the rear panel to be screw fixed to the rear angle bracket.
The worst-case sections are those between the two left most vertical columns on feature B (middle
feature) therefore the analysis of these members was based upon these parts.
The maximum potential deflection, occurring at the centre of the worst-case sections, from wind
loading applied to the front of feature shape B, is 4.76mm. This amount of deflection is within the limit
for this beam section, suggested in the national annex to EN 1993-1-1, of 7.9mm, the sections
length/200. The sections capacity to resist the combined loading effects of bending and buckling
caused by applied weight and wind loads is utilised by 87%.
The welds used to connect the horizontal sections to the vertical sections should be no less than 5mm
full and continuous fillet welds around the complete perimeter of each intersection. Where the joint
does not facilitate a fillet weld the edges of the section should be chamfered where required, at 45
degrees, to produce single V-groove full penetration butt welds.
Base Plates: It is suggested that the vertical columns of each of the features sit on 300x300x20mm
base plates c/w levelling nuts in order to sufficiently spread the pressure created by the combination
of self-weight and wind moment to prevent concrete cracking.
The base plates should be manufactured, at a minimum, from Structural Steel grade S275JR Hot Rolled
to EN-10025.
4-off Φ24mm clearance holes should be drilled at 220mm centres, 40mm from each edge.
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The sections should be oriented such that one of the straight edges is parallel with the front face of
the sign.
A suitable structural grout, such as BASF masterflow 928 should be used to fill the void between the
base plate and the concrete base, post levelling the signage using the levelling nuts, in order to achieve
a good bearing contact and transfer the loads into the concrete effectively. Alternatively, a suitable
ready mixed concrete such as Hanson Postfix can be used as the grout so long as the characteristic
cylinder strength is equal to or better than the concrete specified for the base itself.
Ground Fixings/base cages: M20, grade 8.8 threaded bar, manufactured to EN-15048-1 is suitable for
use within the base cage/grillage assembly which should be constructed from 50x50x3mm Equal
Angle, manufactured from S275 structural steel in conformance with EN-10025, at 1,000mm lengths,
to suit this particular application. It should be ensured that the upper most angle ties are at least
50mm below the finished level of the foundation. A pair of full M20 class 8 nuts locked off against
each other with a plain M20 washer placed underneath is recommended to retain the base plates to
the concrete pad foundation. An additional M20 full nut and washer should be placed on the
underside of the base plate to allow for levelling of the signage structure.
Welding:
Connections between steel frame sections; the horizontal to vertical sections, angle sections to the
main frame and vertical sections to the base plates should be full strength 6mm fillet welds/full
strength butt welds, continuous, around the entire perimeter of the connected components using the
GMAW process. The welds to connect the constituent pieces of the angle brackets to each other
should be 5mm fillet welds/full penetration butt welds created by chamfering the intersecting pieces.
Welding consumables:
The welding consumables should match the weldability of the parent metal, have minimum yield and
tensile strengths no less than the weaker of all connected members and conform to the general
requirements of EN 13479 along with specific product standards EN ISO 14175 and EN ISO 14341.
Based on this the minimum yield strength of the filler wire should be 355N/mm 2 or higher and the
tensile strength should be 470N/mm2 or higher.
Aluminium Panel stiffeners:

It is suggested that panel stiffeners are utilised constructed from extruded aluminium Tee section,
grade 6082T6 at a designation of 50.8x50.8x3.18mm manufactured according to EN 755. The stiffeners
should be adhesive bonded to the panels at 600mm vertical centres spanning top to bottom across
features B & C.
Panel Fixings: All panel/general fixings should be no less than Φ5.5mm self-drilling pan-head screws
manufactured according to EN ISO 15481 spaced accordingly, at no less than 300mm centres.
General:
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The use of a medium strength thread-locking compound such as Loctite 243 or the use of nylon insert
locking nuts is recommended, to prevent fasteners loosening over time under dynamic loading or
vibrations induced by wind effects acting on the main structure. Routine maintenance inspections are
recommended to check for signs of loosening and/or damage.
Corrosion Protection:
Although the structure is temporary, thus with a maximum expected lifetime of around 10 years, it is
recommended that at a minimum the steel frame be painted with a corrosion preventing coating such
as Intergard 345 at a wet film thickness of 80μm.
All machining including welding and drilling should be completed prior to the painting process.
Due to the ratio of surface areas in contact the risk of bimetallic corrosion causing significant effect to
structural performance is not of concern.
All works should be carried out to Execution Class 2 (EXC2) and in accordance with EN-1090.
Page 4 of 36
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1. Site Details
Suttons Business Park,
Suttons Park Ave,
Earley,
Reading,
RG6 1AZ.
o Altitude of site (A) – 42m
o Height of sign (z) – 6m (feature A: top most feature)
- 4.7m (feature B: middle feature)
- 3.7m (feature C: lower most feature)
o Distance from the sea – 69.4km
o Terrain – Category I, Country Terrain
o Orography – Insignificant
2. Windload Calculations, variable load References are to BS EN 1994-1-

2.1. Wind Velocity (Vb,Map) 4 unless specified otherwise.
𝐕𝐛,𝐌𝐚𝐩 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝐦/𝐬
Vb,map - Figure NA 1
2.2. Basic Wind Velocity (Vb)
Vb = Cdir . CSeason . Vb,0 Cdir = 1 – Note 2 of Expression
4.1
Vb = 1 × 1 × 22.403
CSeason = 1 – Note 3 of Expression
𝐕𝐛 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟎 𝐦/𝐬
4.1
2.2.1. Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity (Vb,0)
Vb,0 = Vb,Map . Calt
Vb,0 = 22 × 1.042
Vb,0 = 22.403m/s
2.2.1.1. Altitude Correction Factor (Calt) NA. 2.5 - UK NA+ Fig. 6.1.
Calt = 1 + 0.001 . A
Calt = 1 + 0.001 × 42
𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟐
2.3. Basic Velocity Pressure (qb) Air Density (ρ) = 1.226kg/m3 -

q𝐛 = 0.5ρ. Vb 2
NA.2.18 UK NA
qb = 0.5 × 1.226 × 22.402
𝐪𝐛 = 𝟑𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝐍/𝐦𝟐
2.4. Peak Velocity Pressure at reference height of features

(qp(z))
Feature A – reference height 6m (extreme top) Exposure coefficients,
qp,A(z) = Ce,A(z) . qb Ce,A(z) = 2.05 – Fig. NA.7 UK N.A,
qp,A(z) = 2.05 × 307.66 using height z of 6m 69.4km to
𝐪𝐩,𝐀(𝐳) = 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝐍/𝐦𝟐 shore.
Feature B – max height 4.7m (extreme top)
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qp,B(z) = Ce,B(z) . qb Ce,B(z) = 1.925– Fig. NA.7 UK N.A,

qp,B(z) = 1.925 × 307.66 using height z of 4.7m 69.4km to
𝐪𝐩,𝐁(𝐳) = 𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝐍/𝐦𝟐 shore.
Feature C – max height 3.7m (extreme top) Ce,C(z) = 1.8 – Fig. NA.7 UK N.A,
qp,C(z) = Ce,C(z) . qb using height z of 3.7m 69.4km to
shore
qp,C(z) = 1.8 × 307.66
𝐪𝐩,𝐂(𝐳) = 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝐍/𝐦𝟐
2.5. Feature A: Wind load normal to front face of External windforce –

signage/shape (FW,A,front). 5.3(2)Eq(5.3)
Characteristic value (Fw,A,front). CSCD = 1 – EN 1991-1-4 Section
𝐅𝐖,𝐀,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐀 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐀 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬 6.2
𝐅𝐖,𝐀,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 Force coefficient Cf=1.8 –
𝐅𝐖,𝐀,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝐍 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝐤𝐍 Expression 7.7 BS EN 1991-1-4 –
True as Z > h/4 & b/h <1
Design value (Qd,A,front) (Choice of aerodynamic
𝐐𝐝,𝐀,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝛄𝐐 . 𝐅𝐰,𝐀,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 coefficient determined from
𝐐𝐝,𝐀,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟑 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟓𝐍 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝐤𝐍 7.1.1 BS EN 1991-1-4)
Partial factor for variable actions

2.5.1. Overall reference area of large size letters (Aref,A)
(γQ)=1.5 – table NA.A1.2(A) NA
Aref,A = 1.384m2 − Determined from CAD model
to BS EN 1990
Clients pdf imported into Auto Cad and scaled
accordingly
2.5.2. Wind force from frictional effects on side return of

feature A from wind acting perpendicular to front
face.
Ffr,A,sides = Cfr . qp,A,(Ze) . Afr,A,returns
Ffr,A,sides = 0.01 × 630.71 × 1.969
Ffr,A,sides = 12.42N
OA side return dimensions
2.5.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to front) OA length of returns = 4.922m
Afr,A,retrurns = 4.922 × 0.4 (perimeter – from CAD)
Afr,A,retrurns = 1.969m2 Letter depth=400mm =0.4m
2.6. Feature A: Wind load normal to side face of

signage/shape (Fw,A,side).
𝐅𝐖,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐀 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐀,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭
𝐅𝐖,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 + 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟔
𝐅𝐖,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟓𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟖𝐍 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝐤𝐍
Design value (Qd,A,side)

𝐐𝐝,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝛄𝐐 . 𝐅𝐰,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐐𝐝,𝐀,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟓𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟖 = 𝟖𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟐𝐍 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝐤𝐍
Page 8 of 36
2.6.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of OA side dimensions

shape A. OA height = 1,150mm
Aref,A,side = 0.4 × 1.15 OA depth = 400mm
Aref,A,side = 0.46m2
2.6.2. Wind force from frictional effects on front/rear faces Cfr=0.01 (smooth surface) –
from wind acting perpendicular to side face Table 7.10
Ffr,A,front/rear = Cfr . qp,A(Ze) . Afr,A,front
Ffr,A,front/rear = 0.01 × 630.71 × 2.77
Ffr,A,front/rear = 17.46N
2.6.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to side)

Afr,A,front = 2. Aref,A
Afr,A,front = 2 × 1.384 = 2.77m2
2.7. Feature B: Windload normal to front face of

signage/shape. (Fw,B,front) – Largest individual area.
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐁 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐁 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟒 + 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟔
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟑, 𝟗𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝐍 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝐤𝐍
Design value (Qd,B,front)

𝐐𝐝,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝛄𝐐 . 𝐅𝐰,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭
𝐐𝐝,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟒. 𝟗 = 𝟓, 𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝐍 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟗𝐤𝐍
2.7.1. Reference area of feature/shape B – front face.

Aref,B = 3.7474m2 – Determined from CAD model
As the shape is irregular loading will not be shared
equally between vertical supports ∴ this area has
reduction to give worst case over 2 vertical sections.

feature B from wind acting perpendicular to front
face
Ffr,B,side = Cfr . qp,B(Ze) . Afr,B,return
Ffr,B,side = 0.01 × 592.25 × 4.0456
Ffr,B,side = 23.96N
2.7.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to front) OA length of returns = 10.114m
Afr,B,return = 10.114 × 0.4 (perimeter – from CAD)
Afr,B,return = 4.0456m2 Letter depth=400mm =0.4m
2.8. Feature B: Wind load normal to side face of

signage/shape (Fw,B,side).
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐁 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟖 + 𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟗
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟖𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝐍 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝐤𝐍
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Design value (Qd,B,side)

𝐐𝐝,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝛄𝐐 . 𝐅𝐰,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐐𝐝,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟖𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟗𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝐍 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝐤𝐍
2.8.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of OA side dimensions – B

shape B. OA height = 2.02m
Aref,B,side = 0.4 × 2.02 Letter depth =0.4m
Aref,B,side = 0.808m2
2.8.2. Wind force from frictional effects on front/rear faces

from wind acting perpendicular to side face
Ffr,B,front/rear = Cfr . qp,B(Ze) . Afr,B,front
Ffr,B,front/rear = 0.01 × 592.25 × 7.49
Ffr,B,front/rear = 44.39N

Afr,B,front = 2. Aref,B
Afr,B,front = 2 × 3.7474 = 7.49m2
2.9. Feature B: Wind load on maximum span section.

Between the centres of the central and far left
columns of feature B (Fw,B,centre).
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐁 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐁,𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐁,𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 = 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟗 + 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟕
𝐅𝐖,𝐁,𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝐍 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝐤𝐍
Design value (Qd,B,side)

𝐐𝐝,𝐁,𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 = 𝛄𝐐 . 𝐅𝐰,𝐁,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐐𝐝,𝐁,𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟒, 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟗𝟏𝐍 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝐤𝐍
2.9.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of

shape B.
Aref,B,centre = 2.5529m2

Ffr,B,centre = Cfr . qp,B(Ze) . Afr,B,centre
Ffr,B,centre = 0.01 × 592.25 × 2.4996
Ffr,B,centre = 15.77N
2.9.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to side) Perimeter of centre area
Afr,B,centre = 0.4 × 6.249 =6.249m
Afr,B,centre = 2.4996m2 Depth of feature B =0.4m
2.10. Feature C: Windload normal to front face of

signage/shape. (Fw,C,front).
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𝐅𝐖,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐂 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐂 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬

𝐅𝐖,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟓 + 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟖
𝐅𝐖,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟐, 𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟐𝐍 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝐤𝐍
Design value (Qd,C,front)

𝐐𝐝,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝛄𝐐 . 𝐅𝐰,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭
𝐐𝐝,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟗 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟖𝐍 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝐤𝐍
2.10.1. Reference area of feature/shape C – front face.

Aref,C = 2.035m2 – Determined from CAD model

feature C from wind acting perpendicular to front
face
Ffr,C,side = Cfr . qp,C(Ze) . Afr,C,return
Ffr,C,side = 0.01 × 553.79 × 2.5972
Ffr,C,side = 14.38N
2.10.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to OA length of returns = 6.493m
front) (perimeter – from CAD)
Afr,C,return = 6.493 × 0.4 Letter depth=400mm =0.4m
Afr,C,return = 2.5972m2
2.11. Feature C: Wind load normal to side face of

signage/shape (Fw,C,side).
𝐅𝐖,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐂 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭
𝐅𝐖,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟒
𝐅𝐖,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝐍 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝐤𝐍
Design value (Qd,C,side)

𝐐𝐝,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝛄𝐐 . 𝐅𝐰,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐐𝐝,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝐍 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝐤𝐍
2.11.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of OA side dimensions – B

shape B. OA height = 2.02m
Aref,B,side = 0.4 × 2.02 Letter depth =0.4m
Aref,B,side = 0.808m2

Ffr,B,front/rear = Cfr . qp,B(Ze) . Afr,B,front
Ffr,B,front/rear = 0.01 × 592.25 × 7.49
Ffr,B,front/rear = 44.39N

Afr,B,front = 2. Aref,B
Afr,B,front = 2 × 3.7474 = 7.49m2
Page 11 of 36
3. Self -Weight, fixed load.
Characteristic total weight of structure (Gk)

515.64 + 839.69 + 446.28 = 1,801.61kg = 17,655.74N
= 17.66kN
Partial factor for permanent
Design total weight of structure (Gd)
actions (γG)=1.35 – table
𝐆𝐝 = 𝛄𝐆 . 𝐆 𝐤
NA.A1.2(A) NA to BS EN1990
𝐆𝐝 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝐤𝐠 = 𝟐𝟑, 𝟖𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟓𝐍
= 𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝐤𝐍
Characteristic total weight of structure (Gk,totaL)

1,801.61 + 31,242.51 = 33,044.12kg = 323,832.34N
= 323.83kN
Design total weight of structure (Gd,total)

𝐆𝐝 = 𝛄𝐆 . 𝐆𝐤,𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥
𝐆𝐝 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒, 𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝐤𝐠 = 𝟒𝟑𝟕, 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝐍
= 𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝐤𝐍
3.1. Feature A
Total weight of feature A
𝐆𝐤,𝐀 = 𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟒𝐤𝐠 = 𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝐍 (𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
𝐆𝐝,𝐀 = 𝐆𝐤,𝐀 . 𝛄𝐆 = 𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝐤𝐠

= 𝟔, 𝟖𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝐍 (𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
3.1.1. Steel frame

Vertical column sections – CHS 137.9x8mm
(S355J2H)
Length – 6.25m (OA height + 250mm for connection
to foundation)
Number of sections – 2
Weight per meter – 26kg/m
Total weight = 325kg = 3,185N
Horizontal sections – CHS 137.9x8mm (S355J2H)

Length – 1m
Total weight = 52kg = 509.6N
Base plates – Flat bar 350x20mm (S275JR)

Length – 0.35m
Number of sections – 2 (1 per vertical column)
Weight per meter – 54.95kg/m
Page 12 of 36
Total weight = 38.47kg = 377.01N
Angle sections – EA 50x50x5mm (S275JR)

Length – 4.922m (based on perimeter length)
Number of sections – 1 (formed to suit perimeter)
Total steel weight = 475.21kg = 4,657.02N (inc. 5%

allowance for welds and fixings)
3.1.2. Aluminium Feature (top most feature/shape)

3mm thick sheet aluminium 1050A H14
Front
Area = 13840cm2 (obtained from CAD model)
Thickness – 0.3cm (3mm)
Density (ρ) – 2.71g/cc
Weight = 11.25kg
Back
Weight = 11.25kg
Return/s
Perimeter = 492.2cm (outside perimeter – obtained
from CAD model)
Thickness = 0.3cm (3mm)
Depth = 40cm (400mm)
Weight = 16.01kg
Total aluminium weight = 40.44kg = 396.27N (Inc.

5% allowance for fixings, welds etc)
3.2. Feature B
Total weight of feature B
𝐆𝐤,𝐁 = 𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟗𝐤𝐠 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟔𝐍 (𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
𝐆𝐝,𝐁 = 𝐆𝐤,𝐁 . 𝛄𝐆 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝐤𝐠

= 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝐍 (𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
3.2.1. Steel frame

(S355J2H)
to foundation)
Total weight = 386.10kg = 3,783.78N
Page 13 of 36

Length – 6.6m (cumulative: based on 3off @ 1m +
2off @ 1.8m)

Length – 0.35m



Front
Weight = 37.58kg
Back
Weight = 37.58kg
Return/s
Perimeter = 1011.4cm (outside perimeter –
obtained from CAD model)
Weight = 32.89kg
Total aluminium weight = 113.45kg = 1,111.78N

(Inc. 5% allowance for fixings, welds etc)
3.3. Feature C
Total weight of feature C
𝐆𝐤,𝐂 = 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝐤𝐠 = 𝟒, 𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝐍 (𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
Page 14 of 36
𝐆𝐝,𝐂 = 𝐆𝐤,𝐂 . 𝛄𝐆 = 𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝐤𝐠

= 𝟓, 𝟗𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝐍 (𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
3.3.1. Steel frame

(S355J2H)
to foundation)

Length – 1.5m (additional length to allow for
inclined use)
Total weight = 78kg = 764.4N

Length – 0.35m



Front
Weight = 16.54kg
Back
Weight = 16.54kg
Return/s
Page 15 of 36
Perimeter = 649.3cm (outside perimeter – obtained

from CAD model)
Weight = 21.12kg
Total aluminium weight = 56.91kg = 557.72N (Inc.

5% allowance for fixings, welds etc)
3.4. Foundation – Single concrete pad constructed from

grade C20/25 concrete.
Total weight of foundation

𝐆𝐤,𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 = 𝟐𝟑, 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟔𝐤𝐠
= 𝟐𝟐𝟔, 𝟕𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝐍 (𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
𝐆𝐝,𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 = 𝐆𝐤,𝐂 . 𝛄𝐆 = 𝟑𝟏, 𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟏𝐤𝐠

= 𝟑𝟎𝟔, 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝐍 (𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)
Length - 3.45m
Width - 2.15m
Height - 1.2m
Volume = 8.901m3
Density (ρ) - 2600kg/m3
Weight = 23,142.6kg
4. Vertical Sections – CHS 139.7x8mm S355J2H References are to EN 1993-1-1

Worst case are the vertical sections supporting feature B UNO
Wall Thickness (T) – 8mm
Outside Diameter (OD) – 139.7mm
Inside Diameter (ID) – 123.7mm
4.1. Horizontal Deflection due to windload

Maximum deflection (Δmax) at centre – Simple beam Windload per beam (P) =
P. b2 3,994.90/2=1,997.45N
∆max = (3. l − b) (feature B has 3 vertical sections,
6. E. I
1997.45 × 37342 force over 2 considered as worst
∆max = × (3 × 4700 case due to irregular shape – see
6 × 210000 × 7,202,889.11
section 2)
− 3734)
∆𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟏mm
Length of section (L) = 4700mm
Point of wind load (b) =4700-
4.1.1. Second Moment of Area
966 =3,734mm
π. OD4 π. ID4
IXX = IYY = − Distance from top to geometric
64 64 centre =966mm
π × 139.74 π × 123.73
IXX = IYY = −
64 64
Page 16 of 36
IXX = IYY = 7,202,889.11mm4 Cross section classification =

Table 5.2 EN 1993-1-1
4.2. Cross section classification

Section in bending and compression
d 139.7
Class = = = 17.46 < 33.1 ∴ Class 1
t 8
∴ Class 1 Cross Section
Class 1 limit (Bending/compression)

d
Class 1 limit: ≤ 50ε2 = 50 × 0. 8142 = 33.1
t
Shear resistance – 6.2.6(2) exp.
ε = √235/fy = √235/355 = 0.814 (6.18) EN 1993-1-1
4.3. Shear Resistance (Vpl,Rd)

𝐀𝐯 (𝐟𝐲 /√𝟑)
𝐕𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝 =
𝛄𝐌𝟎
2107.2 × (355/√3) Resistance criteria – 6.2.6(1)
Vpl,Rd = Exp. (6.18)
1
𝐕𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟒𝟑𝟏, 𝟖𝟗𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝐍 = 𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝐤𝐍
𝐕𝐄𝐝
≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 Effect of shear force on BM-
𝐕𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝
𝟑 6.2.8(2)
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟗
If VEd <0.5Vpl,Rd its effect on bending moment resistance

may be neglected
431890.33
0.5Vpl,Rd = = 215,945.17N = 215.95kN
2
3<215.95 ∴ effect can be neglected
4.3.1. Shear Load (VEd)

VEd = Force per section = 2,996.18N = 3kN
4.3.2. Shear Area (Av)

Av = 2. A/π = 2,107.2mm2
4.3.3. Area (A)

π × (OD2 − ID2 )
A=
4
π × (139.72 − 123.72 )
A= Bending moment resistance –
4
A = 3,309.98mm2 6.2.5 (2) EQ (6.13)
Partial Safety Factor γM0=1 – 6.1

4.4. Bending Moment Resistance to front windload
EN1993-1-1
Page 17 of 36
𝐖𝐩𝐥 . 𝐟𝐲
𝐌𝐜,𝐑𝐝,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝐖𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝 = Yield Strength (fy)=355N/mm2
𝛄𝐌𝟎
103,119.39 × 355 (Grade S355)
Mc,Rd,front =
1
Mc,Rd,front = 36,607,382.002Nmm
𝐌𝐜,𝐑𝐝,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝐤𝐍𝐦 Resistance criteria - 6.2.5 (1) EQ
(6.12)
𝐌𝐄𝐝
≤𝟏 Force per section = Qd,B,front/2 =
𝐌𝐜,𝐑𝐝
11.19 5,992.35/2=2,996.18N
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (≤ 𝟏) Distance =b=3,734mm
36.61
4.4.1. Design Moment (MEd)

MEd,front = Force × Distance
MEd,front = 2996.18 × 3734
MEd,front = 11,187,722.89Nmm
MEd,front = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝐤𝐍𝐦
4.4.2. Section Modulus (Wpl)

I
Wpl, =
cog
4805412.37
Wpl =
69.85
Wpl = 68,796.17mm3
4.4.2.1. Distance to centre of gravity, X-direction

(Xcog)=Y-direction (Ycog)
OD
Xcog = Ycog =
2
139.7
Xcog = Ycog =
2
Xcog = Ycog = 69.85mm
4.5. Bending Moment Resistance to side windload

𝐌𝐜,𝐑𝐝,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐌𝐜,𝐑𝐝,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝟑𝟔, 𝟔𝟎𝟕, 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝐍𝐦𝐦
𝐌𝐜,𝐑𝐝,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝐍𝐦𝐦
𝐌𝐄𝐝
≤𝟏
𝐌𝐜,𝐑𝐝 Force=Side windload = Qd,B,side =
2.41 646.02N
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (≤ 𝟏) Distance = b =3,734mm
36.61
4.5.1. Design Moment (MEd)

MEd,side = Force × Distance
MEd,side = 646.02 × 3734
MEd,side = 2,412,253.85Nmm
MEd,side = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝐤𝐍𝐦
Page 18 of 36
4.6. Buckling Resistance to Axial load (dead weight)

𝐗. 𝐀. 𝐟𝐲
𝐍𝐛,𝐑𝐝 =
𝛄𝐌𝟏
0.38 × 3309.98 × 355
Nb,Rd =
1
Nb,Rd = 447,761.46N
Nb,Rd = 447.76kN
NEd
≤1
Nb,Rd
5.55 Gd,B = Weight load of feature B
= 0.01 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬 (≤ 𝟏) =11,109.05N
447.76
4.6.1. Compressive force exerted per post (NEd)

NEd = Gd,B /2
11109.05
NEd = = 5,554.53N = 5.55kN
2
4.6.2. Reduction Factor (X)

1
X=
Φ + √Φ2 − ′λ2
1
X=
1.64 + √1.642 − 1.642
X = 0.38
4.6.3. Non Dimensional Slenderness (‘λ)

A. fy
′λ = √
Ncr
3309.98 × 355
′λ = √
675818.46
′λ = 1.32
4.6.3.1. Critical Buckling Load (Ncr)

π2 . E. I
Ncr =
L2
π2 × 210000 × 7,202,889.11
Ncr =
47002
Ncr = 675,818.46N
Ncr = 675.82kN
4.6.3.2. Φ
Φ = 0.5. [1 + α(′λ − 0.2) + ′λ2 ]
Φ = 0.5. [1 + 0.49(1.32 − 0.2) + 1.322 ]
Φ = 1.64
4.6.3.3. Area (A)

A = 3,309.98mm2 (previously calculated)
Page 19 of 36
4.7. Combined Resistance to bending and buckling

NEd MEd,front MEd,side
+ + ≤1
Nb,Rd Mc,Rd,front Mc,Rd,side
0.01 + 0.51 + 0.13 = 0.65 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬,
𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (≤ 𝟏)
Structural Calculations – Joint analysis

5. Base plate: Column to base plate to ground connection Column properties – Table A.3
Column – CHS 139.7x8mm EN 10219-1
Column Steel Grade – S355J2H
Column Yield Strength (fy,c) – 355N/mm2
Column Ultimate Strength (fu,c) – 470N/mm2
Column Wall Thickness (tf) – 8mm
Column Outside Diameter (ODcol) – 137.9mm
Column Inside Diameter (IDcol) – 123.7mm
Base Plate – FLAT 300x20mm Base Plate properties – Table 7

Base Plate Steel Grade – S275JR EN 10025-2
Base Plate Yield Strength (fy,bp) – 275N/mm2
Base Plate Ultimate Strength (fu,bp) – 410N/mm2
Base Plate Length (Hbp) – 300mm
Base Plate Width (Bbp) – 300mm
Base Plate Thickness (tbp) – 20mm
Bolts/Grillage studs– M20 class 8.8 threaded bar Bolt properties – Table 3.1 EN
Bolt Nominal Yield Strength (fyb) – 640N/mm2 1993-1-8
Bolt Nominal Ultimate Strength – 800N/mm2
Bolt Centres – 220mm
Concrete – Strength class C45/55 Concrete properties – Table 3.1

Concrete Characteristic Cylinder Strength (Fck) – 45N/mm2 EN 1992-1-1
5.1. Determination of Forces
Sign convention
Tension (-ve)
Compression (+ve)
Bending Moment (-ve) in
elevation, if pulling
upwards,CCW)
Design axial force per base plate

Lever arm Compression (zc) (NEd) =Gb,B/2=
zc = (ODcol − t f )/2/2 11,917.62/2=5,554.53N
Page 20 of 36
(139.7 − 8)
zc = /2 = 32.93mm Design Moment per base plate
2
(MEd)=11,187,722.89Nmm
Lever arm tension (zt)
(Hbp − ODcol ) ODcol
zt = +( )
4 2
(300 − 139.7) 139.7
zt = +( ) = 110mm
4 2
Force in left flange/to left of N.A. (NL,f)

NEd MEd
NL,f = −
2 (H − tf)
5,554.53 11,187,722.89
NL,f = − −
2 (139.7 − 8)
= −178,107.5N (Tension, thus ZL = Zt )
Force in right flange/to right of N.A. (NR,f)

NEd MEd
NR,f = +
2 (H − tf )
5,554.53 11,187,722.89
NR,f = +
2 (139.7 − 8)
= 183,662.03N (Compression, thus ZR
= Zc )
Force in Left T-Stub (NL,T)

NEd . ZR MEd
NL,T = −
(ZL + ZR ) (ZL + ZR )
5,554.53 × 125 11,187,722.89
NL,T = −
(110 + 32.925) (110 + 32.925)
= −76,997.31N (Tension)
Force in Right T-Stub (NR,T)

NEd . ZL MEd
NR,T = +
(ZL + ZR ) (ZL + ZR )
5,554.53 × 125 11,187,722.89
NR,T = +
(110 + 32.925) (110 + 32.925)
= 82,551.83N (Compression)
5.2. Compressive resistance of foundation

is the lesser of
Foundation resistance (Fc,pl,Rd) Foundation resistance – 6.2.5(3)
Fc,pl,Rd = FC,Rd = fjd . beff . leff = fjd . Aeff exp.(6.4) EN 1993-1-8
Fc,pl,Rd = FC,Rd = 12 × 24,572.02
Fc,pl,Rd = FC,Rd = 294.864.25N = 294.86kN
∴ Resistance of foundation = Fc,fc,Rd
OR
Resistance of column flange and web in compression
(Fc,fc,Rd)
Page 21 of 36
Mc,Rd Flange and web resistance –

Fc,fc,Rd =
(h − t fb ) 6.2.6.7 (1) exp.(6.21)
36,607,382.02 height of column (h) = (ODcol) =
Fc,fc,Rd = 139.7mm
(139.7 − 8)
Fc,fc,Rd = 277,960.38N = 277.96kN Flange thickness (tfb)=(t)=8mm
∴ Pass, sufficient resistance (> NR,f Moment resistance of connected
= 183,662.03kN) member Mc,Rd=
(My,Rd)=36,607,382.02Nmm
5.2.1. Additional bearing width (c)
0.5 Bearing width (c) – 6.2.5(4)
c = t[fy /(3. fjd . γM0 )] exp.(6.5) EN 1993-1-8
0.5
c = t bp [fy,bp /(3. fjd . γM0 )]
c = 20 × [275/(3 × 12 × 1)]0.5
c = 55.28mm < Clim ∴ use 55.28mm as c
Maximum available additional bearing width Compressive strength (fcd) –

clim = IDcol ⁄2 = 123.7/2 = 61.85mm 3.1.6(1) exp.(3.15) EN 1992-1-1
coefficient (αcc,pl)=0.60 – 12.3.1
5.2.2. Bearing strength of joint (fjd) table NA.1 UK NA to EN 1992-1-
fjd = fcd = αcc . fck /γc 1
fjd = fcd = 0.6 × 30/1.5 = 12N/mm2 Partial factor for concrete
(γc)=1.5 – 2.4.2.4 TABLE 2.1N
5.2.3. Effective area of compression flange (Aeff) EN 1992-1-1
π. (ODcol + 2. c)2 π. (IDcol − 2. c)2
Aeff = 0.5. ( − )
4 4
π. (139.7 + 2 × 55.28)2
Aeff = 0.5 × (
4
π. (123.7 − 2 × 55.28)2
− )
4
Aeff = 24,572.02mm2
5.3. Tension resistance (FT,Rd)

Is the lesser of three failure modes:
Mode 1: Complete yielding of the flange (FT,1,Rd)
Mode 2: Bolt failure with yielding of the flange (FT,2,Rd)
Mode 3: Bolt failure (FT,3,Rd)
Tension resistance – Table 6.2
𝐅𝐭,𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝 = 𝐅𝐓,𝐑𝐝 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧{𝐅𝐓,𝟏−𝟐,𝐑𝐝 ; 𝐅𝐓,𝟑,𝐑𝐝 } EN 1993-1-8
𝐅𝐓,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐍 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (> 𝐍𝐋,𝐓
= 𝟕𝟕𝐤𝐍)
Resistance to Modes 1 and 2 combined (FT,1-2,Rd)

2. Mpl,1,Rd
FT,1−2,Rd =
m
2 × 4,125,000
FT,1−2,Rd =
85.71
𝐅𝐓,𝟏−𝟐,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟗𝟔, 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟏𝐍 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐍
Page 22 of 36
Resistance to Mode 3 (FT,3,Rd) Bolts in tension = 2

𝐅𝐓,𝟑,𝐑𝐝 = 𝚺𝐅𝐭,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝐤𝐍
5.3.1. Moment resistance of base plate (Mpl,1,Rd)

Mpl,1,Rd = 0.25Σleff,1. t bp 2 . fy,bp
Mpl,1,Rd = 0.25 × 150 × 202 × 275 Bbp=300mm
mx=85.71mm – dist. between
Mpl,1,Rd = 4,125,000Nmm
bolt centre and column flange
ex=40mm – dist. between bolt
5.3.1.1. Effective length (Leff,1) centre and edge of base
Is the lesser of e=40mm – dist. between bolt
𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐟,𝐧𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝐁𝐛𝐩 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐦𝐦 centre and end of base plate
leff,nc = 4mx + 1.25ex = 392.84mm w=220mm – dist. between
leff,nc = e + 2mx + 0.625ex = 236.42mm fasteners
leff,nc = 0.5w + 2mx + 0.625ex = 306.42mm
Tension resistance of bolt (F T,Rd)
5.3.2. Tension resistance of single bolt (FT,Rd) – Table 3.4 EN 1993-1-8
k 2 . fub . As k2=0.9 – Table 3.4
FT,Rd =
γM2 Fub = 800N/mm2 – Table 3.1 EN
0.9 × 800 × 245 1993-1-8
FT,Rd = As = 245mm2 – for M20, table 4
1.25
FT,Rd = 141,120N = 141.12kN ISO 898-1
γM2 = 1.25 – Table 2.1 EN 1993-
1-8
5.4. Weld Design

𝐅𝐰,𝐄𝐝 ≤ 𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝
𝟕𝟕𝟔. 𝟓 ≤ 𝟏, 𝟑𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Max. tensile force
(NL,f)=174,925.96N
Weld Load per unit length (Fw,Ed)
𝐅𝐰,𝐄𝐝 = 𝐍𝐋,𝐟 ⁄𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐟
𝐅𝐰,𝐄𝐝 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖, 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟓/𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟖𝟐
𝐅𝐰,𝐄𝐝 =958.48N/mm
Weld resistance per unit length (Fw,Rd)

𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝 = 𝐟𝐯𝐰,𝐝 . 𝐚
𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟕 × 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒
𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝 =1,394.85N/mm
Ultimate strength of weaker
5.4.1. Shear strength of weld (fvw,d) material (base plate)
fu ⁄√3 (fu,bp)=410N/mm2 – table A.3 EN
fvw,d = 10219-1
βw . γM2
410⁄√3 Correlation factor (βw)=0.9 –
fvw,d = = 328.77N/mm2 Table 4.1 EN 1993-1-8
0.9 × 1.25
leg length (d) = 6mm
5.4.2. Effective Throat Thickness (a) for 8x8mm fillet weld
angle (θ) = 45O (equal leg)
a = sinθ. d
a = sin45 × 6
Page 23 of 36
a = 4.24mm
Effective length – 4.5.1 (1) EN
5.4.3. Effective length (leff) 1993-1-8
π. ODcol
leff = − 2. a
2
π × 139.7
leff = − 2 × 4.24
2
leff = 185.82mm
Connection Categories =A-Shear,

5.5. Bolt Analysis (M24 threaded bar, grillage assembly) bearing type & D – Tension, Non-
Type – M20, class 8.8 threaded bar Preloaded.
Tension Resistance criteria Table 3.2

𝐅𝐭,𝐄𝐝 ≤ 𝐅𝐭,𝐑𝐝 EN1993-1-8
𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟒 ≤ 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 ∴ PASS; sufficient resistance
𝐅𝐭,𝐄𝐝 ≤ 𝐁𝐩,𝐑𝐝
𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟒 ≤ 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 ∴ PASS; sufficient resistance
Shear
𝐅𝐯,𝐄𝐝 ≤ 𝐅𝐯,𝐑𝐝
𝟏. 𝟓 ≤ 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 ∴ PASS; sufficient resistance
𝐅𝐯,𝐄𝐝 ≤ 𝐅𝐛,𝐑𝐝
𝟑. 𝟎𝟔 ≤ 𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟑 ∴ PASS; sufficient resistance
Combined Shear and Tension

𝐅𝐯,𝐄𝐝 𝐅𝐭,𝐄𝐝
+ ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝐅𝐯,𝐑𝐝 𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝐅𝐭,𝐑𝐝
𝟏. 𝟓 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟒
+ = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟑
∴ 𝑷𝑨𝑺𝑺; 𝑺𝒖𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (≤ 𝟏. 𝟎) Distance (d) =ZR+ZL
=110+32.93=142.93mm
5.5.1. Tensile Load (Ft,Ed) per fastener n=number of fixings in
My,Ed tension=2 (2 in Tension, 2 in
Ft,Ed = ( )⁄n
d compression/shear per base
11,187,722.89
Ft,Ed = ( )⁄2 plate)
142.93
𝐅𝐭,𝐄𝐝 = 𝟑𝟗, 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟒𝐍 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟒𝐤𝐍
5.5.2. Tension Resistance per fastener (Ft,Rd)

𝐅𝐭,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏, 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐍 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝐤𝐍 Partial Safety Factor γM2=1.25 –
6.1 EN1993-1-1.
5.5.3. Punching Shear Resistance (Bp,Rd) Fu =410N/mm2 (UTS of S275
0.6. π. dm . t p . fu plate – table 3.1 EN1993-1-1.
Bp,Rd = × 0.8
γM2 Plate thickness (tp)=20mm
Page 24 of 36
0.6 × π × 35.4 × 20 × 410 dm=35.4mm min. Φ of M20 plain

Bp,Rd = × 0.8
1.25 washer – EN 15048
𝐁𝐩,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎, 𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝐍 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝐤𝐍
Wind force (Qd,B,front)=5,992.35N
5.5.3.1. Mean across point/flats dimension (dm) number of fasteners in shear
dm = 35.4mm (nshear)=2 (per base plate)
Number of vertical sections
5.5.4. Shear Load (Fv,Ed) (ncol)=2
𝐐𝐝,𝐁,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟓
𝐅𝐯,𝐄𝐝 = = = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟗𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝐍 fub=800N/mm2 - Table 3.1 EN
(𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 + 𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐥 ) (𝟐 + 𝟐)
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝐤𝐍 1993-1-8
As = 245mm2 – Table 4 ISO 898-
5.5.5. Shear Resistance (Fv,Rd) 1
αv . fub . As Shear Resistance - Table 3.4
Fv,Rd = αv = 0.6
γM2
0.6 × 800 × 245
Fv,Rd =
1.25 Bearing resistance for oversized
𝐅𝐯,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟗𝟒, 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝐍 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝐤𝐍
holes is 0.8 times that for normal
holes – Table 3.4 1)
5.5.6. Bearing Resistance (Fb,Rd)
k1 . αb . fu . d. t Bolt diameter (d) = 19.62mm
Fb,Rd = ( ) × 0.8
γM2 (M20 min. major)
2.5 × 0.833 × 410 × 23.58 × 25 Hole diameter (do) = 24mm
Fb,Rd = ( ) × 0.8
1.25 (4mm oversize)
𝐅𝐛,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟑𝟕, 𝟎𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝐍 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟑𝐤𝐍 e1=40mm=actual – minimum
end distance (1.2.do) =28.8mm -
5.5.6.1. Factor αb Table 3.3
Is the smaller of
e1 40
αd = = = 0.556 OR
3. d0 3 × 24 e2=40mm=actual – minimum
fub 800 edge distance (1.2.do) – Table 3.3
= = 1.95 OR P2=210mm=actual – minimum
fu 410
1 ∴ 0.556 will be used for αb row spacing (2.2.do)=52.8mm –
Table 3.3
5.5.6.2. Factor k1
Is the smaller of
e2 40
k1 = 2.8 − 1.7 = 2.8 × − 1.7 = 2.96
d0 24
P2 210
k1 = 1.4 − 1.7 = 1.4 × − 1.7
d0 24
= 12.83
k1 =2.5∴ 2.5 will be used for k1
Structural calculations – Steel angle brackets. References are to EN 1993-1-1

6. Angle fixing brackets – L 50x50x3mm S355JR unless specified otherwise
The aluminium feature cladding will be attached to the
framework using steel angle brackets welded to the framework
Page 25 of 36
The angle brackets will be formed and attached to the frame to

suit the rough perimeter of the final feature shape/s. One full
angle bracket (formed to suit perimeter) will be positioned in
front of the main framework and one at the rear allowing the
front panel to be screw fixed to the front angle bracket and the
rear panel to be screw fixed to the rear angle bracket.
The worst-case sections are those between the two left most
vertical columns on feature B (middle feature) therefore the
analysis of these members will be based upon these parts.
Section – Steel Equal Angle (EA) L 50x50x5mm in grade

S355JR
Wall thickness (t) – 5mm
Leg A height (H) – 50mm
Leg B height (B) – 50mm
Leg A inside height (h) – 47mm
Leg B inside width (b) – 47mm
Root radius (r1) – 7mm
Characteristic windload per
6.1. Horizontal Deflection due to windload section (P) =Fw,B,centre/2
Maximum deflection (Δmax) at free end due to wind effects =2737.27/2=1,368.64N
acting on side faces of signage; worst case, if the sides are number of horizontal sections
capped – Cantilever beam. =2 (1 top, 1 bottom)
P. l3 Length of section (l) =1580mm
∆max = (max unsupported span)
48. E. Ieff
1368.64 × 15803
∆max =
48 × 210000 × 112,502.74
∆𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔𝐦𝐦 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬 (≤ 𝟕. 𝟗𝐦𝐦)
Deflection limit – NA.2.23 EN
6.1.1. Deflection limit, for beam section. 1993-1-1
=length/200=1580/200=7.9mm, provided load
capacity is not exceeded.
6.1.2. Second Moment of Area, about both axes.

1
IYY = IZZ = [H. B 3 − (H − t). (B − t)3 ]
3
− A. (B − yc )2
1
IYY = [50 × 503 − (50 − 5) × (50 − 5)3 ]
3
− 475 × (50 − 14.34)2
IYY = 112,502.74mm4
6.1.3. Cross sectional area

A = t. (H + B − t)
A = 5 × (50 + 50 − 5)
A = 475mm
Page 26 of 36
6.1.4. Distance from centroid to back of the legs – as section Cross section classification =
is equal legged yc = zc Table 5.2 EN 1993-1-1
yc = zc = (H 2 + B. t − t 2 )⁄(2. (H + B − t))
yc = zc = (502 + 50 × 5 − 52 )⁄(2 × (50 + 50 − 5))
yc = zc = 14.34mm
6.1. Cross section classification

Flange classification
c 40
Class = = = 13.33 < 8.2 ∴ Class 2 flange
t 3
Class limits – Outstand part

c
Class 1 limit: ≤ 9ε = 9 × 0.81 = 7.3
t
c
Class 2 limit: ≤ 10ε = 10 × 0.81 = 8.1
t
c
Class 3 limit: ≤ 14ε = 14 × 0.81 = 11.4
t
ε = √235/fy = √235/355 = 0.81
Inside dimension (cflange)

cflange = b − r1 = 45 − 7 = 38mm
Web classification
c 38
Class = = = 7.6 < 8.1 ∴ Class 2 web
t 5
∴ Class 4 Cross Section
Inside dimension (cweb)

cweb = h − r = 45 − 7 = 38mm Shear resistance – 6.2.6(2) exp.
(6.18) EN 1993-1-1
6.2. Shear Resistance (Vpl,Rd)
𝐀𝐯 (𝐟𝐲 /√𝟑)
𝐕𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝 =
𝛄𝐌𝟎
208.33 × (355/√3)
Vpl,Rd =
1
𝐕𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟒𝟐, 𝟔𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟔𝐍 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝐤𝐍
Resistance criteria – 6.2.6(1)
𝐕𝐄𝐝
≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 Exp. (6.18)
𝐕𝐩𝐥,𝐑𝐝
𝟐. 𝟒𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝟒𝟐. 𝟕
If VEd <0.5Vpl,Rd its effect on bending moment resistance

may be neglected. Effect of shear force on BM-
6.2.8(2)
Page 27 of 36
42699.86
0.5Vpl,Rd = = 21,349.93N = 21.35kN
2
2.43<21.35 ∴ effect can be neglected Weight load of aluminium
feature B Gd,b,alu=1111.78N
6.2.1. Shear Load per section (VEd) Wind load on central section of
Gd,B,alu feature B Qd,B,centre=4,105.91N
VEd = (Q d,B,centre + )⁄2
2
1111.78
VEd = (4,105.91 + ⁄ 2)
2
VEd = 2,428.18N
6.2.2. Shear Area (Av) – L section, load parallel to legs

(Shear area equal in either direction as equal angle)
5
Av = . B. t
6
5
Av = × 50 × 5
6
Av = 208.33mm2 Bending moment resistance –
6.2.5 (2) EQ (6.13)
6.3. Bending Moment Resistance to front windload
𝐖𝐩𝐥,𝐲 . 𝐟𝐲 Partial Safety Factor γM0=1 – 6.1
𝐌𝐲,𝐑𝐝 = 𝐌𝐩𝐥,𝐲,𝐑𝐝 = EN1993-1-1
𝛄𝐌𝟎
3,155.06 × 355 Yield Strength (fy)=355N/mm2
My,Rd =
1 (Grade S355)
My,Rd = 1,120,045.74Nmm
𝐌𝐲,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝐤𝐍𝐦
Resistance criteria - 6.2.5 (1) EQ
𝐌𝐲,𝐄𝐝 (6.12)
≤𝟏
𝐌𝐲,𝐑𝐝
0.81
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (≤ 𝟏)
1.12
6.3.1. Design Moment per section, simple beam (MEd)

Qd,B,centre
My,Ed = ( × l) /4
2
My,Ed = 2,052.96 × 1580/4
My,Ed = 810,917.64Nmm
My,Ed = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝐤𝐍𝐦
6.3.2. Minimum section modulus (Wpl,eff)

About both axes
Ieff
Wpl,Y,min = Wpl,Z,min =
yc,2
112,502.74
Wpl,Y,min = Wpl,Z,min =
35.6579
Wpl,Y,min = Wpl,Z,min = 3,155.06mm3
Page 28 of 36
6.3.2.1. Remaining distance from centroid to end of

section/leg
yc,2 = zc,2 = H − yc
yc,2 = zc,2 = 50 − 14.34
yc,2 = zc,2 = 35.6579mm
6.4. Bending Moment Resistance to dead load.

𝐌𝐳,𝐑𝐝 = 𝐖𝐩𝐥,𝐳,𝐑𝐝 = My,Rd = 1,120,045.74Nmm
𝐌𝐳,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝐤𝐍𝐦
𝐌𝐳,𝐄𝐝
≤𝟏
𝐌𝐳,𝐑𝐝
0.15
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (≤ 𝟏)
1.12
6.4.1. Design Moment per section, 2 sections, simple beam
(Mz,Ed)
Qd,B,alu
Mz,Ed = ( × l) /4
4
1111.78
Mz,Ed = ( × 1580) /4
4
Mz,Ed = 148,213.82Nmm
Mz,Ed = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝐤𝐍𝐦
6.4.2. Effective minimum section modulus

About both axes
Wpl,min = 3,155.06mm3 - previously calculated
6.5. Buckling Resistance to axial load (side wind load)

𝐗. 𝐀. 𝐟𝐲 Buckling Resistance – 6.3.1.1 (3)
𝐍𝐛,𝐑𝐝 = EQ (6.47)
𝛄𝐌𝟏
0.45 × 475 × 355
Nb,Rd =
1
Nb,Rd = 66,137.76N
𝐍𝐛,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟒𝐤𝐍
𝐍𝐄𝐝 Resistance criteria – 6.3.1.1 (1)

≤𝟏 EQ (6.46)
𝐍𝐛,𝐑𝐝
0.65
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (≤ 𝟏)
66.14
6.5.1. Design compressive force exerted on each section

from wind acting on front face of structure (NEd)
NEd = Qd,B,side ⁄2
NEd = 1,292.05⁄2 = 646.02N = 0.65kN
Page 29 of 36
Value is conservative, entire weight is shared

between the three verticals. Reduction factors (X, ‘λ & Φ)-
6.3.1.2 (1)
6.5.2. Reduction Factor (X)
1
X=
Φ + √Φ2 − ′λ2
1
X=
1.47 + √1.472 − 1.262
X = 0.45
6.5.3. Non-Dimensional Slenderness (‘λ)

A. fy
′λ = √
Ncr
475 × 355
′λ = √
93404.54
′λ = 1.26
6.5.3.1. Critical Buckling Load (Ncr)

π2 . E. IZZ
Ncr =
L2
2
π × 210000 × 112,502.74
Ncr =
15802
Ncr = 93,404.54N
Ncr = 93.40kN
α = 0.34, buckling curve b, for L
6.5.3.2. Φ sections – table 6.1&6.2
Φ = 0.5. [1 + α(′λ − 0.2) + ′λ2 ]
Φ = 0.5. [1 + 0.34(1.26 − 0.2) + 1.262 ]
Φ = 1.47
6.5.3.3. Area (A)

A = 475mm2 – Previously calculated
Combined loading criteria – 6.2.1
6.6. Combined Resistance to bending and buckling (7) Eq (6.2)
NEd My,Ed Mz,Ed
+ + ≤1
Nb,Rd My,Rd Mz,Rd
0.01 + 0.72 + 0.13 = 0.87 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬,
𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (≤ 𝟏)
6.7. Weld design References are now to BS EN

The angle sections (L50x50x5mm) are welded to the 1993-1-8 unless specified
main frame (CHS 139.7x8mm) by fillet welds/groove otherwise
welds. Also to achieve perimeter shape (cumulative
length) angles will be welded to each other using full
penetration butt welds (ends to be chamfered at 45o to
ensure full penetration/strength)
Page 30 of 36
All welds to be around compete perimeter of intersecting Weld resistance – 4.5.3.3 (2)
sections with a minimum throat thickness of 3.5mm.
Weld resistance per unit length (Fw,Rd)

𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝 = 𝐟𝐯𝐰,𝐝 . 𝐚
𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒
𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝 =852.79N/mm Weld criterion – 4.5.3.3 (1)
Resistance criterion
𝐅𝐰,𝐄𝐝 ≤ 𝐅𝐰,𝐑𝐝
𝟕𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 ≤ 𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟗 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
The sections should be continuously welded around the

complete perimeter for corrosion protection; transverse
welds as above (5mm fillets) longitudinal welds to be butt
welds, can be partial penetration as not load bearing.
6.7.1. Weld load per unit length (Fw,Ed)

NEd
Fw,Ed =
leff
32,436.71
Fw,Ed =
42.93
Fw,Ed =755.59N/mm
6.7.2. Maximum weld force

My,Ed
NEd,weld =
B/2
810,917.64
NEd,weld =
50/2
NEd,weld = 32,436.71N Weld shear strength – 4.5.3.3 (3)
Ultimate strength of weaker
6.7.3. Shear strength of weld (fvw,d) material (both S355)
fu ⁄√3 (fu)=470N/mm2 – table A.3 EN
fvw,d =
βw . γM2 10219-1
470⁄√3 Correlation factor (βw)=0.9 for
fvw,d = = 241.2N/mm2 S355 – Table 4.1
(0.9 × 1.25)
6.7.4. Effective Throat Thickness (a) for 5x5mm fillet weld leg length (d) = 5mm
a = sinθ. d angle (θ) = 45O (equal leg)
a = sin45 × 5
a = 3.54mm (min. is 3mm – 4.5.2 (2)) Effective length – 4.5.1 (1)
limited to one length due to
6.7.5. Effective length (leff) fusion face angles.
leff = B − 2. a
leff = 50 − 2 × 3.54 = 42.93mm Min. Effective length – 4.5.1 (2)
Minimum effective length for fillet weld

6. a = 21.24mm < 30mm < 42.93mm
Page 31 of 36
∴ weld can be designed to carry load.
7. Foundations – Concrete
Concrete grade = C30/37 class R or higher
Char. Compressive Cylinder Strength (fck) = 30N/mm2 (28 References to EN 1992-1-1:2004
days) unless otherwise specified.
Mean value of compressive cylinder strength (fcm)=38N/mm2
Char. Axial Tensile strength of concrete (fctk) – 95% Concrete data from table 3.1
fractile=3.8N/mm2, 5% fractile =2N/mm2
Mean value of axial tensile strength (fctm) = 2.9N/mm2
Width of foundation (L) = 3,450mm (min. parallel with front)

Length of foundation (B) = 2,150mm (min. parallel with rear)
Depth of foundation (D)=(hf) = 1,200mm (min.)
7.1. Criteria for plain concrete Plain concrete criteria – 12.9.3

hf (1) Eq (12.13)
≥2
a
1200
≥ 9.6
125
∴ Foundation can be constructed as plain concrete
provided stresses can be successfully re-distributed.
7.1.1. Projection from column face (a)

(B − Hbp )
a= − 800
2
(2150 − 300)
a= − 800 = 125mm
2
7.2. Maximum compressive stress in concrete under base

My,Ed=11,917.62Nmm
plate from applied loads (σc)
MEd,front Gd=5,554.53N; weight load
( ) + Gd above ground per base plate
d1
σcp = d1=150mm; midpoint of
A
11,187,722.89 baseplate
( ) + 5,554.53 Base plate area=300x300mm
σcp = 150
(300 × 300)
σcp = 0.89N/mm2
Compressive strength (Fcd) 3.1.6
Design compressive strength (Fcd,pl); plain concrete at 3 (3) Eq(3.15)
days Partial factor for concrete
αcc,pl . fck(3) (γc)=1.5 – 12.6.3 Table NA1
fcd,pl = αcc,pl = 0.6 12.3.1 Table NA1
γc
0.6 × 17.19
fcd,pl = = 6.88N/mm2
1.5
∴ 𝑆𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≥ σcp = 0.89
fck(t) – 3.1.2 (5)
Characteristic compressive strength at 3 days (Fck(3))
fck (t) = fcm (t) − 8 (MPa)
Page 32 of 36
fck (3) = fcm (3) − 8 (MPa)

fck (3) = 25.19 − 8 = 17.19N/mm2 fcm(t) – 3.1.2 (6) Eq (3.1)
Mean Compressive strength at 3 days (fcm(3))

fcm (t) = βcc (t). fcm
fcm (3) = βcc (3) × 38 βcc(t) – 3.1.2 (6) Eq (3.2)
fcm (3) = 0.663 × 38 = 25.19MPa (N/mm2 ) Cement type coefficient (s)=0.2
for Class R
Age coefficient, 3 days (βcc(3)) Concrete age = 3days (minimum
28 1⁄2 cure time reqd prior to totem
βcc (t) = exp {s ( ) } installation)
t
28 1⁄2
βcc (3) = exp {0.2 ( ) } = 0.663 Shear Stress (τcp) – 12.6.3 (2) Eq
3 12.4
k=1.5 Table NA1 – 12.6.3
7.3. Shear stress in concrete (𝛕cp)
k. VEd
τcp =
A
1.5 × 80,139.35
τcp =
(300 × 300)
τcp = 1.34N/mm2
7.3.1. Design Shear load (VEd)

My,Ed
VEd = ( ) + Gd
d1
11,187,722.89
VEd = ( ) + 5,554.53
150
VEd = 80,139.35N Strength in Shear and
compression – 12.6.3 (2) Eq
7.3.2. Design strength in shear & compression (Fcvd) (12.5)
fcvd = √fctd,pl 2 + σcp . fctd,pl
fcvd = √1.072 + 0.89 × 1.07

fcvd = 1.44 N⁄mm2 ∴ 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Strength in tension – 12.3.1(2)
𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (≥ 1.34).
EQ(12.1)
αct,pl=0.8 – Table NA.1 12.3.1(1)
7.3.3. Design strength; plain concrete in tension
(fctd,pl)
fctd,pl = αct,pl . fctk,0.05 /γc
fctd,pl = 0.8 × 2/1.5 = 1.07N/mm2 > 0.75
∴ 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔.
No tensile reinforcement required.
As principle tensile stress (σct) does not exceed
design strength (fctd,pl) concrete can be considered
uncracked – 12.6.3 (3)
7.4. Tensile stress in concrete above angle ties (σct)

σct = F⁄Aangle Fastener spacing (w)=220mm
Page 33 of 36
σct = 292154.06⁄67,924
σct = 0.75N/mm2 Width of angle 50mm (50x50x5)
Length of angle
7.4.1. Maximum tensile force at centreline of angle tie. 220+19.62+2x50=339.62mm
My,Ed number of angle ties within
F= grillage assembly 8; 2 each side
w
11,187,722.89
F= = 50,853.29N = 50.85kN
220
7.4.2. Effective area of angle ties (part of grillage

assembly) (Aangle)
Aangle = 50 × 339.62 × 4 = 67,924mm2
8. Foundations – Soil
Soil type – Soft, undrained Reference to EN 1997-1-1:2004
Typical soil shear strength (Cu) – 20-40kPa (0.02N/mm2) – unless specified
actual not available, conduct test to establish.
Width of foundation (B) = 3,450mm (parallel with front)
Length of foundation (L) = 2,150mm (parallel with side)
Depth of foundation (hf) = 1,200mm
8.1. Bearing Resistance

R⁄A′ = (π + 2). Cu . bc . sc . ic + q Bearing resistance – Annex D D.3
R⁄A′ = (π + 2) × 0.02 × 0.611 × 1.12 × 0.98 + 0 EQ(D.1)
R⁄A′ = 0.069N/mm2 ∴ Pass, sufficient resistance (
≥ 0.059) Surcharge pressure (q) taken as
0N/mm2 (82m above sea level)
8.1.1. Inclination of foundation base factor (bc) no actual data available
1 − 2. α
bc = Inclination of foundation base to
(π + 2)
1−2×1 horizontal (α)=1omax.
bc = = 0.61
(π + 2)
8.1.2. Foundation shape factor (sc)

sc = 1 + 0.2 × (B′⁄L′)
sc = 1 + 0.2 × (2150⁄3450)
sc = 1.124
8.1.2.1. Effective width (B’)

B ′ = B − 2. eB
B ′ = 2150 − 2 × 0 = 2,150mm effective width/length notations
– Figure D.1
8.1.2.2. Effective Length (L’)
L′ = L − 2. eL load eccentricity - width
L′ = 3450 − 2 × 0 = 3,450mm (eB)=0mm
load eccentricity – length
8.1.2.3. Effective area (A’) (eL)=0mm
A′ = B ′ . L′
Page 34 of 36
A′ = 2150 × 3450 = 7,417,500mm2 horizontal distance from centre

of section to flange/web
8.1.3. Inclination of load factor (ic)
1 H
ic = . (1 + √1 − ′ )
2 A . Cu
Horizontal load (H) =Qd,OA,front
1 11,432.17 =11,432.17N overall windforce
ic = . (1 + √1 − )
2 7,417,500 × 0.02
ic = 0.98
8.2. Bearing/base pressure (Pbase) Gd,total = Total Weight (factored)

Gd,total = Gk,total x γG =323,832.34x1.35
Pbase =
A′ =437,173.65N
437,173.65
Pbase =
7,417,500
Pbase = 0.059N/mm2
Sliding resistance criteria – 6.5.3
8.3. Sliding Resistance Criteria (2) EQ(6.2)
𝐇𝐝 ≤ 𝐑 𝐝,𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳 + 𝐑 𝐩;𝐝 Resisting force of earth pressure
𝟏𝟏, 𝟒𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 ≤ 𝟓𝟗, 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 ∴ 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (Rp;d) = 0, no effect assumed
Horizontal load (Hd)

Hd = H = Q d,OA,front Shearing resistance (Rd) – 6.5.3
= 11,432.17N − previously calculated (11) EQ(6.4a)
Partial safety factor for
Sliding resistance of soil (Rd,horiz) undrained shear strength
R d,horiz = A. cu:d (γcu)=1.4 – Table A.2
R d,horiz = 3450 × 1200 × 0.01428 Design strength
𝐑 𝐝,𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳 = 𝟓𝟗 , 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝐍 (Cu;d)=0.02/1.4=0.01428N/mm2
9. Overall stability check

9.1. Stability against frontal windload
For equilibrium;
CW Moments − CCW Moments = 0 (-ve value indicates C.W. = Clockwise
stabilising moment) C.C.W. = Counter Clockwise
Qd,A,front=2,375.45N
Q d,A,front × d1 + Q d,A,front × d1 + Q d,A,front × d1 d1=5440+1200=6,640mm
− Gk,base × d2 = Qd,B,front=5,992.35N
2.375 × 6.64 + 5.992 × 4.934 + 3.064 × 4.005 d2=3734+1200=4,934mm
− 226.797 × 1.075 = Qd,C,front=3,064.38N
15.77 + 29.56 + 12.27 − 243.81 = −186.21kNm d3=2805+1200=4,005mm
Gk,base=226,797.48N (un
F.O.S. ∴ = 243.81/57.61=4.23 ∴ Sufficient; >1.00 factored)
d4=2150/2=1075mm
Page 35 of 36
Page 36 of 36

Structural Calculation Report (SCR-0146 - A) : Wind-Load

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Structural Calculation Report (SCR-0146 - A) : Wind-Load

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Date: 12/09/17 W/O: TBC Doc. # SCR-0146 Rev.

Structural Calculation Report (SCR-0146_A)

Steel fixing brackets:

Aluminium Panel stiffeners:

2. Windload Calculations, variable load References are to BS EN 1994-1-

2.3. Basic Velocity Pressure (qb) Air Density (ρ) = 1.226kg/m3 -

2.4. Peak Velocity Pressure at reference height of features

Feature B – max height 4.7m (extreme top)

qp,B(z) = Ce,B(z) . qb Ce,B(z) = 1.925– Fig. NA.7 UK N.A,

2.5. Feature A: Wind load normal to front face of External windforce –

Partial factor for variable actions

2.5.2. Wind force from frictional effects on side return of

2.6. Feature A: Wind load normal to side face of

Design value (Qd,A,side)

2.6.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of OA side dimensions

2.6.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to side)

2.7. Feature B: Windload normal to front face of

Design value (Qd,B,front)

2.7.1. Reference area of feature/shape B – front face.

2.7.2. Wind force from frictional effects on side return of

2.8. Feature B: Wind load normal to side face of

Design value (Qd,B,side)

2.8.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of OA side dimensions – B

2.8.2. Wind force from frictional effects on front/rear faces

2.8.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to side)

2.9. Feature B: Wind load on maximum span section.

Design value (Qd,B,side)

2.9.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of

2.9.2. Wind force from frictional effects on front/rear faces

2.10. Feature C: Windload normal to front face of

𝐅𝐖,𝐂,𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 = 𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐃 . 𝐂𝐟 . 𝐐𝐩,𝐂 (𝐙𝐞 ). 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐟,𝐂 + 𝐅𝐟𝐫,𝐂,𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬

Design value (Qd,C,front)

2.10.1. Reference area of feature/shape C – front face.

2.10.2. Wind force from frictional effects on side return of

2.11. Feature C: Wind load normal to side face of

Design value (Qd,C,side)

2.11.1. Reference area of side faces – based on OA height of OA side dimensions – B

2.11.2. Wind force from frictional effects on front/rear faces

2.11.2.1. Friction area (wind acting normal to side)

3. Self -Weight, fixed load.

Characteristic total weight of structure (Gk)

Characteristic total weight of structure (Gk,totaL)

Design total weight of structure (Gd,total)

𝐆𝐝,𝐀 = 𝐆𝐤,𝐀 . 𝛄𝐆 = 𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝐤𝐠

3.1.1. Steel frame

Horizontal sections – CHS 137.9x8mm (S355J2H)

Base plates – Flat bar 350x20mm (S275JR)

Total weight = 38.47kg = 377.01N

Angle sections – EA 50x50x5mm (S275JR)

Total steel weight = 475.21kg = 4,657.02N (inc. 5%

3.1.2. Aluminium Feature (top most feature/shape)

Total aluminium weight = 40.44kg = 396.27N (Inc.

𝐆𝐝,𝐁 = 𝐆𝐤,𝐁 . 𝛄𝐆 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝐤𝐠

3.2.1. Steel frame

Horizontal sections – CHS 137.9x8mm (S355J2H)

Base plates – Flat bar 350x20mm (S275JR)

Angle sections – EA 50x50x5mm (S275JR)

Total steel weight = 726.24kg = 7,117.15N (inc. 5%

3.2.2. Aluminium Feature (top most feature/shape)

Total aluminium weight = 113.45kg = 1,111.78N

𝐆𝐝,𝐂 = 𝐆𝐤,𝐂 . 𝛄𝐆 = 𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝐤𝐠

3.3.1. Steel frame

Horizontal sections – CHS 137.9x8mm (S355J2H)